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Thesaurus

pH
UF	acidity
RT	geochemistry
	acids
	acid rain
	critical load
	acidic composition
	physical properties
	reactivity
	alkalinity
	buffers
	sea water

Phacopida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Phacopida
NT	Phacopina
SN	Order.

Phacopina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Phacopida
	.....Phacopina
NT	Phacops
SN	Suborder or genus.

Phacops
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Phacopida
	.....Phacopina
	......Phacops
SN	Genus.

Phaeodarina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Radiolaria
	...Osculosida
	....Phaeodarina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Phaeophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Phaeophyta
UF	brown algae
	seaweed
RT	microfossils
SN	Including brown algae and seaweed. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Phanerozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
NT	Mesozoic
	Cenozoic
	Paleozoic
RT	Mesozoic
	Cenozoic
	Paleozoic

pharmacolite
BT	arsenates
	.pharmacolite

pharmacosiderite
BT	arsenates
	.pharmacosiderite

phase distortion
RT	distortion
	elastic waves
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

phase equilibria
RT	anvil cells
	carbon dioxide
	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystal zoning
	crystallography
	entropy
	equations of state
	equilibrium
	free energy
	gases
	grain boundaries
	high pressure
	high temperature
	Hugoniot analysis
	hydrothermal conditions
	igneous rocks
	imm
SN	Primarily used for laboratory studies in petrology and mineralogy. May be used for theoretical or field studies of specific rocks, minerals or localities. For the Earth as a whole, crust, mantle or core, including experimental laboratory studies involving

phase rule
UF	Gibbs phase rule
RT	phase equilibria

phase transitions
RT	anvil cells
	core
	crust
	Earth
	magnesian silicates
	mantle
	phase equilibria
	seismology
	transformations
	transition zones
SN	For phase changes within the Earth and laboratory studies applied to them. For other laboratory studies, see phase equilibria. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

phase velocity
RT	elastic waves
	seismology
	velocity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

phase, gaseous
USE	gaseous phase

phase, solid
USE	solid phase

phases
SN	A valid general term through 1978. After 1978, see specific terms, e.g. liquid phase, solid phase, gaseous phase, etc.

Phelps County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Phelps County Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Phelps County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Phelps County Nebraska
SN	S Nebraska.

phenacite
USE	phenakite

phenakite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...phenakite
UF	phenacite

phenanthrene
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aromatic hydrocarbons
	...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	....phenanthrene
SN	Crystalline tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

phengite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...phengite
RT	muscovite

phenocrysts
RT	crystals
	igneous rocks
	matrix
	minerals
	porphyritic texture

phenols
BT	organic compounds
	.phenols
RT	chlorophenols
	alcohols
	pentachlorophenol

phenomena, electrical
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as electrical phenomena with meteorology.

phenomena, surface
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as surface phenomena with astrophysics and solar physics.

phenomena, transient
USE	transient phenomena

phenotypes
RT	ecology
	ontogeny
	paleoecology
	taxonomy
	type specimens
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

phenylethane
USE	ethylbenzene

phi grade scale
USE	phi scale

phi scale
BT	statistical analysis
	.phi scale
UF	phi grade scale
RT	sedimentary rocks
	sediments

Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
NT	Philadelphia Pennsylvania
SN	SE Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
	...Philadelphia Pennsylvania
SN	City on the Delaware River. Coextensive with Philadelphia County, SE Pennsylvania.

Philip Island
RT	Victoria Australia
SN	In Indian Ocean E of Mornington Peninsula S of Melbourne. Indexed with Victoria Australia if applicable.

Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
NT	Cebu Philippine Islands
	Iloilo Basin
	Iloilo Philippine Islands
	Luzon
	Marinduque Philippine Islands
	Mindanao
	Mindoro
	Palawan
	Panay Island
	Samar
	Surigao del Norte Philippine Islands
UF	Philippines
RT	Central Cordillera
	ASEAN
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Kuroshio
	Luzon earthquake 1990
	Zambales Ophiolite
	Mansalay Formation

Philippine Islands earthquake 1990
USE	Luzon earthquake 1990

Philippine Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Philippine Sea
NT	Daito Ridge
	Kyushu-Palau Ridge
	Parece Vela Basin
	Ryukyu Trench
	West Philippine Basin
RT	Izu-Bonin Arc
	Leg 31
	DSDP Site 292
	DSDP Site 293
	DSDP Site 297
	Nankai Trough
	Leg 6
	DSDP Site 442
	Leg 58
	DSDP Site 446
	Leg 59
	Leg 60
	DSDP Site 453
	DSDP Site 454
	DSDP Site 455
	DSDP Site 456
	DSDP Site 457
	DSDP Site 60
	Leg 126
	Leg 124E
	Leg 132
	ODP Site 787
	OD
SN	That part of the W Pacific Ocean with the Philippines Islands on the W, Taiwan and the Ryukyus on the NW, and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on the E and SE. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Philippine Sea Plate
RT	Philippine Sea
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	A tectonic plate roughly covering the same area as the Philippine Sea and virtually surrounded by the SE edge of the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Philippines
USE	Philippine Islands

philippinite
BT	tektites
	.philippinite

Phillipines earthquake 1990
USE	Luzon earthquake 1990

Phillips County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Phillips County Arkansas
SN	E Arkansas.

Phillips County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Phillips County Colorado
SN	NE Colorado.

Phillips County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Phillips County Kansas
NT	Kirwin Kansas
SN	N Kansas.

Phillips County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Phillips County Montana
SN	N Montana.

phillipsite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...phillipsite

philosophy
RT	creationism
SN	Use term with discipline.

Phlegraean Fields
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Phlegraean Fields
UF	Campi Flegrei
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcanic region W of Naples in S Italy.

phlogopite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...phlogopite
UF	amber mica
	brown mica
RT	fluor-phlogopite

Phobos Satellite
RT	Mars
	satellites
SN	One of satellites of Mars. Before 1989, also search Phobos. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Phocidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Pinnipedia
	........Phocidae
SN	Family.

Phoebe Satellite
RT	satellites
	Saturn
SN	One of the satellites of Saturn. Before 1989, also search Phoebe AND Saturn. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Phoenix Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Maricopa County Arizona
	...Phoenix Arizona
SN	City in S central Arizona.

Pholadomyida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Pholadomyida

Pholidophoriformes
USE	Halecostomi

Pholidota
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Pholidota
SN	Order.

phonolites
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..phonolites
NT	tinguaite
SN	Before 1981, search trachyte-phonolite family.

Phoronida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Phoronida

phos

phosgenite
BT	carbonates
	.phosgenite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..phosgenite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

phosphate
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use phosphate deposits for the commodity, phosphates for the mineral group, or phosphate rocks. See also phosphate composition.

phosphate composition
RT	composition
	nodules
SN	Before 1978, also search nodules AND phosphate.

phosphate deposits
UF	apatite ores
RT	apatite
	Lee Creek Mine
SN	Before 1981, also search phosphate AND deposits. Commodity. See List C.

phosphate ion
RT	ions
	geochemistry
	phosphates
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

phosphate rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..phosphate rocks
UF	phosphorite
RT	bone beds
SN	Refers to any rock containing phosphate.

phosphates
NT	amblygonite
	apatite
	autunite
	barbosalite
	beraunite
	britholite
	brushite
	cacoxenite
	carbonate apatite
	chlorapatite
	crandallite
	dahllite
	eosphorite
	florencite
	fluorapatite
	francolite
	goyazite
	graftonite
	herderite
	hinsdalite
	hureaulite
	hydroxylapatite
	lazulite
	lithiophilite
	minyulite
	monazite
	monetite
	montebrasite
	newberyite
	plumbogummite
	pyromorphite
	rhabdophane
	rockbridgeite
	sarcopside
	scholzite
	strengite
	struvite
	torbernite
	triphylite
	triplite
	turquoise
	variscite
	vivianite
	wavellite
	whitlockite
	xenotime
RT	minerals
	phosphate ion

phosphatization
RT	diagenesis

phosphides
BT	alloys
	.phosphides
NT	schreibersite

phosphorescence
USE	luminescence

Phosphoria Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Phosphoria Formation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Meade Peak Member
	Retort Phosphatic Shale Member
SN	Includes Sybille tongue (new), Forelle tongue, and Ervay tongue (new).

phosphorite
USE	phosphate rocks

phosphorous
USE	phosphorus

phosphorus
NT	P-32
UF	phosphorous
RT	soils
	fertilizers
	chemical elements
	siderophile elements
	high-field-strength elements
	KREEP

photochemistry
NT	photolysis
	photosynthesis
RT	atmosphere
	fluorescence
	luminescence
	oxidation
	geochemistry
	polymerization
SN	Before 1998, also search photolysis and/or photosynthesis if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

photogeologic maps
BT	maps
	.photogeologic maps
RT	mosaics
	remote sensing
SN	Before 1978, also search maps AND photogeologic.

photogeologic methods
USE	photogeology

photogeology
UF	photogeologic methods
RT	engineering geology
	aerial photography
	cartography
	maps
	mosaics
	photogrammetry
	photography
	remote sensing
	space photography
	airborne methods
	methods
	satellite methods
	mineral exploration
	video methods
	paleoclimate maps
	exploration
SN	Search with geophysical surveys for surveys. Also index remote sensing, geophysical surveys as applicable.

photogrammetry
RT	aerial photography
	cartography
	definition
	engineering geology
	Magellan Program
	mosaics
	photogeology
	photography
	remote sensing
	space photography
	stereographic projection
SN	Before 1975, also search photogrammetric studies.

photographs
USE	photography

photography
UF	photographs
	photomicroscopy
RT	aerial photography
	mosaics
	photogeology
	photogrammetry
	remote sensing
	space photography
	video methods

photolysis
BT	photochemistry
	.photolysis
RT	degradation

photometric
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, see photometry.

photometry
RT	chemical analysis
	flame photometry
	spectroscopy

photomicroscopy
USE	photography

photomosaics
USE	mosaics

photosynthesis
BT	photochemistry
	.photosynthesis
RT	geochemistry
	processes
	paleobotany
	respiration

phreatic zone
USE	saturated zone

phreatomagmatic eruptions
USE	phreatomagmatism

phreatomagmatism
UF	phreatomagmatic eruptions
RT	lava
	volcanism
	magmas
	volcanology
	thermal waters
	magmatism
	maars
	explosive eruptions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

PHREEQE
BT	computer programs
	.PHREEQE
RT	geochemistry
	data processing
	mathematical models
	numerical models
SN	Geochemical simulation program applicable to hydrogeology and engineering geology. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Phuket Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Phuket Group
RT	Cambrian
	Permian
	Asia
	middle Paleozoic
	Thailand
	Burma
SN	May be the equivalent of the Megui Series, at least in part, of Burma. W side of peninsular Thailand, including island of Phuket, and lower Burma. The Phuket Series was considered Cambrian. After 1974, this group has been considered middle Paleozoic or Pe

phyletic gradualism
USE	gradualism

phyllites
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.phyllites

Phylloceratida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Phylloceratida

phyllonites
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.phyllonites
RT	phyllonitization

phyllonitization
BT	metamorphism
	.phyllonitization
RT	processes
	recrystallization
	mylonitization
	phyllonites

phyllosilicates
USE	sheet silicates

phylogeny
RT	adaptive radiation
	biologic evolution
	cladistics
	gradualism
	molecular biology
	ontogeny
	paleontology
	parsimony
	punctuated equilibria
	speciation

physical
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use physical properties or physical weathering.

physical geography
USE	geography

physical geology
RT	geology
	historical geology

physical methods
RT	centrifuge methods
	methods
	soils

physical models
RT	flume studies
	laboratory studies
	models
	sandbox models

physical processes
SN	As of 1993, use geophysical methods, geophysics, physical models, or physical properties as applicable.

physical properties
RT	acoustical properties
	b-values
	bearing capacity
	compactness
	compressibility
	connectivity
	constitutive equations
	friction
	hardness
	mechanical properties
	microhardness
	pH
	physicochemical properties
	porosity
	properties
	secondary porosity
	soils
	specific gravi
SN	See also appropriate entries under material name.

physical weathering
BT	weathering
	.physical weathering
RT	mechanical weathering
SN	Before 1978, search weathering AND physical.

physico-chemical properties
USE	physicochemical properties

physicochemical properties
UF	physico-chemical properties
	physiochemical properties
RT	geochemistry
	physical properties
	properties
	surfactants
	chemical properties
	specific surface
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

physiochemical properties
USE	physicochemical properties

physiographic geology
SN	No longer a valid GeoRef index term. Used in subfiles E and N. See geomorphology; sedimentation; hydrology.

physiographic maps
BT	maps
	.physiographic maps
RT	geomorphology
	geomorphologic maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

physiographic provinces
UF	provinces, physiographic
RT	geomorphology
	topography

physiography
SN	A valid term through 1975. After 1975, see geomorphology.

physiology
RT	anatomy
	morphology
	muscles
SN	Restricted to paleontology. For environmental analysis, use bioaccumulation, or bioavailability. Indexed with with appropriate fossil term (list F).

phytane
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....phytane
RT	isoprenoids
SN	2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylhexadecane. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

phytogeography
USE	biogeography

phytoliths
RT	fossilization
	paleobotany
	Plantae
SN	Term reintroduced in 1985. Not a valid term from 1969-1984. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

phytoplankton
BT	plankton
	.phytoplankton
RT	algae
	diatoms

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