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C-12
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..C-12
BT	carbon
	.C-12
UF	carbon-12
RT	C-13/C-12
	C-14/C-12
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

C-12/C-13
USE	C-13/C-12

C-13
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..C-13
BT	carbon
	.C-13
UF	carbon-13
RT	C-13/C-12
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

C-13/C-12
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..C-13/C-12
BT	carbon
	.C-13/C-12
UF	C-12/C-13
RT	isotope ratios
	paleoclimatology
	C-12
	C-13
	geologic thermometry
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

C-14
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..C-14
BT	carbon
	.C-14
UF	carbon-14
	radiocarbon dating
RT	absolute age
	accelerator mass spectroscopy
	C-14/C-12
SN	Isotope used in age determination. This term has multiple hierarchies.

C-14/C-12
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..C-14/C-12
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..C-14/C-12
BT	carbon
	.C-14/C-12
RT	C-14
	isotope ratios
	C-12
SN	As of 1993, not to be used for absolute age. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Ca
USE	calcium

Ca/Sr
USE	Sr/Ca

CAA (Clean Air Act)
USE	Clean Air Act

Caballo Mountains
RT	New Mexico
	Sierra County New Mexico
SN	S New Mexico. Indexed with county or state or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cabaniss Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Cabaniss Formation
RT	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Kansas
	Cherokee Group
SN	In Cherokee Group, SE Kansas, W Missouri, central and NE Oklahoma.

Cabarrus County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cabarrus County North Carolina
SN	S central North Carolina.

Cabell County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Cabell County West Virginia

Cabinda Angola
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Angola
	...Cabinda Angola
UF	Kabinda Angola
SN	A district and an enclave N of the mouth of the Congo River.

Cabo Ortegal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....La Coruna Spain
	......Cabo Ortegal
SN	Cape in N La Coruna Province, NW Spain.

Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Puerto Rico
	.....Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
SN	Town in SW Puerto Rico.

Cabrieres France
BT	rault France
	.Cabrieres France
SN	Location in the Montagne Noire in S France.

Caceres City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Extremadura Spain
	.....Caceres Spain
	......Caceres City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in W Spain. Before 1981, also search Caceres Spain.

Caceres Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Extremadura Spain
	.....Caceres Spain
NT	Caceres City Spain
RT	Sierra de Gredos
SN	Refers only to the province in W Spain on Portuguese border. From 1981-1992, also search Caceres Province and Spain. For the city, see Caceres City Spain.

Cache County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Cache County Utah
SN	N Utah.

Cache Creek
RT	British Columbia
	California
	Northwest Territories
	Oklahoma
	Wyoming
	Yukon Territory
SN	Creek in Mackenzie Delta area, Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. Also other creeks in S British Columbia, N California, NW Wyoming and SW Oklahoma. Indexed with states or Canadian provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cache Creek Group
RT	British Columbia
	Pennsylvanian
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	San Juan Islands
	Triassic
	Washington
SN	S British Columbia and San Juan Island, NW Washington. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cache Creek Terrane
RT	Alaska
	British Columbia
	North America
	Washington
	Yukon Territory
SN	Oceanic melange which separates Quesnellia and Stikinia terranes in NW North America. Indexed with U. S. states and/or Canadian provinces as applicable.

Cache La Poudre River
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Cache La Poudre River
SN	N central Colorado.

Cache Valley
RT	Idaho
	Illinois
	Utah
SN	In several locations. Indexed with counties, states or regions as applicable.

cacoxenite
BT	phosphates
	.cacoxenite

CAD
UF	computer-aided design
	computer-aided drafting
RT	computer programs
	data processing
	design
	graphic display
SN	Acronym. Restricted to use for computer-aided design or computer-aided drafting. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

caddis flies
SN	See Trichoptera.

Caddo County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Caddo County Oklahoma
RT	Meers Fault
SN	West central Oklahoma.

Caddo Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Caddo Parish Louisiana

Cadeby Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Upper Permian
	.....Cadeby Formation
RT	England
	Great Britain
SN	E England. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cadiz City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cadiz Spain
	......Cadiz City Spain
SN	Refers only to the city in W Cadiz Province, SW Spain. Before 1981, also search Cadiz Spain.

Cadiz Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cadiz Spain
NT	Cadiz City Spain
	Vejer de la Frontera Spain
RT	Ceuta
	Serrania de Ronda
SN	Refers only to the province. In SW Spain, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. From 1981-1992, also search Cadiz Province and Spain. For the city, see Cadiz City Spain.

cadmium
BT	metals
	.cadmium
UF	Cd
RT	chalcophile elements
	heavy metals
	cadmium ores
SN	Chemical element. As of 1982, use cadmium ores for cadmium as a commodity.

cadmium blende
USE	greenockite

cadmium ocher
USE	greenockite

cadmium ores
BT	metal ores
	.cadmium ores
RT	cadmium
SN	Before 1982, also search cadmium AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index. Commodity. See List C.

Cadomian Orogeny
RT	Armorican Massif
	Cambrian
	France
	orogeny
	Precambrian
	tectonics
SN	Before 1978, search Cadomian AND orogeny. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Cadomin Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Cadomin Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
SN	SW Alberta and E British Columbia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cady Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Cady Mountains
RT	Mojave Desert
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Caen France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Calvados France
	....Caen France
SN	City in Normandy, N Calvados, NE France.

Caernarvonshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Caernarvonshire Wales
NT	Lleyn Peninsula
	Snowdonia
RT	Tremadoc Bay
SN	Former county in NW Wales. As of April 1974, part of Gwynedd. Before 1993, also search Carnarvon or Caernarvon or Caernarvonshire.

caesium
USE	cesium

Cahill Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Cahill Formation
RT	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

CAI
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Acronym for many concepts including conodont alteration index; color alteration index; computer-aided instruction; computer-assisted instruction; calcium-aluminum inclusions. Use appropriate phrase as applicable.

Cainozoic
USE	Cenozoic

Cairngorm Mountains
BT	ampian Highlands
	.Cairngorm Mountains
RT	Grampian region Scotland
	Highland region Scotland
SN	Range of the Grampian Hills in highlands of NE central Scotland.

Cairo Egypt
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Cairo Egypt
SN	City on the Nile River, coextensive with the governorate in NE Egypt.

Caithness Scotland
BT	ghland region Scotland
	.Caithness Scotland
SN	Former county in NE Scotland.

Cajon Pass
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Cajon Pass
RT	Mojave Desert
	Los Angeles Basin
SN	Railroad and highway pass. S California. Extends from E San Gabriel Mountains to NW San Bernardino Mountains, connecting the Mojave Desert with Los Angeles Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calabria Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
NT	Catanzaro Italy
	Cosenza Italy
	Reggio di Calabria Italy
	Sila Massif
RT	Calabrian Arc
SN	An autonomous region in S Italy. The toe of the Italian boot.

Calabrian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lower Pleistocene
	......Calabrian
RT	Villafranchian
SN	Europe. Above Astian, below middle Pleistocene.

Calabrian Arc
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Calabrian Arc
UF	Calabrian-Peloritan Arc
RT	Italy
	North Africa
	Calabria Italy
	Peloritani Mountains
	Sicily Italy
SN	Central Mediterranean, may include Maghrebides thrust belt. Indexed with countries and Mediterranean Sea basins as applicable.

Calabrian-Peloritan Arc
USE	Calabrian Arc

Calamites
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Sphenopsida
	...Equisetales
	....Calamites
SN	Genus.

Calatayud-Teruel Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Calatayud-Teruel Basin
RT	Saragossa Spain
	Teruel Spain
SN	NE Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Calaveras County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Calaveras County California
SN	Central California.

Calaveras Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..Calaveras Fault
SN	Central California.

Calaveras Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...upper Paleozoic
	....Calaveras Formation
RT	Permian
	California
SN	N California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calaverite
BT	tellurides
	.calaverite
RT	gold ores

calc-alkalic
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use calc-alkalic composition with igneous rocks.

calc-alkalic composition
RT	alkalic composition
	I-type granites
	igneous rocks
	composition

calc-schist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..calc-schist

calc-silicate composition
RT	metamorphic rocks
	composition
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calc-sinter
USE	travertine

calc-tufa
USE	tufa

calcarenite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...calcarenite
RT	biocalcarenite

calcareous
SN	Valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use calcareous composition.

calcareous algae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..calcareous algae
RT	microfossils
	stromatolites
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

calcareous clay
USE	marl

calcareous composition
RT	bioherms
	ooze
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	composition
SN	Before 1978, also search calcareous AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rock.

calcareous nannofossils
USE	nannofossils

calcareous ooze
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use calcareous composition and ooze.

calcareous sinter
USE	travertine

Calcareous soils
BT	soils
	.Calcareous soils
RT	soil group
SN	Before 1978, also search calcareous and soils.

calcareous tufa
USE	tufa

Calcasieu Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Calcasieu Parish Louisiana
RT	Calcasieu River
SN	On the Texas border in SW Louisiana.

Calcasieu River
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Calcasieu River
RT	Calcasieu Parish Louisiana
	Cameron Parish Louisiana
	Rapides Parish Louisiana
SN	SW Louisiana. Indexed with parishes as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

calcic composition
RT	igneous rocks
	composition
SN	Before 1978, also search igneous rocks AND calcic.

calcicrete
USE	calcrete

calcification
RT	diagenesis
	fossilization
	fossils
	processes
	soils
SN	Term refers to fossils or soils.

calcilutite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...calcilutite
RT	algal mounds

calciphyre
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.marbles
	..calciphyre

Calcisphaerulidae
BT	problematic fossils
	.Calcisphaerulidae
UF	Calcispherulidae
SN	Family.

Calcispherulidae
USE	Calcisphaerulidae

Calcispongea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Porifera
	..Calcispongea
NT	Sphinctozoa

calcite
BT	carbonates
	.calcite
RT	alabaster
	aragonite
	limestone
	dolomite
	calcium carbonate
	carbonate rocks
	calcite deposits
	calcitization
	chalk
	Iceland spar
	light minerals
	magnesian calcite
	travertine
	tufa
SN	As of 1981, use calcite deposits for calcite as a commodity.

calcite deposits
RT	calcite
	marble deposits
SN	Commodity. See List C.

calcitization
BT	carbonatization
	.calcitization
RT	processes
	calcite
	diagenesis
	dedolomitization
	dolomitization

calcium
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..calcium
NT	calcium ion
	Sr/Ca
UF	Ca
RT	lithophile elements

calcium carbonate
RT	aragonite
	calcite
	carbonates
	geochemistry
	lime
	limestone

calcium chloride
RT	chlorides
	geochemistry
	halides
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calcium ion
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..calcium
	...calcium ion
RT	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calcium sulfate
RT	anhydrite
	geochemistry
	gypsum
	sulfates
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calcium-aluminum inclusions
BT	inclusions
	.calcium-aluminum inclusions
RT	meteorites
SN	Found in meteorites. Sometimes abbreviated as CAI. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

calcrete
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..calcrete
UF	calcicrete
RT	soils
	conglomerate
	caliche
	duricrust
	weathering crust

CALCRUST
UF	California Consortium for Crustal Studies
RT	geophysical methods
	reflection methods
	California
	seismic methods
	continental crust
SN	Acronym. Seismic reflection program. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

calculation
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, see mathematical methods or mathematical models.

calculators
SN	Use hand calculators if applicable.

Calcutta India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Calcutta India
SN	City on the Hooghly River near Bay of Bengal in S West Bengal, E India.

calderas
BT	volcanic features
	.calderas
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanoes
	volcanology
	craters
	cauldrons
	crater lakes
	resurgence

caldron subsidence
SN	Used in subfiles G and N. The variant form cauldron subsidence was also used. See cauldrons; calderas; subsidence.

Caldwell County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Caldwell County Kentucky
SN	W Kentucky.

Caldwell County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Caldwell County Missouri
SN	NW Missouri.

Caldwell County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Caldwell County North Carolina
RT	Grandfather Mountain
SN	W central North Carolina.

Caldwell County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Caldwell County Texas
SN	S central Texas.

Caldwell Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Caldwell Parish Louisiana
NT	Columbia Louisiana
SN	NE central Louisiana.

Caledonia County Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Caledonia County Vermont
SN	NE Vermont.

Caledonian
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use Caledonian Orogeny.

Caledonian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Caledonian Orogeny
RT	orogeny
	Scotland
	Ireland
	Scandinavia
	Caledonides
	Scandian Orogeny
SN	Name commonly used for the early Paleozoic deformation in Europe which created an orogenic belt extending from Ireland and Scotland northwestward through Scandinavia.

Caledonides
RT	Caledonian Orogeny
	Dunnage Zone
	Europe
	Great Britain
	Greenland
	Ireland
	Koli Nappe
	Scandinavia
SN	Orogenic belt extending from Ireland and Scotland northwestward through Scandinavia, formed by the Caledonian Orogeny. Indexed with country or countries as applicable.

Calera Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Calera Limestone
RT	California
	Oregon
	Franciscan Complex
SN	In Franciscan Formation?. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calgary Alberta
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Calgary Alberta
SN	City in SW Alberta.

Calhoun County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Calhoun County Alabama
SN	E Alabama.

Calhoun County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Calhoun County Arkansas
SN	S Arkansas.

Calhoun County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Calhoun County Florida
SN	NW Florida.

Calhoun County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Calhoun County Georgia
SN	SW Georgia.

Calhoun County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Calhoun County Illinois
SN	W Illinois.

Calhoun County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Calhoun County Iowa
RT	Manson impact structure
SN	Central Iowa.

Calhoun County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Calhoun County Michigan
SN	S Michigan.

Calhoun County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Calhoun County Mississippi
SN	N central Mississippi.

Calhoun County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Calhoun County South Carolina
SN	Central South Carolina.

Calhoun County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Calhoun County Texas
RT	Matagorda Bay
SN	S Texas.

Calhoun County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Calhoun County West Virginia
SN	W central West Virginia.

calibration
RT	accuracy
	instruments
SN	Used as a general term.

caliche
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..caliche
RT	soils
	weathering
	calcrete
	duricrust
	weathering crust

Calico Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Calico Mountains
RT	Mojave Desert
	San Bernardino County California
SN	Small range in Mojave Desert. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Caliente Range
BT	United States
	.California
	..Caliente Range
RT	San Luis Obispo County California
SN	Indexed with counties and mountain ranges as applicable.

California
BT	United States
	.California
NT	Alameda County California
	Alpine County California
	Amador County California
	American River
	Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
	Banning Fault
	Borrego Mountain
	Butte County California
	Calaveras County California
	Calaveras Fault
	Calico Mountains
	Caliente Range
	Central California
	Channel Islands
	Colorado Desert
	Colusa County California
	Contra Costa County California
	Coyote Creek Fault
	Cuyama Basin
	Death Valley
	Death Valley Fault
	Del Norte County California
	El Dorado County California
	Elsinore Fault
	Feather River
	Fresno County California
	Gabilan Range
	Garlock Fault
	Glenn County California
	Golden Trout Wilderness
	Hayward Fault
	Hilton Creek Fault
	Hosgri Fault
	Humboldt County California
	Imperial County California
	Inyo County California
	Kern County California
	Kesterson Reservoir
	Kettleman Hills
	Kings County California
	Kingston Range
	Lake County California
	Lassen County California
	Lassen Volcanic National Park
	Los Angeles Basin
	Los Angeles County California
	Madera County California
	Mammoth Mountain
	Marin County California
	Mariposa County California
	Melones Fault
	Mendocino County California
	Merced County California
	Midway-Sunset Field
	Modoc County California
	Modoc Plateau
	Mojave Desert
	Mono County California
	Monterey Bay
	Monterey County California
	Napa County California
	Nevada County California
	Newport-Inglewood Fault
	Nopah Range
	Northern California
	Orange County California
	Pajaro Valley
	Placer County California
	Plumas County California
	Rattlesnake Creek Terrane
	Redwood National Park
	Riverside County California
	Sacramento County California
	Salinian Block
	Salton Sea
	Salton Trough
	San Benito County California
	San Bernardino County California
	San Diego County California
	San Emigdio Mountains
	San Fernando Valley
	San Francisco Bay
	San Francisco Bay region
	San Francisco County California
	San Gabriel Fault
	San Gabriel Mountains
	San Gregorio Fault
	San Jacinto Mountains
	San Joaquin County California
	San Joaquin Valley
	San Luis Obispo County California
	San Mateo County California
	Santa Ana Mountains
	Santa Barbara Channel
	Santa Barbara County California
	Santa Clara County California
	Santa Cruz County California
	Santa Maria Basin
	Santa Monica Mountains
	Santa Rosa Mountains
	Santa Ynez Mountains
	Shasta County California
	Sierra County California
	Sierra Nevada Batholith
	Siskiyou County California
	Solano County California
	Sonoma County California
	Southern California
	Southern California Batholith
	Stanislaus County California
	Sur fault zone
	Sutter County California
	Sylmar Fault
	Tehachapi Mountains
	Tehama County California
	Temblor Range
	The Geysers
	Transverse Ranges
	Trinity Complex
	Trinity County California
	Tulare County California
	Tuolumne County California
	Ventura Basin
	Ventura County California
	Whittier Fault
	Yolla Bolly Terrane
	Yolo County California
	Yosemite National Park
	Yuba County California
RT	Agua Blanca Fault
	Alisitos Formation
	Amargosa Desert
	Antelope Va

California bearing ratio
RT	bearing capacity
	penetration tests
	soil mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

California City Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Santander Colombia
	...California City Colombia

California Consortium for Crustal Studies
USE	CALCRUST

California Continental Borderland
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, use California in conjunction with continental borderland.

California Current
RT	California
	East Pacific
	Mexico
	North Pacific
	Northeast Pacific
	Pacific Coast
	Pacific Ocean
	United States
SN	Branch of the Aleutian Current in NE Pacific. Flows S along coast of W North America from N48#DG to N23#DG, where it joins the North Equatorial Current. Indexed with ocean areas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

californium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..californium
UF	Cf

Caliman (Mountains)
USE	Calimani Mountains

Calimani Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Calimani Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Eastern Carpathians
	...Calimani Mountains
UF	Caliman (Mountains)
	Calimanului Mountains
SN	Range in the Eastern Carpathians in E Transylvania. Also search Calimani. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Calimanului Mountains
USE	Calimani Mountains

caliper logging
BT	well-logging
	.caliper logging
SN	Before 1978, also search well-logging AND caliper.

Calistoga California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Napa County California
	...Calistoga California
RT	Old Faithful Geyser
SN	City NE of San Francisco Bay in W central California.

Callahan County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Callahan County Texas

Callander Bay
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Callander Bay
RT	Lake Nipissing
SN	W edge of Lake Nipissing near city of North Bay E of Georgian Bay.

Callaway County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Callaway County Missouri

Callianassa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Malacostraca
	.....Callianassa
SN	Genus.

Callipteris
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Pteridospermae
	....Callipteris
RT	Filicopsida
	Pteridophyta
SN	Genus which paleobotanically determines Permian.

Callisto Satellite
RT	Galilean satellites
	icy satellites
	Jupiter
	satellites
	Voyager Program
SN	One of the satellites of Jupiter. Before 1985, also search Callisto AND Jupiter. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Callovian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Callovian
RT	Dogger
SN	Europe. Above Bathonian, below Oxfordian.

Calloway County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Calloway County Kentucky

Caloosahatchee Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Caloosahatchee Formation
UF	Caloosahatchee Marl
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Florida
SN	Florida. May be in the Fort Thompson Group. Indexed with Pleistocene and/or Pliocene as applicable.

Caloosahatchee Marl
USE	Caloosahatchee Formation

calorimetry
RT	chemical analysis
	thermochemical properties
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Caloris Basin
BT	Mercury Planet
	.Caloris Basin
SN	Impact feature on Mercury Planet. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calpionella
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Calpionella
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Calpionellidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Calpionellidae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Calpionellites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Calpionellites
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Caltanissetta Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Caltanissetta Italy
SN	Province and city in central Sicily.

Calumet County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Calumet County Wisconsin

Calvados France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Calvados France
NT	Caen France
	May-sur-Orne France
RT	Normandy
	Seine Estuary

Calvert Bluff Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....lower Eocene
	......Calvert Bluff Formation
RT	Texas
	Wilcox Group
SN	In Wilcox Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calvert County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Calvert County Maryland
SN	S Maryland.

Calvert Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....middle Miocene
	......Calvert Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Delaware
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. Delaware, E Maryland, and Virginia.

Calymmian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Calymmian

Calyptogena
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Venerida
	....Calyptogena
SN	Genus.

Camaguey Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Camaguey Cuba
SN	Province including the city in E central Cuba.

Camarines Norte Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Luzon
	....Camarines Norte Philippine Islands
SN	Province in SE Luzon.

Camaroidea
BT	Graptolithina
	.Camaroidea
RT	Invertebrata
	Hemichordata
SN	Indexed with Hemichordata or Invertebrata as applicable.

Camas County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Camas County Idaho
RT	Sawtooth Range
SN	S central Idaho.

Cambay Basin
RT	Gujarat India
	Gulf of Cambay
SN	Gulf of Cambay area. Indexed with Gujarat India and/or Gulf of Cambay as applicable.

Cambay India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Cambay India
SN	City at N end of Gulf of Cambay in central Gujarat, W India.

Cambisols
BT	soils
	.Cambisols

Cambodia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Cambodia
NT	Battambang Cambodia
UF	Kampuchea
	Khmer Republic
RT	Indochina
SN	Also known as Khmer Republic or Kampuchea. Official name was changed back to State of Cambodia in 1990.

Cambria County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Cambria County Pennsylvania
RT	Conemaugh River
SN	Central Pennsylvania.

Cambrian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
NT	Furongian
	Series 1
	Series 2
	Series 3
	Acadian
	Bonanza King Formation
	Brigham Group
	Carrara Formation
	Conasauga Group
	Glen Mountains Complex
	Kanmantoo Group
	Lancara Formation
	Lardeau Group
	Lower Cambrian
	Middle Cambrian
	Mount Read Volcanics
	Nama System
	Pioche Shale
	Semri Series
	Tapeats Sandstone
	Tintic Quartzite
	Tons Member
	Upper Cambrian
RT	Bowers Supergroup
	Filicopsida
	Cadomian Orogeny
	Assyntic Orogeny
	Baikalian Phase
	Dalradian
	Bhander Group
	Collier Shale
	Cow Head Group
	Delamerian Orogeny
	Elberton Granite
	Eocambrian
	Hazens Notch Formation
	Henderson Gneiss
	Hoosac Formation
	Jacobsville Sandst
SN	Above Precambrian, below Ordovician.

Cambridge
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, for the city in Massachusetts, use Cambridge Massachusetts. After 1992, also see Cambridge England.

Cambridge Arch
BT	United States
	.Cambridge Arch
RT	Nebraska
	Kansas
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Cambridge Argillite
RT	Boston Bay Group
	Lower Cambrian
	Massachusetts
	Neoproterozoic
SN	E Massachusetts. Overlies Roxbury Conglomerate, but the latter is thrust over the Cambridge Argillite in the northern Hingham area. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cambridge England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cambridge England
RT	Gloucestershire England
	Cambridgeshire England
SN	Cities in Cambridgeshire and Gloucestershire, England. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Cambridge Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Middlesex County Massachusetts
	...Cambridge Massachusetts
SN	City in NE Massachusetts.

Cambridge University
UF	University of Cambridge
RT	England
	academic institutions
SN	Located in the city of Cambridge NNE of London.

Cambridgeshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cambridgeshire England
RT	Cambridge England
SN	County in E England.

Camden County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Camden County Georgia
SN	SE Georgia.

Camden County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Camden County Missouri
NT	Decaturville Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Camden County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Camden County New Jersey
RT	Pine Barrens
SN	SW New Jersey.

Camden County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Camden County North Carolina
SN	NE North Carolina.

Camelidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Tylopoda
	.........Camelidae
SN	Family.

Cameron County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Cameron County Pennsylvania

Cameron County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cameron County Texas

Cameron Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Cameron Parish Louisiana
RT	Calcasieu River
	Eugene Island
	Sabine Lake
SN	Extreme SW Louisiana, bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

Cameroon
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Cameroon
NT	Lake Nyos
	Mount Cameroon
UF	Cameroun
RT	Adamawa
	Benue Valley
	Chad Basin
	Lake Chad
	Logone River
SN	Includes former French trust territory and British trust territory of Southern Cameroons. Before 1972, Cameroun was also used.

Cameroon Mountain
USE	Mount Cameroon

Cameroun
USE	Cameroon

Camp Century
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Camp Century
SN	On the Greenland ice sheet NE of Thule Air Base in NW Greenland.

Camp County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Camp County Texas

Campania Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
NT	Bay of Naples
	Caserta Italy
	Cilento
	Monte Somma
	Naples Italy
	Phlegraean Fields
	Pozzuoli Italy
	Roccamonfina
	Salerno Italy
	Sorrento Peninsula
	Vesuvius
RT	Irpinia earthquake 1980
	Lucania
SN	An autonomous region in S Italy.

Campania-Basilicata earthquake 1980
USE	Irpinia earthquake 1980

Campania-Lucania earthquake 1980
USE	Irpinia earthquake 1980

Campanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Campanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Senonian
	......Campanian
NT	upper Campanian
RT	Rosario Formation
SN	Europe. Above Santonian, below Maestrichtian.

Campbell County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Campbell County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Campbell County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Campbell County South Dakota
SN	On North Dakota line in N South Dakota.

Campbell County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Campbell County Tennessee
SN	NE Tennessee.

Campbell County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Campbell County Virginia
SN	SW central Virginia. Also search Lynchburg Virginia if applicable.

Campbell County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Campbell County Wyoming
RT	Hartzog Draw Field
SN	NE Wyoming.

Campbell Island
RT	Pacific Ocean
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Island in S Pacific Ocean, S of New Zealand. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Campeche Bank
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Campeche Bank
RT	Campeche Scarp
	Yucatan Shelf
SN	N of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Campeche Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Campeche Mexico
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	State on W part of Yucatan Peninsula.

Campeche Scarp
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Campeche Scarp
RT	Campeche Bank
	DSDP Site 85
	DSDP Site 86
	DSDP Site 88
	DSDP Site 89
	DSDP Site 93
	DSDP Site 94
	Leg 10
	Sigsbee Deep
SN	W Gulf of Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Campi Flegrei
USE	Phlegraean Fields

Campine
BT	Europe
	.Campine
RT	Netherlands
	Belgium
SN	Heathland area. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Campo del Cielo Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..ataxite
	...Campo del Cielo Meteorite
RT	Argentina
	Chaco
	Chaco Argentina
SN	Point of impact N of village of Campo del Cielo in S Argentina. Before 1981, also search Campo del Cielo AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Campobasso Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Molise Italy
	....Campobasso Italy
SN	Province and town in S central Italy.

Campos Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Campos Basin
SN	SW Atlantic, off Brazil. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

camptonite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
	...camptonite

Camptostromatoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Echinozoa
	...Camptostromatoidea

Canada
NT	Carswell Structure
	Cassiar Mountains
	Clearwater Lake
	Cold Lake
	Eastern Canada
	Elk Point Basin
	Elzevir Terrane
	Grenville Front
	Hudson Bay
	Hudson Bay Lowlands
	Labrador Trough
	Liard River
	Mackenzie Mountains
	North Saskatchewan River
	Northumberland Strait
	Northwest Territories
	Reindeer Lake
	Restigouche Estuary
	Richardson Mountains
	Selwyn Mountains
	Stikinia Terrane
	Ungava
	Western Canada
	Whitehorse Trough
RT	Abee Meteorite
	Acadian
	Appalachians
	Arctic region
	Avalonia
	Borden Aquifer
	Burgess Shale
	Christopher Formation
	Clearwater River
	Cloridorme Formation
	Coldbrook Group
	Columbia Icefield
	Columbian Orogeny
	Cumberland Basin
	Cypress Hills Formation
	Davidsville Gr

Canada Basin
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Canada Basin
UF	Canadian Basin
RT	Amerasia Basin
SN	N of Alaska and WNW of Canada's Queen Elizabeth Islands.

Canadian

Canadian Basin
USE	Canada Basin

Canadian Cordillera
BT	North America
	.North American Cordillera
	..Canadian Cordillera
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Canadian Cordillera
RT	Alberta
	Coast Mountains
	British Columbia
	Nahanni earthquake 1985
	Rocky Mountains
	Western Interior Seaway
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Canadian County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Canadian County Oklahoma

Canadian Expedition to Study the Alpha Ridge
USE	CESAR

Canadian Forces Base Borden
USE	Borden Ontario

Canadian River
BT	United States
	.Canadian River
UF	South Canadian River
RT	New Mexico
	Oklahoma
	Colorado
	Texas
	Ute Creek
SN	SW Central U.S. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Canadian Rocky Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Canadian Rocky Mountains
BT	North America
	.Rocky Mountains
	..Canadian Rocky Mountains
NT	Esplanade Range
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
	Athabasca Glacier
	Columbia Icefield
	Selkirk Mountains
	Cariboo Mountains
	Cassiar Mountains
	Gog Group
	Mount Erebus
	Northern Rocky Mountains
	Selwyn Basin
	Stikinia Terrane
	Whitehorse Trough
SN	Before 1981, search Canada AND Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Canadian Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Canadian Series
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Croixian (Cambrian), below Champlainian. Before 1981, also search Canadian AND Ordovician.

Canadian Shield
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
NT	Bear Province
	Churchill Province
	Flin Flon Belt
	Grenville Province
	Nain Province
	Slave Province
	Southern Province
	Superior Province
	Taltson magmatic zone
UF	Laurentian Plateau
	Precambrian Shield
RT	Alberta
	Ontario
	New York
	Adirondack Mountains
	Minnesota
	Manitoba
	Michigan
	Northwest Territories
	Eye-Dashwa Lakes Pluton
	Laurentia
	Laurussia
	Elzevir Terrane
	Grenvillian Orogeny
	Hemlo Deposit
	Hudsonian Orogeny
	Huronian
	Kenoran Orogeny
	North American Craton
SN	Also search Canadian AND Shield. Indexed with states, Canadian provinces and provinces of the Canadian Shield as applicable.

Canal Zone (Panama)
USE	Panama Canal Zone

canals
RT	channels
	streams
	waterways

Cananea Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Sonora Mexico
	..Cananea Mexico
SN	City in N Sonora.

Canaries
USE	Canary Islands

Canary Islands
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Canary Islands
NT	Fuerteventura
	Gomera
	Grand Canary
	Hierro
	Lanzarote
	Tenerife
UF	Canaries
	Las Palmas, Canary Islands
	Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province, Canary Islands
RT	Spain
	DSDP Site 397
	La Palma
	Leg 157
	ODP Site 953
	ODP Site 954
	ODP Site 955
	ODP Site 956
SN	Spanish controlled island group off NW Africa.

Canavese Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Canavese Zone
RT	Piemonte Italy
SN	Mountain region N of Turin.

Canberra Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Australian Capital Territory
	....Canberra Australia
SN	City between Sydney and Melbourne.

cancrinite
BT	carbonates
	.cancrinite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..cancrinite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Candler County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Candler County Georgia

Candona
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cypridocopina
	.......Cyprididae
	........Candona
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

canfieldite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfogermanates
	..canfieldite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfostannates
	..canfieldite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Canidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Fissipeda
	........Canidae
NT	Canis
SN	Family.

Canis
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Fissipeda
	........Canidae
	.........Canis
SN	Genus.

Cannanore India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Kerala India
	....Cannanore India
SN	District, Kerala, SW India.

Cannikin Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Aleutian Islands
	....Amchitka Island
	.....Cannikin Alaska
SN	Name of site of nuclear explosion on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands.

Canning Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Canning Basin
SN	Arid region in northern Western Australia, about 790 miles NNE of Perth. Also search Desert Basin AND Australia.

Cannon County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Cannon County Tennessee
NT	Woodbury Tennessee
SN	Central Tennessee.

Canon City Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Fremont County Colorado
	...Canon City Colorado
SN	City in central Colorado.

canonical analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.canonical analysis
RT	analysis

Cantabria Knoll
USE	Cantabria Seamount

Cantabria Seamount
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bay of Biscay
	...Cantabria Seamount
UF	Cantabria Knoll
RT	DSDP Site 119
SN	W Bay of Biscay. Also search Cantabria.

Cantabria Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabria Spain
NT	Santander Spain
UF	Cantabrian region
RT	Cantabrian Basin
	Cantabrian Mountains
	Old Castile Spain
	Santander Massif
SN	In N Spain on the Bay of Biscay. Part of Old Castile. Both an autonomous community and its coextensive province formerly called Santander Province. Also search Santander Spain; OR Santander Province AND Spain. Before 1981 also search Santander Spain.

Cantabrian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabrian Basin
RT	Basque Provinces Spain
	Asturias Spain
	Cantabria Spain
SN	Region in the Cantabrian Mountains area in N and NW Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Cantabrian Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabrian Mountains
RT	Galicia Spain
	Asturias Spain
	Castilla y Leon Spain
	Cantabria Spain
	Santander Massif
SN	Range extending westward from the Pyrenees along the Bay of Biscay to the Galician Mountains.

Cantabrian region
USE	Cantabria Spain

Cantal France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cantal France
NT	Cantal Massif
	Massiac France
RT	Central Massif
SN	Department in S central France.

Cantal Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cantal France
	....Cantal Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Central Massif
	....Cantal Massif
SN	Part of Central Massif covering central France. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Canterbury New Zealand
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Canterbury New Zealand
NT	Christchurch New Zealand
RT	South Island
SN	District in E central New Zealand. Also index South Island.

Canton River
USE	Zhujiang River

Canyon County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Canyon County Idaho

Canyon Diablo Crater
USE	Meteor Crater

Canyon Diablo Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..octahedrite
	...Canyon Diablo Meteorite
UF	Canyon Diablo Meteorites
RT	Arizona
	Coconino County Arizona
	Meteor Crater
SN	Refers to fragments associated with Meteor Crater in Coconino County, Arizona. Has numerous synonyms. Before 1981, also search Canon Diablo; Canyon Diablo; Arizona; Barringer; Elden; Helt Township in combination with meteorites. Due to numbering of these

Canyon Diablo Meteorites
USE	Canyon Diablo Meteorite

Canyon Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Canyon Group
RT	United States
	Texas
SN	Includes Graford Formation, Winchell Limestone, Brad Formation, and Caddo Creek Formation. Central and N central Texas.

Canyon#Astoria Formation#Bald Mountain#Basin and Range Province#Battle Mountain

Canyonlands National Park
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Canyonlands National Park
RT	national parks
	Garfield County Utah
	San Juan County Utah
	Wayne County Utah
SN	SE Utah. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

canyons
UF	land canyons
RT	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	submarine canyons
	valleys
	gorges
	solution features
SN	As of 1976, usage restricted to land canyons. Before 1976, also refers to submarine canyons.

Cap Blanc
RT	France
	Majorca
	Mauritania
	Tunisia
	Western Sahara
SN	Occurs in numerous locations including the coasts of Mauritania and Western Sahara, Tunisia, Majorca, and France. Search in combination with country or island. Indexed with countries as applicable.

cap rocks
RT	anhydrite
	diapirs
	geothermal energy
	gypsum
	reservoir rocks
	rocks
	petroleum
	salt domes
	salt tectonics
	sealing
SN	Used for salt tectonics: an impervious layer or body of rock over a salt dome.

capacity
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1981, included use as a general term. See volume, bearing capacity, cation exchange capacity, field capacity, heat capacity, or production capacity.

Capbreton France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Landes France
	....Capbreton France
SN	Town in SW France.

Cape Ann
RT	Essex County Massachusetts
	Gulf of Maine
SN	NE Massachusetts. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Essex County Massachusetts or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Cape Basin
UF	Walvis Basin
RT	Leg 40
	DSDP Site 360
	DSDP Site 524
	ODP Site 1082
	ODP Site 1083
	ODP Site 1084
	ODP Site 1085
	ODP Site 1086
	ODP Site 1087
SN	SE Atlantic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape Bojador
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Morocco
	...Cape Bojador
RT	DSDP Site 397
	Leg 47
SN	Headland extending into Atlantic Ocean on S coast of Morocco. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape Breton County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton County Nova Scotia
NT	Sydney Nova Scotia

Cape Breton Highlands
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton Island
	.....Cape Breton Highlands
SN	N Cape Breton Island, NE Nova Scotia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Breton Island
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton Island
NT	Cape Breton Highlands
RT	Avalon Zone
	Loch Lomond
	Morien Group
	Sydney coal field
SN	NE Nova Scotia.

Cape Canaveral
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Brevard County Florida
	...Cape Canaveral
UF	Cape Kennedy
SN	Cape on the Atlantic Ocean in E Florida. Site of John F. Kennedy Space Center. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cape Cod
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Barnstable County Massachusetts
	...Cape Cod
NT	Monomoy Island
SN	SE Massachusetts. Coextensive with Barnstable County.

Cape Dyer
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Baffin Island
	...Cape Dyer
SN	Cape on Davis Strait on E Baffin Island. Before 1993, also referred to the village. As of 1993, Cape Dyer Northwest Territories is used for the village. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cape Elizabeth Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cape Elizabeth Formation
RT	Maine
	Casco Bay Group
SN	In Casco Bay Group. SW Maine. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Fear Arch
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cape Fear Arch
SN	Extends NW from Cape Fear.

Cape fold belt
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Cape fold belt
RT	Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	Western Cape Province South Africa
SN	S South Africa. Composed of E trending southern branch and NW trending western branch which meet in a SW trending axis. Indexed with provinces.

Cape Girardeau County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cape Girardeau County Missouri

Cape Hatteras
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Dare County North Carolina
	...Cape Hatteras
SN	Promontory on Hatteras Island between Pamlico Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Cape Kennedy
USE	Cape Canaveral

Cape Lookout
RT	Carteret County North Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	Headland at S end off Carteret County. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Cape May County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Cape May County New Jersey
SN	S extremity of New Jersey, occupying the Cape May Peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay.

Cape Mendocino
BT	mboldt County California
	.Cape Mendocino
UF	Mendocino (Cape)
RT	Eel River basin
SN	On W coast of Humboldt County, extreme W California.

Cape Mendocino earthquakes 1992
BT	earthquakes
	.Cape Mendocino earthquakes 1992
RT	California
	Northern California
SN	Epicenter near Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, NW California. Also search Cape Mendocino earthquake 1992. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cape Province region
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Cape Province region
UF	Cape Province South Africa
RT	Broken Hill Mine
	Ecca Group
	False Bay
	Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	Cape Town South Africa
	Karroo Basin
	Kimberley South Africa
	Knysna South Africa
	Langebaanweg South Africa
	Molteno South Africa
	Namaqualand
	Namaqualand metamorphic complex
	North-West P
SN	Former province in S South Africa. In 1994, split into part of North-West Province, Northern Cape Province, Eastern Cape Province, and Western Cape Province. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Cape Province South Africa
USE	Cape Province region

Cape Sable
RT	Monroe County Florida
	Nova Scotia
SN	S point of Cape Sable Island in extreme S Nova Scotia. Also in SW Florida on Florida Bay. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Cape Smith fold belt
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Churchill Province
	...Cape Smith fold belt
RT	Quebec
SN	Structural subprovince in N Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Town South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	....Cape Town South Africa
UF	Capetown South Africa
RT	Cape Province region
	Table Mountain
SN	City in extreme SW South Africa.

Cape Valse
USE	False Cape

Cape Verde Atlantic
SN	Used from 1981-1994 for Eastern Atlantic bounded on the north by the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge, on the west by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and on the south by the Romanche fracture zone. See Equatorial Atlantic, North Atlantic, or South Atlantic.

Cape Verde Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Cape Verde Basin
RT	DSDP Site 12
	DSDP Site 137
	DSDP Site 138
	DSDP Site 139
	DSDP Site 140
	DSDP Site 367
	Leg 41
	ODP Site 657
SN	E Atlantic Ocean between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and West Africa in NE Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape Verde Islands
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Cape Verde Islands
BT	Africa
	.Cape Verde Islands
SN	Former Portuguese overseas province W of Dakar, Senegal. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cape Verde Rise
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Cape Verde Rise
RT	Leg 41
	DSDP Site 368
	ODP Site 659
SN	Between Cape Verde Islands and West Africa in NE Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape York Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..Cape York Meteorite
RT	Greenland
SN	Impact on Cape York, NW Greenland. Before 1985, also search Cape York AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cape York Peninsula
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Cape York Peninsula
RT	Moreton Australia
	Weipa Australia
SN	Between Gulf of Carpentaria and Coral Sea in extreme N Queensland.

capes
BT	shore features
	.capes
RT	geomorphology
	marine environment
	barrier islands
	shorelines
	beaches
	longshore bars
	bars
	littoral erosion
	coastal environment
	intertidal environment
	spits
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Capetown South Africa
USE	Cape Town South Africa

capillarity
RT	capillary pressure
	capillary water
	imbibition
	soils
	suction
	surface tension

capillary pressure
RT	capillarity
	capillary water
	pressure
	suction

capillary water
RT	capillarity
	capillary pressure
	ground water
	saturated zone
	soils
	unsaturated zone
	water table
SN	Before 1981, also search capillarity. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Capistrano Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Capistrano Formation
RT	California
	lower Pliocene
	upper Miocene
SN	Upper Miocene and lower Pliocene. Subdivided to include Osa Member. Unconformably underlies Niguel Formation. Southern California between Santa Ana and Oceanside. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Capitan Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Capitan Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Massive reef limestone which grades basinward into upper Delaware Mountain Sandstone and lagoonward into Carlsbad Limestone. SE New Mexico and W Texas.

Capitanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Capitanian

Capnic Romania
USE	Cavnic Romania

Captorhinidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
	......Captorhinomorpha
	.......Captorhinidae

Captorhinomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
	......Captorhinomorpha
NT	Captorhinidae
SN	Suborder.

capture
USE	stream capture

Carabobo Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Carabobo Venezuela
NT	Puerto Cabello Venezuela
SN	State on Caribbean Sea in N Venezuela. Also a village.

Caracas Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Caracas Group
RT	Venezuela
	Caracas Venezuela
	Federal District Venezuela
SN	Middle and upper Mesozoic. Includes Las Brisas Formation, Antimano Formation, Tacagua Formation. In Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela.

Caracas Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Federal District Venezuela
	...Caracas Venezuela
RT	Caracas Group
SN	City in N Venezuela.

Caradoc
USE	Caradocian

Caradocian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Caradocian
UF	Caradoc
RT	Bala
SN	Europe. Above Llandeilian, below Ashgillian.

carapaces
SN	After 1992, for carapace of an ostracod, use morphology and Ostracoda. See exoskeletons, chitin.

Carapita Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Carapita Formation
RT	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Venezuela
	Caribbean Sea
	Freites Formation
	Oficina
	Oficina Formation
	Trinidad
SN	Oligocene-Miocene. E Venezuela and adjacent Caribbean Sea. Parts of the formation are laterally transitional with the nonmarine Oficina Formation/lower Freites Formation. Indexed with Oligocene and/or Miocene as applicable.

Caravaca Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Murcia Spain
	.....Caravaca Spain
SN	City in SE Spain.

carbargilite
USE	coal

carbides
BT	alloys
	.carbides
NT	cohenite
	moissanite
RT	carborundum
SN	Before 1993, also search carborundum for silicon carbide if applicable.

carbohydrates
BT	organic compounds
	.carbohydrates
NT	polysaccharides
	sugars

carbon
NT	C-12
	C-13
	C-13/C-12
	C-14
	C-14/C-12
	organic carbon
RT	carbonaceous composition
	carbonado
	chaoite
	charcoal
	chemical elements
	diamond
	diamonds
	fullerenes
	geochemical cycle
	graphite
	graphitization
	hydrocarbons
	isotopes
	lonsdaleite
	moissanite
	organic compounds
	stable isotopes
	total organic carbon

Carbon County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Carbon County Montana
SN	S Montana.

Carbon County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Carbon County Pennsylvania
SN	E Pennsylvania.

Carbon County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Carbon County Utah
RT	Book Cliffs
	Sunnyside Mine
SN	Central Utah.

Carbon County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Carbon County Wyoming
NT	Seminoe Mountains
	Shirley Basin
RT	Great Divide Basin
	Lost Soldier Field
	Sullivan Mine
SN	S Wyoming.

carbon cycle
BT	geochemical cycle
	.carbon cycle
RT	cycles
	organic carbon
SN	Also search geochemical cycle and carbon. Before 1982, also search cycles and carbon. Indexed with carbon.

carbon dioxide
UF	CO2
RT	geochemistry
	phase equilibria
	carbon monoxide
	decarbonation
	fluid inclusions
	greenhouse effect

carbon monoxide
UF	CO (carbon monoxide)
RT	carbon dioxide

carbon tetrachloride
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...carbon tetrachloride
UF	perchloromethane
	tetrachloromethane
RT	pollutants
	toxic materials
	solvents
SN	CCl

carbon-12
USE	C-12

carbon-13
USE	C-13

carbon-14
USE	C-14

carbonaceous
SN	A valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use carbonaceous chondrites for meteorites, and use carbonaceous composition as a general term referring to carbon and coal.

carbonaceous chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
NT	CM chondrites
	CR chondrites
	CV chondrites
	Kainsaz Meteorite
	Orgueil Meteorite
RT	Kaidun Meteorite
	ordinary chondrites
SN	Before 1978, also search chondrites AND carbonaceous.

carbonaceous composition
UF	carbonaceous rocks
RT	organic compounds
	composition
	coal
	black shale
	carbon
SN	Before 1978, also search carbonaceous.

carbonaceous rocks
USE	carbonaceous composition

carbonaceous shale
USE	black shale

carbonado
BT	native elements
	.carbonado
RT	diamonds
	industrial minerals
	carbon

carbonate
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See carbonates; carbonate ion; carbonate rocks; carbonate sediments.

carbonate apatite
BT	phosphates
	.carbonate apatite
UF	carbonate-apatites
	tavistockite
RT	apatite
	dahllite

carbonate banks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..carbonate banks
RT	bioherms
	algal banks
	banks
	reefs
	mud banks
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

carbonate compensation
USE	carbonate compensation depth

carbonate compensation depth
UF	carbonate compensation
	depth of compensation
RT	oceanography
	solution
	ocean circulation
	sea water
	lysoclines

carbonate composition
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Now use carbonaceous composition if applicable.

carbonate ion
RT	bicarbonate ion
	carbonates
	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

carbonate platforms
RT	carbonate rocks
	carbonate sediments
	platform reefs
	platforms
	sedimentation
	shelf environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

carbonate ramps
RT	carbonate rocks
	carbonate sediments
	coastal environment
	ramps
	shallow-water environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

carbonate rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
NT	beachrock
	boundstone
	calcrete
	caliche
	chalk
	dolostone
	grainstone
	limestone
	packstone
	rudstone
	travertine
	wackestone
RT	rocks
	calcite
	intraclasts
	oolite
	carbonates
	dolomite
	marl
	bone beds
	tufa
	carbonate platforms
	carbonate sediments
	carbonate ramps
	carbonatites
	Fischer plots
	floatstone
	micritization

carbonate sediments
BT	sediments
	.carbonate sediments
RT	sand
	limestone
	oolite
	gravel
	carbonates
	dolomite
	carbonate rocks
	travertine
	tufa
	carbonate platforms
	carbonate ramps
	coquina
	dolostone

carbonate-apatites
USE	carbonate apatite

carbonates
NT	alstonite
	alumohydrocalcite
	ankerite
	aragonite
	artinite
	azurite
	bastnaesite
	calcite
	cancrinite
	cerussite
	dahllite
	dawsonite
	dolomite
	gaylussite
	huntite
	hydromagnesite
	hydrotalcite
	Iceland spar
	ikaite
	kutnahorite
	leadhillite
	magnesian calcite
	magnesite
	malachite
	meionite
	monohydrocalcite
	nahcolite
	nesquehonite
	norsethite
	phosgenite
	protodolomite
	pyroaurite
	rhodochrosite
	sakhaite
	shortite
	siderite
	sjogrenite
	smithsonite
	spurrite
	strontianite
	synchisite
	thaumasite
	thermonatrite
	trona
	vaterite
	weloganite
	witherite
RT	bicarbonate ion
	calcium carbonate
	carbonate ion
	carbonate rocks
	carbonate sediments
	carbonatization
	decarbonation
	minerals
	sodium carbonate
SN	Before 1981, thomsonite was included as a narrower term.

carbonatites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..carbonatites
NT	sovite
RT	carbonate rocks

carbonatiza

carbonatization
NT	calcitization
	dolomitization
RT	alteration
	carbonates
	coalification
	diagenesis
	hydrothermal alteration
	metasomatism
	processes
SN	Introduction of, or replacement by, carbonates. Not to be used for carbonation; instead use coalification.

Carbondale Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Carbondale Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Illinois
	Herrin Coal Member
	Kewanee Group
	Springfield Coal Member
SN	In Kewanee Group. Illinois and W Kentucky.

Carbondale Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Jackson County Illinois
	...Carbondale Illinois
SN	City in S Illinois.

Carbonicola
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Carbonicola
SN	Genus.

Carboniferous
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
NT	Mississippian
	Pennsylvanian
	Albert Formation
	Amsden Formation
	Asturian Orogeny
	Avonian
	Bartlesville Sand
	Benxi Formation
	Big Snowy Group
	Burbank Sand
	Chilliwack Group
	Culm
	Diamond Peak Formation
	Dinantian
	Ely Limestone
	Essen Beds
	Huanglong Formation
	Jackfork Group
	Johns Valley Formation
	Manning Canyon Shale
	Middle Carboniferous
	Mispec Group
	Schoonover Sequence
	Silesian
	Springer Formation
	Stellarton Group
	Tesnus Formation
	Upper Carboniferous
	Wahoo Limestone
RT	Dwyka Formation
	Karroo Supergroup
	Alice Springs Orogeny
	Beacon Supergroup
	Guandacol Formation
	Hercynian Orogeny
	Baralaba Coal Measures
	Itarare Subgroup
	Deer Lake Group
	Geirud Formation
	Ishbel Group
	Krol Formation
	Lisburne Group
	lower Gondwana System
	Otago
SN	Above Devonian, below Permian.

carbonification
USE	coalification

carbonitization
USE	coalification

carbonization
USE	coalification

carborundum
RT	abrasives
	carbides
	ceramic materials
	industrial minerals
	moissanite
	refractory materials
	synthetic materials
SN	Trade name for a synthetic silicon carbide. After 1993, see carbides or moissanite for the mineral. For use as a commodity, index abrasives and industrial minerals or refractory materials as applicable. See List C.

carboxylic acids
BT	organic compounds
	.organic acids
	..carboxylic acids
NT	acetic acid
	oxalic acid
RT	geochemistry
	acids
SN	Organic acids containing one or more carboxyl groups. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

carcinogens
RT	biochemistry
	chloroform
	chlorophenols
	dioxins
	medical geology
	pollutants
	toxic materials
SN	Includes known and suspected carcinogens. Also index specific class of materials.

Cardiff Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Glamorgan Wales
	......Cardiff Wales
SN	City on the Bristol Channel in South Glamorgan County, SE Wales.

Cardigan Bay
RT	Cardiganshire Wales
	Dyfed Wales
	Irish Sea
	Merionethshire Wales
	Prince Edward Island
	Wales
SN	Large inlet of Saint George's Channel off N Wales. Also in Kings County Prince Edward Island. Indexed with Kings County Prince Edward Island or Wales as applicable.

Cardiganshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Cardiganshire Wales
NT	Aberystwyth Wales
RT	Cardigan Bay
SN	Former county on Cardigan Bay. Also search Cardigan.

Cardiidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cardiidae
NT	Cardium

Carditida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Carditida

Cardium
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cardiidae
	....Cardium
NT	Cardium edule
SN	Genus.

Cardium edule
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cardiidae
	....Cardium
	.....Cardium edule

Cardium Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Cardium Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
SN	Also search Cardium Sandstone NOT Texas. For Miocene formation of offshore Texas, search Cardium Sandstone AND Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cargo Muchacho Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Imperial County California
	...Cargo Muchacho Mountains
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cariaco Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
	...Cariaco Basin
UF	Cariaco Trench
RT	ODP Site 1002
SN	W of Cariaco Bay and between Isla la Tortuga and Venezuelan coast.

Cariaco Trench
USE	Cariaco Basin

Caribbean Mountain Range
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Caribbean Mountain Range
RT	Andes
	Puerto Rico
	Antilles
SN	Islands comprising the Antilles stretching from Florida to the coast of Venezuela constituting the remainder of several submerged Andean spurs meeting in Puerto Rico.

Caribbean Plate
RT	Caribbean region
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	The Caribbean Sea including the Caribbean islands and across Central America to the Cocos plate just to the W. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Caribbean region
NT	West Indies
RT	Aves Island
	Caribbean Plate
	Caribbean Sea
	Central America
	Chicxulub Crater
	Chortis Block
	Colombia
	Colombian Basin
	Los Testigos
	Venezuela
	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	Also search Caribbean. Indexed with Antilles, Caribbean Sea, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela as applicable.

Caribbean Sea
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
NT	Aves Ridge
	Beata Ridge
	Cariaco Basin
	Cayman Trough
	Mid-Cayman Rise
	Nicaragua Rise
	Venezuelan Basin
	Yucatan Basin
RT	Aves Island
	Caribbean region
	DSDP Site 541
	Barracuda Ridge
	Carapita Formation
	Chicxulub Crater
	Colombian Basin
	DSDP Site 146
	DSDP Site 147
	DSDP Site 148
	DSDP Site 149
	DSDP Site 150
	DSDP Site 151
	DSDP Site 152
	DSDP Site 153
	DSDP Site 154
	DSDP Site 502
	DSDP
SN	Bounded by the West Indies on the N and E, South America on the S, and Central America on the W. Also search Caribbean. Before 1981, Grand Cayman Island was included as a narrower term. Before 1995, Los Testigos, and Aves Island were included as narrower

Cariboo Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Cariboo Mountains
RT	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Rocky Mountains
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains in E central British Columbia.

Caribou County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Caribou County Idaho
SN	SE Idaho.

Carinthia Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Carinthia Austria
NT	Bleiberg Austria
	Krappfeld
	Sau Alps
	Villach Austria
	Wolfsberg Austria
RT	Carnic Alps
	Gailtal Alps
	Karawanken
	Koralpe Range
	South Austrian Alps

Carixian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Carixian
SN	Europe.

Carleton County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Carleton County New Brunswick
NT	Woodstock New Brunswick

Carlile Sh

Carlile Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Carlile Shale
RT	New Mexico
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	South Dakota
	Colorado Group
	Benton Formation
	Codell Sandstone Member
SN	In Colorado Group. E Colorado, Kansas, SE Montana, Nebraska, NE New Mexico, South Dakota, E Wyoming.

Carlin Mine
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Carlin Mine
RT	mines
	gold ores
SN	Gold ores. NE Nevada. Also search Carlin Nevada.

Carlin Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Elko County Nevada
	...Carlin Nevada
SN	Town in NE Nevada.

Carlin Trend
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Carlin Trend
RT	gold ores
	carlin-type deposits
SN	Gold belt. Elko and Eureka counties, NE Nevada.

carlin-type deposits
UF	noseeum deposits
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	gold ores
	Carlin Trend
	disseminated deposits
	epithermal processes

Carlisle County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Carlisle County Kentucky

Carlsbad
SN	As of 1989, use Carlsbad New Mexico for the city in New Mexico. For the town in W Czech Republic, use Karlovy Vary Czech Republic.

Carlsbad Caverns
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Eddy County New Mexico
	...Carlsbad Caverns
RT	Lechuguilla Cave
SN	In SW Eddy County just N of Texas border.

Carlsbad New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Eddy County New Mexico
	...Carlsbad New Mexico
SN	City in SE New Mexico.

Carlsberg Ridge
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Carlsberg Ridge
UF	Arabian Ridge
	Arabian-Indian Midoceanic Ridge
	Arabian-Indian Ridge
RT	mid-ocean ridges
SN	Between Somali Republic and the Seychelles to the W, and the Laccadive and Maldive islands to the E.

Carlton County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Carlton County Minnesota

Carlton Rhyolite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Carlton Rhyolite
RT	Oklahoma
SN	SW Oklahoma. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carmarthenshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Carmarthenshire Wales
SN	Former county in S Wales on Bristol Channel. As of April of 1974, considered part of Dyfed. Before 1993, also search Carmarthen.

Carmel Bay
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Carmel Bay
SN	NW Monterey County, W California.

Carmel California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Carmel California
UF	Carmel-by-the-Sea
SN	City in W California.

Carmel Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Carmel Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	San Rafael Group
SN	Middle and Upper Jurassic. In San Rafael Group. Utah, NE Arizona, W Colorado and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Carmel-by-the-Sea
USE	Carmel California

Carmona Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Seville Spain
	......Carmona Spain
SN	City in SW Spain.

carnallite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..carnallite

Carnarvon Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Carnarvon Basin
SN	S of Lake McLeod in Carnarvon region in W Western Australia.

Carnegie Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Carnegie Ridge
RT	DSDP Site 156
	Equatorial Pacific
	Leg 16
SN	Just S of the equator between Ecuador and Galapagos Islands.

carnelian
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...carnelian
RT	chalcedony
	gems

Carnian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Carnian
RT	Hallstatt Limestone
	Stuhini Group
SN	Europe. Above Ladinian, below Norian.

Carnic Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Eastern Alps
	...Carnic Alps
RT	Veneto Italy
	Carinthia Austria
	Karawanken
	Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy
SN	Range of Eastern Alps. Indexed with countries as applicable.

carniv

Carnivora
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
NT	Fissipeda
	Pinnipedia
SN	Order.

carnivorous taxa
RT	Carnosauria
	dinosaurs
	ecology
	herbivorous taxa
	feeding
	paleoecology
	Plantae
	predation
	trophic analysis
SN	As of 1998, use Carnivora for the mammalian order.

Carnmenellis Granite
RT	England
	Scotland
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carnosauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Saurischia
	.......Theropoda
	........Carnosauria
NT	Allosaurus
	Tyrannosauridae
RT	carnivorous taxa
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

carnotite
BT	vanadates
	.carnotite
RT	uranium ores
	vanadium ores

Carolina Bays
BT	United States
	.Carolina Bays
RT	South Carolina
	Virginia
	geomorphology
	Florida
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Georgia
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	impact features
	Delaware
	New Jersey
SN	Depressions on the E coast of the U.S. from Florida to New Jersey that are of controversial origin. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Carolina slate belt
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Carolina slate belt
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
	Avalon Zone
	Charlotte Belt
	Carolina Terrane
	Kings Mountain Belt
	Kiokee Belt
	Raleigh Belt
SN	W North Carolina and NW South Carolina. Indexed with states as applicable.

Carolina Terrane
BT	United States
	.Carolina Terrane
RT	South Carolina
	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Carolina slate belt
	Southern Appalachians
SN	Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian composite volcanic arc exotic to North America which occurs in the Southern Appalachians of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Caroline County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Caroline County Maryland

Caroline County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Caroline County Virginia

Caroline Islands
BT	Oceania
	.Micronesia
	..Caroline Islands
NT	Palau
UF	Carolines
RT	Pacific Ocean
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Central and W island group of U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Used in subfiles B and E.

Carolines
USE	Caroline Islands

carotenoids
BT	organic compounds
	.pigments
	..carotenoids

Carpathian Foredeep
BT	Europe
	.Carpathian Foredeep
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Slovakia
	Carpathians
SN	Elongated depressions bordering Carpathians. Also search Carpathian AND foredeep. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Carpathian Foreland
BT	Europe
	.Carpathian Foreland
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Slovakia
	Carpathians
	Subcarpathians
SN	Stable area marginal to Carpathians. Also search Carpathian AND foreland. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Carpathian Mountains
USE	Carpathians

Carpathians
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
NT	Beshchady Mountains
	Beskid Mountains
	Bistrita Mountains
	Bukk Mountains
	Eastern Carpathians
	Matra Mountains
	Polish Carpathians
	Slovakian Carpathians
	Subcarpathians
	Tatra Mountains
	Ukrainian Carpathians
	Vrancea
	Western Carpathians
UF	Carpathian Mountains
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Hungary
	Slovakia
	Czech Republic
	Transylvanian Alps
	Carpathian Foredeep
	Carpathian Foreland
	Paring Mountains
	Pieniny Klippen Belt
	Rodna Mountains
	Tokaj-Eperjes Mountains
SN	Mountain system of E and central Europe enclosing the Alfold. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Carpentaria Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Carpentaria Basin
RT	Queensland Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
SN	Region around Gulf of Carpentaria. Indexed with Australian states as applicable.

Carpentarian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Carpentarian
SN	SE Australia.

carpholite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..carpholite
RT	aluminosilicates
	ferrocarpholite

Carrara Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Carrara Formation
RT	California
	Nevada
SN	Lower to Middle Cambrian. California and S Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carrara Marble
RT	marble deposits
	ornamental materials
SN	From marble deposits at Carrara, NW Italy. Material used throughout the world for monuments and sculptures. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Carriacou
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Carriacou
RT	Grenada
	Windward Islands
SN	Largest island of the Grenadines in the Windward Islands. Indexed with Windward Islands.

Carrizo Mountain Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Carrizo Mountain Formation
RT	Texas
SN	W Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Carrizo Plain
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
	...Carrizo Plain
RT	San Andreas Fault
SN	Between Caliente and Temblor ranges, SW California.

Carrizo Sand
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Carrizo Sand
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Claiborne Group
SN	In Claiborne Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carroll County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Carroll County Arkansas
SN	NW Arkansas.

Carroll County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Carroll County Georgia
SN	W Georgia.

Carroll County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Carroll County Illinois
SN	NW Illinois.

Carroll County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Carroll County Indiana
SN	NW central Indiana.

Carroll County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Carroll County Iowa
SN	W central Iowa.

Carroll County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Carroll County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Carroll County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Carroll County Maryland
SN	N Maryland.

Carroll County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Carroll County Mississippi
SN	Central Mississippi.

Carroll County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Carroll County Missouri
SN	NW central Missouri.

Carroll County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Carroll County New Hampshire
RT	Hubbard Brook experimental forest
	Mirror Lake
	Saco River
SN	On Maine line in E New Hampshire.

Carroll County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Carroll County Ohio
SN	E Ohio.

Carroll County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Carroll County Tennessee
SN	NW Tennessee.

Carroll County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Carroll County Virginia
SN	SW Virginia. Also search Galax Virginia if applicable.

carrollite
BT	sulfides
	.carrollite
UF	sychnodymite
RT	cobalt ores
	linnaeite

Carry-le-Rouet
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bouches-du-Rhone France
	....Carry-le-Rouet
SN	A section in S Bouches-du-Rhone.

Carson City County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Carson City County Nevada

Carson County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Carson County Texas

Carson River
BT	United States
	.Carson River
RT	Alpine County California
	Churchill County Nevada
	Douglas County Nevada
	Lyon County Nevada
SN	Flows from Sierra Nevada to the Carson Sink in W central Nevada. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.

carst
USE	karst

Carswell Structure
BT	Canada
	.Carswell Structure
RT	Saskatchewan
	impact features
	Northwest Territories
	Keewatin District Northwest Territories
SN	Lake Athabasca area of NW Saskatchewan, and the Baker Lake area in Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories. Indexed with province and/or territory as applicable.

Cartagena Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Bolivar Colombia
	...Cartagena Colombia
SN	City on the Caribbean Sea.

Carter County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Carter County Kentucky
SN	NE Kentucky.

Carter County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Carter County Missouri
SN	S Missouri.

Carter County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Carter County Montana
RT	Bell Creek Field
SN	SE Montana.

Carter County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Carter County Oklahoma
RT	Arbuckle Mountains
SN	S Oklahoma.

Carter County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Carter County Tennessee
SN	NE Tennessee.

Carteret County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Carteret County North Carolina
NT	Beaufort North Carolina
RT	Cape Lookout
SN	E North Carolina, on the Atlantic Ocean.

Carterinacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Carterinacea
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cartersville Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bartow County Georgia
	...Cartersville Georgia
SN	City in NW Georgia.

cartographic scales
UF	map scales
	scales, cartographic
RT	cartography
	maps
	scale factor
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

cartography
NT	digital cartography
UF	chartology
RT	registration
	aerial photography
	geomorphology
	maps
	photogeology
	photogrammetry
	altimetry
	geodesy
	topography
	ARC/INFO
	mapping
	cartographic scales
	coordinates
	global maps
	legends
	leveling
	stereographic projection
	topographic correction
	triangulation
	trilate
SN	As of 1993, restricted to the art and science of mapmaking. For methods, instruments, programs. Before 1972, also search geological exploration; before 1976 also search geologic mapping; before 1978 also search mapping. As of 1993, see mapping for the pro

Carver County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Carver County Minnesota

carvings, rock
USE	petroglyphs

Carya
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Carya
SN	Genus.

Caryophyllidae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Caryophyllidae

Casa Diablo
UF	Casa Diablo hot springs
RT	Long Valley Caldera
	Mono County California
SN	Hot springs in Long Valley Caldera, E California. May occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Casa Diablo hot springs
USE	Casa Diablo

Casablanca Morocco
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Morocco
	...Casablanca Morocco
SN	City bordering the Atlantic Ocean in W Morocco.

Casapalca Peru
BT	South America
	.Peru
	..Lima Peru
	...Casapalca Peru
SN	Town NE of city of Lima.

Cascade County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Cascade County Montana
RT	Big Belt Mountains
	Little Belt Mountains
SN	W central Montana.

Cascade Mountains
USE	Cascade Range

Cascade Range
BT	United States
	.Cascade Range
NT	Mount Hood
	Mount Rainier
	Mount Saint Helens
	Mount Shasta
	Newberry Volcano
UF	Cascade Mountains
	Cascades (Range)
RT	Washington
	California
	Coast Mountains
	North American Cordillera
	Oregon
	Brothers fault zone
	Glacier Peak
	Golden Horn Batholith
	Mount Adams
	Mount Baker
	Mount Jefferson
	Shuksan Thrust
	Sierra Nevada
	Straight Creek Fault
SN	Northern continuation of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The Coast Mountains continue the range in British Columbia. Indexed with states as applicable.

cascades
BT	fluvial features
	.cascades
RT	geomorphology
	hydrology
	streams
	rapids
	waterfalls

Cascades (Range)
USE	Cascade Range

Cascadia Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Cascadia Basin
RT	Cascadia subduction zone
	Leg 168
	ODP Site 1023
	ODP Site 1024
	ODP Site 1025
	ODP Site 1026
	ODP Site 1027
	ODP Site 1028
	ODP Site 1029
	ODP Site 1030
	ODP Site 1031
	ODP Site 1032
	ODP Site 888
SN	Off the coast of Washington. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cascadia Channel
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Cascadia Channel
SN	Off coast of Oregon SW of Cascadia Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cascadia subduction zone
RT	British Columbia
	California
	Cascadia Basin
	Gorda Plate
	Juan de Fuca Plate
	Leg 146
	North American Plate
	Northeast Pacific
	ODP Site 891
	Oregon
	plate tectonics
	Washington
SN	Juan de Fuca Plate is being subducted beneath North American Plate. Extends from Vancouver Island to the N California coast. Before 1993, also search Cascadia and subduction. Indexed with Northeast Pacific and/or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus

Casco Bay Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Casco Bay Group
RT	Maine
	Cape Elizabeth Formation
SN	Lower and middle Paleozoic. SW Maine. Includes Cape Elizabeth Formation, Spring Point Greenstone, Diamond Island Slate, Scarboro Phyllite, Spurwink Limestone, Jewell Phyllite and Mackworth Slate. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

case histories
USE	case studies

case studies
UF	case histories
	studies, case
RT	pollution
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics

Caserta Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Caserta Italy
SN	Province and city NE of Naples.

Casey County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Casey County Kentucky

Caseyville Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Lower Pennsylvanian
	......Caseyville Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Illinois
SN	In McCormick Group. SE Illinois and W Kentucky.

cash transactions
RT	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cashel Ireland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ireland
	...Tipperary Ireland
	....Cashel Ireland
SN	Town at the base of the Rock of Cashel in S central Tipperary, S central Ireland.

Casper Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Casper Formation
RT	Permian
	Pennsylvanian
	Wyoming
SN	Pennsylvanian and Permian. Includes all beds from top of Madison Group to base of Permian (Opeche Shale) red shales. In SE Wyoming. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Casper Mountain
RT	Natrona County Wyoming
SN	Central Wyoming. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Casper Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Natrona County Wyoming
	...Casper Wyoming
SN	City in central Wyoming.

Caspian Basin
UF	Caspian region
	Peri-Caspian Depression
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Azerbaijan
	Turkmenia
	Iran
	Caspian Depression
	Eurasia
	Caspian Sea
SN	Region including the Caspian Sea and surrounding areas. Also search Caspian. Indexed with Asia and/or Europe and/or Caspian Sea; and former Soviet republics and/or Iran as applicable.

Caspian Depression
BT	Asia
	.Central Asia
	..Caspian Depression
UF	Caspian Lowland
	Caspian Syneclise
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Astrakhan Arch
	Caspian Basin
	Karachaganak Field
	Tengiz Field
SN	That part of the Caspian Basin lying N of the Caspian Sea; it is a large lowland area which was submerged by the Caspian Sea at one time. Also search Caspian. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Caspian Lowland
USE	Caspian Depression

Caspian region
USE	Caspian Basin

Caspian Sea
RT	Caspian Basin
	Iran
	Kara-Bogaz Gulf
	Neftyanyye Kamni
	Peschanyy
	Russian Federation
SN	Largest inland sea in the world. Also search Caspian. Indexed with Iran and/or the former Soviet republics as applicable.

Caspian Syneclise
USE	Caspian Depression

Cass County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Cass County Illinois
SN	W central Illinois.

Cass County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Cass County Indiana
SN	N central Indiana.

Cass County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Cass County Iowa
SN	SW Iowa.

Cass County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Cass County Michigan
SN	SW Michigan.

Cass County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Cass County Minnesota
SN	N central Minnesota.

Cass County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cass County Missouri
SN	W Missouri.

Cass County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cass County Nebraska
SN	SE Nebraska.

Cass County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Cass County North Dakota
SN	E North Dakota.

Cass County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cass County Texas
SN	NE Texas.

Cassia County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Cassia County Idaho
RT	Albion Range
SN	On Utah and Nevada borders in S central Idaho.

Cassiar
USE	Cassiar Mountains

Cassiar Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Cassiar Mountains
UF	Cassiar
RT	British Columbia
	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Yukon Territory
SN	N British Columbia and S Yukon Territory. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cassidulina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Cassidulinacea
	.....Cassidulina
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cassidulinacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Cassidulinacea
NT	Anomalinidae
	Cassidulina
	Globocassidulina subglobosa
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

cassiterite
BT	oxides
	.cassiterite
RT	heavy minerals
	tin ores

Castaic Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Castaic Formation
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Castellane France
BT	pes-de-Haute Provence France
	.Castellane France
SN	Village in SE France.

Castellon de la Plana City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Castellon Spain
	......Castellon de la Plana City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in E Spain.

Castellon de la Plana Province
USE	Castellon Spain

Castellon de la Plana Spain
USE	Castellon Spain
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Castellon Spain for the province or see Castellon de la Plana City Spain.

Castellon Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Castellon Spain
NT	Castellon de la Plana City Spain
UF	Castellon de la Plana Province
	Castellon de la Plana Spain
RT	Maestrazgo Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in E Spain. For the city, see Castellon de la Plana City Spain.

Castile Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Castile Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Formation, as now defined, includes beds in lower part of Ochoa Series that are confined in extent to Delaware Basin and overlap sloping surface of Capitan Formation along its margins. SE New Mexico, and W Texas.

Castile Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castile Spain
NT	New Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
RT	Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	Ciudad Real Spain
	Avila Spain
	Burgos Spain
	Guadalajara Spain
	La Rioja Spain
	Palencia Spain
	Segovia Spain
	Soria Spain
	Toledo Spain
	Valladolid Spain
SN	Region and ancient kingdom of central and N central part of country.

Castilla la Nueva
USE	New Castile Spain

Castilla la Vieja
USE	Old Castile Spain

Castilla y Leon Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
NT	Avila Spain
	Burgos Spain
	Leon Spain
	Palencia Spain
	Salamanca Spain
	Segovia Spain
	Soria Spain
	Valladolid Spain
	Zamora Spain
RT	Cantabrian Mountains
	Old Castile Spain
SN	Autonomous community which includes parts of former Old Castile and Leon regions, NW Spain.

Castilla-La Mancha Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
NT	Albacete Spain
	Ciudad Real Spain
	Cuenca Spain
	Guadalajara Spain
	Toledo Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	New Castile Spain
SN	Autonomous community which includes much of New Castile, central Spain. Before 1998, search the individual provinces and New Castile Spain.

Castillon Massif
BT	Europe
	.Pyrenees
	..Castillon Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Ariege France
	....Castillon Massif
RT	French Pyrenees
SN	In Ariege Pyrenees in S France. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Castle Hayne Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Castle Hayne Limestone
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	Middle and upper Eocene. Underlies Yorktown Formation near Pollicksville, North Carolina. Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina.

Castle Hayne North Carolina
BT	w Hanover County North Carolina
	.Castle Hayne North Carolina
SN	City in extreme SE North Carolina.

Castlegate Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Castlegate Sandstone
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Mesaverde Group
	Price River Formation
SN	May be in Mesaverde Group. E central Utah and W central Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Castleton Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Rutland County Vermont
	...Castleton Vermont
SN	City in S central Vermont.

Castoridae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Castoridae
SN	Family.

Castro County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Castro County Texas

casts
RT	bedding plane irregularities
	chemical fossils
	flute casts
	fossilization
	fossils
	groove casts
	ichnofossils
	lebensspuren
	load casts
	paleontology
	scour casts
	sedimentary structures
	soft sediment deformation
	turbidity current structures
SN	Includes use as the sedimentary structure as well as the paleontologic feature. Indexed with type of sedimentary structures if applicable. Use more specific type if available (See list K). Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

casts, flute
USE	flute casts

casts, groove
USE	groove casts

casts, load
USE	load casts

Caswell County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Caswell County North Carolina

cataclasis
RT	brittle deformation
	deformation
	metamorphism
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

cataclasites
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.cataclasites

catagenesis
UF	katagenesis
RT	sedimentary rocks

Catahoula Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Catahoula Formation
RT	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Alabama
SN	Louisiana, Mississippi, S Alabama and E Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Catahoula Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Catahoula Parish Louisiana

Catalina Schist
RT	California
	Mesozoic
	Paleozoic
SN	S California. Mesozoic or older. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

catalogs
RT	Arabic
	associations
	atlas
	bibliography
	book reviews
	collections
	education
	English
	exhibits
	French
	geology
	German
	glossaries
	inventory
	lexicons
	libraries
	maps
	mineralogy
	monographs
	museums
	oceanography
	paleobotany
	paleontology
	petrology
	publications
	Russia
SN	Indexed with language if not English.

Catalonia Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonia Spain
NT	Barcelona Spain
	Gerona Spain
	Lerida Spain
	Llobregat River basin
	Tarragona Spain
RT	Ter River basin
	Catalonian Coastal Ranges
SN	Historical region and autonomous community in NE Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Catalonian Coastal Ranges
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonian Coastal Ranges
RT	Catalonia Spain
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

catalysis
RT	chemical analysis
	geochemistry

Catamarca Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Catamarca Argentina
RT	Pampean Mountains
SN	Province including its capital, NW Argentina.

Catanda Angola
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Angola
	...Catanda Angola
SN	Village in E Angola.

Catanzaro Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
	....Catanzaro Italy
SN	Province and city in central Calabria.

cataphoresis
USE	electrophoresis

catastrophes
RT	damage
	destruction
	geologic hazards
	mass extinctions

catastrophic
SN	A valid term through 1977.

catastrophic advance
USE	glacier surges

catastrophic waves
BT	ocean waves
	.catastrophic waves
RT	waves
	tsunamis
SN	Before 1978, also search catastrophic AND ocean waves.

catastrophism
RT	biologic evolution
	creationism
	uniformitarianism

Catawba County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Catawba County North Carolina

catazonal metamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.catazonal metamorphism
UF	katazonal metamorphism
RT	high-grade metamorphism
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

catchment hydrodynamics
RT	drainage basins
	ground water
	hydrodynamics
	hydrology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

catchments
USE	drainage basins

catenas
RT	craters
	soils
	toposequences
SN	Soil association of a given area developed from common parent material.

Cathaysia
RT	Asia
	China
	continental drift
	Gondwana
	Indochina
	Malaysia
	paleogeography
SN	Paleozoic-?Triassic landmass which included SE China, Indochina, and SE Asian islands. Indexed with countries and continents as applicable.

cathodoluminescence
RT	luminescence

cation exchange
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, use ion exchange or cation exchange capacity.

cation exchange capacity
RT	clay mineralogy
	geochemistry
	ion exchange
	ions
SN	Also search cation exchange.

cation-ratio dating
RT	exposure age
	geochronology
	relative age
	rock varnish
SN	Use of K+Ca/Ti ratio for rock varnish dating. Before 1995, also search cations and (ratios or isotope ratios) and geochronology. Also index exposure age if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

cations
RT	anions
	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Term reintroduced in 1981. Previously valid through May 1978. Also search ions. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Catoche Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Catoche Formation
RT	Newfoundland Island
SN	W Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Catoctin Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Catoctin Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	Divided into Warrenton Agglomerate Member at base and basalt flows now altered to metabasalt or greenstone schist. W Maryland, N Virginia, and NE West Virginia.

Catoosa County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Catoosa County Georgia

Catron County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Catron County New Mexico
NT	Mogollon Mountains
RT	San Francisco Mountains
SN	On Arizona border in W New Mexico.

Catskill Delta
BT	United States
	.Catskill Delta
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	Devonian age complex. Indexed with states as applicable.

Catskill Format

Catskill Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Catskill Formation
RT	Devonian
	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	Lower Mississippian
SN	Middle Devonian to Lower Mississippian. In Susquehanna Group. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Catskill Mountains
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Catskill Mountains
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Catskill Mountains
RT	Appalachian Plateau
SN	Group of the Appalachians in SE New York. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cattaraugus County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Cattaraugus County New York
NT	West Valley New York
SN	SW New York.

cattierite
BT	sulfides
	.cattierite

Caucasian Foreland
USE	Caucasus Foreland

Caucasus
BT	Europe
	.Caucasus
NT	Greater Caucasus
	Lesser Caucasus
	Northern Caucasus
UF	Caucasus Mountains
RT	Russian Federation
	Georgian Republic
	Armenia
	Azerbaijan
	Transcaucasia
	Elbrus
	Filizchay
	Ossetia
SN	Mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas. Indexed with Greater Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus, Northern Caucasus, and former Soviet republics as applicable.

Caucasus Foreland
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Caucasus Foreland
BT	Europe
	.Caucasus Foreland
UF	Caucasian Foreland
RT	Kuban
	Northern Caucasus
SN	The Northern Caucasus (Ciscaucasia area) which includes the northern slopes and foothills of the Caucasus plus the Kuban steppes to the north. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Caucasus Mountains
USE	Caucasus

Caudata
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Amphibia
	....Lissamphibia
	.....Caudata
NT	Urodela
SN	Superorder.

cauldrons
BT	volcanic features
	.cauldrons
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanology
	calderas
	crater lakes
	resurgence

causes
RT	geology

Causses
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Causses
UF	South Massif
RT	Central Massif
SN	An arid Jurassic limestone plateau of S Central Massif in S and SW France.

caustobiolith
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.caustobiolith
UF	caustobioliths
RT	organic compounds

caustobioliths
USE	caustobiolith

Cauvery Basin
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Cauvery Basin
UF	Kaveri Basin
RT	Tamil Nadu India
	Karnataka India
SN	River basin in S Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, S India. Indexed with states as applicable.

Caux
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine-Maritime France
	....Caux
SN	Chalky tableland in N France.

Cavalier County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Cavalier County North Dakota

cave ecology
USE	cave environment

cave environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.cave environment
UF	cave ecology
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	paleoecology
	depositional environment
	subaerial environment
	solution features
	caves
	speleology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

cave maps
BT	maps
	.cave maps
RT	caves
	caverns
SN	Before 1981, also search caves AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cavellinidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cavellinidae
RT	microfossils
	Healdiidae
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

caverns
RT	cave maps
	caves
	geomorphology
	shore features
	solution features
	stalactites
	stalagmites
	underground cavities
	underground streams
	volcanic features
SN	Indexed with solution features as applicable.

caves
RT	cave environment
	cave maps
	caverns
	exsurgence
	geomorphology
	karst
	resurgence
	shore features
	solution
	solution cavities
	solution features
	speleology
	speleothems
	stalactites
	stalagmites
	underground cavities
	underground streams
	volcanic features

Caviomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Caviomorpha

cavities
SN	Used as a general term through 1978. After 1978, see specific terms, e.g. underground space or solution cavities.

cavities, solution
USE	solution cavities

Cavnic Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Maramures Romania
	.....Cavnic Romania
UF	Capnic Romania
SN	Village in Maramures County in N Transylvania.

Cayman Islands
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Cayman Islands
NT	Grand Cayman Island
RT	Bluff Formation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cayman Trench
USE	Cayman Trough

Cayman Trough
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
	...Cayman Trough
UF	Cayman Trench
SN	South of the Cayman Islands and Cuba.

Caytoniales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Caytoniales
NT	Pachypteris

Cayuga County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Cayuga County New York
RT	Cayuga Lake
SN	Central New York.

Cayuga Lake
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Finger Lakes
	...Cayuga Lake
RT	Cayuga County New York
	Seneca County New York
	Tompkins County New York
SN	One of the Finger Lakes in Cayuga, Seneca and Tompkins counties, W central New York. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cayugan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Upper Silurian
	.....Cayugan
NT	Tonoloway Limestone
	Williamsport Sandstone
RT	Keyser Limestone
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Niagaran, below Ulsterian (Devonian).

CBD method (soils)
USE	citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method

Cd
USE	cadmium

CD-ROM
UF	compact-disc read-only memory
RT	data processing
	information systems
	data bases
	data retrieval
	data storage
SN	Acronym. Also search compact discs or compact disks. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

CDP method
USE	common-depth-point method

Ce
USE	cerium

Ceara Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Ceara Brazil
NT	Jaguaribe Brazil
	Jaguaribe River
RT	Araripe Basin
SN	State in NE Brazil.

Cebu Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Cebu Philippine Islands
SN	Province, city and island in Visayan Islands in E central Philippine Islands.

Cechy Republic
USE	Czech Republic

Cecil County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Cecil County Maryland

Cedar City Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Cedar City Formation
RT	Missouri

Cedar County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Cedar County Iowa

Cedar County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cedar County Missouri

Cedar County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cedar County Nebraska

Cedar Creek Anticline
BT	United States
	.Cedar Creek Anticline
RT	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Williston Basin
SN	E Montana, W North Dakota and W South Dakota. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cedar Hill Field
RT	coalbed methane
	oil and gas fields
	San Juan Basin
	San Juan County New Mexico
SN	Coalbed methane, San Juan County, NW New Mexico. Also may occur in other locations. Indexed with San Juan County New Mexico if applicable.

Cedar Mountain Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Cedar Mountain Formation
RT	Utah
	Colorado
SN	Together with Buckhorn Conglomerate comprises Cedar Mountain Group. NW Colorado and central Utah.

Cedar Valley Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Cedar Valley Formation
RT	Iowa
	Illinois
	Minnesota
SN	Includes Linwood, Littleton, Coralville, Solon and Rapid members. E Iowa, SW Illinois, and SE Minnesota.

celadonite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...celadonite
RT	glauconite

Celebes
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Celebes
UF	Sulawesi
RT	Celebes Sea
SN	Island E of Borneo. Sulawesi is the official Indonesian name.

Celebes Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.West Pacific
	..Indonesian Seas
	...Celebes Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Celebes Sea
RT	Malay Archipelago
	Celebes
	Darvel Bay
	Leg 124
	ODP Site 767
	ODP Site 770
SN	Bounded on N by Philippine Islands, W by Borneo, and S by island of Celebes. Before 1978, also search Celebes. This term has multiple hierarchies.

celestine
BT	sulfates
	.celestine
UF	celestite
RT	strontium ores
SN	Before 1995, also search celestite.

celestite
USE	celestine

Celje Slovenia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Slovenia
	...Celje Slovenia
UF	Celje Yugoslavia
SN	Town and administrative region NE Slovenia. Before 1993, Celje Yugoslavia was also used.

Celje Yugoslavia
USE	Celje Slovenia

cell dimensions
RT	bonding
	crystal structure
	dimensions
	lattice
	lattice parameters
	minerals

cell, unit
USE	unit cell

cellulose
BT	organic compounds
	.carbohydrates
	..polysaccharides
	...cellulose
RT	lignin

celsian
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...barium feldspar
	....celsian
RT	paracelsian

Celtic Sea
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Celtic Sea
RT	English Channel
SN	Body of water over the continental shelf between the S coast of Ireland and Brittany. It is arbitrarily divided from the English Channel by a line from Land's End to Ushant Island off Brittany.

cement
RT	cement materials
	cementation
	cementation deposits
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
SN	Term restricted to use as the material. Use cementation for the process.

cement materials
BT	construction materials
	.cement materials
RT	materials
	weathering
	conservation
	limestone deposits
	cement
	concrete
SN	Includes use both as a commodity term and an engineering material. See List C for use as a commodity.

cementation
BT	diagenesis
	.cementation
RT	sedimentation
	deposition
	clastic sediments
	cement
	cementation deposits
	consolidation
	lithification

cementation deposits
RT	cement
	cementation
	mineral deposits, genesis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cenari Zone
USE	Ceneri Zone

Ceneri Zone
BT	Europe
	.Ceneri Zone
UF	Cenari Zone
RT	Paleozoic
	Switzerland
	Italy
SN	In European Southern Alps. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Cenomanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Cenomanian
NT	Dunvegan Formation
	lower Cenomanian
	upper Cenomanian
RT	Middle Cretaceous
SN	Europe. Above Albian, below Turonian.

Cenozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
NT	Paleogene
	Neogene
	Quarternary
	Blancan
	Bronze Age
	Caloosahatchee Formation
	Chalcolithic
	Croatan Formation
	Glenns Ferry Formation
	Iron Age
	Kobiwako Group
	Koobi Fora Formation
	Leda Clay
	Loup Fork Group
	lower Cenozoic
	middle Cenozoic
	Omo Group
	Osaka Group
	Quaternary
	Santa Fe Group
	Saugus Formation
	Shungura Formation
	Siwalik System
	Stone Age
	Tertiary
	Tulare Formation
	Uonuma Group
	upper Cenozoic
	Verde Formation
	Wildcat Group
	Yakataga Formation
UF	Cainozoic
RT	Phanerozoic
	Alpine Orogeny
	Himalayan Orogeny
	Santa Clara Formation
	Santa Maria Formation

centers, color
USE	color centers

centers, spreading
USE	spreading centers

Central Africa
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
NT	Angola
	Burundi
	Central African Republic
	Congo
	Congo Democratic Republic
	Congo River
	Equatorial Guinea
	Gabon
	Lake Kivu
	Rwanda
RT	West Africa
	North Africa
	Southern Africa
	East Africa
SN	Before 1978, search Africa AND central.

Central African Republic
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Central African Republic
UF	Oubangui-Chari
	Ubangi-Shari
RT	Congo Basin
SN	Formerly French territory of Ubangi-Shari. Became independent in 1960. Before 1959, also known as Oubangui-Chari.

Central Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Central Alps
NT	Bavarian Alps
	Bernese Alps
	Glarus Alps
	Lepontine Alps
	Pennine Alps
	Rhaetian Alps
RT	Switzerland
	Italy
	Austria
	Germany
SN	Ranges of the Alps extending from the Great Saint Bernard Pass in the W to Innsbruck and the Brenner Pass in the E. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Central America
NT	Belize
	Chortis Block
	Costa Rica
	El Salvador
	Guatemala
	Honduras
	Nicaragua
	Panama
	Panama Canal Zone
RT	America
	Caribbean region
	Latin America
	Pacific Coast
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Central Andes
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Central Andes
RT	Puna
	Northern Andes
	Southern Andes
SN	Before 1978, also search Andes AND central.

Central Appalachians
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Central Appalachians
RT	Southern Appalachians
	Northern Appalachians
	Reading Prong
SN	Before 1978, also search Appalachians AND central.

Central Asia
BT	Asia
	.Central Asia
NT	Aral region
	Aral Sea
	Barsakelmes
	Caspian Depression
	Fergana Basin
	Karamazar
	Kazakhstan
	Kyzylkum
	Pamirs
	Turgay Basin
	Ustyurt
	Zeravshan River
UF	Soviet Central Asia
RT	Tajikistan
	Turkestan
	Tien Shan
	Kyrgyzstan
	Uzbekistan
	China
	Xinjiang China
	Turkmenia
	Siberia
	Cimmerian Orogeny
	Xizang China
	Ishim River
	Turanian Platform
SN	Includes region formerly known as Soviet Central Asia. Indexed with countries and/or Chinese provinces as applicable.

Central Atlantic Coastal Plain
BT	United States
	.Atlantic Coastal Plain
	..Central Atlantic Coastal Plain
SN	Restricted to the eastern U.S. Before 1981, also search Atlantic Coastal Plain AND Central. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Austrian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Central Austrian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Central Austrian Alps
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Basin
RT	Tennessee
SN	Central Tennessee. Also in other areas. Indexed with county or state as applicable.

Central Basin Platform
BT	United States
	.Central Basin Platform
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Andrews County Texas
	Gaines County Texas
	Permian Basin
	Crane County Texas
	Ector County Texas
	Lea County New Mexico
	Pecos County Texas
	Ward County Texas
	Winkler County Texas
SN	In Permian Basin, West Texas and SE New Mexico. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Central Bohemian Pluton
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Central Bohemian Pluton
RT	Bohemian Massif
SN	Part of the Bohemian Massif in central Bohemia.

Central Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Central Bulgaria
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Central California
RT	Shoo Fly Complex
SN	Before 1981, also search California AND Central. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

central Chile earthquake 1985
USE	Chile earthquake 1985

Central Cordillera
UF	Cordillera Central
RT	Spain
	Costa Rica
	Portugal
	Andes
	Bolivia
	Peru
	Colombia
	Puerto Rico
	Philippine Islands
	Dominican Republic
	Guatemala
SN	Central range in a number of Spanish-speaking countries including some in South America (Andes), Central America, the Caribbean region, Philippine Islands, and the Iberian Peninsula. Search in combination with country or region. Indexed with country and o

Central Europe
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
NT	Allgau Alps
	Austria
	Bavarian Alps
	Beskid Mountains
	Black Forest
	Bohemian Massif
	Choc Nappe
	Czech Republic
	Erzgebirge
	Fichtelgebirge
	Germany
	Hungary
	Inn Valley
	Lake Constance
	Lake Neusiedler
	Liechtenstein
	Molasse Basin
	North Sudetic Basin
	Northern Limestone Alps
	Poland
	Pomerania
	Rhine Graben
	Salzach River
	Silesia
	Slovakia
	Slovakian Pannonian Basin
	Spis
	Sudeten Mountains
	Sudetic Basin
	Switzerland
	Tatra Mountains
	Vienna Basin
	Weisse Elster Basin
RT	Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone

Central Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Central Florida
SN	Before 1981, also search Florida AND Central. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Gneiss Belt
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Grenville Province
	...Central Gneiss Belt
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Eastern Canada
	Central Metasedimentary Belt
SN	Grenville Province, E Canada. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Central Graben
RT	Germany
	Netherlands
	North Sea
	Scotland
SN	Extends from Viking Graben in N North Sea onshore to Netherlands and NW Germany. Indexed with North Sea and/or countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

central granite
USE	batholiths

Central Greece
USE	Sterea Ellas

Central Indian Ridge
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Mid-Indian Ridge
	..Central Indian Ridge
RT	mid-ocean ridges
	Rodriguez triple junction
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Central Kazakhstan
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Central Massif
NT	Cantal Massif
	Millevaches Plateau
	Montagne Noire
	Morvan
	Sidobre Massif
UF	Massif Central
RT	Beauvoir Granite
	Aveyron France
	Cantal France
	Causses
	Haute-Loire France
	Velay
SN	An old, eroded plateau region in S central France. As of 1993, a restricted term. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Central Metasedimentary Belt
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Grenville Province
	...Central Metasedimentary Belt
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Eastern Canada
	Elzevir Terrane
	Central Gneiss Belt
SN	SE Ontario and SW Quebec. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Central Pacific
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.Central Pacific
RT	DSDP Site 168
	DSDP Site 45
	Resolution Seamount
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Polish Glaciation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Central Polish Glaciation
RT	Poland
	Elsterian
	Saalian
SN	The Elster and Saale stages of glaciation both of which covered central Poland. They were respectively the oldest and the middle stage of 3 stages which covered northern Europe.

Central Rand Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Central Rand Group
RT	South Africa
	Witwatersrand Supergroup
SN	Precambrian. In South Africa. In Witwatersrand Supergroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Central Range
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, use Taiwanese Central Range for mountain range in Taiwan. Also see Central Cordillera or country.

Central region Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Central region Scotland
RT	Perthshire Scotland
	Loch Lomond
	Forth Valley
SN	Administrative region in central Scotland formed in 1975 from Stirlingshire, and parts of West Lothian County and Perthshire. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Central Rocky Mountains
BT	North America
	.Rocky Mountains
	..Central Rocky Mountains
RT	U. S. Rocky Mountains
	Northern Rocky Mountains
	Southern Rocky Mountains
SN	Before 1978, also search Rocky Mountains AND central.

Central Siberian Plateau
USE	Siberian Platform

Central Swiss Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Swiss Alps
	....Central Swiss Alps
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Transdanubia
BT	ngary
	.Transdanubia
	..Central Transdanubia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Urals
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Central Urals
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Urals
	..Central Urals
NT	Ilmen Mountains
RT	Sverdlovsk Russian Federation
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Central Valley
RT	California
	Chile
	Sacramento Valley
	San Joaquin Valley
SN	Valley of Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers in California, and a 600 mile long valley between the Andes and the Coastal Range in central Chile. Before 1978, also search Great Valley for the valley in California. Indexed with California and/or Chile as app

centrallasite
USE	gyrolite

Centre County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Centre County Pennsylvania
RT	Nittany Valley
SN	Central Pennsylvania.

Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques
USE	CRPG

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
USE	CNRS

centrifuge methods
RT	chemical analysis
	geochemistry
	methods
	physical methods
	sample preparation
SN	Before 1993, also search centrifuge or centrifugal. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

centrum (seismology)
USE	focus

Cephalodiscida
BT	Pterobranchia
	.Cephalodiscida
RT	Invertebrata
	Hemichordata
SN	Indexed with Hemichordata or Invertebrata as applicable.

Cephalonia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Greek Ionian Islands
	....Cephalonia
UF	Kefallinia
SN	Island in center of Ionian Islands in Ionian Sea W of Greek mainland. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cephalopoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
NT	Dibranchiata
	Tetrabranchiata
SN	Class.

ceramic materials
RT	andalusite deposits
	baddeleyite
	carborundum
	clay mineralogy
	enamel
	glass materials
	kyanite deposits
	materials
	ornamental materials
	refractory materials
	sillimanite deposits
	spodumene

Ceratites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Ceratitida
	......Ceratites
RT	Ammonites
SN	Genus.

Ceratitida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Ceratitida
NT	Ceratites

Ceratolithus
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Coccolithophoraceae
	...Ceratolithus
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Ceratomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Perissodactyla
	.......Ceratomorpha
NT	Rhinocerotidae
SN	Suborder.

Ceratopsia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Ornithischia
	.......Ceratopsia
NT	Ceratopsidae
SN	Suborder. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Ceratopsidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Ornithischia
	.......Ceratopsia
	........Ceratopsidae
NT	Triceratops
SN	Family. This term has multiple hierarchies.

CERCLA
USE	Superfund

Cercopithecidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
	........Cercopithecidae
UF	Cynomorpha
SN	Family? Commonly referred to as the Old World monkeys.

Ceriantipatharia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Ceriantipatharia

Cerithiidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Mesogastropoda
	....Cerithiidae
NT	Cerithium

Cerithium
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Mesogastropoda
	....Cerithiidae
	.....Cerithium

cerium
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..cerium
UF	Ce
RT	lithophile elements
	cerium ores
	lanthanum
SN	Chemical element. As of 1982, use cerium ores for cerium as a commodity.

cerium ores
BT	metal ores
	.rare earth deposits
	..cerium ores
RT	cerium
	monazite deposits
SN	Before 1982, also search cerium AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index.

cerolite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..cerolite
UF	kerolite
RT	serpentine
	stevensite
	talc
SN	Discredited as a mineral. Considered by some to be a mixture of stevensite and serpentine, by others, a variety of talc.

Cerozem
USE	Sierozems

Cerro de Pasco Peru
BT	South America
	.Peru
	..Cerro de Pasco Peru
SN	Town in Pasco Department, central Peru.

Cerro del Hoyazo Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Cerro del Hoyazo Spain
SN	In the Sierra Alhamilla area in SE Spain. Also search Hoyazo.

Cerro Gordo County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Cerro Gordo County Iowa

Cerro Negro
RT	Nicaragua
	Orinoco Belt
	Venezuela
	volcanoes
SN	Volcano. N12#DG30' W86#DG42', NW Nicaragua. Also used for a region with an oil sands deposit in Orinoco River basin, E Venezuela. After 1992, use Cerro Negro Venezuela for the town. May occur in other locations. Search in combination with country or state

Cerro Prieto
BT	Mexico
	.Baja California Norte Mexico
	..Cerro Prieto
UF	Cerro Prieto Field
RT	Baja California
	geothermal fields
	Cerro Prieto Fault
SN	Geothermal area near Mexicali in N Baja California state.

Cerro Prieto Fault
BT	North America
	.Cerro Prieto Fault
RT	Mexico
	Baja California
	California
	Cerro Prieto
SN	S California and Baja California. Indexed with California and/or Mexico as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cerro Prieto Field
USE	Cerro Prieto

cerussite
BT	carbonates
	.cerussite

Cervidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Cervidae
NT	Cervus
	Rangifer
SN	Family.

Cervus
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Cervidae
	.........Cervus
NT	Cervus elaphus
SN	Genus.

Cervus elaphus
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Cervidae
	.........Cervus
	..........Cervus elaphus
SN	Species.

CESAR
UF	Canadian Expedition to Study the Alpha Ridge
RT	Alpha Cordillera
	Arctic Ocean
	expeditions
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cesium
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..cesium
NT	Cs-134
	Cs-137
UF	caesium
	Cs

Cetacea
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Cetacea
NT	Archaeoceti
	Odontoceti
SN	Order.

Cete France
USE	Sete France

Ceuta
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Ceuta
RT	Spain
	Morocco
	Cadiz Spain
	Melilla
	Strait of Gibraltar
SN	Seaport and Spanish military installation bordering the E part of the Strait of Gibraltar in N Morocco. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cevennes
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cevennes
NT	Aigoual Massif
RT	Gard France
	Ardeche France
	Herault France
SN	Mountain range in S France.

Ceylon
USE	Sri Lanka

Cf
USE	californium

CFCs
USE	chlorofluorocarbons

Ch

Ch'ang-hsing China
USE	Changxing China

Ch'ing Hai China
USE	Qinghai China

Ch'ing-hai China
USE	Qinghai China

Ch'ung-ch'ing China
USE	Chongqing China

chabazite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...chabazite

Chablais
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Chablais
RT	Haute-Savoie France
	Savoy Alps
SN	Limestone massif of Savoy Alps and region in SE part of country.

Chaco
BT	South America
	.Chaco
UF	Gran Chaco
RT	Argentina
	Campo del Cielo Meteorite
	Paraguay
SN	Region. As of 1993, use Chaco Argentina for the province in N Argentina and Chaco Paraguay for the province in NW Paraguay. Indexed with countries and provinces as applicable.

Chaco Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Chaco Argentina
RT	Campo del Cielo Meteorite
SN	Province, N Argentina.

Chaco Paraguay
BT	South America
	.Paraguay
	..Chaco Paraguay
SN	Region in Paraguay.

Chad
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Chad
NT	Kanem Chad
UF	Chad Republic
RT	Sahara
	Sahel
	Chad Basin
	Lake Chad
	Logone River
	Tibesti Massif

Chad Basin
BT	Africa
	.Chad Basin
RT	Cameroon
	Nigeria
	Niger
	Lake Chad
	Chad
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Chad Republic
USE	Chad

Chadak Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Chadak Uzbekistan
SN	Village in E Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chadobets Uplift
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chadobets Uplift
BT	Asia
	.Chadobets Uplift
RT	Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
SN	SE Krasnoyarsk Kray in S Siberia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chadron Arch
BT	United States
	.Chadron Arch
RT	Nebraska
	South Dakota
SN	NW Nebraska and SW South Dakota. Indexed with states as applicable.

Chadron Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Chadron Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	South Dakota
	White River Group
	upper Eocene
	lower Oligocene
	Chadronian
SN	Upper Eocene to lower Oligocene. In White River Group. NE Colorado, W Nebraska, W South Dakota, and E Wyoming. Age was previously considered lower Oligocene. Indexed with upper Eocene and/or lower Oligocene as applicable.

Chadronian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Chadronian
RT	Chadron Formation
SN	North America. Upper Eocene. Age previously considered lower Oligocene.

Chaetetidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Tabulata
	.....Chaetetidae
SN	Family.

Chaetognatha
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Chaetognatha

Chaetopoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Annelida
	...Chaetopoda
RT	Polychaetia

Chaffee County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Chaffee County Colorado
NT	Mount Antero
	Salida Colorado
SN	Central Colorado.

Chaidamu Basin
USE	Qaidam Basin

Chain Deep
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Red Sea
	..Chain Deep

Chain Lakes Massif
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Chain Lakes Massif
RT	Appalachians
SN	W Maine. Indexed with state and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chain silicates
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
NT	aenigmatite
	amphibole group
	babingtonite
	bustamite
	carpholite
	deerite
	ferrocarpholite
	ferrosilite
	howieite
	jade
	neptunite
	pectolite
	plancheite
	pyroxene group
	pyroxferroite
	pyroxmangite
	rhodonite
	rhonite
	scawtite
	shattuckite
	tobermorite
	wollastonite
	xonotlite
UF	inosilicates
RT	asbestos

Chaine des Puys
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Puy-de-Dome France
	....Chaine des Puys
SN	Division of Auvergne Mountains in S central part of country. Before 1981, also search Monts Dome. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chainman Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Chainman Shale
RT	Utah
	California
	Nevada
	Great Basin
SN	Great Basin region of E California, Nevada and W Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chainpur Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...LL chondrites
	....Chainpur Meteorite
RT	India
	Bihar India
SN	Impact in W Bihar. Before 1981, also search Chainpur AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chalcanthite
BT	sulfates
	.chalcanthite

chalcedony
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...chalcedony
RT	agate
	gems
	quartz
	carnelian
	chert
	chrysoprase
	jasper
	jasperoid
	onyx

Chalcidice
USE	Chalkidiki

chalcocite
BT	sulfides
	.chalcocite
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals
	copper
	copper sulfides
	digenite

chalcogens
USE	chalcophile elements

Chalcolithic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Chalcolithic
UF	Copper Age
RT	Holocene
	archaeology
	Quaternary
SN	Archeological classification. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chalcophile elements
UF	chalcogens
RT	lithophile elements
	silver
	arsenic
	iron
	copper
	chemical elements
	cadmium
	lead
	polonium
	selenium
	siderophile elements
	sulfur
	tellurium
	zinc
SN	Chemical elements which tend to concentrate in sulfide minerals and ores. Also, elements concentrated in sulfide phases of meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chalcopyrite
BT	sulfides
	.chalcopyrite
UF	copper pyrites
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals
	copper

chalcostibite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..chalcostibite

Chaleur Bay
RT	Gulf of Saint Lawrence
	New Brunswick
	Quebec
	Restigouche Estuary
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Saint Lawrence between New Brunswick and the Gaspe Peninsula. Indexed with provinces or regions as applicable.

Chalfant Valley earthquake 1986
BT	earthquakes
	.Chalfant Valley earthquake 1986
RT	California
	Inyo County California
SN	Chalfant Valley, Inyo County, E California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chalk
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..chalk
RT	calcite
	limestone
	chalk deposits
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Upper Cretaceous for the age.

chalk deposits
RT	chalk
	limestone deposits

Chalk River
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Chalk River
SN	Tributary of Ottawa River, SE Ontario. For the town, see Chalk River Ontario. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chalk River Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Renfrew County Ontario
	....Chalk River Ontario
SN	Town near Ottawa River in Renfrew County.

Chalkidiki
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Greek Macedonia
	....Chalkidiki
UF	Chalcidice
	Khalkidhiki
RT	Salonika Greece
SN	Peninsula, S central Greek Macedonia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Challenger Knoll
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Challenger Knoll

Challenger Plateau
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Tasman Sea
	....Challenger Plateau
RT	DSDP Site 593
	Leg 90
SN	Tasman Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Challis Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Custer County Idaho
	...Challis Idaho
SN	City in central Idaho.

Challis Volcanics
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Challis Volcanics
RT	Eocene
	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Idaho
SN	S central Idaho. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chalmersite
USE	cubanite

chalybite
USE	siderite

Chama Basin
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Chama Basin
SN	River basin in N New Mexico.

Chamba India
BT	machal Pradesh India
	.Chamba India
SN	Town and district in NW Himachal Pradesh, N India.

Chambers County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Chambers County Alabama
SN	E Alabama.

Chambers County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Chambers County Texas
SN	SE Texas.

chambers, magma
USE	magma chambers

Chambly County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Chambly County Quebec

chamosite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...chamosite
RT	berthierine

Champaign County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Champaign County Illinois
NT	Urbana Illinois
SN	E Illinois.

Champaign County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Champaign County Ohio
NT	Urbana Ohio
SN	W central Ohio.

Champlain County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Champlain County Quebec

Champlain Sea
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Champlain Sea
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	North America
	Lake Champlain
	Saint Lawrence Lowlands
SN	Large, postglacial water body which existed in Pleistocene time in the Saint Lawrence Lowlands. Indexed with states and Canadian provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Champlain Valley
BT	North America
	.Champlain Valley
RT	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	Lake Champlain
	Great Appalachian Valley
SN	Lake Champlain area between Adirondack Mountains and Green Mountains and extending into S Quebec. Indexed with Quebec and states as applicable.

Champlainian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Champlainian
RT	Trentonian
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Canadian Series.

Chanares Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Cordoba Argentina
	...Chanares Argentina
SN	Village in central Argentina.

Chanares Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Chanares Formation
RT	Argentina
	La Rioja Argentina

Chandigarh India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Punjab India
	....Chandigarh India
SN	City in E Punjab State, N India.

Chandler wobble
RT	Earth
	motions

Chang Jiang River
USE	Yangtze River

Changai Mountains
USE	Hangay Mountains

Changcheng System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Changcheng System
RT	China
	Changzhougou Formation
	Chuanlinggou Formation
SN	Includes Changzhougou and Chuanlinggou formations. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

changes
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See alteration for pressure-temperature changes, climate change, conversion, fluctuations, global change, lake-level changes, paleoecology, sea-level changes, transformations, transient phenomena, and variations.

changes of level
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used in subfiles B, E, G, N, and T. Now see sea-level changes or lake-level changes. Also see transgression or regression.

Changhsingian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lopingian
	.....Changhsingian

Changjiang Estuary
USE	Yangtze River

Changjiang River
USE	Yangtze River

Changwat Nakhon Phanom Thailand
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Changwat Nakhon Phanom Thailand
SN	Province in NE Thailand. Nakhon Phanom is also a city.

Changxing China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Zhejiang China
	....Changxing China
UF	Ch'ang-hsing China
SN	N Zhejiang near Jiangsu border, E China. Before 1993, also search Ch'ang-hsing.

Changzhougou Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Changzhougou Formation
RT	China
	Changcheng System
SN	Proterozoic? In Changcheng System. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

channel geometry
RT	channels
	fluvial features
	geometry
	geomorphology
	hydrology
	rivers
	rivers and streams
	streams
SN	For channel cross-section only.

Channel Islands
BT	United States
	.California
	..Channel Islands
NT	San Clemente Island
UF	Santa Barbara Islands
RT	English Channel Islands
	Los Angeles County California
	San Miguel Island
	San Nicolas Island
	Santa Barbara Basin
	Santa Barbara Channel
	Santa Barbara County California
	Santa Catalina Island
	Santa Cruz Island
	Ventura County California
SN	Restricted to the Santa Barbara Islands off SW California coast between Santa Barbara and San Diego. Before 1981, term referred to the Channel Islands in the English Channel as well, and was indexed under California or England as applicable. Beginning in

channel order
USE	stream order

Channeled Scabland
UF	Scabland (Columbia Plateau)
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Washington
	Oregon
	Columbia Plateau
	Columbia River basin
	Lake Missoula
	Pasco Basin
SN	Columbia Plateau, of SE Washington and neighboring Montana, Idaho and Oregon. From repeated drainage of glacial lakes, particularly Lake Missoula. Also search channeled scablands or scablands in combination with location. The feature occurs in other locat

channelization
RT	channels
	fluvial features
	streams
	waterways
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

channels
RT	braided streams
	buried channels
	canals
	channel geometry
	channelization
	culverts
	fluvial features
	furrows
	geomorphology
	gorges
	grooves
	gullies
	knickpoints
	lava channels
	levees
	planar bedding structures
	rills
	riprap
	rivers
	sedimentary structures
	sedimentati
SN	For the geomorphic feature, index fluvial features if applicable.

Chao Phraya River
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Chao Phraya River
RT	Gulf of Siam
SN	W Thailand. Formed by the combination of the Ping and Wang, and Nam and Yom rivers near Nakhon Sawan. Flows approximately 140 miles, past many cities (including Bangkok) to the Gulf of Siam. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chaoite
BT	native elements
	.chaoite
RT	meteorites
	carbon
	diamond
	graphite
	lonsdaleite

chaos
UF	chaotic behavior
RT	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	mathematical models
	fractals
	prediction
	probability
	stochastic processes
SN	Determinate behavior of systems in which the final state depends so sensitively on its initial state that the behavior is effectively unpredictable and appears to be random. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

chaotic behavior
USE	chaos

Chappel Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Chappel Limestone
RT	Texas
SN	Central Texas. Includes King Creek Marl, Ives Conglomerate, Epsey Creek Limestone and Whites Crossing Coquina. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Char
RT	Kazakhstan
SN	Rock belt in the Lake Zaisan and Kalba Range areas of NE Kazakhstan. Indexed with regions as applicable.

Characeae
BT	microfossils
	.Charophyta
	..Characeae
SN	Family. This term has multiple hierarchies.

character

characteristic remanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..characteristic remanent magnetization
RT	demagnetization
	natural remanent magnetization
	primary magnetization
SN	Abbreviated ChRM. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

characterization
RT	soils
	water regimes

Charadriiformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Aves
	....Neornithes
	.....Charadriiformes
SN	Order.

charcoal
RT	absolute age
	carbon
	coal

Chardzhou Turkmenia
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Chardzhou Turkmenia
NT	Gaurdak Turkmenia
	Kugitang-Tau
SN	Oblast and city in E Turkmenia. Also search Chardzhov. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chardzhov
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Chardzhou Turkmenia.

Charente
SN	Previously used for the department in W France. As of 1993, use Charente France or Charente-Maritime France for the department. As of 1995, use Charente River for the river. Also see Charentes.

Charente France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charente France
NT	Angouleme France
	Saint-Severin France
RT	Charentes
	Saint-Severin Meteorite
SN	Department in W France.

Charente-Inferieure France
USE	Charente-Maritime France

Charente-Maritime France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charente-Maritime France
UF	Charente-Inferieure France
RT	Charentes
SN	Department in W France.

Charentes
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charentes
RT	Charente France
	Charente-Maritime France
SN	Region in W and W central France.

Chariton County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Chariton County Missouri

Charl

Charles City County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Charles City County Virginia

Charles County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Charles County Maryland
SN	S Maryland.

Charles Darwin
USE	Darwin, Charles

Charles Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Charles Formation
RT	Saskatchewan
	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Madison Group
SN	In Madison Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Charles Lyell
USE	Lyell, Charles

Charles Mix County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Charles Mix County South Dakota

Charleston County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Charleston County South Carolina
NT	Ashley River Fault
	Charleston South Carolina
SN	Along the Atlantic Ocean in SE South Carolina.

Charleston earthquake 1886
BT	earthquakes
	.Charleston earthquake 1886
RT	South Carolina
	Charleston South Carolina
SN	Epicenter near Charleston, South Carolina. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Charleston South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Charleston County South Carolina
	...Charleston South Carolina
RT	Charleston earthquake 1886
SN	City in SE South Carolina.

Charleston West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Kanawha County West Virginia
	...Charleston West Virginia
SN	City in W central West Virginia.

Charlevoix
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Charlevoix
UF	Charlevoix structure
RT	Michigan
	impact features
	cryptoexplosion features
SN	As of 1989, used only for the cryptoexplosion or impact feature in Quebec. Use Charlevoix Michigan for city on Lake Michigan.

Charlevoix County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Charlevoix County Michigan
NT	Charlevoix Michigan
SN	NW Michigan.

Charlevoix County, Quebec
SN	Use Charlevoix-Est County Quebec or Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec as applicable.

Charlevoix East County Quebec
USE	Charlevoix-Est County Quebec

Charlevoix Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Charlevoix County Michigan
	....Charlevoix Michigan
SN	City on Lake Michigan in NW Michigan.

Charlevoix structure
USE	Charlevoix

Charlevoix West County Quebec
USE	Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec

Charlevoix-Est County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Charlevoix-Est County Quebec
UF	Charlevoix East County Quebec
	East Charlevoix County Quebec
RT	Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec
SN	E central Quebec. Before 1993, also search Charlevoix Est, East Charlevoix County, East Charlevoix, or Charlevoix East in conjunction with Quebec.

Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec
UF	Charlevoix West County Quebec
	West Charlevoix County Quebec
RT	Charlevoix-Est County Quebec
SN	E central Quebec. Before 1993, also search Charlevoix-Ouest County, Charlevoix Ouest, West Charlevoix County, West Charlevoix, or Charlevoix West in combination with Quebec.

Charlie Gibbs fracture zone
USE	Gibbs fracture zone

Charlotte Belt
BT	United States
	.Charlotte Belt
RT	South Carolina
	Appalachians
	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Carolina slate belt
	Piedmont
	Southern Appalachians
SN	Metamorphic belt, extending from central North Carolina across NW South Carolina to N Georgia. Indexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Charlotte County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Charlotte County Florida
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in S Florida.

Charlotte County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Charlotte County New Brunswick
SN	In extreme S New Brunswick.

Charlotte County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Charlotte County Virginia
SN	S Virginia.

Charlotte North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Mecklenburg County North Carolina
	...Charlotte North Carolina
SN	City in S North Carolina.

Charlton County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Charlton County Georgia

charnockite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...charnockite
RT	farsundite

charoite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..charoite

Charon Satellite
RT	Pluto
	satellites
SN	Satellite of Pluto. Before 1989, also search Charon AND Pluto. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Charophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
	...Charophyta
BT	microfossils
	.Charophyta
NT	Characeae
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Charters Towers Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Charters Towers Australia
SN	City just E of the Great Dividing Range in NE central Queensland.

chartology
USE	cartography

Chase County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Chase County Kansas
SN	E central Kansas.

Chase County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Chase County Nebraska
SN	S Nebraska.

Chase Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Chase Group
RT	Oklahoma
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Fort Riley Limestone
	Wreford Limestone
SN	Includes Odell Formation, Nolans Formation, Wreford Limestone, Matfield Shale, Doyle Shale, Winfield Limestone, Herrington Limestone, Fort Riley Limestone and Barneston Limestone. E Kansas, N central Oklahoma, and SE Nebraska.

chassignite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....chassignite
NT	Chassigny Meteorite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chassigny Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....chassignite
	......Chassigny Meteorite
RT	France
	Haute-Marne France
SN	Impact at Chassigny in Haute-Marne, France. Before 1985, also search Chassigny AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chat

Chateauguay County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Chateauguay County Quebec

Chateaulin Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Finistere France
	....Chateaulin Basin
SN	In extreme W Brittany.

Chatham County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Chatham County Georgia
SN	E Georgia.

Chatham County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Chatham County North Carolina
SN	Central North Carolina.

Chatham Rise
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Chatham Rise
RT	DSDP Site 594
SN	500 miles E of New Zealand.

Chatkal Range
BT	Asia
	.Kyrgyzstan
	..Chatkal Range
BT	Asia
	.Tien Shan
	..Chatkal Range
SN	Branch of NW Tien Shan. Before 1978, also search Chatkal. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chatsworth Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Chatsworth Formation
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chattahoochee County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Chattahoochee County Georgia

Chattahoochee River
BT	United States
	.Chattahoochee River
RT	Alabama
	Florida
	Georgia
SN	In Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chattanooga Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Chattanooga Shale
RT	Devonian
	Upper Devonian
	Mississippian
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Illinois
	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
	Arkansas
SN	Upper Devonian and Mississippian. Consists of lower Dowelltown Member and upper Gassaway Member. In some areas, includes Hardin Sandstone Member below the Dowelltown. N Alabama, Arkansas, NW Georgia, Illinois, E and W Kentucky, NE Mississippi, Missouri, O

Chattian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Chattian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....upper Oligocene
	......Chattian
SN	Europe. Above Rupelian, below Aquitanian (Miocene).

Chattooga County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Chattooga County Georgia

Chaturi Georgian Republic
USE	Chiatura Georgian Republic

Chautauqua County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Chautauqua County Kansas
SN	SE Kansas.

Chautauqua County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chautauqua County New York
SN	Extreme W New York.

Chaves County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Chaves County New Mexico
RT	Guadalupe Mountains
SN	SE New Mexico.

Chaves Island
BT	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	.Galapagos Islands
	..Chaves Island
UF	Indefatigable Island
RT	Santa Cruz Island
SN	One of the Galapagos Islands. Not to be confused with Santa Cruz Island which is one of the Channel Islands. Also search Santa Cruz Island AND Galapagos. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chaya Massif
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chaya Massif
BT	Asia
	.Chaya Massif
RT	Baikal region
SN	A gabbro-peridotite massif in northern Baikal region. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chazy Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Chazy Group
RT	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
SN	E New York, W Vermont and S Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chazyan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Chazyan
SN	North America. Below Mohawkian, above Lower Ordovician.

Cheatham County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Cheatham County Tennessee

Cheboygan County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Cheboygan County Michigan

Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation
NT	Grozny Russian Federation
UF	Checheno-Ingush Russian Federation
RT	Northern Caucasus
	Malgobek Russian Federation
SN	Former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on N slopes of Caucasus. Before 1993, Chechen-Ingush Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Checheno-Ingush Russian Federation
USE	Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation

Chedabucto Bay
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Chedabucto Bay
SN	Inlet of Atlantic Ocean in NE just S of Cape Breton Island.

Cheilostomata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Bryozoa
	..Cheilostomata

Cheju Island
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Korea
	...South Korea
	....Cheju Island
SN	In East China Sea S of mainland.

Chekalin Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tula Russian Federation
	...Chekalin Russian Federation
UF	Likhvin Russian Federation
SN	Town in W Tula Oblast in SW European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Chekalin Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chekiang China
USE	Zhejiang China

Chelan County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Chelan County Washington
SN	Central Washington.

chelation
RT	bonding
	geochemistry
	ligands
	metals
	organic compounds
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cheleken Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Cheleken Peninsula
SN	In Krasnovodsk Oblast on Caspian Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cheleken Turkmenia
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Ashkhabad Turkmenia
	...Cheleken Turkmenia
SN	Town on the Caspian Sea in Ashkhabad Oblast, SW Turkmenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chelicerata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Chelicerata
NT	Arachnida
	Merostomata
SN	Subphylum.

Chelmsford Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Chelmsford Formation
RT	Ontario
SN	Located in the Sudbury Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chelmsford Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Chelmsford Granite
RT	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
	Maine
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chelonia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Chelonia
NT	Emydidae
	Pelomedusidae
	Testudinidae
UF	Testudines
RT	Testudinata
SN	Order and genus. Testudines is a synonym for the order. Indexed with Testudinata if applicable.

Chelyabinsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chelyabinsk Russian Federation
NT	Bakal Russian Federation
	Kochkar Russian Federation
	Magnitogorsk Russian Federation
	Rudnichny Russian Federation
	Ufaley Russian Federation
RT	Ural region
	Yuryuzan Russian Federation
	Ilmen Mountains
SN	City and oblast in Southern Urals. Before 1993, Chelyabinsk Russian Republic was also used. Indexed with Asia if applicable.

chemical
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use more specific term, e.g. chemical composition, or chemical properties, or chemical analysis, or chemical weathering.

chemical analysis
RT	accelerator mass spectroscopy
	activation analysis
	alpha-ray spectroscopy
	analysis
	atomic absorption
	atomic force microscopy
	Auger spectroscopy
	automated analysis
	calorimetry
	catalysis
	centrifuge methods
	chemical composition
	chromatography
	citrate-bicarbon
SN	Used only for methodology. For data resulting from chemical analysis of a material, use chemical composition AND name of material. Also search chemical analyses; analysis AND chemical. Indexed with specific type of analysis where applicable.

chemical buffers
USE	buffers

chemical composition
RT	analysis
	chemical analysis
	gas chromatography
	geochemical surveys
	geochemistry
	hydrochemistry
	ion chromatography
	isochores
	manganese composition
	soils
	composition
SN	Used to discuss data and results of methods. Also search chemical AND composition.

chemical demagnetization
BT	demagnetization
	.chemical demagnetization
RT	geophysics
	magnetization
	paleomagnetism
	remanent magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chemical dispersion
RT	citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method
	dispersivity
	fresh water
	geochemistry
	ground water
	hydrochemistry
	magma transport
	salt water
	salt-water intrusion
	sea water
	transport
SN	From 1981-1992, also search dispersion. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical elements
RT	boron
	carbon
	chalcophile elements
	cosmochemistry
	cosmogenic elements
	geochemical anomalies
	geochemistry
	halogens
	hydrogen
	isotopes
	lithophile elements
	major elements
	major-element analyses
	metals
	migration of elements
	minor elements
	minor-element analyses
SN	Before 1993, also search elements. See list D. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical erosion
USE	corrosion

chemical evolution
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see biologic evolution or life origin or biochemistry if applicable. Also see chemical properties, atmosphere or paleoatmosphere, which can be combined with evolution.

chemical explosions
BT	explosions
	.chemical explosions

chemical fossils
RT	biomarkers
	casts
	fossilization
	fossils
	ichnofossils
	paleontology
	problematic fossils

chemical fractionation
RT	crystal fractionation
	fractional crystallization
	geochemistry
	isotope fractionation
	partitioning
SN	For fractionation of isotopes, use isotope fractionation. For fractionation of magmas, use fractional crystallization. Before 1985, also search fractionation. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chemical industry
RT	economic geology
	industry
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chemical logging
USE	geochemical logging

chemical magnetization
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

chemical methods
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See geochemical methods; chemical analysis.

chemical prop

chemical properties
RT	coal
	geochemistry
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	physicochemical properties
	properties
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	surfactants
	thermochemical properties
	valency

chemical ratios
RT	geochemistry
	HIMU
	partition coefficients
	Sr/Ca
SN	Before 1993, also search ratios and geochemistry. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical reactions
RT	coupling
	decarbonation
	endothermic reactions
	geochemistry
	methylation
	reaction rims
	reactivity
	sinks
	stoichiometry
SN	Before 1993, also search reactions. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical remanence
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

chemical remanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..chemical remanent magnetization
UF	chemical magnetization
	chemical remanence
	CRM
	crystallization magnetization
	crystallization remanent magnetization
RT	paleomagnetism

chemical sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.chemical sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chemical waste
RT	agrochemicals
	environmental geology
	hazardous waste
	industrial waste
	liquid waste
	pollutants
	pollution
	radioactive waste
	solid waste
	sulfuric acid
	tailings
	toxic materials
	waste disposal
	waste disposal sites
SN	Generated by chemical, petrochemical, plastics, pharmaceutical, biochemical, or microbiological manufacturing processes. See pollutants for some specific kinds. Indexed with specific type if known. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

chemical weathering
BT	weathering
	.chemical weathering
RT	rock varnish
	embayments
	corrosion
	karstification
	pits
	weathering rinds

chemically precipitated rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
NT	chert
	duricrust
	evaporites
	ferricrete
	flint
	iron formations
	ironstone
	jaspilite
	phosphate rocks
	silcrete
	siliceous sinter
	taconite
	tufa
	weathering crust
UF	chemically precipitated sediments
RT	sedimentation
	rocks
	gypsum
	allochems
	anhydrite
	dolomite
	precipitation
	iron-rich composition
	itabirite
	travertine
	halite
	novaculite
SN	As of 1981, terms that were classified under chemically precipitated sediments are included here or under carbonate rocks. Those added here are duricrust, ferricrete, silcrete, siliceous sinter and weathering crust.

chemically precipitated sediments
USE	chemically precipitated rocks

chemicals
SN	Not recommended for GeoRef. Use a more specific term. See chemical waste, pollutants, reagents, agrochemicals. Also see organic compounds, inorganic materials.

Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems
USE	CREAMS

chemistry
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See geochemistry.

Chemnitz Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony Germany
	....Chemnitz Germany
UF	Karl-Marx-Stadt
SN	City in Saxony, E Germany. From 1981-1992, Karl-Marx-Stadt referred to the city in SE East Germany. Before 1981, it also included the East German district.

chemostratigraphy
RT	geochemistry
	stratigraphy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chemosynthesis
RT	geochemistry
	paleobotany
	processes
	respiration
SN	Also search chemoautotrophism and chemoautotrophy if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chemung County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chemung County New York
RT	Chemung River
SN	S New York.

Chemung Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Chemung Formation
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chemung River
BT	United States
	.Chemung River
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Bradford County Pennsylvania
	Chemung County New York
SN	S New York and N Pennsylvania. Formed at the junction of the Cohocton and Tioga rivers near Painted Post, New York. Flows about 45 miles SE to the Susquehanna River near Athens, Pennsylvania. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989

Chenango County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chenango County New York

Chenango River
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chenango River
SN	In S central New York.

chenier plains
BT	plains
	.chenier plains
BT	shore features
	.chenier plains
RT	shorelines
	eolian features
	beaches
	cheniers
	mud flats
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

cheniers
BT	shore features
	.cheniers
RT	geomorphology
	shorelines
	beach ridges
	marine terraces
	chenier plains
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cher France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cher France
NT	Bourges France
	Sancerre-Couy Borehole
SN	Department in central France.

Cheremkhovo Basin
USE	Irkutsk Basin

Cheremkovo coal basin
USE	Irkutsk Basin

Cherkasi Ukraine
USE	Cherkassy Ukraine

Cherkassy Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Cherkassy Ukraine
NT	Korsun-Shevchenkovski Ukraine
UF	Cherkasi Ukraine
SN	City and oblast in central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chernigov Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Chernigov Ukraine
SN	Oblast in N Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chernobyl nuclear accident
RT	fallout
	radioactivity
	radioactive tracers
	radioactive isotopes
SN	Use for the 1986 accident which released radioactive materials into the atmosphere. After 1992, search in combination with Chernobyl Ukraine for local studies. Before 1993, also search Chernobyl AND (radioactivity or fallout) if applicable. For local stud

Chernobyl Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Kiev Ukraine
	...Chernobyl Ukraine
UF	Tschernobyl Ukraine
RT	nuclear facilities
SN	Site of nuclear reactor accident in Kiev oblast, Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chernozems
BT	soils
	.Chernozems
UF	Black earth
	Chernozyom
	Tchornozem
	Tschernosem
	Tschernosiom
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils
	Chestnut soils

Chernozyom
USE	Chernozems

Cherokee County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Cherokee County Alabama
SN	NE Alabama.

Cherokee County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Cherokee County Georgia
SN	NW Georgia.

Cherokee County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Cherokee County Iowa
SN	NW Iowa.

Cherokee County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Cherokee County Kansas
SN	Extreme SE Kansas.

Cherokee County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cherokee County North Carolina
SN	Extreme W North Carolina.

Cherokee County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Cherokee County Oklahoma
SN	E Oklahoma.

Cherokee County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Cherokee County South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Cherokee County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cherokee County Texas
SN	E Texas.

Cherokee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Cherokee Group
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Bevier Coal
	Cabaniss Formation
	Excello Shale
SN	Divided into Riverton, Warner, Rowe, Dry Wood, Bluejacket, Seville, Weir, Tebo, Scammon, Mineral, Robinson, Branch, Fleming, Croweburg, Verdigris, Bevier, Lagonda, Mulky, and Excello formations. SW Iowa, E Kansas, W Missouri, and SE Nebraska.

Cherry Canyon Forma

Cherry Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Cherry Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lower Permian
	.....Cherry Canyon Formation
RT	Ontario
	New Mexico
	Texas
	Delaware Mountain Group
SN	In Delaware Mountain Group. W Texas and S New Mexico. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cherry County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cherry County Nebraska

chert
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..chert
NT	jasperoid
UF	hornstein
	hornstone
RT	tripoli
	chalcedony
	jasper
	flint
	metachert

chertification
BT	diagenesis
	.chertification
RT	silicification

Ches

Chesapeake

Chesapeake Bay
BT	United States
	.Chesapeake Bay
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	North Atlantic
SN	Inlet of Atlantic Ocean in E United States. Indexed with states as applicable.

Chesapeake Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...upper Cenozoic
	....Chesapeake Group
RT	Oligocene
	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Miocene
	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Delaware
	Calvert Formation
	Choptank Formation
	Chowan River Formation
	Eastover Formation
	Saint Marys Formation
	Yorktown Formation
SN	Virginia, North Carolina, Delaware and E Maryland. At one time considered, middle and upper Miocene, it ranges from Oligocene to Pleistocene. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cheshire County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Cheshire County New Hampshire

Cheshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cheshire England
RT	Mersey River
	Mersey Valley
SN	County in NW England.

Cheshire Formation
RT	Archean
	Belingwe greenstone belt
	Connecticut
	Lower Cambrian
	Massachusetts
	New York
	Quebec
	Vermont
	Zimbabwe
SN	W Connecticut, W Massachusetts, SE New York, SW Vermont and S Quebec. Also in the Archean Ngezi Group, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chesil Beach England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Dorset England
	......Chesil Beach England
SN	On the English Channel in Dorset.

Chester County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Chester County Pennsylvania
SN	SE Pennsylvania.

Chester County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Chester County South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Chester County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Chester County Tennessee
SN	SW Tennessee.

Chester Series
USE	Chesterian

Chesterfield County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Chesterfield County South Carolina
NT	Pageland South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Chesterfield County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Chesterfield County Virginia
SN	E central Virginia. Also search Colonial Heights Virginia if applicable.

Chesterian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Chesterian
NT	Aux Vases Sandstone
	Beech Creek Limestone Member
	Cypress Sandstone
	Golconda Formation
	Imo Formation
	Renault Formation
UF	Chester Series
RT	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Alabama
	Tennessee
	Morrowan
	Meramecian
	Springer Formation
SN	Provincial series, North America. Formations included in standard section: Aux Vases Sandstone, Renault Limestone, Bethel Sandstone, Point Creek Formation. N Alabama, Illinois, S Indiana, Kentucky, E Missouri, and Tennessee.

Chestnut soils
BT	soils
	.Chestnut soils
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils
	Chernozems

Cheviot Hills
RT	Australia
	England
	Queensland Australia
	Scotland
SN	Range of hills along the English-Scottish border. Also occurs in N Queensland. Indexed with England and/or Scotland OR location as applicable.

chevkinite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...chevkinite

chevron folds
BT	folds
	.chevron folds
RT	kink folds
SN	Before 1978, also search folds AND chevron.

chevron marks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..chevron marks
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cheyenne Belt
BT	United States
	.Cheyenne Belt
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
SN	Shear zone along S margin of Archean Wyoming Province and adjacent accreted Proterozoic rocks. Indexed with Colorado and/or Wyoming as applicable.

Cheyenne County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Cheyenne County Colorado
SN	E Colorado.

Cheyenne County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Cheyenne County Kansas
SN	Extreme NW Kansas.

Cheyenne County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cheyenne County Nebraska
SN	W Nebraska.

Cheyenne Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Cheyenne Sandstone
RT	Oklahoma
	Colorado
	Kansas
SN	Underlies Kiowa Formation; overlies Morrison Formation. SW Kansas, SE Colorado, and W Oklahoma.

Chhindwara India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Chhindwara India
SN	District and town in S central Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Chiang Mai Thailand
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Chiang Mai Thailand
SN	City and province in NW Thailand.

Chiapas Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Chiapas Mexico
NT	El Chichon
RT	Sierra de Juarez
SN	State in SE Mexico.

Chiatura Georgian Republic
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Chiatura Georgian Republic
UF	Chaturi Georgian Republic
	Chiaturi Georgian Republic
SN	City in central Georgian Republic.

Chiaturi Georgian Republic
USE	Chiatura Georgian Republic

Chiayi-Hsinying area
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Chiayi-Hsinying area

Chiba earthquake 1987
USE	Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987

Chiba Japan
BT	nshu
	.Chiba Japan
NT	Choshi Japan
RT	Yamanashi Japan
	Chiba Peninsula
	Kanto Plain
	Tokyo Bay
SN	City and prefecture SE of Tokyo in central Honshu.

Chiba Peninsula
BT	nshu
	.Chiba Peninsula
UF	Boso Peninsula
RT	Chiba Japan
	Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
	Kazusa Group
SN	Between Tokyo Bay and Sagami Sea.

Chiba-ken Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
USE	Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987

Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
BT	earthquakes
	.Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
UF	Chiba earthquake 1987
	Chiba-ken Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
RT	Honshu
	Japan
	West Pacific
	Chiba Peninsula
	Oki Islands
SN	Epicenter off the east coast of Chiba, Japan. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Chibougamau Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Abitibi County Quebec
	....Chibougamau Quebec
RT	Henderson Mine
SN	Village SE of Lake Mistassini in central Quebec.

Chicago Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Cook County Illinois
	...Chicago Illinois
SN	City on Lake Michigan in NE Illinois.

Chichagof Island
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Alexander Archipelago
	....Chichagof Island
SN	SE Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chichibu Belt
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Chichibu Belt
RT	Honshu
	Kyushu
	Kurosegawa Zone
	Shikoku
SN	Extends from W Kyushu through central Shikoku to Chiba Peninsula of E Honshu. Middle segment of Butsuzo Tectonic Line. Kochi Prefecture, central Shikoku. Also index Honshu and/or Shikoku and/or Kyushu as applicable.

Chichibu Japan
BT	nshu
	.Saitama Japan
	..Chichibu Japan
SN	City NW of Tokyo in central Honshu.

Chichibu Mine
BT	nshu
	.Saitama Japan
	..Chichibu Mine
RT	mines
	metal ores
SN	Saitama Prefecture, central Honshu.

Chickamauga Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Chickamauga Group
RT	Virginia
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	Includes limestone strata of Middle and Upper Ordovician age. N Alabama, NW Georgia, E Tennessee, and SW Virginia.

Chickasaw County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Chickasaw County Iowa

Chickasaw County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Chickasaw County Mississippi

Chickasawhay Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....upper Oligocene
	......Chickasawhay Formation
RT	Mississippi
SN	In Limestone Creek Group. In SE Mississippi.

Chickmagalur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Chickmagalur India
SN	Village in SW Karnataka, S India.

Chicot Aquifer
BT	United States
	.Chicot Aquifer
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
SN	SW Louisiana and SE Texas. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chicot County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Chicot County Arkansas

Chicoutimi County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Chicoutimi County Quebec

Chicxulub Crater
RT	Caribbean region
	Caribbean Sea
	Gulf of Mexico
	impact features
	Mexico
	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	Possible impact structure thought to be centered offshore N Yucatan Peninsula, Bay of Campeche, S Gulf of Mexico. Indexed with Yucatan Peninsula and Mexican states and/or Gulf of Mexico and/or Caribbean Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chieti Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Abruzzi Italy
	....Chieti Italy
SN	Province and town in E Abruzzi.

Chihsia Formation
USE	Qixia Formation

Chihuahua Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Chihuahua Mexico
NT	Sierra Pena Blanca
RT	Rio Grande
	Allende Meteorite
	Sierra de Juarez
	Chihuahua tectonic belt
	Guerrero Terrane
	Pedregosa Basin
	Rio Grande Rift
	Rio Grande Valley
	San Antonio Mine
	Sierra Madre Occidental
SN	State in northern Mexico. Also a city.

Chihuahua tectonic belt
BT	North America
	.Chihuahua tectonic belt
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Chihuahua Mexico
	Rio Grande Rift
	Coahuila Mexico
SN	Indexed with Mexican and U. S. states as applicable.

Childress County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Childress County Texas

Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
NT	Antofagasta Chile
	Arauco Chile
	Atacama Chile
	Atacama Desert
	Copiapo River
	Coquimbo Chile
	Magallanes Chile
	Santiago Chile
	Tarapaca Chile
	Valparaiso Chile
RT	Andes
	Puna
	Chile Margin Triple Junction
	Antofagasta earthquake 1995
	Colorado River
	Patagonia
	Patagonian Andes
	Patagonian Batholith
	Precordillera
	Central Valley
	Chile earthquake 1960
	Chile earthquake 1985
	Cordillera de la Costa
	San Pedro
	Tierra del Fuego
	V

Chile earthquake 1960
BT	earthquakes
	.Chile earthquake 1960
RT	Chile
	Peru-Chile Trench
	shallow-focus earthquakes
SN	Central Andes. To search before 1993, see earthquakes. Before 1993, also search Chilean earthquake 1960. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Chile earthquake 1985
BT	earthquakes
	.Chile earthquake 1985
UF	central Chile earthquake 1985
	Chilean earthquake 1985
RT	Chile
	Santiago Chile
	Valparaiso Chile
SN	Central Chile. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chile earthquake 1995
USE	Antofagasta earthquake 1995

Chile Margin Triple Junction
RT	Antarctic Plate
	Chile
	Leg 141
	Nazca Plate
	ODP Site 859
	ODP Site 860
	ODP Site 861
	ODP Site 862
	ODP Site 863
	South American Plate
	triple junctions
SN	Antarctic, Nazca, and South American plates. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chile Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southeast Pacific
	...Chile Ridge
UF	Chile Rise
RT	mid-ocean ridges
SN	Runs SE-NW off Chilean coast between 80#DG W-105#DG W. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chile Rise
USE	Chile Ridge

Chile Trench
USE	Peru-Chile Trench

Chilean earthquake 1985
USE	Chile earthquake 1985

Chilhowee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lower Cambrian
	.....Chilhowee Group
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Tennessee
	Antietam Formation
	Rome Formation
	Shady Dolomite
SN	Includes Loudoun Formation, Weverton Sandstone, Harpers Shale, Antietam Formation, Unicoi Formation, Hampton Shale, Erwin Quartzite, Vann Quartzite, Sandsuck Shale, Cochran Quartzite, Nebo Quartzite, Murry Shale, Hesse Quartzite, Shady Dolomite, Rome Form

Chilliwack Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Chilliwack Group
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	S British Columbia and N Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chilly Buttes
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Custer County Idaho
	...Chilly Buttes
SN	Near Borah Peak in central Idaho. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chilton County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Chilton County Alabama
SN	Central Alabama.

chimneys
RT	fumaroles
	geomorphology
	hydrothermal vents
	mining geology
	ore bodies
	pipes
	shore features
	vents
SN	Use for the landform. As of 1993, use vents for volcanic chimneys and hydrothermal vents for hydrothermal chimneys. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
NT	Anhui China
	Chongqing China
	Da Hinggan Ling
	Dabie Mountains
	Dongpu Depression
	Fujian China
	Gansu China
	Guangdong China
	Guangxi China
	Guizhou China
	Hainan China
	Han River basin
	Hebei China
	Heilongjiang China
	Henan China
	Hong Kong
	Huang He
	Hubei China
	Hunan China
	Inner Mongolia China
	Jiangsu China
	Jiangxi China
	Jilin China
	Kunlun Mountains
	Liaohe Basin
	Liaoning China
	Loess Plateau
	Nanling
	Ningxia China
	North China Platform
	Ordos Basin
	Qilian Mountains
	Qinghai China
	Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
	Qinling Mountains
	Sanjiang
	Shaanxi China
	Shandong China
	Shanghai China
	Shanxi China
	Sichuan Basin
	Sichuan China
	Songliao Basin
	South China Block
	Taihang Mountains
	Tancheng-Lujiang Fault
	Tangshan China
	Tarim Platform
	Xianshuihe fault zone
	Xichang China
	Xinjiang China
	Xisha Islands
	Xizang China
	Yangtze Platform
	Yangtze River
	Yangtze River valley
	Yangtze Three Gorges
	Yishu Fault
	Yunnan China
	Zhejiang China
RT	Altai Mountains
	Anshan Group
	Central Asia
	Brahmaputra River
	Benxi Formation
	Cathaysia
	Changcheng System
	Changzhougou Formation
	Chuanlinggou Formation
	Dengying Formation
	Doushantuo Formation
	Haicheng earthquake 1975
	Haiyuan earthquake 1920
	Huanghua Depress
SN	Peoples Republic of China. Before 1993, Manchuria, Eastern China, Northern China, Northwestern China, South-Central China, and Southwestern China were narrower terms.

China Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...China Sea
RT	East China Sea
	South China Sea
	Taiwan Strait
SN	Bordering on China and divided by Taiwan into East China Sea to N and South China Sea extending to Malaysia in the S. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with seas as applicable.

Chinghai China
USE	Qinghai China

Chingis-Tau
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan
	...Chingis-Tau
UF	Chingiz Range
SN	Mountain range in Semipalatinsk Oblast in E Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chingiz Range
USE	Chingis-Tau

Chinji Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Chinji Formation
RT	Tortonian
	Punjab Pakistan
	Siwalik System
	Punjab India
SN	Lower Siwalik System. Salt Range of Punjab Pakistan and neighboring India. Previously considered Pliocene.

Chinkuashih Mine
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Chinkuashih Mine
UF	Kinwashih Mine
RT	mines
	copper ores
	gold ores
SN	N Taiwan.

Chinkuashih Taiwan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Chinkuashih Taiwan
UF	Kinnashih Taiwan
SN	Village in N Taiwan.

Chinle Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Chinle Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Nevada
	Arizona
	Dockum Group
	Petrified Forest Member
	Shinarump Member
SN	In Dockum Group. N Arizona, SW Colorado, SE Nevada, N New Mexico, S Utah.

Chios
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Aegean Islands
	..Greek Aegean Islands
	...Chios
UF	Khios
SN	Island department in Aegean Sea off W coast of Turkey. As of 1993, use Chios Greece for the town. Before 1993 also search Chios AND Greece for the town. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chipola Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....lower Miocene
	......Chipola Formation
RT	Alabama
	Florida
SN	In Alum Bluff Group. SE Alabama and NW Florida.

Chippewa County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Chippewa County Michigan
NT	Sault Sainte Marie Michigan
SN	Extreme E Michigan Upper Peninsula, NE Michigan.

Chippewa County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Chippewa County Minnesota

Chippewa County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Chippewa County Wisconsin

Chirchik River
BT	Asia
	.Chirchik River
RT	Kazakhstan
	Uzbekistan
SN	Flows into the Syr Darya at Chinaz. Also search Chirchik. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Chirchik Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Tashkent Uzbekistan
	...Chirchik Uzbekistan
SN	City in Tashkent Oblast in E Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chironomidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Endopterygota
	.......Diptera
	........Chironomidae
SN	Family.

Chiroptera
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Chiroptera
SN	Order.

Chisago County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Chisago County Minnesota

Chita Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chita Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Chita Russian Federation
NT	Balei Russian Federation
	Darasun Russian Federation
	Itaka Russian Federation
	Khapcheranga Russian Federation
	Klichka Russian Federation
	Shilka Valley
	Unda Russian Federation
RT	Baikal-Amur Railroad region
	Udokan Series
	Transbaikalia
	Zeya River
	Olekma-Vitim Highlands
	Kodar Range
	Olekma River
SN	City and oblast E of Lake Baikal on the Mongolian and NE Chinese borders. Before 1993, Chita Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chitaldroog India
USE	Chitradurga India

Chitaldrug India
USE	Chitradurga India

Chitaldrug schist belt
USE	Chitradurga schist belt

chitin
RT	cuticles
	exoskeletons
	Invertebrata
	organic compounds
	polysaccharides
	tests
SN	Organic compound which is a common constituent of various invertebrate exoskeletons and tests. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chitinozoa
BT	palynomorphs
	.Chitinozoa
BT	microfossils
	.Chitinozoa
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chitistone Pass
BT	North America
	.Chitistone Pass
RT	Alaska
	Yukon Territory
	Saint Elias Mountains
SN	In the Saint Elias Mountains. Indexed with Alaska and/or Yukon Territory as applicable.

Chitradurga India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Chitradurga India
NT	Ingaldhal
UF	Chitaldroog India
	Chitaldrug India
SN	District and town in N Karnataka, SW India.

Chitradurga schist belt
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Chitradurga schist belt
UF	Chitaldrug schist belt
RT	Dharwar Craton
	Dharwars
SN	Karnataka. Crystalline rocks in this area are considered to be Dharwars.

Chitral
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Chitral Pakistan for the city. As of 1995, use Chitral River if applicable. In Afghanistan, the river is called Konar Dara-ye.

Chitral Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...North-West Frontier Pakistan
	....Chitral Pakistan
SN	City, NW Pakistan.

Chittenden County Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Chittenden County Vermont
SN	On Lake Champlain in NW Vermont.

Chiuzbaia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Maramures Romania
	.....Chiuzbaia
SN	Region in Maramures County in N Transylvania.

Chkalov Russian Federation
USE	Orenburg Russian Federation

chkalovite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..chkalovite

chladnite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...chladnite
NT	Norton County Meteorite
UF	aubrite
	enstatite achondrites
SN	Used for enstatite achondrites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chlorapatite
BT	phosphates
	.chlorapatite
RT	apatite

chloride ion
BT	halogens
	.chlorine
	..chloride ion
RT	ions
	chlorides
SN	Before 1978, search chloride.

chlorides
BT	halides
	.chlorides
NT	atacamite
	bideauxite
	bischofite
	boracite
	carnallite
	eudialyte
	halite
	kainite
	mimetite
	paratacamite
	phosgenite
	pyromorphite
	rinneite
	sylvite
	vanadinite
RT	calcium chloride
	chloride ion
	potassium chloride
	sodium chloride

chlorinated hydrocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
NT	carbon tetrachloride
	chlorobenzene
	chloroform
	DDT
	dibromochloropropane
	hexachlorobenzene
	PCBs
	tetrachloroethylene
	trichloroethane
	trichloroethylene
RT	pollutants
	hydrocarbons
	solvents
	dechlorination
	dioxins
	chlorofluorocarbons
	dense nonaqueous phase liquids
	volatile organic compounds
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chlorinated phenols
USE	chlorophenols

chlorine
BT	halogens
	.chlorine
NT	chloride ion
	Cl-36
	Cl-37/Cl-35
UF	Cl
RT	dechlorination
	salt

chlorite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...chlorite
RT	chloritization

chlorite group
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
NT	chamosite
	chlorite
	clinochlore
	cookeite
	kammererite
	sudoite

chlorite schist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..chlorite schist

chloritization
BT	metasomatism
	.chloritization
RT	processes
	chlorite

chloritoid
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...chloritoid
RT	aluminosilicates

chlorobenzene
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...chlorobenzene
RT	agrochemicals
	hexachlorobenzene
	pesticides
	pollutants
	aromatic hydrocarbons
	solvents
	benzene
SN	Solvent.

chlorofluorocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorofluorocarbons
UF	CFCs
RT	pollutants
	tracers
	greenhouse effect
	chlorinated hydrocarbons
	ozone

chloroform
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...chloroform
UF	trichloromethane
RT	insecticides
	pesticides
	pollutants
	toxic materials
	solvents
	carcinogens
	tracers
	volatiles
SN	CHCl

chloropal
USE	nontronite

chlorophaeite
BT	silicates
	.chlorophaeite

chlorophenols
BT	organic compounds
	.chlorophenols
NT	pentachlorophenol
UF	chlorinated phenols
RT	agrochemicals
	pesticides
	pollutants
	toxic materials
	phenols
	solvents
	carcinogens
SN	Used in production of pesticides, and as solvents.

chlorophenothane
USE	DDT

Chlorophyceae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
	...Chlorophyceae
NT	Codiaceae
	Dasycladaceae
	Receptaculitaceae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

chlorophyll
BT	organic compounds
	.pigments
	..chlorophyll

Chlorophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
NT	Botryococcus
	Charophyta
	Chlorophyceae
	Desmidiales
	Tasmanites
UF	green algae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Choc Nappe
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Choc Nappe
RT	Slovakia
	Slovakian Carpathians
	Veporides
	Western Carpathians
SN	W Carpathians, Slovakia. Indexed with country as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chocolate Mountains
RT	Arizona
	California
	Imperial County California
	La Paz County Arizona
	Yuma County Arizona
SN	Mountain range in SE La Paz County, Arizona. Also a mountain range in N central Imperial County, California. Indexed with counties or regions and mountains as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Choctaw County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Choctaw County Alabama
SN	SW Alabama.

Choctaw County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Choctaw County Mississippi
SN	Central Mississippi.

Choctaw County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Choctaw County Oklahoma
SN	SE Oklahoma.

Choctawhatchee Bay
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Choctawhatchee Bay
RT	Walton County Florida
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Mexico in the Florida Panhandle in NW Florida. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Chokai
BT	nshu
	.Chokai
UF	Chokai-san
RT	Akita Japan
	volcanoes
	Yamagata Japan
SN	Mountain and volcano between Yamagata and Akita Prefecture. N Honshu, Japan. Indexed with prefecture as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chokai-san
USE	Chokai

Cholame California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
	...Cholame California
SN	Town on the Pacific in S California.

Chomolungma
USE	Mount Everest

Chondrichthyes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Chondrichthyes
NT	Elasmobranchii
	Eubradyodonti
	Euselachii
	Holocephali
SN	Class.

chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
NT	Ashmore Meteorite
	carbonaceous chondrites
	Dhajala Meteorite
	enstatite chondrites
	Fayetteville Meteorite
	H chondrites
	Haviland Meteorite
	HL chondrites
	Jilin Meteorite
	Kaidun Meteorite
	L chondrites
	LL chondrites
	ordinary chondrites
	Saint-Severin Meteorite
	Sharps Meteorite
	Tieschitz Meteorite
	Weston Meteorite
	Ybbsitz Meteorite
RT	Acapulco Meteorite
	acapulcoite
	achondrites
	Elephant Moraine Meteorites
	iron meteorites
	stony irons
	Chondrites ichnofossils
	chondrules

Chondrites ichnofossils
BT	ichnofossils
	.Chondrites ichnofossils
RT	chondrites
SN	Used to distinguish the ichnofossil from the meteorite.

Chondrostei
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Chondrostei
NT	Palaeonisciformes
SN	Infraclass.

chondrules
RT	chondrites
	meteorites

Chongqing China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Chongqing China
UF	Ch'ung-ch'ing China
	Chungking China
RT	Wufeng Formation
	Yangtze Platform
	Sichuan China
	Yangtze River
	Yangtze Three Gorges
SN	Major city. Included within a newly independent municipality (1997) formed from eastern Sichuan, S central China. Before 1998, also search Sichuan China.

Chopawamsic Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Chopawamsic Formation
RT	Virginia
SN	E central Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Choptank Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....middle Miocene
	......Choptank Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. E Maryland and Virginia.

Choptank River
BT	United States
	.Choptank River
RT	Maryland
	Delaware
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Chor Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Sind Pakistan
	....Chor Pakistan
SN	Village in SE Pakistan.

Chordata
NT	Protochordata
	Vertebrata
RT	Hemichordata

chorology
USE	biogeography

Chortis Block
BT	Central America
	.Chortis Block
RT	Costa Rica
	Caribbean region
	Guatemala
	Nicaragua
	El Salvador
	Honduras
SN	Extends from SE Guatemala to N Costa Rica, bounded by the Motagua fault zone on the NW and on the SW by the Middle America Trench boundary with the Cocos Plate. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Chorzow Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Katowice Poland
	....Chorzow Poland
SN	City in N Katowice, S Poland.

Choshi Japan
BT	nshu
	.Chiba Japan
	..Choshi Japan
UF	Chosi Japan
SN	City in E Chiba Prefecture, SE Honshu, Japan.

Chosi Japan
USE	Choshi Japan

Choukoutien
USE	Zhoukoudian

Chouteau County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Chouteau County Montana
SN	N central Montana.

Chouteau Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Chouteau Limestone
RT	Missouri
	Illinois
	Kansas
	Kinderhookian
SN	Kinderhookian or Lower Mississippian. Central and E Missouri, SW Illinois, and Kansas. Underlies Burlington Limestone in Missouri, Sedalia Formation in Illinois; overlies Hannibal Formation in Missouri and Illinois. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added

Chowan County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Chowan County North Carolina

Chowan River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....upper Pliocene
	......Chowan River Formation
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Choybalsan Mongolia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Mongolia
	...Choybalsan Mongolia
UF	Kerulen Mongolia
SN	Town on Kerulen River in E Mongolia.

Christchurch New Zealand
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Canterbury New Zealand
	...Christchurch New Zealand
RT	South Island
SN	City on Pacific Ocean in E Canterbury. Also index South Island.

Christian County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Christian County Illinois
SN	Central Illinois.

Christian County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Christian County Kentucky
SN	SW Kentucky.

Christian County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Christian County Missouri
SN	SW Missouri.

Christiansund
USE	Kristiansund Norway

Christmas Island
RT	Indian Ocean Islands
	Kiribati
	Line Islands
SN	An external territory of Australia, about 225 miles S of W end of Java in the Indian Ocean. Also one of the Line Islands in the central Pacific Ocean, S of Hawaii. Search with appropriate broader terms: Indian Ocean Islands OR Line Islands and Kiribati. I

Christmas Mountains
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Christmas Mountains
RT	Brewster County Texas
SN	In Big Bend region in SW Texas.

Christopher Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Christopher Formation
RT	Canada
	Northwest Territories
	Ellef Ringnes Island
SN	Ellef Ringnes Island in Franklin District.

ChRM
SN	See characteristic remanent magnetization.

chromates
NT	crocoite
	hemihedrite
RT	minerals

chromatograms
RT	chromatography
	fragmentograms
	gas chromatograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chromatography
UF	paper chromatography
RT	adsorption
	spectroscopy
	chemical analysis
	analysis
	ion chromatography
	gas chromatography
	chromatograms
	liquid chromatography

chrome diopside
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....chrome diopside
UF	chrome-diopside
RT	diopside

chrome spinel
BT	oxides
	.chrome spinel
UF	picotite
RT	spinel

chrome-diopside
USE	chrome diopside

chromite
BT	oxides
	.chromite
RT	chromite ores
	chromitite
	chromium
SN	As of 1981, use chromite ores for chromite as a commodity.

chromite ores
BT	metal ores
	.chromite ores
UF	chromium ores
RT	alpine-type deposits
	chromite
	chromium
	podiform deposits
SN	Commodity. See List C.

chromitite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...chromitite
RT	chromite

chromium
BT	metals
	.chromium
NT	Cr-51
	Cr-53/Cr-52
UF	Cr
RT	chromite ores
	chromite
SN	Chemical element. Use chromite ores for the commodity; before 1981, chromite was used for that purpose. Use chromite for the mineral.

chromium ores
USE	chromite ores

chronology
RT	biochronology
	geochronology
SN	Used as a general term.

chronosequences
RT	pedogenesis
	soils
	time factor

Chronostratigraphic Units
NT	Phanerozoic
	Precambrian

chronostratigraphy
RT	stratigraphy
SN	Indexed with age terms as applicable.

Chryse
USE	Chryse Planitia

Chryse Basin
USE	Chryse Planitia

Chryse Planitia
BT	Mars
	.Chryse Planitia
UF	Chryse
	Chryse Basin
	Chryse region
SN	Low plain on Mars. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chryse region
USE	Chryse Planitia

chrysoberyl
BT	oxides
	.chrysoberyl
RT	alexandrite

chrysocolla
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chrysocolla
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals

Chrysophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chrysophyta
UF	golden-brown algae
RT	microfossils
SN	Including golden-brown algae. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

chrysoprase
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...chrysoprase
RT	chalcedony

chrysotile
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..serpentine group
	...chrysotile
UF	chrysotile asbestos
RT	asbestos
	asbestos deposits

chrysotile asbestos
USE	chrysotile

Chu Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu Kazakhstan
SN	Town in Dzhambul Oblast in S Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chu River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu River
RT	Chu-Sarysu Depression
SN	River in Dzhambul Oblast in S Kazakhstan. Before 1995, also search Chu. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chu-Ili Mountains
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu-Ili Mountains
BT	Asia
	.Tien Shan
	..Chu-Ili Mountains
SN	Branch of the Tien Shan in Dzhambul Oblast in S Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chu-Sarysu Basin
USE	Chu-Sarysu Depression

Chu-Sarysu Depression
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu-Sarysu Depression
UF	Chu-Sarysu Basin
RT	Chu River
	Sarysu River
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chuanlinggou Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Chuanlinggou Formation
RT	China
	Changcheng System
SN	Proterozoic? In Changcheng System. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chuar Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Chuar Group
RT	Arizona
	Jupiter Member
SN	Grand Canyon Series. Grand Canyon region in N Arizona.

Chubu Japan
BT	nshu
	.Chubu Japan
RT	Aichi Japan
	Tokai Japan
	Japanese Alps
	Nagano Japan
	Shizuoka Japan
	Yamanashi Japan
	Gifu Japan
	Hokuriku
	Niigata Japan
	Fukui Japan
	Ishikawa Japan
	Toyama Japan
SN	Region W-central Honshu. Includes Aichi, Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Nagano, Niigata, Shizuoka, Toyama and Yamanashi prefectures and Hokuriku, Tokai, and Tosan districts. Indexed with prefecture or prefectures as applicable.

Chubut Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Chubut Argentina
RT	Patagonia
SN	Province in S Argentina.

Chuckanut Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Chuckanut Formation
RT	Washington
	San Juan Islands
SN	Overlies schists and igneous rocks. San Juan Islands in NW Washington.

Chudleigh England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Devonshire England
	......Chudleigh England
SN	Town in Devonshire, SW England.

Chugach Mountains
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Chugach Mountains
RT	Coast Ranges
	Columbia Glacier
	Martin River Glacier
SN	Along S coast Alaska.

Chugach Terrane
RT	Alaska
	British Columbia
	Coast Belt
SN	Coastal Belt of N British Columbia and Alaska between the Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes and the Prince William Terrane. Indexed with Alaska and/or British Columbia as applicable.

Chugoku
BT	nshu
	.Chugoku
RT	Hiroshima Japan
	Okayama Japan
	Shimane Japan
	Tottori Japan
	Yamaguchi Japan
SN	Region of mountains in SW Honshu which contains Hiroshima, Okayama, Shimane, Tottori and Yamaguchi prefectures. Indexed with prefectures as applicable.

Chugwater Formation
RT	Colorado
	Crow Mountain Sandstone
	Montana
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Red Peak Formation
	Triassic
	Wyoming
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chukchi Peninsula
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chukchi Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Chukchi Peninsula
UF	Chukot Peninsula
	Chukotka (Peninsula)
	Chukotsk Peninsula
	Chukotski Peninsula
	Chukotskiy Peninsula
RT	Anadyr Basin
	Magadan Russian Federation
	Okhotsk-Chukchi
	Wrangel Island
SN	NE extremity of Siberia in Chukchi National Okrug of Magadan Oblast. Before 1978, also search Chukchi. As of 1981, term includes Wrangel Island. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chukchi Range
USE	Anadyr Range

Chukchi Sea
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Chukchi Sea
RT	Bering Strait
	Beringia
SN	N of Bering Strait. Between Alaska and Siberia. Before 1978, also search Chukchi.

Chukot Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotka (Peninsula)
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotsk Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotski Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotskiy Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chuma River
USE	Uda River

Chumstick Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Chumstick Formation
RT	Washington
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chungking China
USE	Chongqing China

Chuquicamata Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Antofagasta Chile
	...Chuquicamata Chile
SN	Mining settlement in N Chile.

Church Stretton England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Shropshire England
	......Church Stretton England
SN	Urban district in S central Shropshire in W England.

Churchill County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Churchill County Nevada
RT	Carson River
	Dixie Valley
	Fairview Peak
SN	W central Nevada.

Churchill Falls
UF	Grand Falls (Labrador)
RT	Labrador
SN	On Churchill River in SW and S Labrador. As of 1993, use Churchill Falls Newfoundland for the town. The town of Grand Falls Newfoundland is on Newfoundland Island. May occur in other locations. Indexed with Labrador or region as applicable.

Churchill Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Churchill Manitoba
RT	Fort Churchill
SN	Town on Hudson Bay in NE Manitoba.

Churchill Province
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Churchill Province
NT	Cape Smith fold belt
	Rae Province
RT	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
	Ontario
	Quebec
	Manitoba
	Northwest Territories
	Athabasca Formation
	Labrador
	Reindeer Zone
	Wyoming Province
SN	Structural province of the Canadian Shield. Indexed with Labrador and provinces as applicable.

Chuya Alps
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chuya Alps
BT	Asia
	.Chuya Alps
BT	Asia
	.Altai Mountains
	..Chuya Alps
RT	Altai Russian Federation
SN	Range in Altai Mountains near the Mongolian and Xinjiang China borders. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chuya Basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Altai Russian Federation
	...Chuya Basin
SN	River basin in Altai Kray near the Mongolian and Xinjiang China borders. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chuya Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Irkutsk Russian Federation
	...Chuya Russian Federation
SN	Village in NE Irkutsk Oblast near the SW Yakutia border. Before 1993, Chuya Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chvaletice Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Chvaletice Czech Republic
RT	mines
SN	Mine site in E Bohemia. Before 1995, Chvaletice Czechoslovakia was also used.

Cibicides
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Orbitoidacea
	.....Cibicides
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cibicidoides
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Cassidulinacea
	.....Anomalinidae
	......Cibicidoides
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cibola County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Cibola County New Mexico
RT	San Mateo Mountains
	Valencia County New Mexico
	Zuni Mountains
SN	On Arizona border in W central New Mexico. Created 1981 from W part of Valencia County.

Cicatricosisporites
BT	palynomorphs
	.miospores
	..Cicatricosisporites
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cieszyn Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bielsko Poland
	....Cieszyn Poland
RT	Katowice Poland
SN	City in S Poland.

cific Coast#Pacific mobile belt#Polynesia

Cilento
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Cilento
SN	Area in SW Italy.

Cima d'Asta
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Eastern Alps
	...Dolomites
	....Cima d'Asta
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	....Cima d'Asta
SN	Peak in the Dolomites in N Italy. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cima volcanic field
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Cima volcanic field
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cimarron County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Cimarron County Oklahoma
RT	Oklahoma Panhandle
SN	Extreme NW Oklahoma.

Ciminna Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Ciminna Basin
SN	Structural basin in NW Sicily. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cimme

Cimmerian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Cimmerian
UF	Kimmerian
SN	Black Sea area. Above Meotian, below Kuyalnikian. For Mesozoic orogenic event, use Cimmerian Orogeny.

Cimmerian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cimmerian Orogeny
UF	Kimmerian Orogeny
RT	Jurassic
	Upper Triassic
	orogeny
	tectonics
	Europe
	Central Asia
	Black Sea region
SN	Two-phase orogenic event, Upper Triassic-Upper Jurassic. Before 1985, also search Cimmerian AND orogeny. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cincinnati Arch
BT	United States
	.Cincinnati Arch
RT	Kentucky
	Indiana
	Ohio
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Cincinnati Ohio
BT	milton County Ohio
	.Cincinnati Ohio
RT	Ohio River
SN	City on the Ohio River in SW Ohio.

Cincinnatian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Cincinnatian
NT	Maysvillian
	Richmondian
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Champlainian, below Alexandrian (Silurian).

cinder cones
BT	volcanic features
	.cinder cones
UF	cones, cinder
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanoes
	cones

cinematics
USE	kinematics

cinerite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..cinerite
RT	terrigenous materials

cinnabar
BT	sulfides
	.cinnabar
RT	mercury ores
	mercury

circulation
RT	angular momentum
	atmosphere
	atmospheric transport
	climate-induced circulation
	general circulation models
	meteorology
	movement
	ocean circulation
	ocean waves
	paleocirculation
	permeability
	Southern Oscillation
	springs
	thermal circulation
	thermohaline circula
SN	Used through 1977 in combination with oceans (i.e. oceans, circulation). After 1977, includes use with meteorology.

Circum-Antarctic region
RT	Antarctica

Circum-Pacific Belt
USE	Circum-Pacific region

Circum-Pacific region
BT	Pacific region
	.Circum-Pacific region
UF	Circum-Pacific Belt
RT	Pacific Ocean
	Pacific Coast
SN	The region that borders the Pacific Ocean along the continental margin of Asia and the Americas. Before 1978, also search Circum-Pacific. Before 1998, Pacific Ocean was a broader term.

cirques
BT	glacial features
	.cirques
RT	glacial geology
	eskers
	glacial lakes
	kames

Cirripedia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Cirripedia

CIS
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Commonwealth of Independent States.

Ciscaucasia
USE	Northern Caucasus

Cisco Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Cisco Group
RT	Texas
SN	Central and N central Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

cistern rock
USE	laccoliths

Cisuralian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Cisuralian
NT	Asselian
	Sakmarian
	Artinskian
	Kungurian

Citlaltapetl
USE	Pico de Orizaba

citrate-bicarbon

citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method
UF	CBD method (soils)
	DCB method (soils)
	dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate method
RT	chemical analysis
	soils
	iron hydroxides
	iron oxides
	clay minerals
	methods
	sample preparation
	chemical dispersion
SN	Method of removing iron oxides and oxyhydroxides from soil materials.

Citronelle Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Citronelle Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Alabama
	Florida
	Georgia
SN	Recognized to be equivalent of Willis Formation of Texas and Louisiana. Graham Ferry Formation of Pliocene and Pleistocene age disconformably underlies Citronelle Formation. Gulf Coastal Plain from W Florida and S Georgia to E Texas inclusive.

Citrus County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Citrus County Florida
SN	W Florida.

Ciudad de Valles
USE	Valles Mexico

Ciudad Real Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	.....Ciudad Real Spain
NT	Alcudia Valley
	Almaden Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	New Castile Spain
	Montes de Toledo
SN	Province in S central Spain.

Ciudad Trujillo
USE	Santo Domingo Dominican Republic

civil engineering
UF	engineering, civil
RT	engineering geology

Cl
USE	chlorine

Cl-36
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Cl-36
BT	halogens
	.chlorine
	..Cl-36
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cl-37/Cl-35
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Cl-37/Cl-35
BT	halogens
	.chlorine
	..Cl-37/Cl-35
RT	isotope ratios
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Clackamas County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Clackamas County Oregon
RT	Mount Hood
SN	NW Oregon.

clades
USE	cladistics

cladism
USE	cladistics

cladistic analysis
USE	cladistics

cladistic taxonomy
USE	cladistics

cladistics
UF	clades
	cladism
	cladistic analysis
	cladistic taxonomy
	cladograms
RT	biologic evolution
	paleontology
	phylogeny
	mathematical methods
	statistical analysis
	paleobotany
	biometry
	parsimony
	taxonomy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cladocera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Branchiopoda
	.....Cladocera
SN	Order.

Cladocopina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Myodocopida
	......Cladocopina
RT	microfossils
SN	Suborder. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

cladograms
USE	cladistics

Cladophlebis
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Filicopsida
	...Cladophlebis
RT	palynomorphs
	miospores

Claiborne County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Claiborne County Mississippi
SN	SW Mississippi.

Claiborne County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Claiborne County Tennessee
SN	NE Tennessee.

Claiborne Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Claiborne Group
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Alabama
	Florida
	Georgia
	Carrizo Sand
	Cockfield Formation
	Cook Mountain Formation
	Lisbon Formation
	Queen City Formation
	Sparta Sand
	Tallahatta Formation
	Yegua Formation
SN	Includes Carrizo Sand, Reklaw Formation, Queen City Sand, Weches Glauconitic Marl, Viesca Glauconitic Marl, Sparta Sand, Stone City Beds, Crockett Formation, Landrum Shale, Spiller Sand, Yegua Formation, Gosport Sand, Tallahatta Formation, Zilpha Clay, Wi

Claiborne Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Claiborne Parish Louisiana
SN	NW Louisiana.

Clallam County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Clallam County Washington
RT	Olympic Mountains
	Juan de Fuca Strait
SN	NW Washington.

Clara Mine
RT	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	barite deposits
	mines
	metal ores
SN	Near Oberwolfach, Germany. Indexed with Baden-Wurttemberg Germany or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

clarain
BT	macerals
	.clarain
BT	lithotypes
	.clarain
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Clare County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Clare County Michigan

Clare Ireland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ireland
	...Clare Ireland
SN	County on the Atlantic in W Ireland.

Clarence-Moreton Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Clarence-Moreton Basin
UF	Moreton-Clarence Basin
RT	Queensland Australia
	New South Wales Australia
SN	E Australia, straddling the New South Wales-Queensland Australia border. Indexed with Queensland Australia and/or New South Wales Australia as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Clarendon County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Clarendon County South Carolina

Clarendonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Clarendonian
RT	middle Miocene
	upper Miocene
SN	North America. Miocene, above Barstovian and below Hemphillian. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clarion County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Clarion County Pennsylvania

Clarion fracture zone
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Clarion fracture zone
SN	NE Pacific off S Baja California. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clark County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Clark County Arkansas
SN	S central Arkansas.

Clark County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Clark County Idaho
RT	INEEL
SN	E Idaho.

Clark County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Clark County Illinois
SN	E Illinois.

Clark County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Clark County Indiana
SN	SE Indiana.

Clark County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Clark County Kansas
SN	SW Kansas.

Clark County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Clark County Kentucky
SN	Central Kentucky.

Clark County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Clark County Missouri
SN	Extreme NE Missouri.

Clark County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Clark County Nevada
NT	Las Vegas Nevada
	Moapa Valley
RT	Black Mountains
	Lake Mead
	Las Vegas Valley
	Lost City
	River Mountains
	Spring Mountains
SN	SE Nevada.

Clark County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Clark County Ohio
NT	Springfield Ohio
SN	W central Ohio.

Clark County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Clark County South Dakota
SN	E central South Dakota.

Clark County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Clark County Washington
NT	Vancouver Washington
SN	SW Washington.

Clark County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Clark County Wisconsin
SN	Central Wisconsin.

Clark Fork
RT	Clark's Fork Basin
	Idaho
	Montana
	United States
SN	Tributary of the Pend Oreille River, NW Montana and N Idaho. Indexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clark's Fork Basin
BT	United States
	.Clark's Fork Basin
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Clark Fork
SN	NW Wyoming and S central Montana. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clarke County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Clarke County Alabama
SN	SW Alabama.

Clarke County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Clarke County Georgia
NT	Athens Georgia
SN	NE central Georgia.

Clarke County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Clarke County Iowa
SN	S Iowa.

Clarke County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Clarke County Mississippi
SN	E Mississippi.

Clarke County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Clarke County Virginia
SN	N Virginia.

Clarno Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Clarno Formation
RT	Oregon
SN	Subdivided into four units. N central Oregon.

Clarno Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Wheeler County Oregon
	...Clarno Oregon
SN	Village in N central Oregon.

Claron Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Claron Formation
RT	Paleocene
	Eocene
	Oligocene
	Utah
	Arizona
SN	SW Utah and surrounding areas. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

classification
RT	definition
	event stratigraphy
	identification
	miscellanea
	nomenclature
	taxonomy
	terrain classification

Classopollis
BT	palynomorphs
	.miospores
	..Classopollis
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

clastic dikes
BT	sedimentary structures
	.soft sediment deformation
	..clastic dikes
RT	dikes
	sandstone dikes

clastic rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
NT	arenite
	argillite
	arkose
	bentonite
	black shale
	breccia
	cinerite
	claystone
	conglomerate
	diamictite
	diatomaceous earth
	eolianite
	fanglomerate
	flysch
	gaize
	graywacke
	marl
	megabreccia
	microbreccia
	molasse
	mudstone
	novaculite
	orthoquartzite
	porcellanite
	radiolarite
	red beds
	sandstone
	saprolite
	shale
	siltstone
	sparagmite
	spongolite
	subarkose
	subgraywacke
	tillite
	tilloid
	tonstein
RT	diatomite
	pyroclastics
	fines
	clastic sediments
	bauxite
	fine-grained materials
	terrigenous materials
	volcaniclastics
	bone beds
	turbidite
	coarse-grained materials
	contourite
	fragments
	greensand
	laminite
	siliceous composition
	siliciclastics
	tempestite
	wildfl
SN	Valid index term for GeoRef since 1976. From 1976 -1977, search clastic rocks AND terrigenous or nonterrigenous. Also search clastic.

clastic sediments
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
NT	alluvium
	boulder clay
	boulders
	clay
	cobbles
	colluvium
	diamicton
	drift
	dust
	eluvium
	erratics
	flint clay
	gravel
	kaolin
	loess
	mud
	ooze
	outwash
	overbank sediments
	pebbles
	proluvium
	quartz sand
	residual clays
	residuum
	sand
	shingle
	silt
	till
RT	pyroclastics
	fines
	fine-grained materials
	clastic rocks
	terrigenous materials
	ash flows
	pyroclastic flows
	particulate materials
	bentonite
	turbidite
	coquina
	cementation
	coarse-grained materials
	contourite
	greensand
	siliciclastics
	tempestite
	flysch
	gaize
	vo
SN	Valid index term for GeoRef since 1976. Also search clastic. Also search contourite if applicable.

clastic wedges
RT	geosynclines
	orogenic belts
	sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

clastics
SN	Used through 1975 in combination with terrigenous or nonterrigenous to indicate sedimentary rocks or sediments (i.e. clastics, terrigenous or clastics, nonterrigenous). After 1975 through 1977, clastic rocks and clastic sediments were used in combination

clasts
RT	fragments
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments

clathrate compounds
USE	clathrates

clathrate inclusion compounds
USE	clathrates

clathrates
UF	clathrate compounds
	clathrate inclusion compounds
RT	organic compounds
	clay mineralogy
	zeolite group
	petroleum
	gas hydrates
	natural gas
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clatsop County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Clatsop County Oregon
SN	Extreme NW Oregon.

clay
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..clay
RT	clay mineralogy
	alluvium
	overbank sediments
	argillaceous texture
	marl
	armored mud balls
	bentonite
	clays
	drilling muds
	claystone
	disposal barriers
	expansive materials
	fireclay
	flint clay
	fuller's earth
	kaolin
	loam
	mud
	mud lumps
	quick clay
	residual clays
	se
SN	As of 1981, includes use as a material in engineering geology; before 1981, also search clays for engineering applications. When of economic value, use clays.

clay (soil)
USE	Clay soils

Clay County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Clay County Alabama
SN	E Alabama.

Clay County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Clay County Arkansas
SN	Extreme NE Arkansas.

Clay County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Clay County Florida
SN	NE Florida.

Clay County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Clay County Georgia
SN	SW Georgia.

Clay County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Clay County Illinois
RT	Iola Field
SN	S central Illinois.

Clay County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Clay County Indiana

Clay County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Clay County Iowa
SN	NW Iowa.

Clay County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Clay County Kansas
SN	N Kansas.

Clay County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Clay County Kentucky
SN	SE Kentucky.

Clay County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Clay County Minnesota
SN	W Minnesota.

Clay County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Clay County Mississippi
SN	E Mississippi.

Clay County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Clay County Missouri
RT	Kansas City Missouri
SN	W Missouri.

Clay County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Clay County Nebraska
SN	S Nebraska.

Clay County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Clay County North Carolina
RT	Lake Chatuge
SN	W North Carolina.

Clay County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Clay County South Dakota
SN	SE South Dakota.

Clay County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Clay County Tennessee
SN	N Tennessee.

Clay County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Clay County Texas
SN	N Texas.

Clay County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Clay County West Virginia
RT	Granny Creek Field
SN	Central West Virginia.

clay liners
USE	disposal barriers

clay mineralogy
RT	adsorption
	argillaceous texture
	bentonite
	cation exchange capacity
	ceramic materials
	clathrates
	clay
	clay minerals
	clays
	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystal structure
	crystallinity
	crystallography
	differential thermal analysis
	electron microscopy
	flo

clay minerals
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
NT	allophane
	beidellite
	corrensite
	dickite
	halloysite
	hectorite
	illite
	imogolite
	kaolinite
	metahalloysite
	montmorillonite
	nacrite
	nontronite
	palygorskite
	rectorite
	saponite
	sepiolite
	smectite
	stevensite
	tosudite
	vermiculite
RT	clay mineralogy
	argillization
	illitization
	kaolinization
	bauxite
	amorphous materials
	argillaceous texture
	delamination
	bentonite
	K-bentonite
	citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method
	kaolin
	differential thermal analysis
	hisingerite
	hydromica
	hydromuscovite
	me

Clay soils
BT	soils
	.Clay soils
UF	clay (soil)
RT	soil group

clay stone
USE	claystone

clays
RT	bentonite deposits
	clay
	clay mineralogy
	engineering geology
	flint clay
	fuller's earth
	insulation materials
	kaolin
	kaolin deposits
	ornamental materials
	quick clay
	refractory materials
	residual clays
	sensitive clays
	shale
	soft clays
	stiff clays
	vermiculite
SN	As of 1981, use only when of economic value; use clay for material in engineering geology. Before 1981, search clays AND deposits. Commodity. See List C.

Clays Ferry Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Clays Ferry Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Indiana
	Ohio
SN	Middle and Upper Ordovician. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

claystone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..claystone
UF	clay stone
RT	clay
	terrigenous materials
	mudstone

Clayton County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Clayton County Georgia

Clayton County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Clayton County Iowa

Clayton Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Clayton Formation
RT	Missouri
	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
	Midway Group
SN	In Midway Group. S Alabama, SW Georgia, NE Mississippi, SE Missouri, and S Tennessee.

Clean Air Act
UF	CAA (Clean Air Act)
RT	pollution
	United States
	environmental geology
	air
	legislation
	regulations
	U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
SN	1970. Amended 1977 and 1990.

Clean Water Act
UF	CWA (Clean Water Act)
RT	pollution
	United States
	environmental geology
	water
	legislation
	polluted water
	regulations
	U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
SN	1977. Amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.

Clear Creek
RT	Colorado
SN	River in N central Colorado. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties and/or state and/or regions as applicable.

Clear Creek County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Clear Creek County Colorado
NT	Idaho Springs Colorado
	Idaho Springs mining district
RT	Henderson Mine
SN	N central Colorado.

Clear Fork Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lower Permian
	.....Leonardian
	......Clear Fork Group
RT	Texas
SN	Central and N central Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clear Lake
RT	California
	geothermal fields
	Lake County California
	Modoc County California
SN	Large lake, volcanic field, and geothermal area in Lake County in NW central California. Also lakes in numerous other locations. Indexed with state and counties as applicable.

Clearfield County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Clearfield County Pennsylvania
SN	Central Pennsylvania.

Clearwater County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Clearwater County Idaho
SN	N Idaho.

Clearwater County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Clearwater County Minnesota
SN	NW Minnesota.

Clearwater Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Clearwater Formation
RT	Alberta
	Athabasca Oil Sands
	Mannville Group
SN	In Mannville Group. Includes Wabiskaw Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Clearwater Lake
BT	Canada
	.Clearwater Lake
RT	Quebec
	British Columbia
	impact features
SN	N Quebec and E central British Columbia. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Clearwater River
RT	Alberta
	Athabasca River
	Canada
	Idaho
	Minnesota
	Saskatchewan
	Snake River
	United States
SN	Tributary of the Snake River, N Idaho Panhandle. Also a tributary of the Athabasca River, NW Saskatchewan and NE Alberta, and a tributary of the Red Lake River, NW Minnesota. Indexed with states or Canadian provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1

cleat spar
USE	ankerite

cleats
RT	coal
	coal seams
	coalbed methane
	cross fractures
	joints
	fractures
	strike
SN	System of joints found in many coal seams. Usually two systems occur at right angles. Before 1993, also search cleating. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

cleavage
RT	axial-plane structures
	cleavage folds
	deformation
	flow cleavage
	folds
	foliation
	fracture cleavage
	lineation
	mineral cleavage
	planar deformation features
	schistosity
	slaty cleavage
	slip cleavage
	structural analysis
SN	As of 1981, restricted to use for cleavage of rocks produced by small-scale deformation or metamorphism. Use mineral cleavage for minerals. Before 1978, term also referred to cleavage folds.

cleavage folds
BT	folds
	.cleavage folds
UF	shear-cleavage folds
RT	cleavage
SN	Before 1978, also search cleavage AND folds.

Cleburne County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Cleburne County Alabama
SN	E Alabama.

Cleburne County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Cleburne County Arkansas
SN	N central Arkansas.

Cleft Ridge
USE	Cleft Segment

Cleft Segment
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Juan de Fuca Ridge
	....Cleft Segment
UF	Cleft Ridge
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Clementine Program
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	Moon
	planetology
	remote sensing
SN	Spacecraft sent into lunar orbit for several months in 1994.

Clermont County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Clermont County Ohio

Clermont France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Oise France
	....Clermont France
SN	City in N France.

Clermont-Ferrand France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Puy-de-Dome France
	....Clermont-Ferrand France
SN	City in S central France.

Cleveland County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Cleveland County Arkansas
SN	S central Arkansas.

Cleveland County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cleveland County North Carolina
SN	SW North Carolina.

Cleveland County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Cleveland County Oklahoma
SN	Central Oklahoma.

Cleveland Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Cleveland Member
RT	Ohio
	Ohio Shale
SN	In Ohio Shale. Upper Devonian. N Ohio. Overlies Chagrin Member; underlies Bedford Shale. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Cleveland Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Cuyahoga County Ohio
	...Cleveland Ohio
SN	City on Lake Erie in N Ohio.

cliff of displacement
USE	fault scarps

cliffs
RT	bluffs
	cuestas
	erosion features
	fault scarps
	fluvial features
	geomorphology
	gullies
	scarps
	shore features
	shorelines
	slopes
	talus slopes

climate
RT	alpine environment
	arctic environment
	arid environment
	ash clouds
	atmosphere
	atmospheric precipitation
	Boreal
	climate change
	climate effects
	climatic controls
	climatologic maps
	cycles
	drought
	elevation
	equatorial region
	factors
	Gaia hypothesis
	general cir
SN	Used for climate in historical times. For prehistoric climate, use paleoclimatology.

climate change
UF	climatic change
RT	climate
	paleoclimatology
	effects
	greenhouse effect
	climate effects
	climatic controls
	global change
	global warming
SN	For modern or past (paleoclimate) change. Before 1998, also search (climate OR paleoclimatology) AND (changes OR climate effects). See global change.

climate effects
RT	climate
	climate change
	effects
	global warming
	orbital forcing
	relief effects
SN	Not to be used for climates of the past (paleoclimatology). See climate change. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

climate maps
USE	climatologic maps

climate-induced circulation
RT	circulation
	ocean circulation
SN	Before 1978, also search oceans AND circulation AND climate induced or climate-induced.

climatic change
USE	climate change

climatic controls
RT	climate
	climate change
	controls
	ecology
	erosion
	general circulation models
	geomorphologic controls
	global warming
	orbital forcing
	sedimentation
SN	Before 1993, also search climate and controls. Applies to historic period. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

climatic orbital forcing
USE	orbital forcing

climatologic maps
BT	maps
	.climatologic maps
UF	climate maps
	climatological maps
RT	climate
	paleoclimatology
	paleoclimate maps
SN	Before 1985, also search climate AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

climatological maps
USE	climatologic maps

climatology, paleo-
USE	paleoclimatology

Climax Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Lake County Colorado
	...Climax Colorado
SN	Village in central Colorado.

Climax Mine
RT	Colorado
	Lake County Colorado
	mines
	molybdenum ores
SN	Molybdenum porphyry. Lake County Colorado. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with location and commodities as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Climax Porphyry
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Climax Porphyry
UF	Climax Stock
RT	Colorado
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Climax Stock
USE	Climax Porphyry

Clinch County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Clinch County Georgia

Clinch Sandsto

Clinch Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Clinch Sandstone
RT	Virginia
	West Virginia
	Tennessee
SN	E Tennessee, SW Virginia and S West Virginia. Lower and Middle Silurian. Includes Hagan Shale Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

clinoamphibole
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...clinoamphibole
NT	actinolite
	amosite
	arfvedsonite
	crocidolite
	crossite
	cummingtonite
	edenite
	ferrohastingsite
	glaucophane
	grunerite
	hastingsite
	hornblende
	kaersutite
	magnesioriebeckite
	nephrite
	pargasite
	richterite
	riebeckite
	tirodite
	tremolite
	tschermakite

clinochlore
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...clinochlore

clinoenstatite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....clinoenstatite
RT	clinohypersthene

clinoforms
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See specific feature under bottom features or environment of interest under depositional environment. Also see continental slope if applicable.

clinohumite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..clinohumite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...humite group
	....clinohumite
RT	titanoclinohumite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

clinohypersthene
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....clinohypersthene
RT	clinoenstatite
SN	May be considered a compositional intermediary between clinoenstatite and clinoferrosilite.

clinoptilolite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...clinoptilolite
RT	heulandite

clinopyroxene
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
NT	aegirine
	augite
	chrome diopside
	clinoenstatite
	clinohypersthene
	diopside
	fassaite
	hedenbergite
	jadeite
	johannsenite
	kunzite
	omphacite
	pigeonite
	salite
	spodumene
	titanaugite

clinopyroxenite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...clinopyroxenite
RT	pyroxenite

clinozoisite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...epidote group
	....clinozoisite
RT	aluminosilicates
	zoisite

Clinton County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Clinton County Illinois
SN	S Illinois.

Clinton County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Clinton County Indiana
SN	Central Indiana.

Clinton County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Clinton County Iowa
SN	E Iowa.

Clinton County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Clinton County Kentucky
SN	S Kentucky.

Clinton County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Clinton County Michigan
RT	Lansing Michigan
SN	S central Michigan.

Clinton County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Clinton County Missouri
SN	NW Missouri.

Clinton County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Clinton County New York
SN	Extreme NE New York.

Clinton County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Clinton County Ohio
SN	SW Ohio.

Clinton County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Clinton County Pennsylvania
RT	Nittany Valley
SN	N central Pennsylvania.

Clinton Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Middle Silurian
	.....Clinton Group
RT	Ontario
	Virginia
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Michigan
	Keefer Sandstone
	Rochester Formation
	Rose Hill Formation
SN	Includes Willowvale Shale, Rose Hill Formation, Keefer Sandstone, Rochester Formation, Osgood Formation, Laurel Formation, Waldron Formation, Reynales Formation, Irondequoit Formation, Decew Formation, Neahga Formation, Thorold Formation, Maplewood Format

clintonite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...clintonite
UF	xanthophyllite

Clipperton fracture zone
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Clipperton fracture zone
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	DSDP Site 68
	Leg 8
SN	S of Clarion fracture zone, N of Galapagos Rift. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Clitheroe England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Lancashire England
	......Clitheroe England
SN	City E of Liverpool in E Lancashire, NW England.

Cloridorme Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Cloridorme Formation
RT	Canada
	Quebec
SN	Gaspe Peninsula.

closed fractures
BT	fractures
	.closed fractures
SN	Before 1978, also search fractures AND closed.

closed mines
USE	abandoned mines

closed systems
RT	open systems
	systems
SN	Used as a general term.

Closepet Granite
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Closepet Granite
RT	Archean
	Dharwars
	Peninsular Gneiss
SN	Archean. Karnataka, India. Intrudes Dharwars, Peninsular Gneiss, Champion Gneiss, and Charnockite Series. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Cloud County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Cloud County Kansas
SN	N central Kansas.

clouds
RT	droplets
	meteorology
	raindrops
	water

clouds, ash
USE	ash clouds

Clough Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Lower Silurian
	.....Clough Formation
RT	Vermont
	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
SN	N central Massachusetts, W New Hampshire and SE Vermont. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cloverly Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Cloverly Formation
RT	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Clovis
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....Clovis
RT	Upper Pleistocene
	archaeology
	artifacts
	lower Holocene
SN	An informal archaeological subdivision of the Quaternary, based on artifacts. Upper Pleistocene-lower Holocene.

Cluj Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Cluj Romania
NT	Gilau Romania
SN	County and city in central Transylvania.

cluster analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.cluster analysis
RT	analysis
	mathematical geology

Clymeniida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Clymeniida

Cm
USE	curium

CM chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
	....CM chondrites
NT	Murchison Meteorite
	Murray Meteorite
UF	mighei type
RT	Belgica Meteorites
	Kaidun Meteorite
	Renazzo Meteorite
SN	Mighei type. Most CM chondrites belong to the petrologic type 2. Before 1995, also search CM2 chondrites. After 1985, some members were reassigned to CR chondrites. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

CMP method
USE	common-depth-point method

Cnidaria
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. In some taxonomic classifications of Coelenterata, includes Anthozoa, Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa. Search and index under appropriate group.

CNRS
BT	government agencies
	.CNRS
UF	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
RT	France
	CRPG
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

co

CO (carbon monoxide)
USE	carbon monoxide

Co (cobalt)
USE	cobalt

Co-60
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Co-60
BT	metals
	.cobalt
	..Co-60
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

CO2
USE	carbon dioxide

Coahoma County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Coahoma County Mississippi

Coahuila Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Coahuila Mexico
NT	Parras Basin
RT	Rio Grande
	Chihuahua tectonic belt
	Rio Grande Rift
	Rio Grande Valley
	Difunta Group
	Sierra Madre Oriental
	Zuloaga Limestone
SN	State in NE Mexico.

coal
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
NT	anthracite
	bituminous coal
	coke coal
	humic coal
	lignite
	sapropelite
	steam coal
	subbituminous coal
UF	carbargilite
RT	charcoal
	biogenic structures
	coal fields
	ash content
	anthraxolite
	carbonaceous composition
	coalification
	coalbed methane
	chemical properties
	cleats
	coal seams
	coal balls
	coal deposit maps
	coal exploration
	coal mines
	degasification
	diwa-type deposits
	energ

coal balls
UF	balls, coal
RT	coal
	coal seams
	concretions

coal basins
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See coal, coal mines, and coal fields.

coal beds
USE	coal seams

coal clay
USE	underclay

Coal County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Coal County Oklahoma
SN	S central Oklahoma.

coal deposit maps
BT	maps
	.coal deposit maps
RT	coal
	economic geology maps
SN	Before 1982, search coal AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

coal exploration
RT	coal
	discoveries
	exploration
	peat
SN	Before 1993, also search coal AND exploration. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

coal fields
UF	coalfields
	fields, coal
RT	Amasra Basin
	coal
	Bokaro coal field
	Borsod Basin
	coal mines
	Eastern Kentucky coal field
	Irkutsk Basin
	Jharia coal field
	Joban coal field
	Karaganda Basin
	Karanpura coal field
	Kizel coal basin
	Kushiro coal field
	Kuznetsk Basin
	Minusinsk Basin
	Moscow Basin
	P

Coal Measures
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Upper Carboniferous
	.....Coal Measures
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See coal.

coal mines
BT	mines
	.coal mines
RT	mining geology
	coal fields
	economic geology
	coal
	strip mining
	longwall mining
SN	Before 1993, also search coal AND (mines or mining geology). Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

coal quality
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, see rank and composition.

coal seams
UF	coal beds
	seams, coal
RT	coal
	coalbed methane
	cleats
	coal balls
	degasification
	underclay
SN	Also search coal deposits.

coalbed methane
BT	petroleum
	.natural gas
	..coalbed methane
RT	coal
	energy sources
	Cedar Hill Field
	cleats
	coal seams
	methane
SN	Before 1993, also search natural gas and coal. Commodity term. See List C.

coalfields
USE	coal fields

coalification
UF	carbonification
	carbonitization
	carbonization
	incarbonization
	incoalation
RT	processes
	carbonatization
	diagenesis
	coal

Coalinga California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Fresno County California
	...Coalinga California
RT	Coalinga earthquake 1983
SN	City in S central California.

Coalinga earthquake 1983
BT	earthquakes
	.Coalinga earthquake 1983
RT	California
	Coalinga California
SN	Epicenter near Coalinga, S central California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Coalsack Bluff
BT	Antarctica
	.Coalsack Bluff
RT	Queen Maud Land
	Ross Dependency
	Ross Ice Shelf
	Beardmore Glacier
SN	Site of paleontological investigations in Beardmore Glacier area around NW end of Queen Maud Range off the Ross Ice Shelf in Ross Dependency.

coarse-grained materials
RT	clastic rocks
	clastic sediments
	fine-grained materials
	fines
	grain size
	granular materials
	materials
	particulate materials
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	soil mechanics
	soils
	textures
	unconsolidated materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

coast
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, see coastal environment, coastal dunes, coastal effects, coastal sedimentation, beaches, coastal plains, shore features, or shorelines as applicable.

Coast Belt
RT	Alaska
	Alexander Terrane
	British Columbia
	Chugach Terrane
	Nixon Fork Terrane
	North American Cordillera
	Prince William Terrane
	Wrangellia
SN	Tectonic belt of the North American Cordillera in British Columbia and SE Alaska. It includes rocks from several terranes; Wrangellia, Alexander, Peninsular, Chugach, Prince William, Nixon Fork. Indexed with British Columbia and/or Alaska as applicable.

Coast Mountains
RT	Alaska
	Alaska Panhandle
	British Columbia
	Canadian Cordillera
	Cascade Range
	Coast Ranges
	North America
	North American Cordillera
	Yukon Territory
SN	Extend from Yukon Territory to the Fraser River serving as border between NW British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle. Indexed with North America; or Alaska, British Columbia, or Yukon Territory as applicable.

Coast plutonic complex
BT	North America
	.Coast plutonic complex
RT	Cretaceous
	Washington
	Alaska
	British Columbia
SN	Cretaceous. Coast Mountains of SE Alaska, W British Columbia, and W Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Coast Range Ophiolite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Coast Range Ophiolite
RT	Middle Jurassic
	Upper Jurassic
	Mexico
	California
SN	Middle-Upper Jurassic. California and Mexico. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Coast Ranges
RT	Alaska
	British Columbia
	California
	Chugach Mountains
	Coast Mountains
	Condrey Mountain Schist
	Diablo Range
	Gabilan Range
	Kenai Peninsula
	Klamath Mountains
	Kodiak Island
	Kula Plate
	Nevadan Orogeny
	North America
	North American Cordillera
	Olympic Mountains
	Or
SN	Mountains extending along the Pacific Ocean from California to Alaska. For Venezuela, see Cordillera de la Costa. Indexed with North America; OR states and/or British Columbia as applicable.

coastal
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, see coastal environment, coastal dunes, coastal effects, coastal plains, coastal sedimentation, beaches, shore features or shorelines as applicable.

coastal dunes
BT	dunes
	.coastal dunes
BT	eolian features
	.coastal dunes
BT	shore features
	.coastal dunes
RT	geomorphology
	foredunes
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

coastal effects
RT	effects
	magnetic field
SN	Use in relation to the Earth's magnetic field. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

coastal environment
NT	intertidal environment
	subtidal environment
UF	shore environment
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	depositional environment
	shorelines
	lagoons
	beaches
	capes
	littoral erosion
	playas
	inlets
	tidal flats
	spits
	carbonate ramps
	coastal plains
	coastal sedimentation
	deltaic environment
	littoral cells
	nearshore environment
	polders
SN	Before 1978, also search coastal; coast.

coastal features
USE	shore features

coastal plains
RT	coastal environment
	fluvial features
	geomorphology
	Gilbert-type deltas
	plains
	shore features

Coastal Range
SN	Use Taiwanese Coastal Range if applicable. Use Coast Ranges for Pacific Coast of North America.

Coastal Range, Taiwan
USE	Taiwanese Coastal Range

coastal sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.coastal sedimentation
RT	shorelines
	coastal environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

coastlines
USE	shorelines

CoAxial Segment
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Juan de Fuca Ridge
	....CoAxial Segment
RT	Axial Seamount
SN	Central Juan de Fuca Ridge. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

cobalt
BT	metals
	.cobalt
NT	Co-60
UF	Co (cobalt)
RT	heavy metals
	cobalt ores
	siderophile elements
	cobaltite
SN	Chemical element. Use cobalt ores for cobalt as a commodity.

Cobalt Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Cobalt Group
RT	Ontario
	Lorrain Formation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cobalt Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Timiskaming District Ontario
	....Cobalt Ontario
SN	Mining town in SE Ontario.

cobalt ores
BT	metal ores
	.cobalt ores
RT	Blackbird mining district
	carrollite
	cobalt
	cobaltite
SN	Commodity. See List C.

cobalt pyrites
USE	linnaeite

cobaltite
BT	sulfides
	.cobaltite
BT	arsenides
	.cobaltite
RT	cobalt ores
	cobalt
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cobb County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Cobb County Georgia

Cobb Seamount
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Cobb Seamount
SN	Approximately 550 miles W of Pacific coast of Washington. This term has multiple hierarchies.

cobbles
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..cobbles
RT	gravel
	pebbles
	terrigenous materials
	boulders
	shingle

Cobequid Bay
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cobequid Bay
RT	Minas Basin
SN	Eastern arm of Minas Basin off Bay of Fundy.

Cobequid Fault
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cobequid Fault
UF	Cobequid-Chedabucto Fault
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cobequid Highlands
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cobequid Highlands
UF	Cobequid Mountains
SN	N Nova Scotia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cobequid Mountains
USE	Cobequid Highlands

Cobequid-Chedabucto Fault
USE	Cobequid Fault

Coburg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Coburg Germany
SN	City in N Bavaria.

Coccolithophoraceae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Coccolithophoraceae
NT	Ceratolithus
	Coccolithus
	Emiliania huxleyi
	Gephyrocapsa oceanica
RT	microfossils
	nannofossils
	Discoasteridae
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Coccolithus
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Coccolithophoraceae
	...Coccolithus
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cochabamba Bolivia
BT	South America
	.Bolivia
	..Cochabamba Bolivia
SN	Department including the city in E central Bolivia.

Cochise County Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Cochise County Arizona
NT	Bisbee Arizona
	Tombstone Arizona
	Walnut Gulch
RT	Rincon Mountains
	Sullivan Mine
	Coronado National Forest
SN	SE Arizona.

Cochran County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cochran County Texas

Cochrane District Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Cochrane District Ontario
NT	Beatty Ontario
	Kidd Creek Mine
	Timmins Ontario
UF	District of Cochrane
RT	BRIM
SN	N Ontario.

Cocke County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Cocke County Tennessee

Cockfield Format

Cockfield Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Cockfield Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Claiborne Group
SN	In Claiborne Group. Mississippi, NW Louisiana and E Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Coconino County Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Coconino County Arizona
NT	Flagstaff Arizona
	Glen Canyon Dam
	Meteor Crater
RT	Black Mesa
	Black Mesa Basin
	Canyon Diablo Meteorite
	Grand Canyon
	Lake Powell
	Marble Canyon
	O'Leary Peak
	San Francisco Mountain
	Walker Lake
SN	N Arizona.

Coconino Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Coconino Sandstone
RT	Utah
	Nevada
	Arizona
SN	In Aubrey Group. N Arizona, S Utah, and SE Nevada.

COCORP
UF	Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling
RT	United States
	reflection methods
	seismic methods
	continental crust
	geophysical profiles
	velocity structure
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cocos Plate
RT	Galapagos Rift
	Pacific Ocean
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	In the Pacific Ocean W of the Caribbean Plate, E and S of the Pacific Plate, and N of the Nazca Plate which is S of the Galapagos Islands. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Cocos Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Cocos Ridge
RT	Northeast Pacific
	Equatorial Pacific
	Leg 16
SN	Between Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands.

COCRUST
UF	Consortium for Crustal Reconnaissance Using Seismic Techniques
RT	elastic waves
	seismic methods
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

coda waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..surface waves
	...coda waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	seismograms

Codell Sandstone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Codell Sandstone Member
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	Kansas
	South Dakota
	Benton Formation
	Carlile Shale
SN	In Carlile Shale. E Colorado, W Kansas, New Mexico and SE South Dakota. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Codiaceae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
	...Chlorophyceae
	....Codiaceae
NT	Halimeda
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Codington County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Codington County South Dakota

Cody Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Cody Shale
RT	Wyoming
	Montana Group
	Belle Fourche Shale
	Colorado Group
SN	In Colorado Group or Montana Group. Bighorn Basin in N Wyoming.

coefficient of permeability
USE	hydraulic conductivity

coefficient of transmissibility
USE	transmissivity

coefficient, correlation
USE	correlation coefficient

coefficients, partition
USE	partition coefficients

Coelacanthini
USE	Actinistia

Coelenterata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
NT	Anthozoa
	Hydrozoa
	Scyphozoa
	Stromatoporoidea
RT	ahermatypic taxa
	hermatypic taxa
	bioherms
	encrustations
	reef builders
	atolls
	reefs
	biostromes
	Receptaculitaceae

Coelodonta antiquitatis
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Perissodactyla
	.......Ceratomorpha
	........Rhinocerotidae
	.........Coelodonta antiquitatis
SN	Species.

coercive force
USE	coercivity

coercivity
UF	coercive force
RT	paleomagnetism
	remanent magnetization
	magnetic field

coesite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...coesite

Coeur d'Alene District
USE	Coeur d'Alene mining district

Coeur d'Alene mining district
BT	United States
	.Coeur d'Alene mining district
UF	Coeur d'Alene District
RT	mines
	Idaho
	Montana
	Bunker Hill Mine
	Shoshone County Idaho
	Kootenai County Idaho
	Mineral County Montana
	Sanders County Montana
SN	N Idaho and W Montana.

Coeur d'Alene River
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Coeur d'Alene River
SN	Flows into Coeur d'Alene Lake in Kootenai County in N Idaho.

coexisting
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use coexisting minerals if applicable; see coexisting materials.

coexisting materials
SN	A valid term index term from 1978-1981. Use coexisting minerals if applicable.

coexisting minerals
RT	minerals
SN	Before 1978, also search coexisting AND minerals.

Coeymans Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Lower Devonian
	.....Coeymans Formation
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Helderberg Group
SN	Includes Stormville Sandstone Member, Elbow Ridge Sandstone Member. W Maryland, E New York, E Pennsylvania, W Virginia, N West Virginia, and New Jersey.

Coffee County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Coffee County Alabama
SN	SE Alabama.

Coffee County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Coffee County Georgia
SN	S central Georgia.

Coffee County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Coffee County Tennessee
SN	Central Tennessee.

Coffey County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Coffey County Kansas

coffinite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...coffinite
RT	uranium ores

Cohansey Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Cohansey Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Miocene
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	Delaware
	New Jersey
SN	Overlies Kirkwood Formation, underlies Beacon Hill Gravel. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cohansey-Kirkwood Aquifer
USE	Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer

cohenite
BT	alloys
	.carbides
	..cohenite
RT	meteorites

coherency, seismic
USE	seismic coherency

cohesion
USE	shear strength

cohesionless materials
RT	engineering geology
	materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

cohesive materials
RT	engineering geology
	materials
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
SN	Introduced in 1978 as general term mostly used in engineering geology. Before 1978, also search cohesive.

coiling
RT	fossils
	morphology

Coimbatore India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Tamil Nadu India
	....Coimbatore India
NT	Sivamalai
SN	City in W Tamil Nadu, S India.

Coimbra Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Coimbra Portugal
SN	District in W Portugal. Also a city.

Cojedes Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Cojedes Venezuela
NT	Tinaquillo Venezuela
SN	State in NW central Venezuela.

coke coal
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
	..coke coal
UF	natural coke
SN	Also search coke. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Coke County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Coke County Texas

Coker Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Coker Formation
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
SN	W Alabama and E Mississippi. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cokriging
BT	statistical analysis
	.cokriging
RT	data processing
	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	geostatistics
	mathematical models
	variance analysis
	stochastic processes
	kriging
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Colbert County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Colbert County Alabama

Colchester County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Colchester County Nova Scotia

Colchis
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Colchis
UF	Kolkhida
RT	Rioni Basin
SN	Partly swampy lowland in W Georgian Republic on Black Sea S of the Caucasus and along lower Rioni (Rion) River.

Cold Lake
BT	Canada
	.Cold Lake
RT	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
SN	On Alberta-Saskatchewan border. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

cold seeps
UF	seeps, cold
RT	ecology
	seepage
	oil seeps
	gas seeps
SN	Also index seepage and/or oil seeps if applicable.

Coldbrook Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Coldbrook Group
RT	Canada
	New Brunswick
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Coldwater Meteorites
BT	meteorites
	.Coldwater Meteorites
RT	Kansas
	octahedrite
	Comanche County Kansas
	H chondrites
SN	Refers to two meteorites found in Comanche County, S Kansas. One is an iron meteorite (octahedrite); the other is a chondrite (H chondrite). Before 1981, also search Coldwater AND meteorites. Indexed with octahedrite and/or H chondrites as applicable. Add

Coldwell Complex
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Coldwell Complex
SN	NW Ontario. Also search Coldwell alkaline complex. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cole County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cole County Missouri

Coleman County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Coleman County Texas

colemanite
BT	borates
	.colemanite

Coleoidea
USE	Dibranchiata

Coleoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Endopterygota
	.......Coleoptera
NT	Archostemata
UF	Coleopteroida
SN	Order. Also search Coleopteroida.

Coleopteroida
USE	Coleoptera

Coles Bay
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Tasmania Australia
	...Coles Bay

Coles County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Coles County Illinois

Colfax County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Colfax County Nebraska
SN	E Nebraska.

Colfax County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Colfax County New Mexico
RT	Palisades Sill
SN	NE New Mexico.

coliform bacteria
BT	bacteria
	.coliform bacteria
NT	Escherichia coli
UF	fecal coliform bacteria
RT	pollutants
	geomicrobiology
	water quality
SN	Most often used as a pollution or water quality indicator.

Colima
BT	Mexico
	.Jalisco Mexico
	..Colima
UF	Fuego de Colima
RT	volcanoes
	Mexican volcanic belt
SN	Active volcano, Mexican volcanic belt, SW Mexico. Its inactive neighbor about 5 km to the north, Nevado de Colima, is also part of the Colima volcanic complex. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Colima Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Colima Mexico
RT	Guerrero Terrane
	Sierra Madre Occidental
	Mexican volcanic belt
	Jalisco Block
	Jalisco earthquake 1995
SN	State in W Mexico. Also a city.

Colima-Jalisco earthquake 1995
USE	Jalisco earthquake 1995

collaborative learning
USE	cooperative learning

collagen
BT	organic compounds
	.proteins
	..collagen

collapse structures
RT	crater lakes
	geomorphology
	land subsidence
	slump structures

collecting
RT	collections
	curation
	fossil localities
	mineral localities
	mineralogy
	minerals
	paleontology
	popular geology

collections
UF	mineral collections
RT	associations
	museums
	minerals
	paleontology
	catalogs
	geology
	mineralogy
	libraries
	exhibits
	collecting
	curation
SN	Usage restricted to collections in museums, etc.

college level
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use college-level education.

college-level education
BT	education
	.college-level education
RT	educational resources
	elementary school
	high school
	junior high school
SN	Before 1978, search college level.

colleges
USE	academic institutions

Collenia
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Collenia
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..stromatolites
	...Collenia
RT	microfossils
	cyanobacteria
	ichnofossils
SN	Genus. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Colleton County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Colleton County South Carolina

Collier County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Collier County Florida
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in S Florida.

Collier Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Collier Shale
RT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
SN	SW Arkansas and SE Oklahoma. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Collin County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Collin County Texas

Collingsworth County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Collingsworth County Texas

collinite
BT	macerals
	.vitrinite
	..collinite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

collision
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef as of 1981. Use plate collision or impacts if applicable. Use plate collision or suture zones with tectonics for collision tectonics (Note added 1995).

colloidal materials
NT	gels
UF	colloids
RT	materials
	surfactants
	flocculation
	thixotropy
SN	Before 1978, search colloidal.

colloids
USE	colloidal materials

colloquia
USE	symposia

colluvium
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..colluvium
RT	soils
	geomorphology
	alluvium
	terrigenous materials
	erosion features
	talus slopes

Cologne Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Cologne Germany
UF	Koln Germany
SN	City on the left bank of Rhine River in W North Rhine-Westphalia.

Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
NT	Amazonas Colombia
	Antioquia Colombia
	Bogota Colombia
	Bolivar Colombia
	Cusiana Field
	Galeras
	Magdalena Colombia
	Magdalena Delta
	Magdalena River
	Magdalena Valley
	Nevado del Ruiz
	Sabana de Bogota
	Santander Colombia
	Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
	Sucre Colombia
RT	Andes
	Amazon Basin
	Amazon River
	Orinoco River
	Rio Negro
	Central Cordillera
	Caribbean region
	Eastern Cordillera
	San Juan River
	Santander Massif
	Colombian Basin
	Guajira Peninsula
	La Luna Formation
	Llanos
	Orinoco River basin
	Sierra de Perija
	Western Cordille

Colombia Basin
USE	Colombian Basin

Colombian Basin
UF	Colombia Basin
	Colombian Plain
RT	Colombia
	Caribbean Sea
	Caribbean region
	Leg 15
	ODP Site 999
SN	N of Colombia in S Caribbean. Indexed with Caribbean Sea and/or countries as applicable.

Colombian Plain
USE	Colombian Basin

Colon Archipelago
USE	Galapagos Islands

colonial taxa
UF	colonies
	taxa, colonial
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	fossils
	colonization
SN	Before 1978, also search colonial.

colonies
USE	colonial taxa

colonization
RT	biogeography
	colonial taxa
	ecology
	paleoecology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

color
RT	chemical analysis
	colorimetry
	crystal field
	soils

color alteration index
UF	conodont alteration index
	thermal alteration index
RT	organic compounds
	palynomorphs
	Conodonta
	Foraminifera
	Ostracoda
	indicators
	thermal alteration
	thermal maturity
SN	Also search thermal alteration AND color; or thermal alteration AND fossil or material name e.g. palynomorphs, kerogen. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

color centers
UF	centers, color
RT	minerals
	crystal structure
	crystallography
	optical properties

color imagery
BT	imagery
	.color imagery
RT	remote sensing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
NT	Adams County Colorado
	Alamosa County Colorado
	Arapahoe County Colorado
	Archuleta County Colorado
	Baca County Colorado
	Bent County Colorado
	Boulder County Colorado
	Cache La Poudre River
	Chaffee County Colorado
	Cheyenne County Colorado
	Clear Creek County Colorado
	Colorado mineral belt
	Conejos County Colorado
	Costilla County Colorado
	Crowley County Colorado
	Custer County Colorado
	Delta County Colorado
	Denver County Colorado
	Dolores County Colorado
	Douglas County Colorado
	Eagle County Colorado
	El Paso County Colorado
	Elbert County Colorado
	Fremont County Colorado
	Front Range urban corridor
	Garfield County Colorado
	Gilpin County Colorado
	Gore Range
	Grand County Colorado
	Gunnison County Colorado
	Hinsdale County Colorado
	Huerfano County Colorado
	Jackson County Colorado
	Jefferson County Colorado
	Kiowa County Colorado
	Kit Carson County Colorado
	La Plata County Colorado
	Lake County Colorado
	Larimer County Colorado
	Las Animas County Colorado
	Lincoln County Colorado
	Logan County Colorado
	Mahogany Zone
	Mesa County Colorado
	Mineral County Colorado
	Moffat County Colorado
	Montezuma County Colorado
	Montrose County Colorado
	Morgan County Colorado
	Needle Mountains
	Otero County Colorado
	Ouray County Colorado
	Park County Colorado
	Phillips County Colorado
	Piceance Creek basin
	Pikes Peak Batholith
	Pitkin County Colorado
	Prowers County Colorado
	Pueblo County Colorado
	Rangely Anticline
	Rio Blanco County Colorado
	Rio Grande County Colorado
	Rocky Flats Plant
	Rocky Mountain National Park
	Routt County Colorado
	Saguache County Colorado
	San Juan County Colorado
	San Juan volcanic field
	San Miguel County Colorado
	Sawatch Range
	Sedgwick County Colorado
	Summit County Colorado
	Teller County Colorado
	Vail Pass
	Washington County Colorado
	Wattenberg Field
	Weld County Colorado
	Wet Mountains
	White River Plateau
	Yampa River
	Yuma County Colorado
RT	Alamosa River
	Albuquerque Basin
	Arikaree Group

Colorado County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Colorado County Texas

Colorado Desert
BT	United States
	.California
	..Colorado Desert
RT	Great Basin
	Imperial Valley
	Salton Sea
SN	SE California. Part of the Great Basin. Includes Coachella Valley, Imperial Valley and Salton Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Colorado Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Colorado Group
RT	New Mexico
	Idaho
	Montana
	Iowa
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	North Dakota
	Kansas
	Belle Fourche Shale
	Cody Shale
	Graneros Shale
	Benton Formation
	Carlile Shale
	Greenhorn Limestone
	Blackleaf Formation
	Frontier Formation
	Mowry Shale
	Newcastle Sandstone
	Niobrara Formation
SN	Includes Thermopolis Shale, Mowry Shale, Warm Creek Shale, Graneros Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, Carlile Shale, Niobrara Formation, Belle Fourche Shale, Marias River Formation, Skull Creek Shale, Fall River Sandstone, Newcastle Sandstone, and Telegraph Sha

Colorado Lineament
BT	United States
	.Colorado Lineament
RT	Utah
	Wyoming
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Colorado Plateau
	Arizona
	South Dakota
	Rocky Mountains
SN	Proterozoic fault system extending from Nebraska to Arizona. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Colorado mineral belt
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Colorado mineral belt
RT	uranium ores
	molybdenum ores
	Leadville mining district
SN	W Colorado. Produces uranium and molybdenum ores. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Colorado Plateau
BT	United States
	.Colorado Plateau
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Albuquerque Basin
	Arizona
	Rattlesnake Hills
	Colorado Lineament
	Jemez Lineament
	Price River basin
	Salt Valley
	Taos Plateau
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Colorado River
RT	Argentina
	Arizona
	Baja California Norte Mexico
	Brazil
	California
	Chile
	Colorado
	Glen Canyon Dam
	Nevada
	Sonora Mexico
	Texas
	Utah
SN	Rises in N Colorado and flows SW, then W through the Grand Canyon, and finally S into the Gulf of California. Also a river in Texas. Also occurs in South America. Indexed with U. S. states or regions as applicable.

Colorado River basin
RT	Arizona
	California
	Colorado
	Mexico
	Nevada
	New Mexico
	North America
	Utah
	Wyoming
SN	Drainage basin. In Southwestern U. S. and NW Mexico. May occur in other locations. Indexed with North America or U. S. or Mexican states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Colorado River delta
BT	Mexico
	.Colorado River delta
RT	Baja California Norte Mexico
	Sonora Mexico
SN	At N tip of Gulf of California. Indexed with states as applicable.

Colorado School of Mines
UF	CSM
RT	academic institutions
	Colorado
SN	In Golden, Jefferson County, Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Colorado Springs Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..El Paso County Colorado
	...Colorado Springs Colorado
RT	Pikes Peak
SN	City at junction of Fountain and Monument creeks near Pikes Peak in central Colorado.

coloradoite
BT	tellurides
	.coloradoite

colorimetric analysis
USE	colorimetry

colorimetry
UF	colorimetric analysis
RT	spectroscopy
	chemical analysis
	analysis
	color

Colquitt County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Colquitt County Georgia

Colton Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Colton Formation
RT	Utah
SN	Central Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Colubridae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Lepidosauria
	......Squamata
	.......Serpentes
	........Colubridae
SN	Family.

columbates
USE	niobates

Columbia Basin
USE	Columbia River basin

Columbia Connecticut
BT	United States
	.Connecticut
	..Tolland County Connecticut
	...Columbia Connecticut
SN	Town in NE Connecticut.

Columbia County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Columbia County Arkansas
RT	Walker Creek Field
SN	SW Arkansas.

Columbia County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Columbia County Florida
RT	Okefenokee Swamp
SN	N Florida.

Columbia County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Columbia County Georgia
SN	E Georgia.

Columbia County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Columbia County New York
NT	Becraft Mountain
SN	SE New York.

Columbia County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Columbia County Oregon
SN	NW Oregon.

Columbia County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Columbia County Pennsylvania
SN	E central Pennsylvania.

Columbia County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Columbia County Washington
SN	SE Washington.

Columbia County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Columbia County Wisconsin
SN	S central Wisconsin.

Columbia Glacier
RT	Chugach Mountains
	Columbia Icefield
	Southern Alaska
SN	Chugach Mountains, S coast of Alaska. Indexed with Southern Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Columbia Icefield
RT	Alberta
	Banff National Park
	British Columbia
	Canada
	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Columbia Glacier
	Jasper National Park
SN	Surrounding Mount Columbia in Jasper and Banff national parks, Alberta, and extending into British Columbia. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Columbia Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Monroe County Illinois
	...Columbia Illinois
SN	City in SW Illinois.

Columbia Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Adair County Kentucky
	...Columbia Kentucky
SN	City in S Kentucky.

Columbia Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Caldwell Parish Louisiana
	...Columbia Louisiana
SN	City in Caldwell Parish, NE central Louisiana.

Columbia Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Boone County Missouri
	...Columbia Missouri
SN	City in central Missouri.

Columbia Plateau
BT	United States
	.Columbia Plateau
UF	Columbia River plateau
RT	Idaho
	Washington
	Oregon
	Channeled Scabland
	Picture Gorge Basalt
	Yakima fold belt
SN	Lava basin. W United States. Indexed with states as applicable.

Columbia River
RT	British Columbia
	Cowlitz River
	Deschutes River
	Grand Coulee Dam
	Oregon
	Snake River
	Washington
	Willamette River
SN	Rises in SE British Columbia and flows S and then W into the Pacific Ocean on the Oregon-Washington border. Also search Columbia AND appropriate area. Indexed with British Columbia and/or states as applicable.

Columbia River Basalt
USE	Columbia River Basalt Group

Columbia River Basalt Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Columbia River Basalt Group
UF	Columbia River Basalt
RT	Pliocene
	Idaho
	Washington
	Oregon
	Picture Gorge Basalt
	Yakima fold belt
	Frenchman Springs Member
	Grande Ronde Basalt
	Saddle Mountains Basalt
	Wanapum Basalt
	Yakima Basalt
SN	Miocene. The Columbia River Basalt was formerly also considered Pliocene (?). N Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Has been divided into the Yakima Basalt (subgroup) containing the Wanapum Basalt, the Grande Ronde Basalt, and the Saddle Mountains Basalt; and

Columbia River basin
UF	Columbia Basin
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Washington
	North America
	British Columbia
	Nevada
	Oregon
	Channeled Scabland
SN	Drainage basin. Indexed with North America or British Columbia and/or states as applicable.

Columbia River estuary
BT	United States
	.Columbia River estuary
RT	Washington
	Oregon
SN	Tidal mouth of the Columbia River. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Columbia River plateau
USE	Columbia Plateau

Columbia South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Richland County South Carolina
	...Columbia South Carolina
SN	City in central South Carolina.

Columbia Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Maury County Tennessee
	...Columbia Tennessee
SN	City in central Tennessee.

Columbian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Columbian Orogeny
RT	Canada
	orogeny
SN	Refers to orogeny affecting Western Canada during the Cretaceous. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Columbiana County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Columbiana County Ohio

columbite
BT	oxides
	.niobates
	..niobotantalates
	...columbite
RT	niobium ores
	tantalum ores
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

columbium
USE	niobium

Columbus Air Force Base
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Lowndes County Mississippi
	...Columbus Air Force Base
SN	Ten miles N of city of Columbus, NE Mississippi. Before 1998, also search Columbus Mississippi.

Columbus County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Columbus County North Carolina

Columbus Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Muscogee County Georgia
	...Columbus Georgia
SN	City in W Georgia.

Columbus Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Columbus Limestone
RT	Ohio
SN	Comprises Bellepoint, Eversole (?), Delhi, Marblehead, and Venice members. Named for exposure at Columbus in Franklin County, Ohio.

Columbus Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Franklin County Ohio
	...Columbus Ohio
SN	City in central Ohio.

columnar basalt
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...columnar basalt
SN	Before 1978, also search columnar AND basalt.

columnar jointing
USE	columnar joints

columnar joints
BT	fractures
	.columnar joints
UF	columnar jointing
RT	bedding
	joints
SN	Before 1978, also search fractures AND columnar.

Colusa County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Colusa County California
SN	N central California.

Colville Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Colville Group
RT	Alaska
SN	N Alaska. Overlies Nanushuk Group; underlies Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Colville River
RT	Alaska
	Colville River delta
	Northern Alaska
	Stevens County Washington
	Washington
SN	Flows E along N slope of Brooks Range and then N into Arctic Ocean in N Alaska. Also in Stevens County Washington. Indexed with Stevens County Washington or Northern Alaska as applicable.

Colville River delta
RT	Colville River
	Northern Alaska
SN	On Arctic Ocean in N Alaska. Indexed with Northern Alaska if applicable.

comae
RT	comets
	interplanetary space
	planetology
	solar wind
SN	Restricted to cometary atmosphere. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Comal County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Comal County Texas
RT	Edwards Aquifer
SN	S central Texas.

Comanche County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Comanche County Kansas
RT	Coldwater Meteorites
SN	S Kansas.

Comanche County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Comanche County Oklahoma
RT	Meers Fault
	Slick Hills
	Wichita Mountains
SN	SW Oklahoma.

Comanche County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Comanche County Texas
SN	Central Texas.

Comanche Peak Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Comanche Peak Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Comanche Peak Limestone
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Fredericksburg Group
SN	Fredericksburg Group. Comanchean. E Texas and New Mexico. Underlies Edwards Formation?; overlies Walnut Clay. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Comanchean
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
NT	Antlers Sands
	Bisbee Group
	Buda Limestone
	Comanche Peak Limestone
	Edwards Formation
	Fredericksburg Group
	Georgetown Formation
	Glen Rose Formation
	Mentor Beds
	Mural Limestone
	Paluxy Formation
	Pearsall Formation
	Rodessa Formation
	Sunniland Limestone
	Travis Peak Formation
	Trinity Group
	Washita Group
UF	Comanchian
RT	Lower Cretaceous
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Provincial series, North America. Below Gulfian. Indexed with Lower Cretaceous or Upper Cretaceous as applicable.

Comanchian
USE	Comanchean

combustion
RT	ash content
	geochemistry
	processes
	retorting
	volatiles

comendite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..rhyolites
	...comendite
RT	pantellerite

comets
NT	Halley's Comet
RT	comae
	interplanetary space
	meteorites
	meteors
	parent bodies
	solar system
	solar wind
	tektites

Commander Islands
USE	Komandorski Islands

Commelinidae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Monocotyledoneae
	....Commelinidae

commencements, sudden
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as sudden commencements with magnetosphere.

commodity exchange
RT	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

common mica
USE	muscovite

common salt
USE	halite

common-depth-point method
BT	geophysical methods
	.reflection methods
	..common-depth-point method
UF	CDP method
	CMP method
	common-mid-point method
	common-midpoint method
RT	moveout
	normal moveout
	velocity analysis
SN	Sometimes abbreviated as CDP. Indexed with seismic methods if applicable.

common-mid-point method
USE	common-depth-point method

common-midpoint method
USE	common-depth-point method

Commonwealth of Independent States
NT	Aral region
	Aral Sea
	Armenia
	Astrakhan Arch
	Azerbaijan
	Azov Sea
	Belarus
	Dnieper Basin
	Dnieper River
	Dnieper-Donets Basin
	Dniester River
	Donets Basin
	Fergana Basin
	Hissar Range
	Ishim River
	Kazakhstan
	Kulunda Steppe
	Kurama Range
	Kyrgyzstan
	Kyzylkum
	Moldova
	Moscow-Pechora Syneclise
	Ob-Irtysh Interfluve
	Polesye
	Pripet Basin
	Pskem Range
	Rudny Altai
	Russian Federation
	Scythian Platform
	Shakhdag Range
	Steppes region
	Surkhan Darya
	Surkhan Darya basin
	Syr Darya
	Tajikistan
	Timan Ridge
	Turan
	Turanian Platform
	Turkmenia
	Ukraine
	Ural River
	Urals
	Ustyurt
	Uzbekistan
	Volga-Ural region
	Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
	West Siberia
	Zangezur
	Zeravshan Range
	Zeravshan River
	Zeravshan-Hissar
RT	Asia
	Europe
	USSR Academy of Sciences
SN	Grouper for independent republics of the former Soviet Union including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Term excludes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Geor

communist countries
RT	industrialized countries
	Western World
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

communities
RT	assemblages
	biocenoses
	biotopes
	ecology
	paleoecology
	succession
	trophic analysis

Como
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Como
UF	Lake Como (Italy)
SN	Lake in NW Lombardy. As of 1993, see Como Italy for the province.

Como Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Como Italy
SN	Province and city in NW Lombardy.

Comoro Islands
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Comoro Islands
NT	Anjouan Island
SN	Group of volcanic islands in N Mozambique Channel between Mozambique and Madagascar. Former overseas territory of France.

compact-disc read-only memory
USE	CD-ROM

compaction
RT	bearing capacity
	Boussinesq equation
	compactness
	consolidation
	decompaction
	diagenesis
	hardground
	lithification
	porosity
	processes
	soil mechanics

compactness
RT	compaction
	compressibility
	compression
	compressive strength
	consolidation
	consolidometer tests
	density
	engineering geology
	land subsidence
	mechanical properties
	overconsolidated materials
	physical properties
	porosity
	sediments
	settlement
	soil mechanics
	so
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

companies
UF	corporations
RT	economics
	economic geology
	industry
	company diversification
	company integration
	company mergers
	corporate policy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

company diversification
RT	companies
	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

company integration
RT	companies
	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

company mergers
RT	companies
	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

comparison
SN	Used as a general term through May 1978. No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See interplanetary comparison or terrestrial comparison or interlaboratory comparison or modern analogs or natural analogs if applicable.

compensation
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See isostatic compensation or carbonate compensation depth.

compete

competence
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See sedimentation, transport, hydrology, hydraulics or competent materials. From 1978-1980, was restricted to water transport of detritus. Prior to 1978, wind transport was included.

competent materials
RT	deformation
	materials
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics

complexes
RT	igneous rocks
	metamorphic core complexes
	metamorphic rocks
	metamorphism
	ophiolite complexes
	ring complexes
	sheeted dikes
SN	Before 1981, also search structural complexes. Restricted from use with geochemistry; see complexing. For geochemistry, see complexing.

complexing
RT	geochemistry
	ligands
	metals
	organic compounds
	processes

components
RT	composition
	principal components analysis
SN	Used as a general term.

Compositae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Compositae
UF	Compositales
RT	miospores
SN	Genus.

Compositales
USE	Compositae

composite cone
USE	stratovolcanoes

composite volcano
USE	stratovolcanoes

composition
UF	content
RT	alkalic composition
	acidic composition
	calc-alkalic composition
	andesitic composition
	arkosic composition
	basaltic composition
	calcareous composition
	carbonaceous composition
	calc-silicate composition
	calcic composition
	chemical composition
	components
	dac

compounds
RT	acids
	hydrogen peroxide
	organic compounds
	polymers
	volatile organic compounds
SN	Used as a general term.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
USE	Superfund

compressi

compressibility
UF	modulus of compression
RT	physical properties
	soil mechanics
	elasticity
	plasticity
	compression
	compactness

compression
RT	biaxial tests
	compactness
	compressibility
	compression tectonics
	decompression
	deformation
	flow cleavage
	hysteresis
	lithification
	pressure
	tension
	yield strength
SN	As of 1982, use compression tectonics if applicable. Before 1982, compression was used for compression tectonics as well as for the general concept.

compression tectonics
BT	tectonics
	.compression tectonics
UF	tangential tectonics
RT	extension tectonics
	plate tectonics
	deformation
	compression
	contraction
	thrust faults
	transpression
SN	Before 1982, search compression AND tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

compressional waves
USE	P-waves

compressive strength
RT	compactness
	deformation
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	strength

Compton County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Compton County Quebec

computer animation
UF	animation, computer
RT	computer programs
	data processing
	models
	simulation
	visualization
	three-dimensional models
	imagery
	graphic display
	mechanics
	two-dimensional models
SN	Also search animation and (computer programs) if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

computer data
USE	digital data

computer files
USE	digital data

computer languages
NT	BASIC
	Fortran
	Fortran 77
	Fortran IV
UF	programming languages
RT	computer programs
	data processing
	Pascal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

computer methods
USE	data processing

computer networks
NT	Internet
RT	arrays
	data processing
	data retrieval
	geographic information systems
	information management
	information systems
	microcomputers
	minicomputers
	computers
	networks
	neural networks
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

computer processing
USE	data processing

computer programs
NT	PHREEQE
	SUTRA
	WATEQF
UF	software
RT	CREAMS
	GLEAMS
	algorithms
	data processing
	ARC/INFO
	expert systems
	neural networks
	BASIC
	computer languages
	s
	programs
	CAD
	computer animation
	Pascal
	computers
	Fortran
	Fortran 77
	Fortran IV
	genetic algorithms
	linear programming
	Macintosh
	MODPATH
	spreadsheets

computer-aided design
USE	CAD

computer-aided drafting
USE	CAD

Computerized Resources Information Bank
USE	CRIB

computers
NT	microcomputers
	minicomputers
	workstations
RT	computer networks
	computer programs
	data processing
	hand calculators
	Macintosh
	parallel processing
	programs
SN	For documents discussing the machine itself.

Conasauga Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Conasauga Group
RT	Virginia
	Alabama
	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Tennessee
	Maynardville Limestone
SN	Middle and Upper Cambrian. N Alabama, NE Georgia, North Carolina, E Tennessee and SW Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

concealed deposits
USE	blind deposits

concentration
RT	breakthrough curves
	dilution
	geochemistry
	Henry's law
	localization
	saturation
	solubility
	solute transport
	solution
SN	Used as a general term.

concentric folds
BT	folds
	.concentric folds
UF	parallel folds
RT	similar folds
SN	Before 1978, also search concentric AND folds; search parallel AND folds.

concentric fractures
BT	fractures
	.concentric fractures
SN	Before 1978, also search fractures AND concentric.

concepts
RT	geology
	interpretation

conceptual models
USE	theoretical models

conchiolin
BT	organic compounds
	.proteins
	..conchiolin

Concho County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Concho County Texas

Conchostraca
USE	Branchiopoda

Concordia Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Concordia Parish Louisiana

concrete
BT	construction materials
	.concrete
RT	engineering geology
	weathering
	conservation
	cement materials
	concrete dams
SN	Includes use both as a commodity term and an engineering material. See List C for use as a commodity.

concrete dams
BT	dams
	.concrete dams
RT	concrete
	gravity dams
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

concretions
BT	sedimentary structures
	.secondary structures
	..concretions
RT	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	rhizoliths
	coal balls
	cone-in-cone
	geodes
	growth rates
	nodules
	septaria
SN	As of 1981, used for nodules other than those on the ocean floor or in lakes.

condensates
UF	gas condensates
RT	petroleum
	gas hydrates
	natural gas
	heavy oil
SN	Liquid hydrocarbon that emanates from a gas well or from the gas-cap of an oil well. Not to be used for other condensed materials.

condensation
RT	geochemistry
	Moon
	planetology
	planets

conditions, P-T
USE	P-T conditions

Condrey Mountain Schist
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Condrey Mountain Schist
RT	California
	Oregon
	Coast Ranges
	Klamath Mountains
SN	Klamath Mountains of N California and SW Oregon. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

conduction
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See heat flow, geothermal gradient, conductivity, electrical conductivity, hydraulic conductivity, thermal conductivity, or resistivity as applicable.

conductive materia

conductive materials
RT	engineering geology
	geophysical methods
	materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

conductivity
UF	specific conductance
RT	measurement
	apparent resistivity
	electrical logging
	resistivity
	heat flow
	electrical conductivity
	geothermal gradient
	hydraulic conductivity
	thermal conductivity
SN	Whenever applicable, use electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity or hydraulic conductivity.

Condylarthra
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Condylarthra
NT	Acreodi
	Arctocyonia
RT	Ungulata
SN	Order.

cone penetration tests
BT	penetration tests
	.cone penetration tests
RT	engineering geology
	cones
	soil mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

cone-in-cone
BT	sedimentary structures
	.secondary structures
	..cone-in-cone
RT	cones
	concretions
	septaria

Conecuh County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Conecuh County Alabama
SN	S Alabama.

Conejos County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Conejos County Colorado
RT	Alamosa River
	San Luis Valley
SN	S Colorado.

Conemaugh Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Conemaugh Group
RT	Virginia
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Ames Limestone
SN	Divided into nine parts: Mahoning, Buffalo, Saltsburg, Grafron, Barton, Morgantown, Lonaconing, Connellsville, and one not yet named. Also includes Nadine Limestone, Woods Run Limestone, Carnahan Run Shale, and Brush Creek Limestone. W Maryland, E Ohio, P

Conemaugh River
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Conemaugh River
RT	Cambria County Pennsylvania
	Indiana County Pennsylvania
	Westmoreland County Pennsylvania
SN	River in SW Pennsylvania. Also search Conemaugh. Indexed with counties as applicable.

cones
RT	alluvial fans
	cinder cones
	cone penetration tests
	cone-in-cone
	Coniferales
	debris cones
	Gymnospermae
	seeds
	shatter cones
	spores
	stratovolcanoes
	submarine fans
SN	Use more specific term if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

cones, cinder
USE	cinder cones

cones, shatter
USE	shatter cones

conferences
USE	symposia

configuration
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef.

confined aqu

confined aquifers
BT	aquifers
	.confined aquifers
RT	ground water
	aquitards
	artesian waters
	confining beds
	confining pressure
	deep aquifers
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

confining beds
UF	aquicludes
RT	ground water
	aquifers
	aquitards
	leaky aquifers
	confined aquifers
	permeability
SN	Also search aquitards if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

confining pressure
RT	biaxial tests
	confined aquifers
	pressure
	reservoir properties
	soil mechanics
	triaxial tests
	shear
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

congelifluction
USE	gelifluction

congelifraction
UF	frost bursting
	frost shattering
	frost splitting
	frost weathering
	frost wedging
	gelifraction
	gelivation
	gelivity
RT	rock mechanics
	geomorphology
	soil mechanics
	cryoturbation
	frost action
	frost heaving
	patterned ground
	periglacial features

congeliturbation
USE	cryoturbation

conglomerate
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..conglomerate
NT	quartz-pebble conglomerate
UF	conglomerite
RT	agglomerate
	breccia
	terrigenous materials
	calcrete
	ferricrete
	metaconglomerate

conglomerite
USE	conglomerate

Congo
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Congo
NT	Brazzaville Congo
UF	People's Republic of the Congo
RT	Congo Basin
	Congo River
	Congo Democratic Republic
SN	This term is now limited to the present Congo (People's Republic of the Congo). Formerly it also included what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, see Congo Democratic Republic (formerly Zaire). Before 1972, Congo Republic was used.

Congo (River)
USE	Congo River

Congo Basin
BT	Africa
	.Congo Basin
RT	Angola
	Congo Democratic Republic
	Congo
	Zambia
	Central African Republic
SN	River drainage basin. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Congo Democratic Republic
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Congo Democratic Republic
NT	Bandundu Congo Democratic Republic
	Equateur Congo Democratic Republic
	Kasai
	Kinshasa Congo Democratic Republic
	Kivu Congo Democratic Republic
	Kundelungu Plateau
	Lower Zaire Congo Democratic Republic
	Shaba Congo Democratic Republic
	Upper Zaire Congo Democratic Republic
UF	Belgian Congo
	Congo, Democratic Republic
	Zaire
RT	Katangan Orogeny
	Congo Basin
	Congo River
	Kasai River
	Congo
	Lake Tanganyika
	Copperbelt
	Lake Albert
	Lake Edward
	Lake Kivu
SN	Formerly called Belgian Congo; from 1960-1996, Zaire. Before 1972, also search Congo. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Congo Republic
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Congo Democratic Republic (former Zaire) or Congo (People's Republic).

Congo River
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Congo River
UF	Congo (River)
	Kongo River
	Zaire River
RT	Angola
	Congo Democratic Republic
	Congo
	Lower Zaire Congo Democratic Republic
	Matadi Congo Democratic Republic
SN	Rises as the Lualaba River in SE Congo Democratic Republic and flows N, then W, and finally SW into the Atlantic Ocean. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Congo, Democratic Republic
USE	Congo Democratic Republic

congresses
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See associations or symposia.

Coniacian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Coniacian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Senonian
	......Coniacian
SN	Europe. Above Turonian, below Santonian.

conical fractures
BT	fractures
	.conical fractures
SN	Before 1978, also search fractures AND conical.

Conical Seamount
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Conical Seamount
RT	Leg 125
SN	Mariana forearc, NW Pacific. This term has multiple hierarchies.

conichalcite
BT	arsenates
	.conichalcite

Coniferae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferae
RT	Coniferales

Coniferales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
NT	Buriadia
	Cupressaceae
	Picea
	Pinaceae
	Pseudotsuga
	Taxodiaceae
	Taxodium
	Tsuga
RT	cones
	Coniferae
	Dadoxylon
SN	Before 1981, Coniferae was included as a narrower term.

conjugate faults
BT	faults
	.conjugate faults
RT	structural analysis
	joints
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

conjugate folds
BT	folds
	.conjugate folds
RT	joints
SN	Before 1978, search folds AND conjugate.

conjugate fractures
BT	fractures
	.conjugate fractures
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

conjugate systems
SN	As of 1993, see conjugate faults or conjugate folds or conjugate fractures.

connate waters
UF	formation waters
RT	ground water
	water
	fossil waters
	meteoric water
	pore water

Connecticut
BT	United States
	.Connecticut
NT	Fairfield County Connecticut
	Hartford County Connecticut
	Litchfield County Connecticut
	Middlesex County Connecticut
	New Haven County Connecticut
	New London County Connecticut
	Tolland County Connecticut
	Windham County Connecticut
RT	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	Avalon Zone
	Cheshire Formation
	Long Island
	Bloody Bluff Fault
	Hoosac Formation
	Connecticut River
	Connecticut Valley
	East Berlin Formation
	Fordham Gneiss
	Hampden Basalt
	Hartford Basin
	Hartland Formation
	Holyoke Basalt
	Lake Char Fault

Connecticut River
BT	United States
	.Connecticut River
RT	Vermont
	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
	Connecticut
SN	Rises in N New Hampshire and flows S emptying into Long Island Sound. Indexed with states as applicable.

Connecticut River valley
USE	Connecticut Valley

Connecticut Valley
BT	United States
	.Connecticut Valley
UF	Connecticut River valley
RT	Vermont
	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
	Connecticut
SN	River valley. Before 1978, also search Connecticut. Indexed with states as applicable.

connectivity
RT	permeability
	physical properties
	porosity
	porous materials
	preferential flow
	properties
	reservoir properties
	topology
	tortuosity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Connemara
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ireland
	...Galway Ireland
	....Connemara
RT	Galway Granite
SN	Barren, mountainous coastal region in County Galway on the Atlantic Ocean.

Conococheague Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Upper Cambrian
	.....Conococheague Formation
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Tennessee
	Knox Group
SN	W Maryland, S central Pennsylvania, Tennessee, NW Virginia and West Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

conodont alteration index
USE	color alteration index

Conodonta
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
NT	Adetognathus
	Gnathodus
	Gondolella
	Hindeodella
	Icriodus
	Idiognathodus
	Idiognathoides
	Neognathodus
	Neogondolella
	Ozarkodina
	Palmatolepis
	Panderodus
	Polygnathus
	Spathognathodus
	Streptognathodus
RT	apparatus
	color alteration index

Conrad discontinuity
RT	crust
	discontinuities
	Earth
	middle crust
	seismology
	velocity

conservation
RT	aquifer vulnerability
	basin management
	building stone
	cement materials
	concrete
	construction materials
	crushed stone
	curation
	deforestation
	depletion
	dimension stone
	endangered species
	energy conservation
	environmental analysis
	environmental geology
	erosi
SN	Used for environmental conservation of natural resources.

consistency
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use consistent materials if applicable.

consistency limits
USE	Atterberg limits

consistent materials
RT	engineering geology
	materials
	stiffness
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

consolidated materials
SN	As of 1993, use consolidation, compaction, unconsolidated materials, or overconsolidated materials as applicable.

consolidation
RT	cementation
	compaction
	compactness
	diagenesis
	fine-grained materials
	lithification
	overconsolidated materials
	soil mechanics
	unconsolidated materials
SN	Before 1978, also search solidification if applicable.

consolidometer tests
RT	compactness
	engineering geology
	soil mechanics
	testing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling
USE	COCORP

Consortium for Crustal Reconnaissance Using Seismic Techniques
USE	COCRUST

Constance Lake
USE	Lake Constance

constant, dielectric
USE	dielectric constant

Constanta Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Constanta Romania
NT	Mangalia Romania
UF	Constantsa
RT	Romanian Dobruja
SN	County in SE Romania. Also a city on the Black Sea.

Constantine Algeria
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
	...Constantine Algeria
RT	Hodna Basin
SN	Department. NE Algeria. Before 1993, also search Constantine region.

Constantine region
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used as large department of French Algeria. As of 1993, see Algeria for departments.

constants, elastic
USE	elastic constants

Constantsa
USE	Constanta Romania

constitution
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Was sometimes used for composition; sometimes as the document.

constitutive equations
RT	elasticity
	equations
	mathematical models
	physical properties
	plasticity
	properties
	rheology
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

constructed wetlands
BT	wetlands
	.constructed wetlands
UF	artificial wetlands
RT	reclamation
	environmental geology
	soils
	ecology
	land use
	hydrology
	remediation
	Hydromorphic soils

construction
RT	backfill
	construction materials
	dams
	dredging
	foundations
	highways
	marine installations
	railroads
	reservoirs
	shorelines
	tunnels
	underground installations

construction materials
NT	building stone
	cement materials
	concrete
	crushed stone
	dimension stone
	insulation materials
UF	constructional materials
RT	materials
	aggregate
	gravel deposits
	sand
	sands
	trap rocks
	alloys
	weathering
	conservation
	shale
	construction
	granite deposits
	limestone deposits
	marble deposits
	sandstone deposits
	refractory materials
	ornamental materials
	perlite
SN	Includes use both as a commodity term and an engineering material. See List C for use as a commodity.

constructional materials
USE	construction materials

consumption
RT	demand
	economics
	supply
	utilization
	water use
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

contact
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See stratigraphic boundary; contact metamorphism. Before 1977, used to indicate type of metamorphism.

contact aureole
USE	aureoles

contact metamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.contact metamorphism
UF	contact phenomena
RT	country rocks
	intrusions
	aureoles
	hornfels facies
	pneumatolysis
SN	Not a valid term from 1973-1977. Also search metamorphism AND contact.

contact phenomena
USE	contact metamorphism

contact zone
USE	aureoles

containment liners
USE	disposal barriers

contaminant plumes
RT	pollutants
	pollution
	pump-and-treat
	upwelling
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

contaminant transport
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1995, use transport with pollutants.

contaminants (pollution)
USE	pollutants

contamination
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1978, this was a general term. After 1977, it was often, but not exclusively used with magmas. After 1994, see magma contamination or pollution.

contamination, magma
USE	magma contamination

contemporaneous faults
USE	growth faults

content
USE	composition

conterminous regions
RT	United States
SN	Used to indicate regions with a common boundary. Used especially for the United States.

Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program
USE	CUSMAP

contine

continental
SN	A valid term through 1977. See continental crust; continental drift; continental margin.

continental borderland
UF	borderland, continental
RT	continental margin
	continental shelf
	continental slope
SN	The area of the continental margin between the shoreline and the continental slope which is topographically more complex than the continental shelf.

continental crust
BT	crust
	.continental crust
UF	continental type
RT	transition zones
	plate tectonics
	underplating
	microcontinents
	CALCRUST
	COCORP
	Illinois Deep Hole Project
	Lg-waves
	oceanization
	Sn-waves
SN	Also search crust AND continental type; crust AND continental; continental AND genesis. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

continental displacement

continental drift

continental dunes
BT	dunes
	.continental dunes
BT	eolian features
	.continental dunes
RT	geomorphology
	shore features
	foredunes
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

continental environment
USE	terrestrial environment

continental margin
UF	margin, continental
RT	continental rise
	ocean floors
	active margins
	AMCOR
	continental shelf
	continental slope
	island arcs
	aseismic margins
	Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
	back-arc basins
	continental borderland
	continental margin sedimentation
	continents
	cratons
	passive
SN	Use term to denote both shelf and slope. Also search continental AND margin.

continental margin sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.continental margin sedimentation
RT	continental margin
	continental shelf
	continental slope
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

continental migration

Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
RT	Alaska
	Atlantic Ocean
	continental margin
	continental shelf
	continental slope
	cores
	cost
	marine drilling
	oceanography
	offshore
	stratigraphy
SN	Also search COST in conjunction with appropriate state or region. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

continental platform
USE	continental shelf

continental rise
UF	rise, continental
RT	abyssal plains
	ocean floors
	continental margin
	marine geology
	continental slope
	HEBBLE
	nepheloid layer

Continental Scientific Drilling Program
UF	CSDP
RT	drilling
	programs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

continental seas
USE	epicontinental seas

continental shelf
NT	inner shelf
	outer shelf
UF	continental platform
	continental terrace
	shelf, continental
RT	continental margin
	ecology
	marine geology
	AMCOR
	continental slope
	ocean circulation
	Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
	currents
	continental borderland
	continental margin sedimentation
	continents
	epicontinental seas
	insular shelf
	ocean currents
	ocean
SN	For studies of geological processes taking place on the shelf. Restricted to the modern shelf area. Also search continental AND shelf. Indexed with both land and sea geographic terms.

continental slope
NT	inner slope
	outer slope
UF	slope, continental
RT	continental rise
	continental margin
	ecology
	marine geology
	AMCOR
	continental shelf
	ocean circulation
	Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
	marginal basins
	HEBBLE
	continental borderland
	continental margin sedimentation
	continents
	hemipelagic environment
SN	For modern slope area. Use slope environment for older sedimentation. Also search continental AND slope. Indexed with with geographic terms for both land and sea.

continental terrace
USE	continental shelf

continental type
USE	continental crust

continents
RT	continental drift
	continental margin
	continental shelf
	continental slope
	cratons
	Earth
	epeirogeny
	epicontinental seas
	island arcs
	islands
	isostasy
	marginal seas
	supercontinents
	tectonic platforms
SN	Used for discussions of continents as units (e.g. geometry of a continent).

continuous filters
RT	analog filters
	filters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

continuous materials
RT	engineering geology
	materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

contour maps
BT	maps
	.contour maps
RT	topographic maps
	structure contour maps

contourite
RT	clastic rocks
	clastic sediments
	marine sediments
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	terrigenous materials
SN	Indexed with clastic sediments and/or clastic rocks as applicable.

Contra Costa County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Contra Costa County California
RT	Greenville Fault
	San Francisco Bay region
	San Pablo Bay
SN	On San Francisco Bay in W California.

contraction
RT	compression tectonics
	processes
SN	Used as a general term.

control, erosion
USE	erosion control

control, production
USE	production control

controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric technique
USE	CSAMT methods

controls
RT	climatic controls
	erosion control
	geochemical controls
	geomorphologic controls
	hydrogeological controls
	lithologic controls
	magmatism
	mechanical controls
	metallotects
	mineral deposits, genesis
	paleogeographic controls
	quality control
	sediment supply
	slope

Contwoyto Lake
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
	...Contwoyto Lake
SN	Central Northwest Territories. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Conularida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Scyphozoa
	...Conularida

convection
RT	advection
	aerosols
	angular momentum
	atmosphere
	boundary conditions
	convection currents
	delamination
	downwelling
	heat flow
	mantle
	meteorology
	oceanography
	plate tectonics
	Rayleigh number
	Reynolds number
	subsidence
	tectonophysics
	torque

convection cells
USE	convection currents

convection currents
BT	currents
	.convection currents
UF	convection cells
RT	mantle
	plate tectonics
	convection
	atmosphere
	tectonophysics
	density

convergence
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use plate convergence if applicable.

Converse County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Converse County Wyoming
SN	E Wyoming.

conversion
SN	Used as a general term.

convoluted beds
BT	sedimentary structures
	.soft sediment deformation
	..convoluted beds
UF	beds, convoluted
	convoluted deformation
RT	turbidity current structures
	slump structures
SN	Also index turbidity current structures if applicable (See list K.)

convoluted deformation
USE	convoluted beds

Conway County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Conway County Arkansas

Coo
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use Kos for the Greek island.

Cooch Behar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Cooch Behar India
SN	City just N of Bangladesh in West Bengal, E India.

Cook County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Cook County Georgia
SN	S Georgia.

Cook County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Cook County Illinois
NT	Chicago Illinois
SN	NE Illinois.

Cook County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Cook County Minnesota
RT	Saganaga Lake
SN	NE Minnesota.

Cook Inlet
RT	Alaska
	Anchorage Alaska
	Augustine
	Knik Arm
	Southern Alaska
	Southwestern Alaska
	Turnagain Arm
SN	Arm of the Pacific Ocean W of Kenai Peninsula in S Alaska. Indexed with Southern Alaska or Southwestern Alaska as applicable.

Cook Islands
BT	Oceania
	.Polynesia
	..Cook Islands
UF	Southern Cook Islands
RT	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	Pacific Ocean
SN	Group of 15 islands W of French Polynesia and E of Samoa and Tonga islands.

Cook Mountain Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Cook Mountain Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Claiborne Group
SN	In Claiborne Group. NW Louisiana, S and E Texas.

Cooke County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cooke County Texas

cookeite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...cookeite
RT	aluminosilicates
	lepidolite

cooling
RT	heating
	temperature
	thermochronology
SN	Used as a general term.

Cooma Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Cooma Australia
SN	Town in SE New South Wales.

Coon Butte
USE	Meteor Crater

Cooper Basin
UF	Cooper's Creek basin
RT	Queensland Australia
	South Australia
	Australia
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Cooper County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cooper County Missouri

Cooper's Creek basin
USE	Cooper Basin

cooperation, international
USE	international cooperation

cooperative learning
BT	education
	.cooperative learning
UF	collaborative learning
SN	Exercises structured so group members both need each other to succeed and are individually accountable for material. Includes collaborative learning for which students work interdependently and the classroom authority rests more with student groups rather

coordinate systems
RT	systems

coordinates
RT	cartography
	geodesy
	geodetic coordinates
	maps
	Moon
SN	For geographic coordinates, see specific area.

coordination
RT	crystal chemistry

Coorong Lagoon
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Coorong Lagoon
UF	The Coorong
SN	Off Lacepede Bay of Indian Ocean in SE South Australia.

Coos Bay
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Coos County Oregon
	...Coos Bay
RT	Northeast Pacific
SN	Inlet on coast of Coos County on the Pacific Ocean in SW Oregon.

Coos County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Coos County New Hampshire
RT	Mount Adams
	Mount Jefferson
	Rangeley Lakes
SN	N New Hampshire.

Coos County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Coos County Oregon
NT	Coos Bay
SN	SW Oregon.

Coosa County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Coosa County Alabama
RT	Martin Lake
SN	Central Alabama.

Copenhagen Denmark
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Denmark
	....Copenhagen Denmark
UF	Kobenhavn Denmark
RT	Zealand
SN	County and city on Zealand Island in E Denmark.

Copepoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Copepoda

Copernicus Crater
RT	Mars
	Moon
SN	Search in combination with Moon or Mars. Also search Copernicus in combination with Moon or Mars. Indexed with Moon or Mars as applicable.

Copiah County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Copiah County Mississippi

copiapite
BT	sulfates
	.copiapite

Copiapo Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Atacama Chile
	...Copiapo Chile
UF	San Francisco de la Selva
SN	Town in N central Chile. Also search Selva.

Copiapo River
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Copiapo River
RT	Atacama Chile
SN	N central Chile. Before 1995, also search Copiapo Chile. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Copley Greenstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Copley Greenstone
RT	California
	Balaklala Rhyolite
SN	N California. Conformably underlies Balaklala Rhyolite and interfingers with it in some areas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

copper
BT	metals
	.copper
UF	Cu
RT	copper ores
	native elements
	chalcophile elements
	copper minerals
	heavy metals
	bornite
	chalcocite
	chalcopyrite
	enargite
	porphyry copper
SN	Chemical element. Use copper ores for copper as a commodity.

Copper Age
USE	Chalcolithic

Copper Canyon
RT	Lander County Nevada
SN	Canyon in Lander County in N central Nevada. Indexed with county or regions as applicable.

Copper Harbor Conglomerate
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Keweenawan
	....Copper Harbor Conglomerate
RT	Michigan
SN	Upper Keweenawan. Keweenaw County on the Upper Peninsula, NW Michigan.

copper minerals
RT	azurite
	bornite
	chalcocite
	chalcopyrite
	chrysocolla
	copper
	copper ores
	covellite
	cuprite
	enargite
	luzonite
	malachite
	minerals
	tennantite
	tetrahedrite
	turquoise

Copper Mountain
RT	British Columbia
	California
	Wyoming
SN	Location of copper deposit in British Columbia. Also used for uranium deposit in Wyoming. Also used in other locations. Indexed with province, state and county or country as applicable.

copper ores
BT	metal ores
	.copper ores
RT	Agrokipia Deposit
	base metals
	Allarechenskiy
	Ashio Mine
	azurite
	copper minerals
	besshi-type deposits
	Blackbird mining district
	bornite
	copper
	chalcocite
	chalcopyrite
	Chinkuashih Mine
	chrysocolla
	covellite
	cuprite
	Coronation Mine
	cyprus-type deposits
	enarg
SN	Commodity. See List C.

copper pyrites
USE	chalcopyrite

Copper River basin
RT	Southern Alaska
	Talkeetna Formation
SN	S central Alaska. Indexed with Southern Alaska or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

copper sulfides
BT	sulfides
	.copper sulfides
RT	chalcocite
	covellite
	gossan

Copperbelt
RT	Congo Democratic Republic
	Zambia
SN	Area in S Zambia and Congo Democratic Republic. Indexed with country or region as applicable.

Coppermine River
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
	...Coppermine River
SN	Flows into Coronation Gulf in N Mackenzie District, E central Northwest Territories. This term has multiple hierarchies.

coprolites
RT	biogenic structures
	fecal pellets
	ichnofossils
	lebensspuren
	sedimentary structures
	Vertebrata

coquimbite
BT	sulfates
	.coquimbite

Coquimbo Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Coquimbo Chile
SN	Province and city in central Chile.

coquina
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...coquina
RT	clastic sediments
	terrigenous materials
	carbonate sediments

coral pinnacle
USE	pinnacle reefs

coral reefs
USE	reefs

Coral Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Coral Sea
NT	Coral Sea Basin
	Great Barrier Reef
	Queensland Plateau
	Solomon Sea
RT	DSDP Site 287
	Leg 133
	Leg 21
	Leg 30
	Maryborough Basin
	ODP Site 811
	ODP Site 812
	ODP Site 813
	ODP Site 814
	ODP Site 815
	ODP Site 816
	ODP Site 817
	ODP Site 818
	ODP Site 819
	ODP Site 820
	ODP Site 821
	ODP Site 822
	ODP Site 823
	ODP Site 824
	ODP Site 826
	Papuan
SN	Between Queensland, Australia, on the W and New Hebrides and New Caledonia on the E. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Coral Sea Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Coral Sea
	....Coral Sea Basin
RT	DSDP Site 287
	DSDP Site 210
SN	Between NE Queensland and Solomon Islands. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Corallimorpharia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Corallimorpharia
SN	Order.

Corallinaceae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Rhodophyta
	...Corallinaceae
NT	Archaeolithothamnium
	Lithophyllum
	Lithothamnium
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Corbieres
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Aude France
	....Corbieres
UF	Corbieres Mountains
RT	French Pyrenees
SN	Outliers of the E Pyrenees in S Aude.

Corbieres Mountains
USE	Corbieres

Cordaitales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Cordaitales
NT	Cordaites
RT	Dadoxylon

Cordaites
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Cordaitales
	....Cordaites
SN	Genus.

Cordevolian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Cordevolian
RT	Lower Triassic
	Middle Triassic
SN	Europe; Triassic. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

cordierite
BT	silicates
	.ring silicates
	..cordierite
RT	aluminosilicates

Cordillera
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See North American Cordillera; Canadian Cordillera.

Cordillera Betica
USE	Betic Cordillera

Cordillera Central
USE	Central Cordillera

Cordillera de la Costa
RT	Chile
	Peru
	Venezuela
	Western Cordillera
SN	Along Caribbean Sea in central N Venezuela. Also a feature in Chile and Peru. Indexed with country and mountain ranges as applicable.

Cordillera Marianica
USE	Betic Cordillera

Cordillera Occidental
USE	Western Cordillera

Cordillera Oriental
USE	Eastern Cordillera

Cordilleran Geosyncline
RT	Cordilleran Orogeny
	geosynclines
SN	Before 1978, search geosynclines AND Cordilleran.

Cordilleran ice sheet
RT	North America
	North American Cordillera
SN	North American Cordillera. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Cordilleran Orogeny
RT	Cordilleran Geosyncline
	Laramide Orogeny
	North America
	orogeny
	tectonics
SN	Before 1978, search Cordilleran AND orogeny.

Cordoba
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Referred to cities in Spain and in Argentina. Before 1981, also referred to the province in Spain and the department in Argentina. As of 1993, see Cordoba Argentina and Cordoba Spain.

Cordoba Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Cordoba Argentina
NT	Chanares Argentina
RT	Pampean Mountains
SN	Province including the city in central Argentina. From 1981-1992, also search Cordoba Department AND Argentina.

Cordoba Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cordoba Spain
NT	Los Pedroches Spain
	Valsequillo Spain
SN	In S central Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Cordoba Province and Spain.

core
NT	inner core
	outer core
RT	core-mantle boundary
	crust
	dynamos
	Earth
	geophysics
	heat flow
	heat sources
	interior
	lithosphere
	magma oceans
	magnetic field
	magnetohydrodynamics
	mantle
	Mohorovicic discontinuity
	phase transitions
	seismology
	tectonophysics
	transition zones
SN	Used for the Earth's core and, when applicable, the cores of the other planets and the Moon.

core complexes
USE	metamorphic core complexes

core-mantle boundary

core-mantle couple

core-mantle interface

cores
UF	drill cores
RT	well-logging
	AMCOR
	Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
	boreholes
	cuttings
	Illinois Deep Hole Project
	ice cores
	Iceland Research Drilling Project
SN	Before 1978, also search borings.

Corinth Greece
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Peloponnesus Greece
	....Corinth Greece
RT	Gulf of Corinth
SN	City and department on Gulf of Corinth in NE Peloponnesus.

Coriolis force
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ocean circulation.

Cork Ireland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ireland
	...Cork Ireland
UF	County Cork Ireland
SN	County including the city on the Atlantic Ocean in S Ireland.

Cormeilles-en-Parisis France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Val-d'Oise France
	....Cormeilles-en-Parisis France
SN	Town just N of Paris in N central France.

Cornubian Batholith
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cornubian Batholith
RT	Devonshire England
	Cornwall England
	South-West England
SN	SW England. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Cornwall England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cornwall England
NT	Land's End
	Padstow England
RT	Tamar Estuary
	Cornubian Batholith
	Tamar Valley
SN	Former county in extreme SW England. Became part of Cornwall and Isles of Scilly in 1974.

Cornwallis Island
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Cornwallis Island
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Franklin District Northwest Territories
	...Queen Elizabeth Islands
	....Cornwallis Island
RT	Read Bay Formation
SN	One of the Parry Islands in central Franklin District, N central Northwest Territories. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Coromandel Coast
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Coromandel Coast
RT	Andhra Pradesh India
	Tamil Nadu India
	Pondicherry India
	South Arcot
SN	SE coast from Point Calimere in the S to mouths of the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh. Before 1978, also search Coromandel. Indexed with states as applicable.

Coromandel Peninsula
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Coromandel Peninsula
RT	North Island
SN	ENE of Auckland. Before 1978, also search Coromandel. Also index North Island.

corona
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with astrophysics and solar physics. For coronas in rocks, use reaction rims.

coronadite
BT	oxides
	.coronadite
RT	hollandite

Coronado National Forest
BT	United States
	.Coronado National Forest
RT	Hidalgo County New Mexico
	Cochise County Arizona
	Graham County Arizona
	national forests
	Pima County Arizona
	Santa Cruz County Arizona
SN	SE Arizona and SW New Mexico. Indexed with counties as applicable.

coronae
RT	arcuate structures
	remote sensing
	surface features
	Uranus
	Venus
SN	Ovoid features on other planetary bodies. Before 1993, also search corona and planet name. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Coronation Mine
RT	copper ores
	mines
	Saskatchewan
	zinc ores
SN	Copper and zinc ores. E central Saskatchewan. Indexed with province or region as applicable.

Corophioides
BT	ichnofossils
	.Corophioides

corporate policy
RT	companies
	economics
	policy
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

corporations
USE	companies

Corpus Christi Bay
RT	Nueces County Texas
	San Patricio County Texas
	Texas
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Mexico between Nueces and San Patricio counties, SE Texas. Indexed with state and counties as applicable.

corrections
RT	accuracy
	errors
	static corrections
	topographic correction
SN	Used as a general term.

correlation
UF	correlation tables
	stratigraphic correlation
RT	stratigraphy
	biochronology
	event stratigraphy
SN	General term appropriate to a large number of topics. Before 1969, also search correlation tables; correlations.

correlation coefficient
BT	statistical analysis
	.correlation coefficient
UF	coefficient, correlation

correlation tables
USE	correlation

correlations
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. Now use correlation.

corrensite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...corrensite
RT	aluminosilicates

correspondence analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.correspondence analysis
RT	analysis

Correze France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Correze France
RT	Brive Basin
	Millevaches Plateau
SN	Department in S central France.

Corrientes Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Corrientes Argentina
SN	Province including the city between the Parana River and the Uruguay River.

corrosion
UF	chemical erosion
RT	bioerosion
	erosion
	geomorphology
	embayments
	damage
	destruction
	chemical weathering
	pits
	hydrogen peroxide

Corse du Sud France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Corsica
	....Corse du Sud France
SN	Department in the southern part of Corsica.

Corsica
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Corsica
NT	Corse du Sud France
	Haute-Corse France
RT	Mediterranean region
	Mediterranean Sea
SN	Island in the Mediterranean Sea. After 1992, use Haute-Corse France or Corse du Sud France for the departments. Before 1993, also included use for the departments.

Corson County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Corson County South Dakota

Cortez Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Montezuma County Colorado
	...Cortez Colorado
SN	City in extreme SW Colorado.

Cortez Mountains
RT	Eureka County Nevada
	Nevada
SN	Eureka County in central Nevada. Also search Cortez. Indexed with county or regions as applicable.

Cortina
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Cortina D'Ampezzo Italy.

Cortina D'Ampezzo Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Cortina D'Ampezzo Italy
UF	Cortina Italy
SN	Town in Dolomites in N Veneto, N Italy.

Cortina Italy
USE	Cortina D'Ampezzo Italy

Cortland County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Cortland County New York

Cortlandt Complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Cortlandt Complex
RT	New York
SN	E New York. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

corundum
BT	oxides
	.corundum
RT	corundum deposits
	gems
	alumina
	aluminum oxides
	amethyst
	rubies
	sapphire
SN	As of 1981, use corundum deposits for corundum as a commodity (abrasives).

corundum deposits
RT	abrasives
	corundum
	industrial minerals
SN	For corundum as a gem, use corundum and gems. Commodity. See List C. For corundum as a gem, index the specific type of gem.

Coryell County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Coryell County Texas

Corylus
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Corylus
RT	palynomorphs
SN	Genus.

Corynexochida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Corynexochida

Cos
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use Kos for the Greek island.

cosalite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfobismuthites
	..cosalite

coseismic

coseismic processes
RT	deformation
	earthquakes
	effects
	faults
	ground motion
	liquefaction
	seismic response
	stress drops
	teleseismic signals
SN	Also search coseismic phenomena. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cosenza Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
	....Cosenza Italy
SN	Town and province in W central Calabria.

Coshocton County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Coshocton County Ohio
SN	Central Ohio.

cosmic dust
UF	interstellar dust
	zodiacal dust
RT	planetology
	particles
	interplanetary space
	extraterrestrial geology
	asteroids
	meteoroids
	dust
	interplanetary dust

cosmic rays
UF	rays, cosmic
RT	Moon
	particles
	exposure age
	albedo
	interplanetary space
	alpha rays
	beta rays
	gamma rays
	magnetic field
	extraterrestrial geology
	asteroids
	cosmogenic elements
	electromagnetic radiation
	intensity
	particle tracks
	particle-track dating
	protons
	radiation damag

cosmic-ray methods
SN	Use cosmic rays or particle-track dating as applicable.

cosmic-ray tracks
USE	particle tracks

cosmochemistry

cosmochronology
RT	absolute age
	cosmochemistry
	expanding universe theory
	extraterrestrial geology
	geochronology
	planetology
	relative age
	resurfacing
	solar system
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

cosmogenic elements
RT	chemical elements
	cosmic rays
	cosmochemistry
	isotopes
SN	Before 1978, search cosmogenic; cosmogenic AND isotopes.

cosmogeny
SN	Use cosmochronology, cosmogenic elements or cosmochemistry.

cosmolites
USE	meteorites

cosmopolitan taxa
UF	taxa, cosmopolitan
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	biogeography
	distribution
	endemic taxa
	global
SN	Also search cosmopolitanism. Before 1978, also search cosmopolitan.

Coso Hot Springs
USE	Coso Hot Springs KGRA

Coso Hot Springs KGRA
BT	United States
	.California
	..Inyo County California
	...Coso Hot Springs KGRA
UF	Coso Hot Springs
	KGRA, Coso Hot Springs
RT	geothermal fields
SN	Known Geothermal Resources Area. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Coso Range
BT	United States
	.California
	..Inyo County California
	...Coso Range
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cost
RT	Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
	economics
	price
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Costa Rica
BT	Central America
	.Costa Rica
NT	Arenal
	Irazu
	Nicoya Peninsula
	Poas
RT	Aguacate Group
	Central Cordillera
	Chortis Block
	Costa Rica earthquake 1991
	Nicoya Complex
	ODP Site 1039
	ODP Site 1040
	ODP Site 1041
	ODP Site 1042
	ODP Site 1043

Costa Rica earthquake 1991
BT	earthquakes
	.Costa Rica earthquake 1991
UF	Limon earthquake 1991
	Valle de la Estrella earthquake 1991
RT	Costa Rica
SN	Epicenter in Limon province area, SE Costa Rica. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Costa Rica Rift
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Costa Rica Rift
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	Leg 148
SN	E Equatorial Pacific, off Colombia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Costilla County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Costilla County Colorado

Cote d'Or France
USE	Cote-d'Or France

Cote-d'Or France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cote-d'Or France
NT	Dijon France
	Pouilly-en-Auxois France
UF	Cote d'Or France
RT	Morvan
SN	Department in E central France.

Cotentin Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Manche France
	....Cotentin Peninsula
SN	Peninsula in Normandy jutting into the English Channel in N Manche, NW France.

Cotes-du-Nord France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cotes-du-Nord France
RT	Brittany
SN	Department on the English Channel in N Brittany.

Cotswold Hills
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cotswold Hills
UF	Cotswolds
RT	Avon England
	Gloucestershire England
	Worcestershire England
SN	Range of hills in Gloucestershire, Avon, and Hereford and Worcester in W central England. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Cotswolds
USE	Cotswold Hills

Cott

Cottageville Field
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Jackson County West Virginia
	...Cottageville Field
RT	oil and gas fields
SN	W West Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cottbus Bezirk
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. District in SE East Germany. Before 1981, search Cottbus. As of 1993, see Saxony Germany and Upper Lusatia.

Cottbus Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Brandenburg Germany
	....Cottbus Germany
SN	City in Brandenburg, E Germany. From 1981-1992, Cottbus was used for this city. Before 1981, Cottbus also included the East German district.

Cottian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Cottian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Western Alps
	...Cottian Alps
NT	Dora Maira Massif
RT	Italy
	France
	Dauphine Alps
	Piedmont Alps
SN	Division of Western Alps. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Cottle County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cottle County Texas

Cotton County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Cotton County Oklahoma
SN	SW Oklahoma.

Cotton Valley Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Cotton Valley Group
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Bossier Formation
	Schuler Formation
SN	Includes Schuler Formation, and Bossier Formation. S Arkansas, N Louisiana, W Mississippi, and E Texas.

Cottonwood County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Cottonwood County Minnesota

Cottonwood Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Cottonwood Limestone
RT	Oklahoma
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Council Grove Group
SN	In Council Grove Group. E Kansas, SE Nebraska, and central northern Oklahoma.

Cotylosauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
NT	Captorhinomorpha
	Pareiasauria
SN	Order.

Coulomb's modulus
USE	shear modulus

Council Gro

Council Grove Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Council Grove Group
RT	Oklahoma
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Cottonwood Limestone
	Eskridge Shale
	Red Eagle Limestone
	Roca Formation
	Stearns Shale
SN	Lower Permian. E Kansas, SE Nebraska, N Oklahoma, Colorado. In Kansas includes (ascending) Foraker Limestone, Johnson Shale, Red Eagle Limestone, Roca Formation, Grenola Limestone, Eskridge Shale, Beattie Limestone, Stearns Shale, Bader Limestone, Easly C

country rocks
RT	assimilation
	aureoles
	contact metamorphism
	host rocks
	hybridization
	igneous rocks
	inclusions
	intrusions
	magma contamination
	magmas
	rocks
	wall rocks
	wall-rock alteration

counts
SN	Used in subfile N. See granulometry; statistical analysis.

County Cork Ireland
USE	Cork Ireland

coupled processes
USE	coupling

coupling
UF	coupled processes
RT	geochemistry
	torque
	chemical reactions
	core-mantle boundary
	Earth-Moon couple
	induced polarization
	inductively coupled plasma methods
	seismicity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Coupon Bight
RT	Big Pine Key
	Florida
	Florida Keys
SN	Florida Keys area. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Courland Spit
BT	Europe
	.Baltic region
	..Courland Spit
UF	Kurland Spit
RT	Lithuania
	Kaliningrad Russian Federation
SN	Narrow sandspit on the Baltic Sea in both Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuania.

Couvinian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Couvinian
RT	Eifelian
SN	Europe. Above Emsian, below Givetian.

Couy-Sancerre Borehole
USE	Sancerre-Couy Borehole

covariance analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.covariance analysis
RT	analysis
	geostatistics
	variance analysis
	semivariograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Covasna Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Covasna Romania
SN	County in SE Transylvania.

covelline
USE	covellite

covellite
BT	sulfides
	.covellite
UF	covelline
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals
	copper sulfides

cover tectonics
BT	tectonics
	.cover tectonics
RT	sedimentary cover
	neotectonics
	overburden
SN	Before 1998, also search (overburden OR sedimentary cover) AND (tectonics). Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

cover, sedimentary
USE	sedimentary cover

Covington County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Covington County Alabama

Covington County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Covington County Mississippi

Cow Head Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cow Head Group
RT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Newfoundland Island
SN	W Newfoundland. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Coweta County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Coweta County Georgia

Cowley County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Cowley County Kansas
NT	Arkansas City Kansas
SN	S Kansas.

Cowlitz County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Cowlitz County Washington
RT	Cowlitz River
	Toutle River
SN	On the Columbia River in SW Washington.

Cowlitz Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Cowlitz Formation
RT	Washington
	Oregon
SN	SW Washington and NW Oregon. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cowlitz River
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Cowlitz River
RT	Columbia River
	Cowlitz County Washington
	Toutle River
	Lewis County Washington
SN	Tributary of the Columbia River in SW Washington. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Coyote Creek Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..Coyote Creek Fault
SN	W California.

Coyote Lake
RT	Mojave Desert
	San Bernardino County California
SN	SE California. Indexed with county or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Coyote Lake earthquake 1979
BT	earthquakes
	.Coyote Lake earthquake 1979
RT	California
	Santa Clara County California
SN	Epicenter at Coyote Lake, Santa Clara County, Central California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cozy Dell Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Cozy Dell Formation
RT	California
	upper Eocene
	middle Eocene
	Tejon Formation
SN	Sometimes a member of Tejon Formation. SW California. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cr
USE	chromium

CR chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
	....CR chondrites
NT	Renazzo Meteorite
RT	Acfer Meteorites
	Yamato Meteorites
SN	Renazzo type. Class recognized since 1985. Members were formerly assigned to CM2 chondrites. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cr-51
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Cr-51
BT	metals
	.chromium
	..Cr-51
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cr-53/Cr-52
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Cr-53/Cr-52
BT	metals
	.chromium
	..Cr-53/Cr-52
RT	isotope ratios
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Crab Orchard Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Crab Orchard Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Ohio
SN	Lower and Middle Silurian. Kentucky and SW Ohio. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Crab Orchard Mountain Group
USE	Crab Orchard Mountains Group

Crab Orchard Mountains Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Lower Pennsylvanian
	......Crab Orchard Mountains Group
UF	Crab Orchard Mountain Group
RT	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	NW Georgia and E Tennessee. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cracks
NT	microcracks
RT	fatigue
	fissures
	fractures
	open fractures
	rock mechanics

Cracow Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Cracow Poland
NT	Krzeszowice Poland
	Miechow Poland
	Pilica Poland
	Podhale
	Wieliczka Poland
UF	Krakow Poland
RT	Andrychow Poland
	Cracow-Czestochowa Jura
	Nowy Targ Poland
SN	Province and city in S Poland.

Cracow-Czestochowa Jura
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Cracow-Czestochowa Jura
UF	Krakow-Czestochowa Jura
RT	Cracow Poland
	Katowice Poland
	Czestochowa Poland
SN	Mountain range in S Poland between Cracow and Czestochowa. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Crai
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Padurea Craiului Mountains.

Craig County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Craig County Oklahoma

Craig County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Craig County Virginia

Craighead County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Craighead County Arkansas

crandallite
BT	phosphates
	.crandallite
RT	goyazite

Crane County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Crane County Texas
RT	Central Basin Platform
SN	W Central Texas.

crania (skulls)
USE	craniums

craniums
UF	brain cases
	braincases
	crania (skulls)
RT	morphology
	anatomy
	skulls
SN	Also index skulls.

Crassostrea virginica
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Ostreacea
	....Ostreidae
	.....Crassostrea virginica
SN	Species.

Crater Flat Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Crater Flat Tuff
RT	Nevada
	Bullfrog Member
SN	S Nevada. Includes Bullfrog Member and Tram Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Crater Lake
RT	Klamath County Oregon
	Mount Mazama
	New Zealand
	North Island
	Ruapehu
	Oregon
SN	In Cascade Range in Klamath County in SW Oregon. Also in numerous other locations. Indexed with county or island and country or region as applicable.

crater lakes
BT	lakes
	.crater lakes
RT	craters
	meteor craters
	lacustrine features
	volcanic features
	calderas
	cauldrons
	collapse structures
	subsidence
	lava lakes
SN	Also index lacustrine features as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Crater Mound
USE	Meteor Crater

Cratere du Noveau Quebec
USE	New Quebec Crater

cratering
RT	craters
	cryptoexplosion features
	earthquakes
	geomorphology
	impact features
	resurfacing
	spalling

craters
RT	astroblemes
	calderas
	catenas
	crater lakes
	cratering
	cryptoexplosion features
	geomorphology
	impact features
	impacts
	lunar craters
	maars
	meteor craters
	microcraters
	Moon
	volcanic features
	volcanology

Craters of the Moon
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Craters of the Moon
RT	national monuments
	Blaine County Idaho
	Butte County Idaho
SN	National Monument. SW Butte and NE Blaine counties, S central Idaho. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cratons
RT	continental margin
	continents
	crust
	forelands
	intracratonic basins
	shields
	supercontinents
	tectonic platforms
	tectonic units
	tectonics

Craven County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Craven County North Carolina
RT	Neuse River
SN	On both sides of the Neuse River in E North Carolina.

Crawford County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Crawford County Arkansas
SN	NW Arkansas.

Crawford County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Crawford County Georgia
SN	Central Georgia.

Crawford County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Crawford County Illinois
SN	SE Illinois.

Crawford County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Crawford County Indiana
SN	S Indiana.

Crawford County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Crawford County Iowa
SN	W Iowa.

Crawford County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Crawford County Kansas
SN	SE Kansas.

Crawford County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Crawford County Michigan
SN	N central Michigan.

Crawford County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Crawford County Missouri
SN	E central Missouri.

Crawford County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Crawford County Ohio
RT	Sandusky River basin
SN	N central Ohio.

Crawford County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Crawford County Pennsylvania
SN	NW Pennsylvania.

Crawford County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Crawford County Wisconsin
SN	SW Wisconsin.

Crawford Thrust
BT	United States
	.Crawford Thrust
RT	Idaho
	Wyoming
SN	E Idaho and W Wyoming. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Crazy Mountain Basin
USE	Crazy Mountains Basin

Crazy Mountains
RT	Alaska
	East-Central Alaska
	Montana
	Park County Montana
	U. S. Rocky Mountains
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains in central Montana. Also occurs approximately 60 miles NE of Fairbanks, Alaska. Indexed with U. S. Rocky Mountains and counties and/or Montana; OR East-Central Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Crazy Mountains Basin
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Crazy Mountains Basin
UF	Crazy Mountain Basin
RT	Meagher County Montana
	Park County Montana
	Sweet Grass County Montana
SN	S central Montana. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

CREAMS
UF	Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems
RT	erosion
	environmental geology
	soils
	agrochemicals
	GLEAMS
	computer programs
	models
	runoff
	soil erosion
	soil management
	water erosion
SN	Model. Precursor to GLEAMS.

creationism
UF	scientific creationism
RT	education
	biologic evolution
	paleontology
	geology
	catastrophism
	uniformitarianism
	life origin
	philosophy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cree Lake
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
	...Cree Lake
SN	N Saskatchewan. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Creede Caldera
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Mineral County Colorado
	...Creede Caldera
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..San Juan Mountains
	...Creede Caldera
RT	volcanoes
	Creede Formation
	San Juan volcanic field
SN	San Juan volcanic field, SW Colorado. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Creede Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Mineral County Colorado
	...Creede Colorado
SN	Town in SW Colorado.

Creede District
USE	Creede mining district

Creede Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Creede Formation
RT	Colorado
	Creede Caldera
	San Juan Mountains
SN	San Juan Mountains province, SW Colorado.

Creede mining district
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Mineral County Colorado
	...Creede mining district
UF	Creede District
RT	mines
SN	Mining district in SW Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Creek County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Creek County Oklahoma

creep
UF	creeping
	rock creep
RT	mantle
	slope stability
	soils
	active faults
	permafrost
	geomorphology
	deformation
	mechanical properties
	mass movements
	landslides
	stress
	etching
	dislocation creep
	elastic limit
	elastic strain
	relaxation
	slumping
	solifluction
SN	Also index mass movements as applicable.

creeping
USE	creep

Creil France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Oise France
	....Creil France
SN	Town N of Paris, N France.

Crenshaw County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Crenshaw County Alabama

crenulation cleavage
USE	slip cleavage

Creodonta
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Creodonta
SN	Order.

creosote
RT	organic compounds
	pollutants
	pollution
	waste disposal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Crescent Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Crescent Formation
RT	Washington
SN	NW Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Crested Butte Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Gunnison County Colorado
	...Crested Butte Colorado
SN	Town in W central Colorado.

Crestmore
RT	Riverside County California
SN	Area in Riverside County, S California. Indexed with county or regions as applicable.

Cretaceous
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
NT	Lower Cretaceous
	Upper Cretaceous
	Alisitos Formation
	Asu River Group
	Benton Formation
	Blairmore Group
	Bulldog Shale
	Calera Limestone
	Chatsworth Formation
	Colorado Group
	Columbian Orogeny
	Comanchean
	Dakota Formation
	Eureka Sound Formation
	Gosau Formation
	Graneros Shale
	Hatteras Formation
	Judea Group
	Kuskokwim Group
	Lower Greensand
	Mancos Shale
	Middle Cretaceous
	Mishash Formation
	Nanushuk Group
	Nenjiang Formation
	Potomac Group
	Qingshankou Formation
	Quantou Formation
	Robles Formation
	Santana Formation
	Shiranish Formation
	Tananao Schist
	Toolebuc Formation
	Valdez Group
	Viking Formation
	Vraconian
	Weald Clay
	Whitemud Formation
	Yacoraite Formation
RT	Nubian Sandstone
	Ionian Zone
	Brianconnais Zone
	Franciscan Complex
	Coast plutonic complex
	Laramide Orogeny
	Great Valley Sequence
	Lucas Formation
	Maiolica Limestone
	Mardin Formation
	Mist Mountain Formation
	Muro Group
	Paskapoo Formation
	Peace
SN	Above Jurassic, below Tertiary.

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
USE	K-T boundary

Crete
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Crete
RT	Hellenides
	Mediterranean Sea
	Hellenic Arc
SN	Administrative region and island in E Mediterranean Sea.

Creuse France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Creuse France
RT	Millevaches Plateau
SN	Department in central France.

Crevasse Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Crevasse Canyon Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Mesaverde Group
SN	In Mesaverde Group. NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

crevasses
SN	See fissures and rupture.

CRIB
UF	Computerized Resources Information Bank
RT	data processing
	U. S. Geological Survey
	information systems
	geography
	data bases
	geodetic coordinates
SN	Acronym. Later changed to MRDS (Mineral Resources Data System). Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cricetidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Myomorpha
	........Cricetidae
NT	Microtus
	Mimomys
	Neotoma
	Pliomys
SN	Family.

Crimea Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
NT	Bakhchisarai Ukraine
	Crimean Mountains
	Crimean Plain
	Kerch Peninsula
	Kerch Ukraine
	Simferopol Ukraine
	Sivash
	Tarkhankut Peninsula
	Yalta Ukraine
UF	Krym Ukraine
RT	Alma River
	Azov region
	Russian Platform
	Krymka Meteorite
	Maikop Series
SN	Autonomous republic and region jutting into the Black Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Crimean Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Crimean Mountains
SN	Range in S Crimea along Black Sea Coast. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Crimean Plain
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Crimean Plain
SN	Dry, level steppe covering the northern 80% of Crimean Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.

crinanite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...alkali basalts
	....crinanite

Criner Hills
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Criner Hills
SN	S central Oklahoma. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Crinoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Crinoidea
NT	Inadunata

Crinozoa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
NT	Blastoidea
	Crinoidea
	Cystoidea
	Eocrinoidea
	Lepidocystoidea
	Parablastoidea
	Paracrinoidea
UF	Pelmatozoa

Cripple Creek Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Teller County Colorado
	...Cripple Creek Colorado
SN	City in central Colorado.

Crisana-Maramures
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Crisana-Maramures
RT	Maramures Romania
SN	Historical province in NW Transylvania.

Crisp County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Crisp County Georgia

cristobalite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...cristobalite
RT	quartz
	opal-CT
	tridymite

critic

critical flow
RT	hydraulics
	hydrodynamics
	hydrology
	laminar flow
	turbulence
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

critical load
RT	acid rain
	acidification
	air
	aluminum
	ecology
	ecosystems
	loading
	metals
	nitrate ion
	nitrogen
	pH
	pollution
	sulfate ion
	sulfur
SN	Measure of acid deposition which will not cause long term damage to ecosystems. Indexed with elements or ions discussed.

critical review
RT	review
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Crittenden County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Crittenden County Arkansas
SN	E Arkansas.

Crittenden County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Crittenden County Kentucky
SN	W Kentucky.

CRM
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

Croatan Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Croatan Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	North Carolina
SN	E North Carolina. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Croatia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Croatia
NT	Limski Channel
	Split Croatia
	Velebit Mountains
UF	Hrvatska Republika
RT	Adriatic region
	Yugoslavia
	Dalmatia
	Mediterranean region
	Alps
	Balkan Peninsula
	Dinaric Alps
	Eastern Alps
	Limestone Alps
	Pannonian Basin
	Neretva Valley
	Osogovo Mountains
	Istria
	Karst region
SN	W Balkan Peninsula, along the NE Adriatic Sea. Before 1995, Yugoslavia was a broader term.

crocidolite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...clinoamphibole
	....crocidolite
UF	krokidolite
RT	riebeckite
SN	Variety of riebeckite.

Crockett County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Crockett County Tennessee

Crockett County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Crockett County Texas

Crocodile River basin
USE	Limpopo Basin

Crocodilia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Crocodilia
NT	Crocodylidae
	Teleosauridae
SN	Order.

Crocodylidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Crocodilia
	.......Crocodylidae
SN	Family.

crocoite
BT	chromates
	.crocoite

Cromerian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Cromerian
NT	South Polish Glaciation
SN	Glaciation. Europe.

Crook County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Crook County Oregon
SN	Central Oregon.

Crook County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Crook County Wyoming
RT	Black Hills
SN	NE Wyoming.

Crooked Creek Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Crooked Creek Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Kansas
SN	In Meade Group. Southwestern Kansas and northwestern Oklahoma.

Crosby County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Crosby County Texas

Cross County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Cross County Arkansas

cross folds
USE	superposed folds

cross fractures
BT	fractures
	.cross fractures
UF	cross joints
RT	joints
	cleats
SN	Before 1978, search cross AND (fractures or joints).

cross joints
USE	cross fractures

Cross Lake
RT	Finger Lakes
	Manitoba
	New York
SN	W central New York; also in central Manitoba. Indexed with New York or Manitoba as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cross sections
NT	balanced cross sections
UF	cross-sections
RT	stratigraphy
	borehole sections
	pit sections
	polished sections
	stratigraphic columns
	thin sections
	type sections
SN	From 1978-1992, also search sections. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

cross-bedding
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..cross-bedding
UF	crossbedding
RT	bedding
	laminations
	cross-laminations
	cross-stratification

cross-correlation
USE	crosscorrelation

cross-hole methods
USE	crosshole methods

cross-laminations
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..cross-laminations
UF	diagonal lamination
RT	cross-bedding
	laminations
	cross-stratification
	ripple drift-cross laminations

cross-sections
USE	cross sections

cross-stratification
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..cross-stratification
RT	cross-bedding
	stratification
	cross-laminations
	hummocky cross-stratification

crossbedding
USE	cross-bedding

crosscorrelation
BT	statistical analysis
	.crosscorrelation
UF	cross-correlation
RT	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	autocorrelation
	geostatistics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

crosshole methods
UF	cross-hole methods
RT	geophysical methods
	seismic methods
	electrical methods
	resistivity
	boreholes
	electromagnetic methods
	tomography
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

crossite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...clinoamphibole
	....crossite
RT	glaucophane

Crossopterygii
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Sarcopterygii
	.....Crossopterygii
NT	Actinistia
	Rhipidistia
SN	Order.

Crow Mountain Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Crow Mountain Sandstone
RT	Wyoming
	Chugwater Formation
SN	In Chugwater Formation. NW Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Crow Wing County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Crow Wing County Minnesota

Crowley County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Crowley County Colorado

Crowsnest Pass
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Crowsnest Pass
SN	In SE British Columbia.

Crozet Islands
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Crozet Islands
SN	Five small French islands SE of South Africa.

Crozon Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Finistere France
	....Crozon Peninsula
SN	S of Brest in Brittany in W France.

CRPG
BT	government agencies
	.CRPG
UF	Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques
RT	France
	CNRS
SN	Acronym. Located in Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

crude oil
RT	hydrocarbons
	oil spills
	organic compounds
	petroleum
	volatile organic compounds
SN	This term is used for petroleum after it has left the ground. It occurs infrequently in GeoRef, largely in the context of pollution and production. For studies of oil before it leaves the ground, see petroleum. For discussions of oil resources and reserve

crushed stone
BT	construction materials
	.crushed stone
UF	stone, crushed
RT	aggregate
	gravel deposits
	weathering
	conservation
	building stone
	granite deposits
	limestone deposits
	marble deposits
	sandstone deposits
SN	Includes use both as a commodity term and an engineering material. See List C for use as a commodity.

crust
NT	continental crust
	lower crust
	middle crust
	oceanic crust
	upper crust
RT	asthenosphere
	basaltic layer
	basement
	Conrad discontinuity
	core
	cratons
	crustal shortening
	crustal thickening
	crustal thinning
	delamination
	discontinuities
	Earth
	earthquakes
	encrustations
	epeirogeny
	geophysics
	geosynclines
	geothermal gradient
	granitic lay
SN	Used for the large-scale Earth's crust, and the crust of the planets and their satellites. As of 1981, for the crust of the Moon, use lunar crust. Also search crusts. For thin surface crusts, see weathering crust, encrustations, rock varnish.

crust, weathering
USE	weathering crust

Crustacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
NT	Branchiopoda
	Cirripedia
	Copepoda
	Malacostraca
	Ostracoda
RT	Trilobita

crustal shortening
UF	shortening, crustal
RT	tectonics
	plate tectonics
	crust
	thrust faults
	transpression
	crustal thickening
	gravity sliding
SN	Before 1978, also search shortening AND crustal.

crustal structure
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use crust.

crustal studies
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use crust.

crustal thickening
RT	crust
	crustal shortening
	crustal thinning
	delamination
	lithosphere
	lower crust
	neotectonics
	plate tectonics
	tectonics
	thick-skinned tectonics
	thickness
	undation
	upper crust
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

crustal thinning
RT	crust
	crustal thickening
	plate tectonics
	tectonics
	tectonophysics
	thickness
	thin-skinned tectonics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Cruziana
BT	ichnofossils
	.Cruziana
RT	Trilobita

Cryogenian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Neoproterozoic
	....Cryogenian

cryogeology
SN	Use glacial geology or permafrost as applicable.

cryokarst
USE	thermokarst

cryolite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..cryolite
RT	cryolite deposits
SN	As of 1981, use cryolite deposits for cryolite as a commodity.

cryolite deposits
RT	cryolite
	fluorspar
SN	Commodity. See List C.

cryopedology
RT	engineering geology
	frost action
	glacial geology
	periglacial features
	permafrost

Cryosols
BT	soils
	.Cryosols

cryotectonics
USE	glaciotectonics

cryoturbation
UF	congeliturbation
	frost churning
	frost stirring
	geliturbation
RT	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	congelifraction
	frost action
	frost heaving
	patterned ground
	periglacial features

cryptoexplosion features
NT	shatter cones
UF	cryptoexplosion structures
	features, cryptoexplosion
RT	geomorphology
	impact features
	craters
	impact craters
	meteor craters
	planar deformation features
	explosions
	suevite
	Charlevoix
	cratering
	impacts
	impactite
	Manicouagan Crater
	shock metamorphism
	zhamanshinite
SN	Before 1973, also search cryptoexplosion structures. Used for structures formed by the explosive release of energy, that exhibit intense rock deformation, and that show no obvious genetic relation to volcanism, tectonics, or meteorite impact.

cryptoexplosion structures
USE	cryptoexplosion features

cryptogam
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1969. Now use thallophytes, Bryophyta or Pteridophyta as applicable.

Cryptolithus
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Ptychopariida
	.....Cryptolithus
SN	Genus.

cryptomelane
BT	oxides
	.cryptomelane
RT	manganese minerals

cryptoperthite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...alkali feldspar
	....cryptoperthite
RT	perthite

Cryptostomata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Bryozoa
	..Cryptostomata
NT	Fenestellidae
	Rhabdomesidae

crystal chemistry
UF	mineral chemistry
	stereochemistry
RT	geochemistry
	chemical analysis
	clay mineralogy
	ion exchange
	crystal structure
	crystal systems
	crystallography
	bonding
	lattice parameters
	crystal growth
	electron microscopy
	crystal field
	coordination
	crystal zoning
	exsolution
	grain boundaries
	isomorphism
	m
SN	Used for the relations among chemical composition, structure and properties of crystals.

crystal defects
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See defects, point defects, crystal dislocations, or surface defects, if applicable.

crystal dislocations
UF	line defects
RT	minerals
	crystal structure
	crystal growth
	crystals
	defects
	point defects
	surface defects
SN	Before 1981, also search dislocations AND minerals. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

crystal field
UF	field, crystal
RT	minerals
	symmetry
	crystal structure
	optical properties
	crystal chemistry
	color
SN	Interactions of individual atoms and their respective electron configurations, which, collectively, influence crystal structure and properties.

crystal form
UF	form, crystal
RT	crystal systems
	crystal growth
	goniometry
	habit

crystal fractionation
UF	gravitational differentiation
RT	magmas
	chemical fractionation
	fractional crystallization
	crystallization
	magmatic differentiation
	segregation
SN	Refers to differentiation of magmas resulting from the floating or settling, under gravity, of mineral crystals being formed. Also see fractional crystallization. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

crystal growth
RT	clay mineralogy
	crystal chemistry
	crystal dislocations
	crystal form
	crystal structure
	crystal zoning
	crystallography
	electron microscopy
	epitaxy
	fluid inclusions
	geochemistry
	grain boundaries
	growth
	growth spirals
	habit
	inclusions
	intergrowths
	lattice par
SN	Used for studies on natural or artificial growth of crystals.

crystal habit
USE	habit

crystal lattice
USE	lattice

Crystal River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Crystal River Formation
RT	Florida
	Ocala Group
SN	In Ocala Group. N and W Florida.

crystal structure
UF	crystalline structure
RT	clay mineralogy
	crystallinity
	atomic packing
	crystal systems
	crystallography
	etching
	bonding
	cell dimensions
	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystal field
	color centers
	exsolution
	crystal dislocations
	defects
	goniometry
	growth spirals
	fluorite structure
SN	Used for the internal structure of a crystal. Also search atomic structure.

crystal systems
NT	hexagonal system
	monoclinic system
	orthorhombic system
	triclinic system
RT	atomic packing
	crystal chemistry
	crystal form
	crystal structure
	crystallography
	crystals
	lattice
	minerals
	symmetry
	unit cell
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1983.

crystal zoning
RT	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystallization
	crystallography
	crystals
	fractional crystallization
	grain boundaries
	magmas
	magmatic differentiation
	mineralogy
	minerals
	petrography
	phase equilibria
	reaction rims
	zoning
SN	See zoning. Before 1982, also search zoning; zonation; zones. Before 1975, also search mineral zoning. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

crystal, quartz
USE	quartz crystal

crystalline limestone
USE	marbles

crystalline rocks
RT	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	rocks
	symplectite
SN	Used only when rocks cannot be distinguished as igneous or metamorphic.

crystalline structure
USE	crystal structure

crystallinity
RT	amorphous materials
	clay mineralogy
	crystal structure
	diagenesis
	illite
SN	Degree to which a clay mineral, such as illite, is crystalline.

crystallites
RT	magmas
	volcanic glass

crystallization
RT	crystal fractionation
	crystal zoning
	crystals
	fractional crystallization
	genesis
	granitization
	intergrowths
	intrusions
	lithification
	magmas
	magmatic differentiation
	precipitation
	reaction rims
	recrystallization
	thermochronology
	water of crystallization

crystallization magnetization
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

crystallization remanent magnetization
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

crystallography
RT	atomic packing
	Brillouin spectra
	clay mineralogy
	color centers
	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystal structure
	crystal systems
	crystal zoning
	crystals
	defects
	electron microscopy
	geochemistry
	goniometry
	grain boundaries
	growth spirals
	hexagonal system
SN	Used for general studies on the discipline of crystallography as a whole.

crystals
RT	crystal dislocations
	crystal systems
	crystal zoning
	crystallization
	crystallography
	defects
	grain boundaries
	intergrowths
	minerals
	phenocrysts
	piezoelectric properties
	point defects
	reaction rims
	resorption
	surface defects
	xenocrysts
SN	Used as a general term.

Cs
USE	cesium

Cs-134
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Cs-134
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..cesium
	...Cs-134
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cs-137
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Cs-137
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..cesium
	...Cs-137
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

CSAMT methods
BT	audiomagnetotelluric methods
	.CSAMT methods
UF	controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric technique
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	magnetic methods
	Earth-current methods
	magnetotelluric methods
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

CSDP
USE	Continental Scientific Drilling Program

CSM
USE	Colorado School of Mines

Ctenodontida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Ctenodontida

Ctenostomata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Bryozoa
	..Ctenostomata

Cu
USE	copper

Cuanza Basin
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Angola
	...Cuanza Basin
UF	Kwanza Basin
SN	River basin in W central Angola.

Cuanza-Sul Angola
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Angola
	...Cuanza-Sul Angola
SN	District on the South Atlantic in W Angola.

Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
NT	Camaguey Cuba
	La Habana Cuba
	Pinar del Rio Cuba
	Santiago de Cuba
	Villa Clara Cuba
RT	Lucas Formation

cubanite
BT	sulfides
	.cubanite
UF	chalmersite

cube spar
USE	anhydrite

Cuddalore Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Cuddalore Series
RT	Pliocene
	India
	Tamil Nadu India
	upper Miocene
	Neyveli Lignite
SN	Upper Miocene to Pliocene. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Cuddapah Basin
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Andhra Pradesh India
	....Cuddapah Basin
SN	S central Andhra Pradesh. Before 1978, also search Cuddapah.

Cuddapah India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Andhra Pradesh India
	....Cuddapah India
SN	Town in SW Andhra Pradesh, S India.

Cuddapah System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Cuddapah System
RT	India
	Andhra Pradesh India
SN	Now included in Purana Group. Subdivided into Kistna Series, Nallamalai Series, Cheyair Series and Papaghni Series. Before 1978, also search Cuddapah.

Cue Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Cue Australia
SN	Town in W central Western Australia.

Cuenca City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	.....Cuenca Spain
	......Cuenca City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in E central Spain. Before 1981, also search Cuenca Spain.

Cuenca Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	.....Cuenca Spain
NT	Cuenca City Spain
RT	New Castile Spain
	Serrania de Cuenca
SN	Refers only to the province in east-central Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Cuenca Province and Spain. For the city, see Cuenca City Spain.

cuestas
BT	erosion features
	.cuestas
RT	geomorphology
	cliffs
	slopes
	scarps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Cuisian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....lower Eocene
	......Cuisian
SN	Europe. Above Ypresian, below Lutetian.

Culberson County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Culberson County Texas
NT	Van Horn Texas
RT	Guadalupe Mountains
	Marble Canyon
SN	Extreme W Texas.

Culebra Dolomite Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Culebra Dolomite Member
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Rustler Formation
SN	Of Rustler Formation. SE New Mexico and W Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cullman County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Cullman County Alabama

Culm
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Culm
RT	Dinantian
	Avonian
SN	Provincial series, Europe.

Culpeper Basin
BT	United States
	.Culpeper Basin
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
SN	N Virginia. W Maryland. Indexed with counties and states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Culpeper County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Culpeper County Virginia

culture, living
USE	living taxa

culverts
RT	channels
	drainage
	pipelines
	rivers and streams
	waterways
SN	Indexed with pipelines OR channels and waterways if applicable.

Cumana Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Sucre Venezuela
	...Cumana Venezuela
SN	City on the Caribbean Sea in Sucre, N Venezuela.

Cumberland Basin
RT	Bay of Fundy
	Canada
	New Brunswick
	North Atlantic
	Nova Scotia
	Prince Edward Island
SN	Maritime Provinces of Canada and adjacent NW Atlantic. Indexed with Canadian provinces and/or North Atlantic as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cumberland County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Cumberland County Illinois
SN	SE central Illinois.

Cumberland County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Cumberland County Kentucky
SN	S Kentucky.

Cumberland County Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Cumberland County Maine
NT	Portland Maine
RT	Saco River
SN	SW Maine.

Cumberland County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Cumberland County New Jersey
RT	Pine Barrens
SN	Bounded by Delaware Bay in S New Jersey.

Cumberland County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cumberland County North Carolina
SN	S central North Carolina.

Cumberland County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cumberland County Nova Scotia

Cumberland County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Cumberland County Pennsylvania
SN	S Pennsylvania.

Cumberland County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Cumberland County Tennessee
SN	E central Tennessee.

Cumberland County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Cumberland County Virginia
NT	Cumberland Virginia
SN	Central Virginia.

Cumberland England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cumbria England
	......Cumberland England
NT	Bewcastle England
RT	Lake District
SN	Former county in NW England. In 1974, became part of Cumbria.

Cumberland Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Cumberland Group
RT	New Brunswick
	Nova Scotia
SN	E New Brunswick and N Nova Scotia. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cumberland Kentucky
BT	rlan County Kentucky
	.Cumberland Kentucky
SN	City in SE Kentucky.

Cumberland Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Allegany County Maryland
	...Cumberland Maryland
SN	City in W Maryland.

Cumberland Mountains
USE	Cumberland Plateau

Cumberland Peninsula
RT	Baffin Island
	Franklin District Northwest Territories
SN	On easternmost Baffin Island on Davis Strait. May also occur in other locations. Also search Cumberland AND peninsula. Indexed with Baffin Island or region as applicable.

Cumberland Plateau
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Cumberland Plateau
UF	Cumberland Mountains
RT	United States
	Virginia
	Kentucky
	Alabama
	Appalachian Plateau
	West Virginia
	Tennessee
	Pine Mountain Window
	Eastern Kentucky coal field
SN	Southwesternmost division of the Appalachians. Also search Cumberland AND plateau. Indexed with counties or states as applicable.

Cumberland Rhode Island
BT	United States
	.Rhode Island
	..Providence County Rhode Island
	...Cumberland Rhode Island
SN	Town in NE Rhode Island.

Cumberland Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Cumberland County Virginia
	...Cumberland Virginia
SN	Village in central Virginia.

Cumbria England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cumbria England
NT	Alston Block
	Cumberland England
	Sellafield England
	Westmorland England
RT	Lake District
	Howgill Fells
	Morecambe Bay
	Skiddaw Slates
SN	County in NW England. Formed in 1974 from Cumberland and Westmorland counties.

Cuming County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cuming County Nebraska

cummingtonite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...clinoamphibole
	....cummingtonite
RT	anthophyllite

cumulates
RT	igneous rocks
	magmas

Cupido Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Cupido Formation
RT	Mexico
	Texas
SN	N Mexico and S Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cupressaceae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Cupressaceae
SN	Family.

cuprite
BT	oxides
	.cuprite
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals

Curaca River basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Bahia Brazil
	...Curaca River basin
SN	Just S of the Sao Francisco River in NE Bahia, E Brazil.

Curacao
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Netherlands Antilles
	.....Curacao
SN	Island in the Netherlands Antilles just N of W Venezuela.

curation
RT	collecting
	collections
	conservation
	museums
	practice
	preservation
	sample preparation
	sampling
	storage
SN	Also search curating. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Curie point
UF	Curie temperature
RT	paleomagnetism
	magnetic susceptibility
	heat flow
	magnetic properties
	thermoremanent magnetization

Curie temperature
USE	Curie point

curium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..curium
UF	Cm

current directions
UF	directions, current
RT	sedimentation
	ocean circulation
	currents

current lineations
USE	parting lineation

current markings
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..current markings
UF	markings, current
RT	flute casts
	scour marks
	tool marks

current partings
USE	parting lineation

current research
RT	annual report
	associations
	geology
	news
	progress report
	report
	research
	survey organizations

current transport
SN	Used in subfile T. See marine transport; stream transport; currents; paleocurrents.

currents
NT	bottom currents
	convection currents
	density currents
	fluvial currents
	ocean currents
	turbidity currents
RT	continental shelf
	current directions
	eddy flow
	flowmeters
	magnetic field
	paleocurrents
	upwelling
SN	Now use ocean currents if applicable.

curricula
RT	education
	educational resources

Currituck County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Currituck County North Carolina

Curry County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Curry County New Mexico
SN	E New Mexico.

Curry County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Curry County Oregon
NT	Sixes River
SN	SW Oregon.

curved seismic interface
RT	discontinuities
	inclined seismic interface
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

curves, traveltime
USE	traveltime curves

Cusiana Field
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Cusiana Field
RT	oil and gas fields
SN	Llanos foothills, Casanare state, E Colombia.

CUSMAP
UF	Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program
RT	United States
	U. S. Geological Survey
	mineral exploration
	programs
SN	Acronym. U. S. Geological Survey mineral resource exploration and mapping project. Part of a data base. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Custer County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Custer County Colorado
RT	Wet Mountains
SN	S central Colorado.

Custer County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Custer County Idaho
NT	Borah Peak
	Challis Idaho
	Chilly Buttes
	Mackay Idaho
RT	Pioneer Mountains
	Sawtooth Range
	Lost River Range
	Borah Peak earthquake 1983
	Lost River Fault
SN	Central Idaho.

Custer County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Custer County Montana
SN	SE Montana.

Custer County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Custer County Nebraska
SN	Central Nebraska.

Custer County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Custer County Oklahoma
SN	W Oklahoma.

Custer County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Custer County South Dakota
RT	Black Hills
SN	SW South Dakota.

customs duty
RT	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

cut and fill
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..cut and fill

cut and fill mining
USE	cut-and-fill mining

cut-and-fill mining
BT	mining
	.cut-and-fill mining
UF	cut and fill mining
	mining, cut-and-fill
RT	mines
	mining geology
	backfill
	surface mining
	underground mining
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cutch India
USE	Kutch India

cuticles
RT	Arthropoda
	chitin
	morphology
	Plantae
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

cutinite
BT	macerals
	.exinite
	..cutinite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cutler Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Cutler Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
SN	Includes Halgaito Tongue, Cedar Mesa Sandstone Tongue, Organ Rock Tongue, White Rim Sandstone Member, DeChelly Sandstone Member, Hoskinnini Tongue, White River Sandstone, Rico transition facies. NE Arizona, SW Colorado, NW New Mexico, and SE Utah.

cutoff grade
RT	economic geology
	economics
	feasibility studies
	grade
	ore grade
	profitability
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

cutoff rigidities
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with interplanetary space and magnetosphere.

Cuttack India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Orissa India
	....Cuttack India
SN	City in E Orissa, E India.

cuttings
UF	drill cuttings
RT	well-logging
	cores
	boreholes

Cuvier abyssal plain
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Cuvier abyssal plain
RT	DSDP Site 263
SN	Off Western Australia. Also search Cuvier.

Cuyahoga County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Cuyahoga County Ohio
NT	Cleveland Ohio
SN	N Ohio.

Cuyahoga Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Cuyahoga Formation
RT	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	New York
SN	Lower Mississippian. Ohio and W Pennsylvania, New York. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Cuyama Basin
BT	United States
	.California
	..Cuyama Basin
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

CV chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
	....CV chondrites
NT	Allende Meteorite
	Efremovka Meteorite
	Leoville Meteorite
	Vigarano Meteorite
SN	Vigarano type. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

CWA (Clean Water Act)
USE	Clean Water Act

CYANA
BT	submersibles
	.CYANA
RT	oceanography
	marine geology
	research vessels
SN	French submersible. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

cyanazine
BT	pesticides
	.herbicides
	..triazines
	...cyanazine
RT	agrochemicals
	pollutants

cyanides
RT	geochemistry
	pollutants
	pollution
	toxic materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

cyanobacteria
NT	Renalcis
UF	blue algae
	blue-green algae
	Cyanophyta
	Schizophyta
RT	microfossils
	algae
	algal mats
	lichens
	stromatolites
	thallophytes
	prokaryotes
	Collenia
SN	Used for Schizophyta which includes blue and blue-green algae. Before 1998, algae was a broader term. For paleontologic studies, index microfossils. Index algae if applicable.

Cyanophyta
USE	cyanobacteria

Cycadales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Cycadales
NT	Ptilophyllum
RT	Pachypteris
	Taeniopteris

Cycadofilicales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Cycadofilicales

Cyclades
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Aegean Islands
	..Greek Aegean Islands
	...Cyclades
NT	Milos
	Naxos
	Santorin
	Thera
RT	Andros Island
SN	Group of islands in S Aegean Sea. Also a Greek department. This term has multiple hierarchies.

cycles
RT	atmosphere
	Brazilian Cycle
	carbon cycle
	climate
	cyclic processes
	cyclothems
	erosion cycle
	geochemical cycle
	hydrologic cycle
	paleoclimatology
	punctuated aggradational cycles
	solar cycles
	Wilson cycle
SN	Use geochemical cycle or hydrologic cycle where applicable.

cyclic
SN	A valid term used through 1977.

cyclic loading
BT	loading
	.cyclic loading
RT	engineering geology
	load tests

cyclic processes
RT	cycles
	cyclostratigraphy
	cyclothems
	Fischer plots
	orbital forcing
	periodicity
	processes
	punctuated aggradational cycles
	sedimentation
SN	Before 1978, also search sedimentation AND cyclic.

cyclic sequences
USE	cyclostratigraphy

cyclic stratigraphy
USE	cyclostratigraphy

Cyclocystoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Echinozoa
	...Cyclocystoidea

cyclosilicates
USE	ring silicates

Cyclostomata
RT	Agnatha
	Bryozoa
	Cystoporata
SN	Search in combination with either Bryozoa or Agnatha. Indexed with Bryozoa or Agnatha as applicable.

cyclostratigraphy
UF	cyclic sequences
	cyclic stratigraphy
RT	stratigraphy
	event stratigraphy
	cyclic processes
	periodicity
	Milankovitch theory
	sequence stratigraphy

cyclothems
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..cyclothems
NT	megacyclothems
RT	sedimentation
	cycles
	rhythmic bedding
	cyclic processes
	rhythmite

cylindrical folds
BT	folds
	.cylindrical folds
UF	cylindroidal fold
SN	Before 1978, search folds AND cylindrical.

cylindrical structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.cylindrical structures

cylindrite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonates
	..cylindrite

cylindroidal fold
USE	cylindrical folds

cymrite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..cymrite
RT	aluminosilicates

Cynodontia
BT	Synapsida
	.Therapsida
	..Cynodontia
SN	Infraorder.

Cynomorpha
USE	Cercopithecidae

Cyperaceae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Monocotyledoneae
	....Cyperaceae
RT	miospores
SN	Genus.

Cypress Hills Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Cypress Hills Formation
RT	Canada
	Saskatchewan

Cypress Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Chesterian
	.......Cypress Sandstone
RT	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Alabama
	Tennessee
SN	In West Baden Group. In S Illinois, NW Alabama, S Indiana, W Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cyprideis
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cytherocopina
	.......Cytheracea
	........Cyprideis
SN	Genus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cyprididae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cypridocopina
	.......Cyprididae
NT	Candona
RT	microfossils
SN	Family. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cypridocopina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cypridocopina
NT	Cyprididae
RT	microfossils
SN	Includes the families Cyprididae, Cyclocyprididae, Eucandonidae, Ilyocyprididae, Notodromadidae, Paracyprididae, and Pontocyprididae. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cyprinidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Teleostei
	......Cypriniformes
	.......Cyprinidae
SN	Family.

Cypriniformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Teleostei
	......Cypriniformes
NT	Cyprinidae
SN	Order.

Cyprus
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Cyprus
NT	Agrokipia Deposit
	Troodos Massif
RT	Mediterranean region
	Troodos Ophiolite
	Mediterranean Sea
	Near East
SN	Island nation in the Mediterranean Sea.

cyprus-type deposits
RT	copper ores
	lead-zinc deposits
	massive deposits
	massive sulfide deposits
	mineral deposits, genesis

Cyrenaica
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Libya
	...Cyrenaica
SN	Easternmost Libya. Former province under the Italians.

Cyrtodontida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cyrtodontida
RT	Arcina

cyrtolite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...cyrtolite
RT	zircon

Cyrtospirifer
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Spiriferida
	....Cyrtospirifer

Cystoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Cystoidea

Cystoporata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Bryozoa
	..Cystoporata
RT	Cyclostomata

cysts
SN	As of 1993, for cysts of dinoflagellates, use Dinoflagellata and morphology. Use palynomorphs if appropriate.

Cytheracea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cytherocopina
	.......Cytheracea
NT	Cyprideis
	Cytheridae
	Leptocythere
	Loxoconcha
	Trachyleberididae
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cytherella
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Platycopida
	.......Cytherellidae
	........Cytherella
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cytherellidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Platycopida
	.......Cytherellidae
NT	Cytherella
	Cytherelloidea
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cytherelloidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Platycopida
	.......Cytherellidae
	........Cytherelloidea
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cytheridae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cytherocopina
	.......Cytheracea
	........Cytheridae
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cytherocopina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cytherocopina
NT	Cytheracea
SN	Includes Superfamily Cytheracea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1995, see Czech Republic and/or Slovakia.

Czech Bohemian Forest
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Czech Bohemian Forest
SN	Mountain range in W part of country. Indicates that part of the Bohemian Forest that lies in Czech Republic. Also search Czechoslovakia AND Bohemian Forest. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Czech Erzgebirge
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Czech Erzgebirge
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Erzgebirge
	...Czech Erzgebirge
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
NT	Barrandian Basin
	Berounka System
	Bohemia
	Bohemian Basin
	Czech Bohemian Forest
	Czech Erzgebirge
	Czech Sudeten Mountains
	Moravia
	Sudeten
UF	Cechy Republic
RT	Moldanubian
	Bohemian Massif
	Morava River valley
	Fichtelgebirge
	Carpathians
	Erzgebirge
	Izera Mountains
	Karkonosze Mountains
	North Sudetic Basin
	Snieznik
	Sudeten Mountains
	Sudetic Basin
	Oder Valley
	Elbe River
	Elbe Valley
	Silesia
	Tieschitz Meteorite
	Vienna B
SN	Composed of the regions of Bohemia and Moravia which constituted the W part of the former Czechoslovakia. Indexed with Bohemia and/or Moravia as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Czech Sudeten Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Czech Sudeten Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Sudeten Mountains
	...Czech Sudeten Mountains
RT	Izera Mountains
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Czechoslovakia
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1995, used in subfiles E, G and B. As of 1995, see Czech Republic and/or Slovakia.

Czekanowskiales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Ginkgoales
	....Czekanowskiales

Czestochowa Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Czestochowa Poland
RT	Cracow-Czestochowa Jura
	Czestochowa-Zawiercie Basin
SN	Province and city in S Poland.

Czestochowa-Zawierce Basin
USE	Czestochowa-Zawiercie Basin

Czestochowa-Zawiercie Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Czestochowa-Zawiercie Basin
UF	Czestochowa-Zawierce Basin
RT	Katowice Poland
	Czestochowa Poland
	Zawiercie Poland
SN	Czestochowa and NE Katowice provinces, S Poland. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.