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S type asteroids
USE	S-type asteroids

S-32
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..S-32
BT	sulfur
	.S-32
RT	S-34/S-32
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

S-32/S-34
USE	S-34/S-32

S-34
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..S-34
BT	sulfur
	.S-34
RT	S-34/S-32
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

S-34/S-32
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..S-34/S-32
BT	sulfur
	.S-34/S-32
UF	S-32/S-34
RT	isotope ratios
	paleoclimatology
	geologic thermometry
	S-32
	S-34
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

S-35
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..S-35
BT	sulfur
	.S-35
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

s-triazines
USE	triazines

S-type asteroids
BT	asteroids
	.S-type asteroids
NT	Eros Asteroid
	Gaspra Asteroid
	Ida Asteroid
UF	S type asteroids
SN	Before 1995, also search S asteroids. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

S-type granites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...S-type granites
RT	peraluminous composition
SN	Derived mainly from sedimentary source material.

S-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...S-waves
NT	SH-waves
	SS-waves
	SV-waves
UF	rotational wave
	secondary wave
	shake wave
	shear wave
	tangential wave
	transverse wave
RT	seismology
	waves
	Sn-waves
	wave splitting
	P-waves
	PKS-waves
	PPS-waves
	PS-waves
	SKKS-waves
	SKP-waves
	SKS-waves
	ScS-waves

Sa

Sa-ssu-K'a-erh Shan
USE	Zanskar Range

Saale glacial stage
USE	Saalian

Saale Glaciation
USE	Saalian

Saale River
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saale River
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Saxony-Anhalt Germany
	Thuringia Germany
SN	Rises in the Fichtelgebirge Range in NE Bavaria and flows N into the Elbe River SE of Magdeburg. Also search Saale. Indexed with states as applicable.

Saalian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Saalian
UF	Saale glacial stage
	Saale Glaciation
RT	Central Polish Glaciation
SN	Term applied in NW Europe to the second latest glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch, after the Elster glacial stage and before the Warthe; equivalent to the Riss.

Saalian Orogenic Phase
USE	Saalian Phase

Saalian P

Saalian Phase
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Saalian Phase
UF	Saalian Orogenic Phase
RT	orogeny
	Europe
	Hercynian Orogeny
SN	Orogenic phase.

Saanich Inlet
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Saanich Inlet
RT	Leg 169S
	ODP Site 1033
	ODP Site 1034
	Strait of Georgia
SN	Arm of Strait of Georgia off SE Vancouver Island, NW of Victoria.

Saar
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Saarland Germany if applicable.

Saar Basin
BT	Europe
	.Saar Basin
RT	Bas-Rhin France
	Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	Moselle France
	Saarland Germany
SN	River basin. Also search Saar. Indexed with French departments and German states as applicable.

Saar Nahe (Basin)
USE	Saar-Nahe Basin

Saar-Nahe Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saar-Nahe Basin
UF	Saar Nahe (Basin)
RT	Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	Nahe River
	Saarland Germany
SN	As of 1981, refers to a region in Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate, corresponding roughly to the Saar and Nahe river basins in Germany. Before 1981, part of France was included.

Saarbrucken Anticline
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saarland Germany
	....Saarbrucken Anticline

Saare
USE	Saaremaa

Saarema Island
USE	Saaremaa

Saaremaa
BT	Europe
	.Baltic region
	..Estonia
	...Saaremaa
UF	Oesel
	Saare
	Saarema Island
	Sarema
RT	Baltic Sea
SN	Island in E Baltic Sea, W Estonia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saarland Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saarland Germany
NT	Saarbrucken Anticline
RT	Saar Basin
	Nahe River
	Saar-Nahe Basin
SN	State in SW Germany constituting an industrial region, formerly known as the Saar. Achieved statehood within West Germany in 1957. Before 1978, also search Saar.

Sabah Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...East Malaysia
	....Sabah Malaysia
NT	Darvel Bay
	Sandakan Malaysia
UF	British North Borneo
	North Borneo
SN	State of East Malaysia on NE Borneo. Formerly British North Borneo. Also called North Borneo. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sabana de Bogota
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Sabana de Bogota
UF	Bogota Plateau
RT	Bogota Colombia
SN	Plateau 55 miles long and 25 miles wide with Bogota at its center.

Sabatini Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Latium Italy
	....Sabatini Mountains
SN	N of Lake Bracciano NW of Rome. Also search Sabatini.

Sabinas Basin
BT	Mexico
	.Sabinas Basin
SN	NE Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sabine County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Sabine County Texas

Sabine Lake
RT	Cameron Parish Louisiana
	Jefferson County Texas
	Louisiana
	Orange County Texas
	Texas
	United States
SN	Formed by expansion of Sabine River which flows through the lake and Sabine Pass to Gulf of Mexico. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Sabine Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Sabine Parish Louisiana

Sabine Uplift
BT	United States
	.Sabine Uplift
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Gulf Coastal Plain
SN	NW Louisiana and NE Texas. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sabkah Syria
USE	Sabkha Syria

sabkha environment
USE	sebkha environment

Sabkha Syria
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Syria
	...Sabkha Syria
UF	Sabkah Syria
SN	Village on right bank of Euphrates River in N central Syria.

Sable Island
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Sable Island
SN	Low, sandy island in North Atlantic 115 miles off mainland.

Sable Island Bank
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Sable Island Bank
SN	Marine bank in vicinity of Sable Island approximately 115 miles off mainland of Nova Scotia.

sabulous texture
USE	arenaceous texture

Sac County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Sac County Iowa

Saco River
BT	United States
	.Saco River
RT	New Hampshire
	Maine
	Carroll County New Hampshire
	Cumberland County Maine
	York County Maine
	Oxford County Maine
SN	Flows into Atlantic Ocean from S Maine. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Sacoglossa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Sacoglossa

Sacramento Basin
RT	California
SN	N central California. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sacramento California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sacramento County California
	...Sacramento California
SN	City in central California.

Sacramento County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sacramento County California
NT	Sacramento California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
SN	Central California.

Sacramento Mountains
RT	Guadalupe Mountains
	Holder Formation
	Otero County New Mexico
	San Bernardino County California
SN	Range in Otero County NE of El Paso in S New Mexico. Also in E San Bernardino County California. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Sacramento River
RT	Mill Creek
	Northern California
	California
SN	N California. Indexed with state or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sacramento Valley
RT	Central Valley
	California
SN	River valley. Northern half of Central Valley. Extends from Lake Shasta to San Joaquin Valley. Also search Sacramento River. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Saddle Mountain Basalt
USE	Saddle Mountains Basalt

Saddle Mountains Basalt
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Saddle Mountains Basalt
UF	Saddle Mountain Basalt
RT	Idaho
	Washington
	Oregon
	Columbia River Basalt Group
	Yakima Basalt
SN	In Yakima Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Includes Ice Harbor Member. N Idaho, N Oregon and S Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sadlerochit Formation
USE	Sadlerochit Group

Sadlerochit Group
UF	Sadlerochit Formation
RT	Lower Triassic
	Permian
	Alaska
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Ivishak Formation
SN	N Alaska. Includes Ivishak Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sadlerochit Mountains
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Northern Alaska
	...Brooks Range
	....Sadlerochit Mountains
RT	Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
SN	NE Brooks Range, N Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Sado Island
BT	nshu
	.Sado Island
RT	Niigata Japan
SN	Mountainous island in E Japan Sea off NW coast of Honshu.

Sadon Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sadon Russian Federation
RT	North Ossetia Russian Federation
SN	Town in lead-zinc-silver mining area in North Ossetia in Northern Caucasus. Also occurs in other location. Before 1993, Sadon Russian Republic was also used. Indexed with oblast or region as applicable.

Saf

Safaga Egypt
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Safaga Egypt
SN	City on N Red Sea.

Safe Drinking Water Act
RT	drinking water
	legislation
	pollution
	regulations
	United States
	U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
SN	1974. Amended 1986.

safety
RT	aircraft
	design
	engineering geology
	geologic hazards
	preventive measures
	public awareness
	risk assessment
	seismic risk
	volcanic risk
SN	Methods or techniques of avoiding accident or disease. See risk assessment for safety assessment. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

safflorite
BT	arsenides
	.safflorite

Sag River Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Sag River Sandstone
RT	Alaska
SN	Prudhoe Bay, N Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saga Japan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Saga Japan
RT	Kyoto Japan
	Kyushu
SN	Prefecture in NW Kyushu, S Japan. Also a district near Kyoto, Honshu. Indexed with Kyushu or Kyoto Japan as applicable.

Sagadahoc County Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Sagadahoc County Maine
SN	On Atlantic Ocean in S Maine.

Sagami Bay
BT	nshu
	.Sagami Bay
UF	Sagami Sea
	Sagami-nada
RT	Shizuoka Japan
	Kanagawa Japan
	Izu Peninsula
SN	Inlet of the Pacific Ocean SW of Yokohama.

Sagami Sea
USE	Sagami Bay

Sagami-nada
USE	Sagami Bay

Saganaga Lake
BT	North America
	.Saganaga Lake
RT	Ontario
	Minnesota
	Cook County Minnesota
SN	In chain of lakes near Lake Superior. Indexed with Minnesota and/or Ontario as applicable.

Sagar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Sagar India
SN	Town in N central Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Saghalin
USE	Sakhalin

Saginaw County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Saginaw County Michigan

Saginaw Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Saginaw Formation
RT	Michigan
SN	Includes Verne Limestone Member, Eaton, Ionia, and Woodville Sandstone members. Michigan Lower Peninsula.

Saguache County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Saguache County Colorado
RT	San Luis Valley
SN	S Colorado.

Saguenay County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saguenay County Quebec
NT	Schefferville Quebec
	Sept-Iles Quebec

Saguenay earthquake 1988
BT	earthquakes
	.Saguenay earthquake 1988
RT	Quebec
SN	Saguenay Valley, Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Saguenay Valley
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saguenay Valley
RT	Saint Lawrence River basin
SN	River valley between Lake Saint Jean and Saint Lawrence River NE of Quebec City. Also search Saguenay; Saguenay River.

Sahara
BT	Africa
	.Sahara
NT	Ghadames Basin
UF	Sahara Desert
RT	Algeria
	Mauritania
	Adrar des Iforas
	Mali
	Niger
	Ahaggar
	Egypt
	Tanezrouft
	Morocco
	Tunisia
	Sudan
	Taoudenni Basin
	Chad
	Libya
	ergs
	Taoudenni
SN	Vast arid region extending across North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. From 1977-1980, documents on the Spanish Sahara were indexed under Sahara. As of 1981, use Western Sahara for the Spanish Sahara. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Sahara Desert
USE	Sahara

Sahel
BT	Africa
	.Sahel
RT	Mauritania
	Mali
	Niger
	Burkina Faso
	Chad
	Senegal
SN	Region. A transitional steppe belt just S of the Sahara. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Sahul Shelf
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Timor Sea
	..Sahul Shelf
RT	Southwest Pacific
SN	SW of W Timor Island.

Saihun River
USE	Syr Darya

Saint Bernard Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Bernard Parish Louisiana
SN	Extreme SE Louisiana, bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

Saint Catharines Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Saint Catharines Ontario
SN	City NW of Niagara Falls on Welland Canal in Niagara regional municipality, S Ontario.

Saint Charles County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saint Charles County Missouri
SN	E Missouri.

Saint Charles Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Charles Parish Louisiana

Saint Clair County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Saint Clair County Alabama
SN	NE central Alabama.

Saint Clair County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Saint Clair County Illinois
SN	SW Illinois.

Saint Clair County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Saint Clair County Michigan
RT	Lake Saint Clair
	Saint Clair River
	Saint Clair River delta
SN	E Michigan.

Saint Clair County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saint Clair County Missouri
SN	W Missouri.

Saint Clair River
BT	North America
	.Saint Clair River
RT	Ontario
	Michigan
	Saint Clair County Michigan
SN	Connects Lake Huron with Lake Saint Clair. Indexed with Michigan and/or Ontario as applicable.

Saint Clair River delta
BT	North America
	.Saint Clair River delta
RT	Ontario
	Michigan
	Saint Clair County Michigan
SN	Formed at river mouth in Lake Saint Clair. Indexed with Michigan and/or Ontario as applicable.

Saint Croix
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Virgin Islands
	.....U. S. Virgin Islands
	......Saint Croix
UF	Saint Croix Island
SN	Largest and most populous of the U.S. Virgin Islands which are E of Puerto Rico.

Saint Croix County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Saint Croix County Wisconsin

Saint Croix Island
USE	Saint Croix

Saint Elias Mountains
BT	North America
	.Saint Elias Mountains
RT	Alaska
	Yukon Territory
	Southern Alaska
	Bering Glacier
	Chitistone Pass
	Coast Ranges
	Glacier Bay National Park
	Kaskawulsh Glacier
	Mount Wood
	Steele Glacier
	Variegated Glacier
SN	Range near the Pacific Ocean. Indexed with Southern Alaska and/or Yukon Territory as applicable.

Saint Francis County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Saint Francis County Arkansas

Saint Francois County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saint Francois County Missouri
SN	SE Missouri.

Saint Francois Mountains
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saint Francois Mountains
RT	Ozark Mountains
SN	WNW of Cape Girardeau in SE Missouri. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Saint Gall Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Saint Gall Switzerland
UF	Saint Gallen
SN	Canton in NE Switzerland.

Saint Gallen
USE	Saint Gall Switzerland

Saint George Ba

Saint George Basin
RT	Alaska
	Bering Sea
	Utah
	Washington County Utah
SN	Basin in S Bering Sea. Also a basin in Washington County, Utah. Also in other locations. Indexed with Bering Sea or Utah as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Saint George Batholith
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Saint George Batholith
RT	Carboniferous
	Mississippian
	Saint George Group
SN	S New Brunswick. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Saint George Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Saint George Group
RT	Newfoundland Island
	Saint George Batholith
SN	W Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saint George Island
RT	Alaska
	Apalachicola Bay
	Bering Sea
	Florida
	Gulf of Mexico
SN	In NW Florida, barrier island in Gulf of Mexico. In Alaska, one of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. Indexed with states and counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saint Gotthard Massif
USE	Gotthard Massif

Saint Helena
UF	Saint Helena Island
RT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	Beaufort County South Carolina
	Gough Island
	Tristan da Cunha
SN	British island in S Atlantic Ocean about 1200 miles from W coast of Africa. Also occurs in other locations. Search in combination with (Atlantic Ocean or Atlantic Ocean Islands) if applicable. Indexed with Atlantic Ocean Islands or region as applicable.

Saint Helena Island
USE	Saint Helena

Saint Helena Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Helena Parish Louisiana

Saint James Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint James Parish Louisiana

Saint John
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Saint John New Brunswick or Saint John Island.

Saint John County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Saint John County New Brunswick
NT	Saint John New Brunswick

Saint John Island
RT	Leeward Islands
	Lesser Antilles
	Newfoundland Island
	U. S. Virgin Islands
	Virgin Islands
	Zabargad Island
SN	In various locations. One of the U. S. Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles. Also in Saint John Bay, NW Newfoundland. For the Red Sea island offshore Egypt, use Zabargad Island. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saint John New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Saint John County New Brunswick
	.....Saint John New Brunswick
SN	City on Bay of Fundy.

Saint John River
RT	Aroostook County Maine
	Gaspe Peninsula
	Liberia
	Maine
	New Brunswick
	Quebec
	Somerset County Maine
SN	Somerset and Aroostook counties, N Maine; W and S New Brunswick. Also a river in central Liberia. Also a river on the E Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saint John the Baptist Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint John the Baptist Parish Louisiana

Saint John's
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Saint John's Newfoundland. For the Egyptian island in the Red Sea, see Zabargad Island.

Saint John's Newfoundland
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Saint John's Newfoundland
SN	City on the Atlantic Ocean in SE Newfoundland.

Saint Johns County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Saint Johns County Florida
SN	NE Florida.

Saint Johns River basin
RT	Florida
SN	NE Florida. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Saint Joseph County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Saint Joseph County Indiana

Saint Joseph County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Saint Joseph County Michigan

Saint Kevin Gulch
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Lake County Colorado
	...Saint Kevin Gulch
RT	Leadville Colorado
SN	Stream in mining area near Leadville, central Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Saint Kilda
RT	Outer Hebrides
	Scotland
	Victoria Australia
SN	Island in Outer Hebrides of W Scotland. After 1992, use Saint Kilda Australia for the municipality in S Victoria, Australia. Indexed with Outer Hebrides or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saint Landry Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Landry Parish Louisiana

Saint Laurent Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Saint Laurent Limestone
RT	Missouri
	Illinois
SN	Regarded as lower Hamilton (Cazenovia Stage) and below Lingle Limestone. S Illinois and E Missouri.

Saint Lawrence County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Saint Lawrence County New York
NT	Balmat-Edwards mining district
	Gouverneur New York
	Ogdensburg New York
RT	Benson Mines
	Saint Lawrence Lowlands
	Saint Lawrence River
	Saint Lawrence Valley
SN	N New York.

Saint Lawrence Estuary
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saint Lawrence Estuary
RT	Saint Lawrence Valley
SN	The lower, wide part of the river from below Quebec City to its mouth on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

Saint Lawrence Lowlands
BT	North America
	.Saint Lawrence Lowlands
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	New York
	Saint Lawrence County New York
	Champlain Sea
	Great Appalachian Valley
	Laurentide ice sheet
	Franklin County New York
	Saint Lawrence Valley
	Jefferson County New York
	Monteregian Hills
SN	Along both sides of river from Lake Ontario to Quebec. Indexed with New York counties and Canadian provinces as applicable.

Saint Lawrence River
BT	North America
	.Saint Lawrence River
RT	Canada
	Ontario
	Quebec
	New York
	Saint Lawrence County New York
	Franklin County New York
	Saint Lawrence Valley
	Jefferson County New York
	Saint Lawrence River basin
SN	Flows NE out of Lake Ontario into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Also search Saint Lawrence AND river. Indexed with New York and Canadian provinces as applicable.

Saint Lawrence River basin
BT	North America
	.Saint Lawrence River basin
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	Saint Lawrence River
	Saint Lawrence Valley
	Ottawa River
	Saguenay Valley
SN	Drainage basin of Saint Lawrence River. E North America. Includes N New York, Vermont, Quebec and Ontario. Principal tributaries of the Saint Lawrence River include the Richelieu River, Ottawa River, Saint Francis River, Saint Maurice River and Saguenay R

Saint Lawrence River valley
USE	Saint Lawrence Valley

Saint Lawrence Valley
BT	North America
	.Saint Lawrence Valley
UF	Saint Lawrence River valley
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	New York
	Saint Lawrence County New York
	Saint Lawrence Lowlands
	Great Appalachian Valley
	Laurentide ice sheet
	Franklin County New York
	Saint Lawrence River
	Jefferson County New York
	Saint Lawrence River basin
	Saint Lawrence Estuary
SN	River valley extending to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Also search Saint Lawrence AND valley. Indexed with New York counties and Canadian provinces as applicable.

Saint Louis County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Saint Louis County Minnesota
NT	Duluth Minnesota
	Ely Minnesota
RT	Mesabi Range
	Rainy Lake
	Vermilion Range
SN	NE Minnesota.

Saint Louis County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saint Louis County Missouri
NT	Saint Louis Missouri
SN	E Missouri.

Saint Louis Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Meramecian
	.......Saint Louis Limestone
RT	Virginia
	Iowa
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	Comprises Croton and Verdi members.

Saint Louis Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saint Louis County Missouri
	...Saint Louis Missouri
SN	City on the Mississippi River in E Missouri.

Saint Lucia
RT	Lesser Antilles
	Soufriere
	Windward Islands
SN	Island at N13#DG45'N14#DG07' W060#DG55'W061#DG05'. A self-governing state in association with United Kingdom located in Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Windward Islands and Lesser Antilles OR region as ap

Saint Lucie County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Saint Lucie County Florida
SN	On Atlantic Ocean in SE Florida.

Saint Martin Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Martin Parish Louisiana

Saint Mary Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Mary Parish Louisiana
RT	Atchafalaya Bay
	Belle Isle
	Eugene Island
SN	S Louisiana, bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

Saint Marys County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Saint Marys County Maryland
SN	S Maryland.

Saint Marys Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Saint Marys Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Delaware
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. Middle and upper Miocene. Delaware, E Maryland and E Virginia.

Saint Paul Island
RT	Alaska
	Bering Sea
	Indian Ocean Islands
SN	Most northerly of Pribilof Islands, E Bering Sea. Also an island in the S Indian Ocean. Also in other locations. Indexed with Alaska or Indian Ocean Islands as applicable.

Saint Paul Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Ramsey County Minnesota
	...Saint Paul Minnesota
SN	City on the Mississippi River E of Minneapolis in E Minnesota.

Saint Paul Rocks
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Saint Paul Rocks
UF	Saint Paul's Rocks
SN	Group of uninhabited volcanic, rocky islets belonging to Brazil about 600 miles NE of Natal, E Brazil.

Saint Paul's Rocks
USE	Saint Paul Rocks

Saint Peter Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Saint Peter Sandstone
RT	Iowa
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Ohio
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Kansas
	Michigan
	Arkansas
SN	Overlies Prairie du Chien Group and underlies Glenwood Shale Member of Platteville Formation.

Saint Petersburg Russi

Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Leningrad Oblast Russian Federation
	...Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
UF	Leningrad City Russian Federation
	Sankt Peterburg Russian Federation
RT	Baltic region
SN	Oblast-level city, Gulf of Finland. Before 1991, Leningrad. It is surrounded by much larger Leningrad Oblast. Before 1993, Saint Petersburg Russian Republic was also used. Before 1998, this term was often also used for Leningrad Oblast. This term has mult

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
BT	North America
	.Saint Pierre and Miquelon
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Saint Pierre and Miquelon
UF	Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
	St. Pierre and Miquelon
SN	Consists of two islands in the Atlantic Ocean just S of Newfoundland. Became a French department in 1976. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Saint Regis Form

Saint Regis Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Saint Regis Formation
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Washington
	Belt Supergroup
	Ravalli Group
SN	In Ravalli Group of Belt Supergroup. NE Idaho, NW Montana and Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saint Severin France
USE	Saint-Severin France

Saint Severin Meteorite
USE	Saint-Severin Meteorite

Saint Tammany Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Saint Tammany Parish Louisiana

Saint Thomas
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Virgin Islands
	.....U. S. Virgin Islands
	......Saint Thomas
SN	Island in the U.S. Virgin Islands E of Puerto Rico.

Saint Vincent
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Saint Vincent
RT	Soufriere
SN	Self governing British state in the Windward Islands comprising Saint Vincent Island and the northern Grenadines. Indexed with Windward Islands.

Saint Vincent Bay
USE	Saint Vincent Gulf

Saint Vincent Gulf
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Saint Vincent Gulf
UF	Saint Vincent Bay
SN	Inlet of Indian Ocean between Yorke Peninsula and mainland.

Saint-Chinian France
BT	rault France
	.Saint-Chinian France
SN	Village in S France.

Saint-Etienne Basin
USE	Saint-Etienne coal basin

Saint-Etienne coal basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Loire France
	....Saint-Etienne coal basin
UF	Saint-Etienne Basin
RT	coal fields
SN	In E central France. Also search Saint-Etienne.

Saint-Girons France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Ariege France
	....Saint-Girons France
SN	Town in S France at foot of central Pyrenees.

Saint-Hyacinthe County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saint-Hyacinthe County Quebec

Saint-Jean County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saint-Jean County Quebec

Saint-Louis Reunion
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Mascarene Islands
	..Reunion
	...Saint-Louis Reunion
SN	Town on Reunion Island E of the Madagascar.

Saint-Maurice County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saint-Maurice County Quebec

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
USE	Saint Pierre and Miquelon
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. Used in subfile N.

Saint-Severin France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charente France
	....Saint-Severin France
UF	Saint Severin France
RT	Saint-Severin Meteorite
SN	Village in E France.

Saint-Severin Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...Saint-Severin Meteorite
UF	Saint Severin Meteorite
RT	France
	Charente France
	Saint-Severin France
SN	Impact at Saint-Severin in Charente, France. Before 1985, also search (Saint Severin OR Saint-Severin France) AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Saint-Sylvestre Massif
BT	ute-Vienne France
	.Saint-Sylvestre Massif
SN	In the Monts d'Ambazac in E central France.

Saint-Vallier France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Alpes-Maritimes France
	....Saint-Vallier France
UF	Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey
SN	Village in Provence Alps in extreme SE France.

Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey
USE	Saint-Vallier France

Sainte Genevieve County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Sainte Genevieve County Missouri

Sainte Genevieve Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Meramecian
	.......Sainte Genevieve Limestone
UF	Ste. Genevieve Limestone
RT	Iowa
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	Includes Fredonia Limestone, Rosiclare Sandstone, and Levias Limestone members. N Alabama, Georgia, S Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, E Missouri, Tennessee.

Sainte-Baume Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Sainte-Baume Massif
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Western Alps
	...Sainte-Baume Massif
RT	Provence
	Provence Alps
	Var France
SN	In lower Provence Alps in SE France. Also search Sainte-Baume. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines France
BT	ut-Rhin France
	.Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines France
SN	Town near crest of the Vosges Mountains in NE France.

Sainte-Victoire Massif
USE	Sainte-Victoire Mountain

Sainte-Victoire Mountain
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bouches-du-Rhone France
	....Sainte-Victoire Mountain
UF	Sainte-Victoire Massif
SN	In S France.

Saipan
BT	Oceania
	.Micronesia
	..Mariana Islands
	...Saipan
SN	United States island N of Guam.

Saitama Japan
BT	nshu
	.Saitama Japan
NT	Chichibu Japan
	Chichibu Mine
RT	Kanto Plain
	Fujiyama
SN	Prefecture N of Tokyo.

Sakar Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Sakar Mountains
SN	Between Maritsa River and Tundzha River in SE Bulgaria. Also search Sakar; Sakar Mountain.

sakhaite
BT	borates
	.sakhaite
BT	carbonates
	.sakhaite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sakhalin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sakhalin Russian Federation
	...Sakhalin
UF	Karafuto
	Saghalin
	Sakhalin Island
RT	Russian Far East
	Okhotsk region
	Kuril Islands
	Tatar Strait
	Moneron Island
	Nayba River basin
SN	Island N of Hokkaido in W Okhotsk Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sakhalin Island
USE	Sakhalin

Sakhalin Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sakhalin Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Sakhalin Russian Federation
NT	Kuril Islands
	Sakhalin
RT	Russian Far East
	Russian Pacific region
SN	Oblast including the island and Kuril Islands. Before 1993, Sakhalin Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sakmara Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Orenburg Russian Federation
	...Sakmara Russian Federation
SN	Village in central Orenburg Oblast in Southern Urals in European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Sakmara Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sakmara Zone
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sakmara Zone
BT	Europe
	.Sakmara Zone
RT	Southern Urals
	Orenburg Russian Federation
SN	Southern Urals. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Sakmarian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Cisuralian
	.....Sakmarian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lower Permian
	.....Sakmarian
SN	Europe. Above Stephanian (Carboniferous), below Artinskian.

Sakoa Basin
BT	Africa
	.Madagascar
	..Sakoa Basin
RT	coal
SN	Main source of coal in SW Madagascar. Also search Sakoa. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Saksagan River
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
	...Saksagan River
SN	In E central Ukraine. Also search Saksagan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sakura-jima
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Kyushu
	....Kagoshima Japan
	.....Sakura-jima
UF	Sakurajima
RT	Aira Caldera
	Ontake
	volcanoes
	Ebino Japan
	Osumi Peninsula
SN	Peninsula and volcano. NW projection of Osumi Peninsula in S Kyushu. An island until 1914. Before 1993, Ontake was sometimes used for the volcano. Before 1993, also search Ontake AND Kyushu for the volcano.

Sakurajima
USE	Sakura-jima

Salado Basin
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Salado Basin
RT	La Rioja Argentina
	La Pampa Argentina
	Mendoza Argentina
	San Luis Argentina
SN	600 mile-long basin of the combined Desaguadero and Salado river systems. Also search Salado. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Salado Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Upper Permian
	.....Salado Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	SE New Mexico and W Texas. Includes McNutt Potash Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Salair Ridge
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Salair Ridge
BT	Asia
	.Salair Ridge
RT	Altai Russian Federation
	Kemerovo Russian Federation
SN	Along borders of Altai Kray and Kemerovo Oblast in S Siberia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Salair Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kemerovo Russian Federation
	...Salair Russian Federation
SN	City on Salair Ridge in W Kemerovo Oblast in S Siberia. Before 1993, Salair Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Salaj Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Salaj Romania
SN	County in NW Romania.

Salamanca City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Salamanca Spain
	......Salamanca City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in NE Salamanca Province, W Spain. Before 1993, also search Salamanca Spain.

Salamanca Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Salamanca Spain
NT	Salamanca City Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in W Spain on the Portuguese border. From 1981-1992, also search Salamanca Province and Spain. For the city, see Salamanca City Spain.

Salat Valley
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Salat Valley
RT	Ariege France
	Haute-Garonne France
SN	River valley in S France. Also search Salat River. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Salem County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Salem County New Jersey
SN	SW New Jersey.

Salem Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Meramecian
	.......Salem Limestone
RT	Iowa
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Indiana
SN	Includes Kidd, Fults, Chalfin, and Rocher members. S Illinois , S Indiana, SE Iowa, W and central Kentucky, and E Missouri. Also search Salem Formation.

Salentina Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Apulia Italy
	....Salentina Peninsula
UF	Salentine Peninsula
SN	SE Apulia. The heel of the Italian boot. Also search Salentina.

Salentine Peninsula
USE	Salentina Peninsula

Salerno Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Salerno Italy
RT	Lucania
SN	City on Gulf of Salerno SE of Naples in W Campania, S Italy.

sales
RT	economics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Salida Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Chaffee County Colorado
	...Salida Colorado
SN	City on Arkansas River in central Colorado.

Salina Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Upper Silurian
	.....Salina Group
RT	Ohio
	Michigan
SN	Includes Vernon Shale, Camillus Shale, Bertie Formation, Akron Dolomite, Syracuse Formation. Michigan and N Ohio.

Salinas California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Salinas California
SN	City in W California.

Salinas River valley
USE	Salinas Valley

Salinas Valley
UF	Salinas River valley
RT	California
	San Luis Obispo County California
	Monterey County California
SN	River valley in San Luis Obispo and Monterey counties in W California. Also search Salinas River. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

saline composition
RT	composition
	ground water
	salinity
SN	Before 1978, search saline.

Saline County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Saline County Arkansas
SN	Central Arkansas.

Saline County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Saline County Illinois
SN	SE Illinois.

Saline County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Saline County Kansas
SN	Central Kansas.

Saline County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Saline County Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Saline County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Saline County Nebraska
RT	Big Blue River
SN	SE Nebraska.

saline soils
BT	soils
	.saline soils
RT	salinity
	salinization
	Halomorphic soils
	Solonchak soils
	Solonetz soils
SN	Nonsodic soil with enough soluble salt to adversely affect crops. Before 2000, also search (soils AND salinity) OR Solonchak soils. Also index salinity if applicable.

saline water
USE	salt water

Salinian Block
BT	United States
	.California
	..Salinian Block
RT	Coast Ranges
SN	Block structure in the California Coast Ranges. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

salinity
RT	brackish water
	brackish-water environment
	desalinization
	hydrochemistry
	hypersaline environment
	paleoecology
	paleosalinity
	saline composition
	saline soils
	salinization
	salt
	salt marshes
	sea water
	sedimentation
	soil treatment
	soils
	Solonchak soils
	springs

salinization
RT	degradation
	desalinization
	desertification
	ground water
	Halomorphic soils
	irrigation
	pedogenesis
	potability
	processes
	saline soils
	salinity
	salt-water intrusion
	soil management
	Solonchak soils
	water management
	water quality
SN	Includes process of salt accumulation in soil. Also index salt-water intrusion or salinity if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Salisbury
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Harare Zimbabwe if applicable.

Salisbury Embayment
BT	United States
	.Salisbury Embayment
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
SN	Central Atlantic Coastal Plain. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

salite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....salite
RT	diopside
SN	Gray-green to black variety of diopside.

Salix
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Salix
SN	Genus.

Salmo British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Salmo British Columbia
SN	Village in S British Columbia.

Salmon Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Lemhi County Idaho
	...Salmon Idaho
SN	City in E Idaho.

Salmon River
RT	Idaho
	Salmon River breaks
SN	Rises in central Idaho and flows N then W, and again N to empty into Snake River in W Idaho. Also in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Salmon River breaks
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Salmon River breaks
RT	Salmon River
SN	Large gorge or canyon in lower course of Salmon River.

Salmoniformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Teleostei
	......Salmoniformes
SN	Order.

Salonika Greece
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Greek Macedonia
	....Salonika Greece
UF	Saloniki Greece
	Thessaloniki Greece
RT	Chalkidiki
SN	City on Gulf of Salonika in S central Greek Macedonia, N Greece. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Saloniki Greece
USE	Salonika Greece

Salop England
USE	Shropshire England

Salsigne Mine
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Aude France
	....Salsigne Mine
RT	mines
	gold ores
SN	Gold ores. N of Carcassonne in S France. Also search Salsigne.

salt
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..evaporites
	...salt
RT	evaporite deposits
	diapirs
	paleosalinity
	salinity
	sea water
	brines
	bromine
	bromine deposits
	desalinization
	iodine deposits
	salt domes
	salt tectonics
	halite
	chlorine
	potassium chloride
	sodium chloride
	subsalt strata
SN	See List C for use as a commodity term.

Salt Creek
RT	Wyoming
SN	Central Wyoming. Also in many other locations. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

salt domes
RT	cap rocks
	diapirism
	diapirs
	domes
	folds
	Oakwood Dome
	Richton Dome
	salt
	salt tectonics

Salt Lake City Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Salt Lake County Utah
	...Salt Lake City Utah
SN	City on Jordan River in N Utah.

Salt Lake County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Salt Lake County Utah
NT	Bingham Utah
	Salt Lake City Utah
RT	Great Salt Lake
	Jordan River
	Jordan Valley
	Wasatch fault zone
SN	N Utah.

Salt Lake Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Salt Lake Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Miocene
	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Nevada
SN	SE Idaho, N Nevada, N Utah and W Wyoming. Also search Salt Lake Group NOT Hawaii. For formation in Hawaii, search Salt Lake Group AND Hawaii. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

salt lakes
RT	brackish water
	brines
	lakes
	salt water

salt marshes
BT	mires
	.marshes
	..salt marshes
RT	sedimentation
	paleoecology
	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	brackish-water environment
	sebkha environment
	shore features
	lacustrine features
	wetlands
	salinity
	tidal marshes
SN	Indexed with lacustrine features or shore features as applicable.

Salt Range
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Punjab Pakistan
	....Salt Range
SN	Between the Indus River and the Jhelum River.

Salt River
RT	Arizona
	Salt River valley
SN	Rises in E Arizona and flows W into Gila River W of Phoenix. Also in other locations. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Salt River valley
RT	Arizona
	Kentucky
	Maricopa County Arizona
	Salt River
	Salt Valley
SN	Valley of Salt River in Maricopa County, Arizona. Also in N Kentucky. Indexed with states and counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

salt sheets
RT	allochthons
	salt tectonics
	subsalt strata
SN	Allochthonous salt with breadth several times greater than its maximum thickness.

salt structures
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1968. See salt tectonics; salt domes.

salt tectonics
BT	tectonics
	.salt tectonics
UF	halokinesis
RT	faults
	salt sheets
	deformation
	cap rocks
	folds
	diapirs
	emplacement
	tectonophysics
	salt
	salt domes
	diapirism
	Louann Salt
	subsalt strata
SN	Used for the study of the structure and mechanism of emplacement of salt domes.

Salt Valley
RT	Colorado Plateau
	Grand County Utah
	Salt River valley
	San Juan County Utah
	Utah
SN	SW Utah. Also used for other locations. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Salt Wash Sandstone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Salt Wash Sandstone Member
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	Morrison Formation
SN	Of Morrison Formation. E Utah, NE Arizona, SW Colorado and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

salt water
UF	saline water
RT	ground water
	water
	hydrochemistry
	brackish water
	salt lakes
	sea water
	brines
	salt-water intrusion
	chemical dispersion
	fresh water

salt water intrusion
USE	salt-water intrusion

salt-water contamination
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use salt-water intrusion.

salt-water int

salt-water intrusion
UF	encroachment (ground water)
	intrusion (ground water)
	salt water intrusion
	sea-water encroachment
	sea-water intrusion
RT	ground water
	salt water
	sea water
	brines
	chemical dispersion
	salinization

Salta Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Salta Argentina
RT	Pampean Mountains
	Yacoraite Formation
	Rio Blanco Basin
SN	Province in NNW Argentina. Before 1993, also search Salta Province AND Argentina.

saltation
RT	deflation
	sediment transport
	sedimentation

Salton Sea
BT	United States
	.California
	..Salton Sea
RT	Imperial County California
	Riverside County California
	Colorado Desert
	Salton Sea geothermal field
SN	Shallow saline lake just N of Imperial Valley in S California.

Salton Sea geothermal field
BT	United States
	.California
	..Imperial County California
	...Salton Sea geothermal field
RT	geothermal fields
	Salton Sea
	Salton Trough
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Salton Trough
BT	United States
	.California
	..Salton Trough
RT	Salton Sea geothermal field
	Superstition Hills earthquake 1987
SN	Depression including from NW to SE, the Coachella Valley, the Salton Sea, and the Imperial Valley in S California.

Saltville Fault
RT	Tennessee
	Virginia
SN	SW Virginia and E Tennessee. Also search Saltville. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Saluda County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Saluda County South Carolina

Salvador Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Bahia Brazil
	...Salvador Brazil
SN	City on the Atlantic Ocean in E Bahia, E Brazil. Formerly Sao Salvador or Bahia.

Salym Field
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tyumen Russian Federation
	...Salym Field
RT	oil and gas fields
	West Siberia
SN	Oil field, W Siberia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Salzach River
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Salzach River
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Salzburg State Austria
	Upper Austria
	Pinzgau
SN	Primarily in Salzburg State. Also search Salzach. Indexed with Austrian and German states as applicable.

Salzburg Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Salzburg State Austria
	....Salzburg Austria
SN	City in Salzburg State, NW Austria. As of 1981, Salzburg Austria refers to only the city. Before 1981, Salzburg Austria referred to both the state and the city in central Austria.

Salzburg State Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Salzburg State Austria
NT	Bad Gastein Austria
	Mitterberg Austria
	Pinzgau
	Salzburg Austria
RT	Salzach River
	Salzkammergut
	Hohe Tauern
	Venediger Group
SN	Before 1981, also search Salzburg Austria.

Salzkammergut
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Salzkammergut
RT	Eastern Alps
	Salzburg State Austria
	Upper Austria
	Styria Austria
SN	Lake and mountain region of Eastern Alps. Indexed with states as applicable.

sam

Samail Ophiolite
USE	Semail Ophiolite

Samar
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Samar
SN	Island on E side of central part of Philippine Islands.

Samara Bend
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Samara Russian Federation
	...Samara Bend
SN	Region in former Kuibyshev Oblast within oxbow of the middle Volga River where it reaches its easternmost point. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Samara Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Samara Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Samara Russian Federation
NT	Samara Bend
UF	Kuibyshev Russian Federation
	Kuybyshev Russian Federation
RT	Vodino Russian Federation
SN	Oblast and city in W Russian Federation. Renamed in 1990s. Before 1993, also search Kuibyshev Russian Republic. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Samaria
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Samaria
RT	Israel
	Jordan
SN	Region extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River S of Galilee and N of Judaea. Includes most of the Israeli occupied West Bank of the Jordan River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

samarium
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..samarium
NT	Sm-147/Nd-144
UF	Sm
RT	Sm/Nd

Samarkand Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Samarkand Uzbekistan
NT	Lyangar Uzbekistan
	Zirabulak Uzbekistan
UF	Samarqand Uzbekistan
RT	Nura-Tau
SN	Oblast and city in SE Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Samarqand Uzbekistan
USE	Samarkand Uzbekistan

samarskite
BT	oxides
	.niobates
	..niobotantalates
	...samarskite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sambagawa Belt
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Sambagawa Belt
UF	Sanbagawa Belt
RT	Honshu
	Kyushu
	Shikoku
SN	Innermost and oldest of three belts of different metamorphic grades of schist in a Paleozoic Group. SW Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Also search Sambagawa; Sambagawa Schist.

Sambalpur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Orissa India
	....Sambalpur India
SN	Town in N Orissa, E India.

Samoa
BT	Oceania
	.Polynesia
	..Samoa
UF	American Samoa
	Samoa Islands
	Western Samoa
RT	East Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Group of volcanic islands in SW central Pacific Ocean. American Samoa is in E part of group, and independent Western Samoa comprises the W part.

Samoa Islands
USE	Samoa

Samos
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Aegean Islands
	..Greek Aegean Islands
	...Samos
SN	Island in the Aegean Sea off W coast of Turkey. Also a Greek department. This term has multiple hierarchies.

sample location maps
USE	site location maps

sample preparation
RT	centrifuge methods
	chemical analysis
	citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method
	curation
	decrepitation
	differential thermal analysis
	micropaleontology
	paleontology
	palynology
	preparation
	quality control
	samples
	sampling
	soil sampling
	soils
	staining
	techniques

samplers
RT	instruments
	sampling
	sediment traps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

samples
RT	dredged samples
	lunar samples
	sample preparation
	sampling
	soil sampling
	thin sections
SN	Used for physical samples, not for statistical meaning.

sampling
RT	analysis
	curation
	dredged samples
	field studies
	panning
	placers
	probability
	quality control
	reliability
	sample preparation
	samplers
	samples
	sediment traps
	soil sampling
	techniques
	trenching

Sampson County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Sampson County North Carolina

San Andreas Fault
RT	Carrizo Plain
	Emerson Fault
	Hosgri Fault
	Parkfield earthquakes
	California
	San Gregorio Fault
SN	A fault system or zone extending for more than 600 miles from the Pacific Ocean at Point Arena through the San Francisco Peninsula and on into S California. Also search San Andreas. Indexed with location as applicable.

San Andres Formation
RT	Argentina
	Guadalupian
	Leonardian
	Mexico
	Permian
	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Permian in Manzano Group of Permian Basin in central and SE New Mexico and West Texas. Also in other locations including Argentina and Baja California, Mexico. Also search San Andres with location and/or age. Indexed with age or ages as applicable.

San Andres Mountains
RT	Dona Ana County New Mexico
	New Mexico
	Sierra County New Mexico
	Socorro County New Mexico
SN	S central New Mexico. May also occur in other locations. Search in combination with New Mexico if applicable. Indexed with U. S. counties or location; and mountain ranges as applicable.

San Antonio Mine
RT	Chihuahua Mexico
	gold ores
	Manitoba
	Mexico
	mines
	polymetallic ores
	Sonora Mexico
SN	Gold ores in Bissett area, SE Manitoba and in Sonora Mexico. Polymetallic ores in Santa Eulalia District, Chichuahua, Mexico. Also occurs with numerous other locations and commodities. Search with location. Indexed with country and commodities as applicab

San Antonio Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bexar County Texas
	...San Antonio Texas
SN	City on San Antonio River in S central Texas.

San Augustine County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..San Augustine County Texas

San Benito County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Benito County California
NT	Hollister California
	Pinnacles National Monument
	San Juan Bautista California
RT	Santa Clara Valley
SN	W California.

San Bernardino California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...San Bernardino California
SN	City in S California.

San Bernardino County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
NT	Avawatz Mountains
	Barstow California
	Cady Mountains
	Cajon Pass
	Cima volcanic field
	Johnson Valley Fault
	Landers California
	Needles California
	Old Woman Mountains
	Pisgah Crater
	San Bernardino California
	San Gorgonio Mountain
	San Gorgonio Pass
	Trona California
	Whipple Mountains
RT	Mojave Desert
	Nopah Range
	Borax Lake
	Calico Mountains
	Coyote Lake
	Death Valley
	Emerson Fault
	Sacramento Mountains
	Kingston Range
	Searles Lake
	Mohave Mountains
	Santa Ana River
	San Bernardino Mountains
SN	S California.

San Bernardino Mountains
RT	Coast Ranges
	Riverside County California
	San Bernardino County California
	California
	San Gorgonio Mountain
	San Gorgonio Pass
	Transverse Ranges
SN	One of the Coast Ranges in San Bernardino and Riverside counties in S California. Indexed with counties and Coast Ranges; or region and mountain ranges as applicable.

San Buenaventura California
USE	Ventura California

San Carlos Indian Reservation
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..San Carlos Indian Reservation
RT	San Carlos Olivine
	Indian reservations
SN	SE central Arizona. Also search San Carlos.

San Carlos Olivine
RT	Gila County Arizona
	mineral inclusions
	San Carlos Indian Reservation
SN	Peridotite and pyroxenite inclusions from San Carlos, Arizona, 30 kilometers E of Globe, Arizona. Also search (Peridot Mesa or Rice) and Arizona; or Gila County Arizona. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

San Clemente Island
BT	United States
	.California
	..Channel Islands
	...San Clemente Island
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...San Clemente Island
SN	One of the Channel Islands in the Pacific Ocean W of San Diego. Also search San Clemente. This term has multiple hierarchies.

San Diego California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Diego County California
	...San Diego California
RT	La Jolla California
SN	City on the Pacific Ocean in S California.

San Diego County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Diego County California
NT	La Jolla California
	Point Loma
	San Diego California
RT	Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
	San Jacinto Fault
SN	S California.

San Diego Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....San Diego Formation
RT	California
SN	Rests with angular unconformity upon Rose Canyon Formation of the La Jolla, or on Poway Conglomerate, or overlaps them and rests with marked unconformity upon Black Mountain volcanics; unconformably underlies Sweitzer Formation. S California.

San Diego Trough
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...San Diego Trough
SN	Just off San Diego, California. This term has multiple hierarchies.

San Emigdio Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Emigdio Mountains
RT	Kern County California
	San Joaquin Valley
	Ventura County California
	Tehachapi Mountains
	Temblor Range
SN	Part of the southern wall of the San Joaquin Valley, linking Temblor Range with Tehachapi Mountains in S California. Indexed with county or counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

San Felipe Formation
RT	Argentina
	Cretaceous
	Mexico
	Tertiary
SN	Cretaceous of Mexico. Also a Tertiary formation in Argentina. Indexed with age or ages as applicable.

San Fernando California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...San Fernando California
RT	San Fernando earthquake 1971
SN	City in S California.

San Fernando earthquake 1971
BT	earthquakes
	.San Fernando earthquake 1971
UF	San Fernando Valley earthquake 1971
RT	California
	San Fernando California
SN	Epicenter near San Fernando, California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Fernando Valley
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Fernando Valley
RT	Northridge earthquake 1994
	Sylmar Fault
SN	Fertile basin about 20 miles NW of downtown Los Angeles. Indexed with counties as applicable.

San Fernando Valley earthquake 1971
USE	San Fernando earthquake 1971

San Francisco Bay
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Francisco Bay
NT	San Pablo Bay
RT	Greenville Fault
	San Francisco Bay region
	Berkeley California
	East Bay
	Oakland California
SN	Inlet connected to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate in W California.

San Francisco Bay region
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Francisco Bay region
RT	Alameda County California
	San Francisco Bay
	Marin County California
	Napa County California
	Contra Costa County California
	Hayward Fault
	Loma Prieta earthquake 1989
	Sacramento County California
	San Francisco County California
	San Francisco Peninsula
	San Jo
SN	Composed of the 12 counties surrounding San Francisco Bay in W California. Indexed with counties as applicable.

San Francisco California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Francisco County California
	...San Francisco California
UF	Marina District (San Francisco California)
RT	San Francisco Peninsula
	San Francisco earthquake 1906
SN	City on the Pacific Ocean coextensive with San Francisco County California.

San Francisco County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Francisco County California
NT	San Francisco California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
SN	Coextensive with city of San Francisco.

San Francisco de la Selva
USE	Copiapo Chile

San Francisco earthquake 1906
BT	earthquakes
	.San Francisco earthquake 1906
RT	California
	San Francisco California
SN	Epicenter near San Francisco, California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Francisco Mountain
UF	Humphreys Peak
RT	Coconino County Arizona
	San Francisco Peaks
SN	One of the three peaks N of Flagstaff in Coconino County known as San Francisco Peaks. Indexed with county and San Francisco Peaks or region as applicable.

San Francisco Mountains
RT	Arizona
	Catron County New Mexico
	New Mexico
	United States
SN	Range primarily in Catron County, New Mexico. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

San Francisco Peaks
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..San Francisco Peaks
UF	San Francisco Volcanic Field
RT	volcanoes
	San Francisco Mountain
SN	An eroded volcano 10 miles N of Flagstaff in Coconino County with Agassiz, Fremont and San Francisco (Humphreys) peaks on its rim.

San Francisco Peninsula
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	San Francisco California
	California
	San Mateo County California
	Santa Clara County California
SN	Extends S from San Francisco the length of San Francisco Bay. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

San Francisco Volcanic Field
USE	San Francisco Peaks

San Gabriel Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Gabriel Fault
RT	San Gabriel Mountains
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Gabriel Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Gabriel Mountains
RT	Los Angeles County California
	Coast Ranges
	Transverse Ranges
	San Gabriel Fault
SN	Range SW of the Mojave Desert primarily in Los Angeles County in S California. Also search San Gabriel. Indexed with counties and Coast Ranges or region as applicable.

San Giorgio Mountain
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Ticino Switzerland
	....San Giorgio Mountain
RT	Alps
	Lepontine Alps
SN	Ticino, S Switzerland.

San Gorgonio Mountain
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...San Gorgonio Mountain
RT	Coast Ranges
	San Bernardino Mountains
	San Gorgonio Pass
SN	Highest peak in the San Bernardino Mountains, S California. Indexed with Coast Ranges and San Bernardino Mountains as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

San Gorgonio Pass
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...San Gorgonio Pass
RT	San Bernardino Mountains
	San Jacinto Mountains
	San Gorgonio Mountain
SN	Railroad and highway pass located between San Gorgonio and San Jacinto mountains in NW San Bernardino Mountains, S California. Connects San Bernardino Valley with the Coachella Valley. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

San Gregorio Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Gregorio Fault
RT	San Andreas Fault
	Hosgri Fault
SN	W central California. Component of San Andreas fault system. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

San Gregorio Formation
RT	Baja California Sur Mexico
	Brazil
	Lower Permian
	Mexico
	Miocene
	Oligocene
	Parana Basin
	Pliocene
	Purisima Formation
	California
	Upper Carboniferous
	Uruguay
SN	Member of Purisima Formation, S California and Baja California Sur Mexico. ?Pliocene or Oligocene-Miocene. Also occurs in ?Lower Permian or ?Upper Carboniferous of the Parana Basin, Uruguay and Brazil. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in

San Jacinto County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..San Jacinto County Texas

San Jacinto Fault
BT	North America
	.San Jacinto Fault
RT	Mexico
	California
	Imperial County California
	Riverside County California
	San Diego County California
	Sonora Mexico
	Orange County California
SN	Imperial, Orange, Riverside and San Diego counties in S California; Sonora, Mexico. Also search San Jacinto. Indexed with counties and/or states as applicable.

San Jacinto Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Jacinto Mountains
RT	Riverside County California
	Coast Ranges
	San Gorgonio Pass
SN	Part of the Coast Ranges in SW California. Indexed with Coast Ranges as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

San Jiang region
USE	Sanjiang

San Jo

San Joaquin Basin
RT	California
	San Joaquin County California
	San Joaquin River
	San Joaquin Valley
SN	Central California. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

San Joaquin County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Joaquin County California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	San Joaquin Basin
SN	Central California.

San Joaquin River
RT	Kesterson Reservoir
	San Joaquin Basin
	California
	San Joaquin Valley
SN	Central California. Flows into San Pablo Bay. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Joaquin Valley
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Joaquin Valley
RT	Central Valley
	Kesterson Reservoir
	San Emigdio Mountains
	San Joaquin River
	San Joaquin Basin
	White Wolf Fault
SN	Southern half of Central Valley. Extends from Buena Vista Lake in S to Sacramento Valley in N. Also search San Joaquin. Indexed with counties as applicable.

San Jose California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Clara County California
	...San Jose California
SN	City in W California.

San Jose Formation
RT	Argentina
	lower Eocene
	Miocene
	Colorado
	New Mexico
SN	N New Mexico, and S Colorado. Lithology of formation is highly variable, both vertically and horizontally. Also occurs in the Miocene of Argentina. Indexed with age as applicable.

San Juan Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..San Juan Argentina
NT	Barreal Argentina
	Talacasto Argentina
RT	Guandacol Formation
	San Juan River
	Pampean Mountains
	Paganzo Basin
SN	In W Argentina. Before 1993, also search San Juan Province AND Argentina.

San Juan Basin
RT	Arizona
	Cedar Hill Field
	Four Corners
	Colorado
	New Mexico
	San Juan mining district
	San Juan Mountains
	San Juan River
	San Juan volcanic field
	United States
	Utah
SN	Indexed with states or region as applicable.

San Juan Bautista California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Benito County California
	...San Juan Bautista California
SN	Town in San Benito County, W California.

San Juan County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..San Juan County Colorado
NT	Silverton Caldera
RT	Sunnyside Mine
	Needle Mountains
	Sunlight
	San Juan mining district
SN	SW Colorado.

San Juan County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..San Juan County New Mexico
RT	Cedar Hill Field
SN	Extreme NW New Mexico.

San Juan County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..San Juan County Utah
NT	Monticello Utah
RT	Canyonlands National Park
	Lake Powell
	Salt Valley
	Monticello Reservoir
	Gibson Dome
	Homestake Mine
SN	SE Utah.

San Juan County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..San Juan County Washington
RT	False Bay
	San Juan Islands
SN	NW Washington.

San Juan District
USE	San Juan mining district

San Juan Formation
RT	Arenigian
	Argentina
	Lower Ordovician
	Pleistocene
	Puerto Rico
	Colorado
	Tertiary
	Tremadocian
SN	Middle and upper Tertiary in SW Colorado; Pleistocene in Puerto Rico; Tremadocian-Arenigian in Argentina. Indexed with ages as applicable.

San Juan Islands
RT	Cache Creek Group
	Chuckanut Formation
	False Bay
	San Juan County Washington
SN	Group of islands off NW Washington and E of Vancouver Island. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

San Juan mining district
UF	San Juan District
RT	silver ores
	San Juan River
	San Juan Basin
	San Juan Mountains
	San Juan volcanic field
	San Juan County Colorado
SN	Mining region in SW Colorado. Also in other locations. Before 1981, also search San Juan AND Colorado. Indexed with county or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

San Juan Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..San Juan Mountains
NT	Creede Caldera
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	San Juan River
	San Juan Basin
	Creede Formation
	San Juan volcanic field
	Sunlight
	San Juan mining district
	Silverton Caldera
	Slumgullion Landslide
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains in SW Colorado and N New Mexico. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

San Juan Puerto Rico
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Puerto Rico
	.....San Juan Puerto Rico
SN	City on the Atlantic Ocean in N Puerto Rico.

San Juan River
RT	Argentina
	Bolivia
	Colombia
	Mexico
	Monagas Venezuela
	Nicaragua
	Nuevo Leon Mexico
	San Juan Argentina
	San Juan Basin
	San Juan mining district
	San Juan Mountains
	Colorado
	New Mexico
	San Juan volcanic field
	Sucre Venezuela
	Tamaulipas Mexico
	Utah
	Venezuela
SN	Rises in S Colorado and flows SW, bends W, then NW emptying into the Colorado River in SE Utah. Also search San Juan AND (Colorado OR New Mexico OR Utah). Also in S San Juan Province, W Argentina; SW Bolivia; W Colombia; Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, NE Mexi

San Juan volcanic field
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..San Juan volcanic field
RT	San Juan River
	San Juan Basin
	Creede Caldera
	San Juan Mountains
	Fish Canyon Tuff
	San Juan mining district
SN	In San Juan Mountains of SW Colorado.

San Lorenzo Formation
RT	Argentina
	Eocene
	Oligocene
	Paleogene
	California
	Tertiary
SN	Eocene and Oligocene of Santa Cruz Mountains in S California. Includes Twobar Shale and Rices Mudstone. May also occur in Tertiary of Argentina and in other locations. Also search San Lorenzo. Indexed with ages as applicable.

San Luis Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..San Luis Argentina
RT	Pampean Mountains
	Salado Basin
SN	Province including city in W central Argentina.

San Luis Obispo California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
	...San Luis Obispo California
RT	Midway-Sunset Field
SN	City in SW California.

San Luis Obispo County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
NT	Carrizo Plain
	Cholame California
	Pismo Basin
	San Luis Obispo California
RT	Santa Lucia Range
	Caliente Range
	Hosgri Fault
	Santa Maria Basin
	Temblor Range
	Salinas Valley
SN	SW California.

San Luis Potosi Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.San Luis Potosi Mexico
NT	Valles Mexico
RT	Sierra Madre Oriental
SN	State and city in E central Mexico.

San Luis Valley
RT	Alamosa County Colorado
	Conejos County Colorado
	Saguache County Colorado
	Colorado
	New Mexico
	Taos County New Mexico
	United States
SN	Once bottom of extensive lake. In Saguache, Alamosa, and Conejos counties in S Colorado and in Taos County in New Mexico. Indexed with states and counties or region as applicable.

San Manuel Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Pinal County Arizona
	...San Manuel Arizona
SN	Village in S central Arizona.

San Marcos Arch
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..San Marcos Arch
SN	S central Texas. Also search San Marcos.

San Marino
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..San Marino
RT	Italy
	Apennines
	Marches Italy
	Emilia-Romagna Italy
SN	Republic in the Apennines, N part of Italian peninsula near the Adriatic coast.

San Mateo County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Mateo County California
NT	Portola Valley California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	San Francisco Peninsula
	San Pedro Valley
SN	W California.

San Mateo Mountains
RT	Cibola County New Mexico
	New Mexico
	Socorro County New Mexico
SN	Mountains in SW Socorro County, SW central New Mexico. Also in other location. Indexed with county or regions as applicable.

San Miguel County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..San Miguel County Colorado
SN	SW Colorado.

San Miguel County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..San Miguel County New Mexico
SN	NE New Mexico.

San Miguel Formation
RT	Gulfian
	Texas
SN	Gulfian of S Texas. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Miguel Island
RT	Channel Islands
	Santa Barbara County California
SN	Northernmost of Channel Islands in Pacific Ocean SW of Santa Barbara. May occur in other locations. Also search San Miguel AND appropriate area. Indexed with Channel Islands and county or region as applicable.

San Nicolas Basin
RT	ODP Site 1013
	California
	Northeast Pacific
SN	California continental borderland, S California. Indexed with county or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

San Nicolas Island
RT	Channel Islands
	Ventura County California
SN	In central Channel Islands in the Pacific Ocean off SW California. Also search San Nicolas. Indexed with Channel Islands and Ventura County California as applicable.

San Onofre Breccia
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....middle Miocene
	......San Onofre Breccia
RT	California
SN	Underlies Monterey Formation; overlies Cozy Dell Formation. San Diego County in S California.

San Pablo Bay
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Francisco Bay
	...San Pablo Bay
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	Sonoma County California
	Marin County California
	Contra Costa County California
	Solano County California
SN	N part of San Francisco Bay. Indexed with U.S. counties as applicable.

San Patricio County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..San Patricio County Texas
RT	Corpus Christi Bay
SN	S Texas.

San Pedro
RT	Chile
	Guatemala
	volcanoes
SN	Used for volcanoes. Before 1993, also used for cities. After 1989, use San Pedro California for the city; after 1992, use San Pedro Mexico for the city if applicable. Search in combination with state or country. Indexed with county or regions as applicabl

San Pedro Basin
RT	California
	Northeast Pacific
SN	S California continental borderland. Indexed with county or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Pedro Bay
RT	Los Angeles County California
	Orange County California
	Palos Verdes Peninsula
	Northeast Pacific
SN	S of Los Angeles, S California. May also occur in other locations. Also search San Pedro AND California if applicable. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

San Pedro Hills
USE	Palos Verdes Hills

San Pedro Valley
RT	Arizona
	San Mateo County California
SN	In San Mateo County in W California. Also in SE Arizona. Also search San Pedro AND (California or Arizona) if applicable. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

San Rafael Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....San Rafael Group
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	Carmel Formation
	Entrada Sandstone
	Page Sandstone
	Todilto Formation
SN	Middle and Upper Jurassic. Arizona, New Mexico, E Utah and W Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

San Rafael Swell
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..San Rafael Swell
SN	E central Utah. Also search San Rafael.

San S

San Saba County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..San Saba County Texas
SN	Central Texas.

San Salvador
RT	Bahamas
	El Salvador
	Sandy Hook
SN	Island in E central Bahamas. As of 1993, use San Salvador El Salvador for the city as applicable. Indexed with Bahamas or country as applicable.

San Salvador earthquake 1986
BT	earthquakes
	.San Salvador earthquake 1986
UF	El Salvador earthquake 1986
RT	El Salvador
	San Salvador El Salvador
SN	El Salvador. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

San Salvador El Salvador
BT	Central America
	.El Salvador
	..San Salvador El Salvador
RT	San Salvador earthquake 1986
SN	City in central El Salvador.

San San Panama
USE	Sansan Panama

San Sebastian Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
	.....Guipuzcoa Spain
	......San Sebastian Spain
SN	City on Bay of Biscay in Basque country, N Spain.

Sanbagawa Belt
USE	Sambagawa Belt

Sanborn County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Sanborn County South Dakota

Sancerre-Couy Borehole
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cher France
	....Sancerre-Couy Borehole
UF	Couy-Sancerre Borehole
RT	boreholes
	deep drilling
SN	In the Paris Basin, Cher, central France. Also search Sancerre or Couy. Also index deep drilling if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

sand
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..sand
RT	silica
	soils
	aggregate
	construction materials
	sands
	alluvium
	gravel
	silt
	arenaceous texture
	sandstone
	terrigenous materials
	carbonate sediments
	greensand
	loam
	ergs
	sand sheets
	grains
	Ottawa Sand
	rounding
	quartz sand
	quicksand
SN	As of 1981, use sands or gravel deposits for sand as a commodity. Also includes use as a material in engineering geology.

sand bars
USE	bars

sand bodies
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..sand bodies
RT	bedding plane irregularities
	blowouts

sand boils
RT	blowouts
	discharge
	engineering geology
	floods
	fluvial features
	levees
	geomorphology
	soil mechanics
	springs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

sand dunes
USE	dunes

sand equivalent tests
RT	drilling
	petroleum engineering
	testing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sand Hills
RT	Georgia
	Nebraska
	North Carolina
	South Carolina
	United States
SN	Belt, 20 to 40 miles wide, of low, sandy hills extending along inner border of coastal plain from central North Carolina to central Georgia. Also large area of stable dunes covered with vegetation in NW central Nebraska. Indexed with states as applicable.

sand ridges
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..sand ridges
RT	bottom features
	dunes
	sand waves
	barrier islands
	barrier beaches
	shore features
	longshore bars
	bars
	ripple marks
	ergs
	megaripples
SN	Use sand waves if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sand seas
RT	deserts
	dunes
	eolian features
	ergs
	periglacial features
	sand sheets
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sand sheets
BT	eolian features
	.sand sheets
RT	remote sensing
	sand
	dunes
	deserts
	ergs
	sand seas
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sand volcanoes
USE	mud volcanoes

Sand Wash Basin
RT	Green River basin
	Colorado
SN	NW Colorado. Indexed with county or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sand waves
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..sand waves
RT	antidunes
	dunes
	sand ridges
	ripple marks
	megaripples

sand-box models
USE	sandbox models

Sandakan Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...East Malaysia
	....Sabah Malaysia
	.....Sandakan Malaysia
SN	City on Sandakan Harbor on Sulu Sea in Sabah in East Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

sandarac
USE	realgar

Sandbian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Sandbian

sandbox models
UF	box models (sand)
	sand-box models
RT	tectonics
	soil mechanics
	experimental studies
	models
	simulation
	deformation
	shear modulus
	laboratory studies
	physical models
	scale models
SN	Also index physical models as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Sandelzhausen Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Sandelzhausen Germany
SN	Village N of Munich.

Sanders County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Sanders County Montana
RT	Coeur d'Alene mining district
SN	NW Montana.

Sandia Formation
RT	Magdalena Group
	Pennsylvanian
	Peru
	Colorado
	New Mexico
SN	Pennsylvanian; in Magdalena Group of N central New Mexico and S Colorado. Also in Peru. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sandia Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Sandia Granite
RT	New Mexico
SN	Central New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sandia Mountains
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Sandia Mountains
SN	NE of Albuquerque in N central New Mexico.

Sandnes Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Rogaland Norway
	.....Sandnes Norway
SN	Town S of Stavanger in SW Rogaland, SW Norway.

Sandomierz Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Tarnobrzeg Poland
	....Sandomierz Poland
UF	Sandomir Poland
SN	Town on Vistula River in central Tarnobrzeg, SE central Poland.

Sandomir Poland
USE	Sandomierz Poland

Sandoval County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Sandoval County New Mexico
NT	Baca Field
	Fenton Hill
RT	Rio Puerco
SN	NW central New Mexico.

sands
RT	aggregate
	construction materials
	glass materials
	gravel deposits
	sand
	silica
SN	For sand used as a construction material, use gravel deposits. Before 1981, included use as a type of material in engineering geology; as of 1981, use sand. See List C for use as a commodity term for glass, ceramic, chemical use, etc.

sandstone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..sandstone
UF	psammite
RT	sand
	arenaceous texture
	terrigenous materials
	arkose
	microbreccia
	sandstone deposits
	sandstone dikes
	greensand
	gaize
	red beds
	orthoquartzite
	graywacke
	litharenite
	subgraywacke
	metasandstone
	sublitharenite
SN	As of 1981, use sandstone deposits for sandstone as a commodity.

sandstone deposits
RT	building stone
	construction materials
	crushed stone
	dimension stone
	sandstone
SN	Commodity. See List C.

sandstone dikes
BT	sedimentary structures
	.soft sediment deformation
	..sandstone dikes
RT	sandstone
	clastic dikes

sandstone-type deposits
RT	gold ores
	mineral deposits, genesis
	uranium ores

Sandur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Sandur India
SN	Town in central Karnataka, SW India.

sandurs
USE	outwash plains

Sandusky County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Sandusky County Ohio
RT	Sandusky River basin
SN	N Ohio.

Sandusky River basin
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Sandusky River basin
RT	Crawford County Ohio
	Sandusky County Ohio
	Seneca County Ohio
	Wyandot County Ohio
SN	N Ohio. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sandy Hook
RT	Bahamas
	Monmouth County New Jersey
	San Salvador
SN	Peninsula in NE Monmouth County constituting S side of entrance to lower New York Bay. Also on San Salvador, Bahamas. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

sandy texture
USE	arenaceous texture

Sangamon
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Sangamonian for the age or Sangamon River.

Sangamon County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Sangamon County Illinois
NT	Springfield Illinois
SN	Central Illinois.

Sangamon River
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Sangamon River
SN	River which flows into the Illinois River in central Illinois. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Sangamonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Sangamonian
RT	Riss/Wurm Interglacial
SN	Pertaining to third interglacial stage of Pleistocene Epoch in North America. Also search Sangamon soil.

Sanganguey
BT	Mexico
	.Nayarit Mexico
	..Sanganguey
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano. Nayarit, W Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sangerville Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Sangerville Formation
RT	Maine
SN	Lower and Middle Silurian. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sangilen Mountains
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tuva Russian Federation
	...Sangilen Mountains
SN	S Tuva Autonomous Republic just N of Mongolian border. Also search Sangilen. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sangre de Cristo Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Sangre de Cristo Mountains
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	Spanish Peaks
	Sierra Blanca
	Questa Caldera
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.

Sangun Zone
BT	nshu
	.Sangun Zone
SN	Region of metamorphic rocks, Honshu, Japan. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sanibel Island
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Lee County Florida
	...Sanibel Island
RT	Gulf of Mexico
	Gulf Coastal Plain
SN	Off W coast of Florida. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sanidine
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...alkali feldspar
	....sanidine
UF	glassy feldspar
	rhyacolite
RT	K-feldspar
	orthoclase

Sanilac County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Sanilac County Michigan

sanitary landfills
BT	landfills
	.sanitary landfills
RT	waste disposal
	waste management

Sanjiang
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sanjiang
UF	San Jiang region
RT	Xizang China
	Sichuan China
	Yunnan China
SN	Restricted to a mountainous region around the Jinsha, Lancang, and Nu rivers in SW China. (Sanjiang Plain is an alluvial plain in E Heilongjiang.) Sanjiang translates to 'three rivers'. Indexed with Xizang China and/or Sichuan China and/or Yunnan China if

Sankt Peterburg Russian Federation
USE	Saint Petersburg Russian Federation

Sannoisian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....lower Oligocene
	......Sannoisian
RT	Lattorfian
	Tongrian
	Stampian
SN	Europe.

Sanpete County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Sanpete County Utah
SN	Central Utah.

Sansan Panama
BT	Central America
	.Panama
	..Sansan Panama
UF	San San Panama
SN	Village in NW Panama.

Santa Ana California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Orange County California
	...Santa Ana California
SN	City at base of Santa Ana Mountains in S California.

Santa Ana Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Ana Mountains
RT	Riverside County California
	Coast Ranges
	Orange County California
SN	Range along border between Orange and Riverside counties in S California. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Santa Ana River
RT	Orange County California
	Riverside County California
	San Bernardino County California
	California
SN	S California. Flows into Pacific Ocean. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santa Barbara Basin
RT	Brazil
	Channel Islands
	Leg 146
	ODP Site 893
	California
	Northeast Pacific
SN	Undersea feature between Santa Barbara County and the N Channel Islands. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Northeast Pacific if applicable.

Santa Barbara California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Barbara County California
	...Santa Barbara California
SN	City on Santa Barbara Channel, SW California.

Santa Barbara Channel
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Barbara Channel
RT	Channel Islands
SN	Between Santa Barbara County and N Channel Islands.

Santa Barbara County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Barbara County California
NT	Lompoc California
	Point Conception
	Point Sal
	Santa Barbara California
	Santa Maria California
RT	Channel Islands
	San Miguel Island
	Santa Cruz Island
	Hosgri Fault
	Santa Maria Basin
	Ventura Basin
SN	SW California.

Santa Barbara Formation
RT	Argentina
	Brazil
	Cretaceous
	Paleocene
	Pleistocene
	California
	Venezuela
SN	Pleistocene of S California. Also used for various locations in South America. As of 1998, use Santa Barbara Subgroup for the Cretaceous-Paleocene formation of Argentina. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santa Barbara Islands
USE	Channel Islands

Santa Catalina Island
RT	Channel Islands
	Los Angeles County California
SN	Island in central Channel Islands in Pacific Ocean off Long Beach. Also in other location. Indexed with Channel Islands and Los Angeles County California as applicable.

Santa Catalina Mountains
RT	Pima County Arizona
SN	Small range in NE Pima County in S Arizona. Also search Santa Catalina AND Arizona. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Santa Catarina Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Santa Catarina Brazil
RT	Brazilian Shield
	Estrada Nova Formation
	Serra do Mar
	Pelotas Basin
	Santa Catarina Island

Santa Catarina Island
RT	Santa Catarina Brazil
SN	Island in Atlantic Ocean just off central Santa Catarina, SE Brazil. Indexed with province or region as applicable.

Santa Clara California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Clara County California
	...Santa Clara California
SN	City in W California.

Santa Clara County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Clara County California
NT	Palo Alto California
	San Jose California
	Santa Clara California
	Sargent California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	Coyote Lake earthquake 1979
	Santa Clara Valley
	Morgan Hill earthquake 1984
	San Francisco Peninsula
SN	W California.

Santa Clara Formation
RT	Argentina
	Cenozoic
	Pleistocene
	Pliocene
	California
	Sonora Mexico
	Triassic
SN	Pliocene and Pleistocene of W California. Also in Triassic of Argentina and Triassic of the Barranca Group, Sonora, Mexico. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santa Clara Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..Santa Clara Meteorite
RT	Mexico
SN	Impact in Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santa Clara Valley
RT	Argentina
	Los Angeles County California
	San Benito County California
	Santa Clara County California
	California
	Ventura County California
	Washington County Utah
SN	River valley in Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Also the S extension of the San Francisco Bay depression in Santa Clara and San Benito counties is called the Santa Clara Valley. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with counties or location as applic

Santa Cruz Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Santa Cruz Argentina
NT	Puerto Deseado
RT	Baquero Formation
	Patagonia
	Santa Cruz River
SN	Province including city in S Argentina.

Santa Cruz Bolivia
BT	South America
	.Bolivia
	..Santa Cruz Bolivia
SN	Department including the city in E Bolivia.

Santa Cruz California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Cruz County California
	...Santa Cruz California
RT	Loma Prieta earthquake 1989
	Monterey Bay
SN	N end of Monterey Bay, Central California.

Santa Cruz County Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Santa Cruz County Arizona
RT	Coronado National Forest
	Santa Cruz River
	Santa Rita Mountains
SN	S Arizona.

Santa Cruz County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Cruz County California
NT	Santa Cruz California
RT	Loma Prieta earthquake 1989
	Monterey Bay
SN	W California.

Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province, Canary Islands
USE	Canary Islands
SN	For the Spanish province, use Canary Islands.

Santa Cruz Island

Santa Cruz Mountains
RT	Coast Ranges
	California
SN	One of the Coast Ranges extending along the W side of Santa Clara Valley just S of San Francisco Bay. Indexed with Coast Ranges and county; or region as applicable.

Santa Cruz River
RT	Argentina
	Arizona
	Pima County Arizona
	Pinal County Arizona
	Santa Cruz Argentina
	Santa Cruz County Arizona
SN	River in Pinal, Pima and Santa Cruz counties, S Arizona. Also in Santa Cruz, S Argentina. Indexed with Arizona or Argentina as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Santa Eulalia Peru
BT	South America
	.Peru
	..Lima Peru
	...Santa Eulalia Peru
SN	Town on Santa Eulalia River with water reservoir and hydroelectric plant serving Lima.

Santa Fe Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Santa Fe Argentina
SN	Province including city in NE central Argentina.

Santa Fe County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Santa Fe County New Mexico
NT	Santa Fe New Mexico
SN	N central New Mexico.

Santa Fe Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Santa Fe Group
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Miocene
	New Mexico
	Colorado
SN	N New Mexico and S central Colorado. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santa Fe New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Santa Fe County New Mexico
	...Santa Fe New Mexico
SN	City in N central New Mexico.

Santa Isabel
RT	Solomon Islands
SN	Volcanic island of the Solomon Islands in E central Solomon Islands. Also used for other locations. Indexed with Solomon Islands as applicable.

Santa Lucia Range
RT	Burro Mountain
	Coast Ranges
	Monterey County California
	San Luis Obispo County California
	California
SN	One of the Coast Ranges in Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties in W California. Indexed with county and Coast Ranges or region as applicable.

Santa Margarita Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Santa Margarita Formation
RT	California
SN	Includes Quatal Red Clay Member. S California. Also search Santa Margarita.

Santa Maria Basin
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Maria Basin
RT	San Luis Obispo County California
	Santa Barbara County California
	Hosgri Fault
SN	SW California. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santa Maria California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Barbara County California
	...Santa Maria California
SN	City in SW California.

Santa Maria Formation
RT	Brazil
	Cenozoic
	Pleistocene
	Pliocene
	California
	Triassic
SN	Triassic of Brazil. Also occurs as Pliocene and Pleistocene in S California. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Santa Marta Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Magdalena Colombia
	...Santa Marta Colombia
RT	Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
SN	City on Caribbean Sea, Magdalena Department, N Colombia.

Santa Monica Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Santa Monica Basin
RT	California
	ODP Site 1015
SN	California continental borderland, between Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz islands. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Santa Monica Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Monica Mountains
RT	Coast Ranges
SN	E-W range paralleling N shore of Santa Monica Bay in S. Also search Santa Monica AND California. Indexed with mountains as applicable.

Santa Rita Mountains
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Santa Rita Mountains
RT	Pima County Arizona
	Santa Cruz County Arizona
SN	SE Arizona. Primarily in Santa Cruz County. Indexed with county or counties as applicable.

Santa Rita New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Grant County New Mexico
	...Santa Rita New Mexico
SN	Village in SW New Mexico.

Santa Rosa California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sonoma County California
	...Santa Rosa California
SN	City N of San Francisco in W California.

Santa Rosa County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Santa Rosa County Florida

Santa Rosa Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Rosa Mountains
SN	SE California. Range along W side of Coachella Valley. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Santa Rosa Range
BT	mboldt County Nevada
	.Santa Rosa Range
SN	In NE Humboldt County in N Nevada.

Santa Rosa Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Santa Rosa Sandstone
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Dockum Group
SN	In Dockum Group. NE New Mexico and W Texas. Also search Santa Rosa Formation AND United States. For Lower Devonian formation in Argentina, search Santa Rosa Formation AND Argentina. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Santa Susana Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Santa Susana Formation
RT	Paleocene
	Mexico
	lower Eocene
	California
	Baja California Norte Mexico
SN	S California and Baja California state, Mexico. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Santa Ynez Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Ynez Mountains
RT	Coast Ranges
SN	E-W coastal range bordering Santa Barbara Channel in SW California. Also search Santa Ynez. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Santana Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Santana Formation
RT	Brazil

Santander Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Santander Colombia
NT	California City Colombia
UF	Santander Department
SN	In E Colombia.

Santander Department
USE	Santander Colombia

Santander Massif
RT	Cantabria Spain
	Cantabrian Mountains
	Colombia
	Eastern Cordillera
SN	In the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Also in the E central Cantabrian Mountains in Cantabria Spain. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with region and mountain ranges as applicable.

Santander Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabria Spain
	.....Santander Spain
SN	In N Spain on the Bay of Biscay. From 1981-1993, Santander Province was used for the province. Before 1998, Santander Spain was also used for the autonomous region and province of Cantabria Spain. As of 1998, use for the city only.

Santee Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Santee Limestone
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	E and central South Carolina and North Carolina. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Santee River
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Santee River
SN	Flows into Atlantic Ocean. SE central South Carolina. Also search Santee. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Santiago Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Santiago Chile
RT	Chile earthquake 1985
SN	Province including the city in central Chile.

Santiago de Compostela Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....La Coruna Spain
	......Santiago de Compostela Spain
SN	City in S La Coruna Province, NW Spain.

Santiago de Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Santiago de Cuba
UF	Oriente Cuba
SN	Province including the city, SE Cuba. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Santiago del Estero Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Santiago del Estero Argentina
SN	Province including the city in N Argentina.

Santiaguito
BT	Central America
	.Guatemala
	..Santiaguito
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano.

Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
BT	spaniola
	.Dominican Republic
	..Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
UF	Ciudad Trujillo
SN	City on the Caribbean Sea.

Santonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Santonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Senonian
	......Santonian
SN	Europe. Above Coniacian, below Campanian.

Santorin
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Aegean Islands
	..Greek Aegean Islands
	...Cyclades
	....Santorin
UF	Santorin Volcano
	Santorini Volcano
RT	volcanoes
	Thera
SN	Volcano. A portion of the crater forms the island of Thera, southernmost of the Cyclades, in the Aegean Sea. Also search Minoan eruption or Minoan AND eruptions if applicable. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Santorin Volcano
USE	Santorin

Santorini
USE	Thera

Santorini Volcano
USE	Santorin

Sanxia (Yangtze)
USE	Yangtze Three Gorges

Sao Francisco Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Sao Francisco Basin
RT	Alagoas Brazil
	Sergipe Brazil
	Pernambuco Brazil
	Minas Gerais Brazil
	Bahia Brazil
SN	Drainage basin of Sao Francisco River. Also search Sao Francisco; Sao Francisco River. Indexed with states as applicable.

Sao Francisco Craton
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Sao Francisco Craton
RT	Minas Gerais Brazil
	Bahia Brazil
	Espirito Santo Brazil
	Quadrilatero Ferrifero
SN	Archean to Paleoproterozoic. Includes parts of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Espirito Santo states in E Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Sao Gabriel Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
	...Sao Gabriel Brazil
SN	City in extreme central Rio Grande do Sul, S Brazil.

Sao Miguel Island
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Azores
	..Sao Miguel Island
SN	Largest island in group. In Portugal's Azores District. Also search Sao Miguel.

Sao Paulo Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Sao Paulo Brazil
NT	Amparo Brazil
	Marilia Brazil
	Ribeira de Iguape River
	Rio Claro Brazil
RT	Brazilian Shield
	Bauru Formation
	Botucatu Formation
	Estrada Nova Formation
	Irati Formation
	Itarare Subgroup
	Tubarao Group
	Serra Geral Formation
	Serra do Mar
SN	State including the city in S Brazil.

Sao Salvador
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Salvador Brazil.

Sao Tome
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Sao Tome e Principe
	..Sao Tome
RT	Principe
SN	Island in the Gulf of Guinea. Formerly Portuguese territory, now part of independent nation Sao Tome e Principe. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sao Tome e Principe
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Sao Tome e Principe
NT	Principe
	Sao Tome
SN	Island group and nation in the Gulf of Guinea; formerly a Portuguese overseas province. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Saone Valley
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Saone Valley
RT	Saone-Rhone Basin
SN	River valley in E central part of country extending from the Vosges Mountains to the Rhone River at Lyons. Also search Saone.

Saone-et-Loire France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Saone-et-Loire France
NT	Autun France
RT	Morvan
SN	Department in E central France.

Saone-Rhone Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Saone-Rhone Basin
RT	Rhone Valley
	Saone Valley
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Saoura region
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used as large department of French Algeria. As of 1993, see Algeria for departments. Before 1981, search Saoura.

Sapelo Island
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..McIntosh County Georgia
	...Sapelo Island
SN	In Atlantic Ocean off McIntosh County.

saponite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...saponite
RT	smectite

Sappada Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Sappada Italy
SN	Village on Piave River in NE Italy.

sapphire
BT	oxides
	.sapphire
RT	gems
	corundum
	rubies
SN	Variety of corundum. Includes use when of economic value as well as for mineralogical studies.

sapphirine
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...sapphirine
RT	aluminosilicates

saprolite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..saprolite

sapropel
BT	organic compounds
	.sapropel
RT	anaerobic environment
	hydrocarbons
	ooze
	gyttja

sapropelic coal
USE	sapropelite

sapropelite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
	..sapropelite
UF	sapropelic coal
RT	lithotypes

SAR
UF	synthetic aperture radar
RT	mosaics
	remote sensing
	airborne methods
	multispectral scanner
	SLAR
	radar methods
	side-scanning methods
SN	Acronym. Indexed with radar methods if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Saragossa
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Saragossa City Spain. For location in Mexico see Zaragoza Mexico.

Saragossa City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Aragon Spain
	.....Saragossa Spain
	......Saragossa City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in NE Spain. Before 1993, also search Saragossa Spain.

Saragossa Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Aragon Spain
	.....Saragossa Spain
NT	Saragossa City Spain
RT	Calatayud-Teruel Basin
SN	Refers only to the province in NE Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Saragossa Province and Spain. For the city, see Saragossa City Spain.

Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina
BT	snia-Herzegovina
	.Bosnia
	..Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina
UF	Serajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina
	Sarajevo Yugoslavia
SN	Capitol city, E Bosnia-Herzegovina. Before 1993, Sarajevo Yugoslavia was also used.

Sarajevo Yugoslavia
USE	Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina

Sarasota County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Sarasota County Florida
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in SW Florida.

Saratoga Chalk
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Saratoga Chalk
RT	Arkansas
SN	Includes a lower chalk member and an upper argillaceous-arenaceous unit. SW Arkansas.

Saratoga County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Saratoga County New York
SN	E New York.

Saratov Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Saratov Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Saratov Russian Federation
SN	Oblast in SW Russian Federation including the city on W bank of the Volga River. Before 1993, Saratov Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sarawak Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...East Malaysia
	....Sarawak Malaysia
SN	State of East Malaysia in NW Borneo. Former British protectorate governed by the Brooke family. Joined Malaysia in 1963. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sarbay
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1995, use Sarbay River for the river in Samara (former Kuibyshev Oblast) in the Middle Volga region. Use Sarbay Deposit if applicable.

sarcopside
BT	phosphates
	.sarcopside

Sarcopterygii
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Sarcopterygii
NT	Crossopterygii
	Dipnoi
SN	Subclass.

Sardinia Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sardinia Italy
NT	Bosano
	Gerrei
	Iglesiente
	Logudoro
	Orosei Italy
	Sarrabus
	Sulcis
RT	Mediterranean region
	Mediterranean Sea
	Orosei
SN	Island and autonomous region in the Mediterranean Sea.

Sarema
USE	Saaremaa

Sargasso Sea
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Sargasso Sea
RT	ODP Site 1063
	DSDP Site 10
SN	Large tract of relatively still water between the West Indies and Bermuda. Named after Sargasso weed which floats there.

Sargent California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Clara County California
	...Sargent California
SN	Town in W California.

Sargent County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Sargent County North Dakota

Sarmatian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Sarmatian
SN	Europe.

Sarpy County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Sarpy County Nebraska

Sarrabus
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sardinia Italy
	....Sarrabus
SN	Region in SE Sardinia.

Sartanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Sartanian
RT	Weichselian
	Wisconsinan
	Vistulian
	Wurm
SN	Term applied in USSR to last Pleistocene glacial stage. Above Karaginskian, below Holocene. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sarthe France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Sarthe France
NT	Le Mans France
SN	Department in NW France.

Sary-Su River
USE	Sarysu River

Sarysu River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Sarysu River
UF	Sary-Su River
RT	Chu-Sarysu Depression
	Tengiz Lake
SN	Central Kazakhstan. Flows S into desert but becomes dry before reaching Syr Darya. Also search Sary-Su or Sarysu. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sasca-Montana Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Banat
	...Sasca-Montana Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Sasca-Montana Romania
SN	Village in Caras-Severin County in SW Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sasebo Japan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Kyushu
	....Nagasaki Japan
	.....Sasebo Japan
SN	City on inlet of East China Sea in Nagasaki, NW Kyushu, S Japan. Coal region.

Saskatchewan
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
NT	Aberfeldy Field
	Amisk Lake
	Beaverlodge
	Cree Lake
	Delmas Saskatchewan
	Eldorado Saskatchewan
	Esterhazy Saskatchewan
	Estevan Saskatchewan
	Key Lake Deposits
	La Ronge Domain
	La Ronge Saskatchewan
	Lac La Ronge
	Leoville Saskatchewan
	Midwest Lake Deposits
	Rabbit Lake Deposit
	Rabbit Lake Saskatchewan
	Regina Saskatchewan
	Rosetown Saskatchewan
	Saskatoon Saskatchewan
	Tazin Lake
	Wapawekka Lake
	Wollaston Lake Belt
	Wynyard Saskatchewan
RT	Canadian Shield
	Athabasca District
	Belly River Formation
	Assiniboine River
	Assiniboine River valley
	Athabasca Formation
	Churchill Province
	Clearwater River
	Bakken Formation
	Birdbear Formation
	Carswell Structure
	Charles Formation
	Cold Lake
	Coronation Mine

Saskatchewan River
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan River
RT	Saskatchewan
	Manitoba
	North Saskatchewan River
	South Saskatchewan River
SN	Formed by confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan rivers in central Saskatchewan. Empties into N Lake Winnipeg. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Saskatoon Saskatchewan
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
	...Saskatoon Saskatchewan
SN	City in S central Saskatchewan.

satellite
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use satellite methods.

satellite measurements
USE	satellite methods

satellite methods
UF	satellite measurements
RT	geophysical methods
	Doppler effect
	geophysical surveys
	geodesy
	Geosat
	AVHRR
	broad-band spectra
	geodetic coordinates
	Earth Observing System
	ERS-1
	Global Positioning System
	Gravsat
	ground truth
	image enhancement
	Landsat
	Lageos
	laser ranging
	Long Duration Ex
SN	Used for artificial satellites. For natural satellites, see satellites. Before 1978, search satellite AND methods. For surveys, also index the area.

satellites
NT	icy satellites
RT	Adrastea Satellite
	Amalthea Satellite
	Ariel Satellite
	Callisto Satellite
	Charon Satellite
	Deimos Satellite
	Dione Satellite
	Enceladus Satellite
	Europa Satellite
	Galilean satellites
	Ganymede Satellite
	Hyperion Satellite
	Iapetus Satellite
	Io Satellite
	Janus
SN	Used for natural satellites other than the Earth's Moon. For artificial satellites, see remote sensing; satellite methods.

Satna India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Satna India
UF	Sutna India
SN	Town in NE Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Satpura Range
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Satpura Range
RT	Uttar Pradesh India
	Madhya Pradesh India
	Maharashtra India
SN	Line of hills forming N limit of Deccan Plateau. Primarily in Madhya Pradesh. Also search Satpura. Indexed with states as applicable.

Satsuma Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Kyushu
	....Kagoshima Japan
	.....Satsuma Peninsula
SN	Between East China Sea and Kagoshima in SW Kyushu. Also search Satsuma.

Satu Mare Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Satu Mare Romania
SN	County in NW Romania.

saturat

saturated hydrocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..saturated hydrocarbons
RT	alkanes
	biomarkers
	hopanes
	steranes
SN	Used for hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

saturated materials
RT	materials
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
SN	Term valid from 1978 to 1981. Reintroduced in 1993. Between 1978-1992, saturated zone was used. Before 1978, also search saturated. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

saturated zone
UF	phreatic zone
RT	soils
	ground water
	preferential flow
	capillary water
	unsaturated zone
	water table
SN	Subsurface zone in which all interstices are filled with water under greater than atmospheric pressure. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Saturated-Unsaturated TRAnsport
USE	SUTRA

saturation
RT	concentration
	dilution
	hydrochemistry
	geochemistry
	sea water
	soils
	solubility
	springs
	SUTRA
	water
SN	Used as a general term, e.g. under sea water or springs.

saturation magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.saturation magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Saturn
RT	Dione Satellite
	Enceladus Satellite
	Hyperion Satellite
	Iapetus Satellite
	Janus Satellite
	Mimas Satellite
	outer planets
	Phoebe Satellite
	Pioneer 11
	Pioneer Program
	planetary rings
	planetology
	planets
	Rhea Satellite
	satellites
	solar system
	Tethys Satellite

Sau Alpe
USE	Sau Alps

Sau Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Sau Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Carinthia Austria
	....Sau Alps
UF	Sau Alpe
	Saualpe
SN	Mountains in NW Carinthia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Saualpe
USE	Sau Alps

Sauce Grande River valley
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Buenos Aires Argentina
	...Sauce Grande River valley
SN	S Buenos Aires Province Argentina. Also search Sauce Grande; Sauce Grande River.

Saucesian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....lower Miocene
	......Saucesian
RT	Oligocene
SN	North America. Above Zemorrian, below Relizian.

Saudi Arabia
BT	Asia
	.Arabian Peninsula
	..Saudi Arabia
NT	Hail Saudi Arabia
	Hejaz Saudi Arabia
	Jabal Idsas
	Riyadh Saudi Arabia
RT	Hanifa Formation
	Khuff Formation
	Shuaiba Formation
	Arab Formation
	Red Sea Rift
	Arabian Plate
	Arabian Shield
	Red Sea Basin
	Thamama Group
SN	From 1926-1932, the dual kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz. Before 1932, also search Najd, Nejd, Hejaz, Hedjaz, Hijaz.

Sauerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Sauerland
RT	Ebbe Anticlinorium
SN	Region S and E of the Ruhr River.

Saugeen Peninsula
USE	Bruce Peninsula

Saugus Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Saugus Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	California
SN	S California. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sauk County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Sauk County Wisconsin
NT	Baraboo Wisconsin
RT	Devils Lake
SN	S central Wisconsin.

Sauk Sequence
RT	Cambrian
	Midwest
	Neoproterozoic
	United States
	Western U.S.
SN	Neoproterozoic to Cambrian. Central and Western U.S. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sault Sainte Marie Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Chippewa County Michigan
	....Sault Sainte Marie Michigan
UF	Sault Ste. Marie
SN	City at the falls on Saint Marys River in NE Michigan.

Sault Sainte Marie Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Algoma District Ontario
	....Sault Sainte Marie Ontario
UF	Sault Ste. Marie Ontario
SN	City in Algoma District, S Ontario.

Sault Ste. Marie
USE	Sault Sainte Marie Michigan

Sault Ste. Marie Ontario
USE	Sault Sainte Marie Ontario

Saunders County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Saunders County Nebraska

Saurashtra
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Saurashtra
RT	Kathiawar
SN	Region and former state comprising greater part of Kathiawar Peninsula in Gujarat, W India.

Saurischia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Saurischia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....dinosaurs
	.....Saurischia
NT	Sauropodomorpha
	Theropoda
SN	Order. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sauropoda
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Saurischia
	.......Sauropodomorpha
	........Sauropoda
NT	Diplodocus
SN	Infraorder. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sauropodomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Saurischia
	.......Sauropodomorpha
NT	Sauropoda
SN	Suborder. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sauropterygia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Sauropterygia
NT	Nothosauria
	Plesiosauria

sausage structure
USE	boudinage

Sausar Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Sausar Series
RT	India
SN	Indian Shield region of central S and S India.

Savage River
RT	Garrett County Maryland
	Tasmania Australia
SN	Iron ore deposits in Tasmania. Also may occur in W Maryland. Also index location as applicable.

Savanna Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Savanna Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
	Spiro Sandstone
	Krebs Group
SN	In Krebs Group. Includes Spaniard Limestone Member, Spiro Sandstone, Sam Creek Limestone, Doneley Limestone. W Arkansas and E and S Oklahoma. Also search Savanna.

Savannah River
BT	United States
	.Savannah River
RT	South Carolina
	Georgia
	Dunbarton Basin
SN	Serves as boundary between Georgia and South Carolina, and flows into Atlantic Ocean. Indexed with counties and states as applicable.

Savannah River Plant
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Savannah River Plant
RT	Aiken County South Carolina
	Dunbarton Basin
	Barnwell County South Carolina
	nuclear facilities
SN	U.S. Atomic Energy Commission plant in Aiken and Barnwell counties on Savannah River.

savannas
RT	ecology
	grasslands
	plains
	revegetation
	geomorphology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Savoie France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Savoie France
NT	Ambin Massif
	Tarentaise
RT	Graian Alps
	Savoy
SN	Department in SE France.

Savona Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Liguria Italy
	....Savona Italy
SN	City and province near Genoa in central Liguria, NW Italy.

Savoy
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Savoy
RT	Haute-Savoie France
	Savoie France
SN	Historical region in SE France, chiefly in departments of Haute-Savoie and Savoie.

Savoy Alps
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Haute-Savoie France
	....Savoy Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Western Alps
	...Savoy Alps
NT	Mont Blanc
	Vanoise
RT	Chablais
	Graian Alps
	Tarentaise
SN	NW offshoots of Graian Alps S of Lake Geneva. Also search Savoy. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sawatch Range
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Sawatch Range
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Sawatch Range
NT	Mount Antero
SN	Mountain range of the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sawtooth Range
RT	Blaine County Idaho
	Camas County Idaho
	Custer County Idaho
	Elmore County Idaho
	Idaho
	Lewis and Clark County Montana
	Montana
	Teton County Montana
SN	In the Sawtooth Mountains of S central Idaho. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or region and mountains as applicable.

Sawyer County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Sawyer County Wisconsin

Saxo-thuringian Zone
USE	Saxothuringian

Saxonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Saxonian
RT	Rotliegendes
SN	Europe. Above Autunian, below Thuringian.

Saxonian Massif
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxonian Massif
RT	Saxony Germany
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Saxony Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony Germany
NT	Altenberg Germany
	Chemnitz Germany
	Dresden Germany
	Freiberg Germany
	Leipzig Germany
	Upper Lusatia
	Weissenberg Germany
	Wildenfels Germany
	Zwickau Germany
RT	Schwarzenberg Germany
	Erzgebirge
	Weisse Elster Basin
	Frankenberg Germany
	Harz Foreland
	Harz region
	Saxonian Massif
	Saxony-Thuringia
	Vogtland
SN	State, NE Germany. Before 1993, also search E German bezirks: Cottbus Bezirk, Dresden Bezirk, Karl-Marx-Stadt Bezirk, and Leipzig Bezirk or Saxony-Thuringia as applicable.

Saxony-Anhalt Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony-Anhalt Germany
NT	Aschersleben Germany
	Bitterfeld Germany
	Elbingerode Germany
	Halberstadt Germany
	Halle Germany
	Magdeburg Germany
	Mansfeld Syncline
	Merseburg Germany
	Rottleberode Germany
	Stassfurt Germany
RT	Saale River
	North German Plain
	Weisse Elster Basin
	Brocken Massif
	Harz Mountains
	Geisel Valley
	Harz region
	Kyffhauser Range
	Unstrut River
SN	State, N central Germany. Before 1993, also search Madgeberg Bezirk and Halle Bezirk if applicable.

Saxony-Thuringia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony-Thuringia
RT	Saxony Germany
	Thuringia Germany
SN	Region in E Germany including the German states of Saxony and Thuringia.

Saxothuringian
UF	Saxo-thuringian Zone
	Saxothuringicum
RT	Paleozoic
	Europe
	Hercynian Orogeny
	Variscides
	Thuringian
SN	Zone. A tectonostratigraphic unit of the Variscides, Europe. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Saxothuringicum
USE	Saxothuringian

Sayak Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Sayak Kazakhstan
SN	Village N of W Lake Balkash in W central Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sayan
BT	Asia
	.Siberian fold belt
	..Sayan
NT	Eastern Sayan
	Western Sayan
UF	Sayan Mountains
	Sayan Range
RT	Russian Federation
	Altai-Sayan region
SN	E-W range just N of Mongolia extending from S Krasnoyarsk Kray on W across Tuva Autonomous Republic into W Irkutsk Oblast on the E. Indexed with countries and regions as applicable.

Sayan Mountains
USE	Sayan

Sayan Range
USE	Sayan

Sb
USE	antimony

Sc
USE	scandium

Scabland (Columbia Plateau)
USE	Channeled Scabland

Scaglia Formation
RT	Apennines
	Cretaceous
	Eocene
	Italy
	K-T boundary
	Paleocene
SN	Cretaceous to Eocene. In the Apennines and NE Italy. Indexed with ages as applicable.

scale factor
RT	cartographic scales
	factors
	magnitude
	power law
	scale models
	self-organization
	self-similarity
	size
	time scales
SN	Factor by which reading of instrument or solution of problem should be multiplied to give true final value when a corresponding scale factor is used initially to bring the magnitude within the range of the instrument or computer. Not for use with cartogra

scale models
RT	laboratory studies
	models
	power law
	sandbox models
	scale factor
	self-similarity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

scales
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1995, also see cartographic scales, fish scales, time scales, scale factor or scale models. Or use other specific type.

scales, cartographic
USE	cartographic scales

scales, fish
USE	fish scales

scales, time
USE	time scales

scaling
SN	Deposits. Use scale factor or scale models if applicable.

Scandentia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Insectivora
	.......Proteutheria
	........Scandentia

Scandian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Scandian Orogeny
RT	orogeny
	Greenland
	Scandinavia
	Caledonian Orogeny
	East Greenland
SN	Scandinavia and E Greenland. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Scandinavia
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
NT	Denmark
	Finland
	Koli Nappe
	Norway
	Sulitjelma
	Sweden
	Western Gneiss region
RT	NORESS
	NORSAR
	Baltic ice lake
	Baltica
	Caledonian Orogeny
	Caledonides
	Scandian Orogeny
	Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone
	Karelian Orogeny
SN	Region comprising Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Iceland sometimes included. Indexed with countries as applicable.

scandium
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..scandium
UF	Sc

Scania
USE	Skane

scanning
SN	Use scanning electron microscopy or SEM data if applicable.

scanning electron microscopy
RT	chemical analysis
	electron microscopy
	SEM data
	TEM data
	transmission electron microscopy
SN	For the method. Before 1993, also search (scanning OR scanning method) AND electron microscopy. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

scanning electron microscopy data
USE	SEM data

scanning method
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See scanning electron microscopy for the method or SEM data as applicable.

scanning tunneling microscopy
BT	electron microscopy
	.scanning tunneling microscopy
RT	chemical analysis
	analysis
	atomic force microscopy
SN	Use for the method only. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Scaphites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Scaphites
SN	Genus.

Scaphopoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Scaphopoda
NT	Dentalium

scapolite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..scapolite group
	...scapolite
RT	scapolitization

scapolite group
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..scapolite group
NT	kenyaite
	magadiite
	meionite
	scapolite

scapolitization
BT	metasomatism
	.scapolitization
RT	processes
	alteration
	scapolite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Scarborough Formation
RT	England
	Middle Jurassic
	Ontario
	Upper Pleistocene
SN	Wisconsinan (upper Pleistocene) of Toronto, Ontario. Also a Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) formation of England. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

scarps
UF	escarpments
RT	faults
	geomorphology
	erosion features
	cliffs
	slopes
	cuestas
	fault scarps

scattering
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See wave dispersion.

scavenging
SN	See geochemistry or processes for the chemical process. (Note added 1995.)

scawtite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..scawtite

Schaffhausen Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Schaffhausen Switzerland
SN	Northernmost canton. Also a city in N central Switzerland.

schapbachite
USE	matildite

schapbacite
USE	matildite

scheelite
BT	tungstates
	.scheelite
RT	tungsten ores

Schefferville Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saguenay County Quebec
	....Schefferville Quebec
SN	Town in NE Quebec near Labrador border.

Schela Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Schela Romania
SN	Village in SW Romania.

Schelde River
USE	Scheldt River

Scheldt River
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scheldt River
UF	Schelde River
RT	France
	Netherlands
	Belgium
SN	Rises in N France and empties into North Sea through two estuaries, the East and West Scheldt. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Schenectady County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Schenectady County New York

Schenectady Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Schenectady Formation
RT	New York
SN	Underlies Indian Ladder Beds; overlies Snake Hill Formation. E central New York. Also search Schenectady Shale.

Schiefergebirge
USE	Rhenish Schiefergebirge

Schimper, Wilhelm-Philippe
UF	Wilhelm-Philippe Schimper
RT	biography
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

schist belts
BT	metamorphic belts
	.schist belts
UF	belts, schist
RT	greenstone belts
	schistosity
	supracrustals
	schists
	greenschist
SN	Also search metamorphic belts AND (schists OR schistosity). Use of 'schist' in this term is a structural rather than a petrologic term; rock types may be other than schist. Some greenstone belts may be included. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

schistosity
BT	foliation
	.schistosity
RT	metamorphic rocks
	structural analysis
	axial-plane structures
	cleavage
	flow cleavage
	slaty cleavage
	planar deformation features
	schists
	slip cleavage
	orientation
	schist belts
	tourmalinite

schists
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
NT	biotite schist
	blueschist
	calc-schist
	chlorite schist
	epidiorite
	glaucophane schist
	greenschist
	greenstone
	hornblende schist
	listwanite
	muscovite schist
	tourmalinite
RT	schistosity
	schist belts

schizomycetes
USE	bacteria

Schizophoria
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Orthida
	....Enteletacea
	.....Schizophoria
SN	Genus.

Schizophyta
USE	cyanobacteria

Schleicher County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Schleicher County Texas

Schleswig-Holstein Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Schleswig-Holstein Germany
RT	Alster River
	Hamburg Germany
	North German Plain
	Jutland
SN	State, N Germany.

Schley County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Schley County Georgia

schlieren
RT	igneous rocks
	inclusions
	plutonic rocks

Schlotheim Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Thuringia Germany
	....Schlotheim Germany
SN	Town in E central Germany.

Schlumberger methods
UF	Schlumberger sounding
RT	well-logging
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	electrical methods
	resistivity
	arrays
	Formation MicroScanner
	well logs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Schlumberger sounding
USE	Schlumberger methods

Schneeberg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Thuringia Germany
	....Schneeberg Germany
SN	Town in Erzgebirge.

Schoharie County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Schoharie County New York
SN	E central New York.

scholzite
BT	phosphates
	.scholzite

Schoolcraft County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Schoolcraft County Michigan

Schoonover Sequence
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Schoonover Sequence
RT	Nevada
SN	NE Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

schorl
BT	silicates
	.ring silicates
	..schorl
RT	dravite
	buergerite
	tourmaline
	elbaite
SN	Forms a series with dravite.

schorlomite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...garnet group
	....schorlomite

schreibersite
BT	alloys
	.phosphides
	..schreibersite
UF	rhabdite
RT	meteorites
SN	Meteorite mineral.

Schuler Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Schuler Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Cotton Valley Group
SN	In Cotton Valley Group. Includes Morgan Sands Zone, Jones Sand, Dorcheat and Shongaloo members. Subsurface.

schungite
USE	shungite

schuppen texture
USE	imbricate tectonics

Schuyler County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Schuyler County Illinois

Schuyler County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Schuyler County Missouri

Schuyler County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Schuyler County New York

Schuylkill County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Schuylkill County Pennsylvania
SN	E Central Pennsylvania.

Schwagerina
BT	microfossils
	.Fusulinina
	..Fusulinidae
	...Schwagerina
SN	Genus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Schwartzwalder Mine
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Jefferson County Colorado
	...Schwartzwalder Mine
RT	mines
	uranium ores
SN	N central Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Schwarzburg Anticlinorium
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Thuringia Germany
	....Schwarzburg Anticlinorium
SN	In Thuringia.

Schwarzenberg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Schwarzenberg Germany
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Saxony Germany
SN	City in Saxony, E Germany. Also occurs in Bavaria. Indexed with states as applicable.

Schwarzwald
USE	Black Forest

Schwechat Valley
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Lower Austria
	....Schwechat Valley
SN	River valley SE of Vienna in E Lower Austria.

Schwerin Bezirk
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. District in NW East Germany. Before 1981, search Schwerin. See Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany.

Schwerin Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany
	....Schwerin Germany
SN	City in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, NE Germany. As of 1981, Schwerin refers to only the city in NW Schwerin Bezirk, NW East Germany. Before 1981, it also included the East German district.

scientific creationism
USE	creationism

scintillation methods, liquid
USE	liquid scintillation methods

scintillations
RT	gamma rays
	liquid scintillation methods
	particles
	radioactivity

Scioto County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Scioto County Ohio

Scioto drainage basin
USE	Scioto River basin

Scioto River basin
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Scioto River basin
UF	Scioto drainage basin
SN	Central and S central Ohio.

Sciuridae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Sciuromorpha
	........Sciuridae
SN	Family.

Sciuromorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Sciuromorpha
NT	Sciuridae
SN	Suborder.

Scleractinia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Scleractinia
NT	Acropora cervicornis
	Acropora palmata
	Montastrea
	Porites
UF	Hexacorallia
	Madreporaria
	madrepores
RT	Tabulata
	Rugosa
SN	Order.

sclerites
RT	Echinodermata
	fossils
	Holothuroidea

sclerotinite
BT	macerals
	.inertinite
	..sclerotinite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

scolecite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...scolecite

scolecodonts
BT	microfossils
	.scolecodonts
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..scolecodonts
RT	Annelida
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Scoresby Land
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Scoresby Land
SN	Region in E on Norwegian Sea between King Oscar Fjord on N and Scoresby Sound on the S.

Scoresby Sound
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Scoresby Sound
UF	Scoresby Sund
RT	Milne Land
SN	Deep inlet and fjord system on central E coast.

Scoresby Sund
USE	Scoresby Sound

scoria
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..pyroclastics
	...scoria
RT	pumice

scorodite
BT	arsenates
	.scorodite

Scotia Ridge
UF	South Antillean Arc
RT	South Atlantic
	Antarctic Ocean
	Scotia Sea
	ODP Site 696
SN	Extends in an arc in the South Atlantic Ocean from S of the Falkland Islands eastward to the South Sandwich Islands and then westward to S of the South Orkney Islands. Before 1994, Antarctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, and Antarctica were used as broader terms.

Scotia Sea
RT	Antarctic Ocean
	Drake Passage
	Leg 36
	Scotia Ridge
	South Atlantic
SN	Part of the South Atlantic Ocean within the arc of the Scotia Ridge and E of Drake Passage. It extends from about 62#DGS to 53#DGS. Indexed with South Atlantic and/or Antarctic Ocean as applicable.

Scotia Sea Islands
NT	South Georgia
	South Orkney Islands
	South Sandwich Islands
	South Shetland Islands
RT	Antarctica
	Atlantic Ocean Islands
SN	Islands off Antarctica in the Scotia Sea. Before 1995, Antarctica Atlantic Ocean Islands, or Atlantic Ocean were used as broader terms. Indexed with Atlantic Ocean Islands and/or Antarctica as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Scotian Shelf
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Scotian Shelf
UF	Nova Scotia Shelf
	Nova Scotian Shelf
SN	Off Nova Scotia.

Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
NT	Angus Scotland
	Argyllshire Scotland
	Berwickshire Scotland
	Central region Scotland
	Dundee Scotland
	Fife region Scotland
	Firth of Clyde
	Galloway Scotland
	Grampian region Scotland
	Great Glen Fault
	Hebrides
	Highland region Scotland
	Kirkcudbrightshire Scotland
	Lothian region Scotland
	Midlothian Scotland
	Moine thrust zone
	Moray Firth
	Orkney Islands
	Perthshire Scotland
	Scottish Highlands
	Scottish Lowlands
	Shetland Islands
	Strathclyde region Scotland
	Tay Estuary
RT	Dunnage Zone
	Lewisian Complex
	Ballachulish Complex
	Laurentia
	Dalradian
	Ballantrae Complex
	Caledonian Orogeny
	Carnmenellis Granite
	Central Graben
	Forth Valley
	Cheviot Hills
	Esk Trough
	Fair Isle
	Highland Boundary Fault
	Kimmeridge Clay
	Mercia Mudstone
	Midlan

Scotland County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Scotland County Missouri

Scotland County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Scotland County North Carolina

Scott County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Scott County Arkansas
SN	W Arkansas.

Scott County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Scott County Illinois
SN	W central Illinois.

Scott County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Scott County Indiana
SN	SE Indiana.

Scott County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Scott County Iowa
NT	Davenport Iowa
SN	E Iowa.

Scott County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Scott County Kansas
SN	W Kansas.

Scott County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Scott County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Scott County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Scott County Minnesota
SN	S Minnesota.

Scott County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Scott County Mississippi
SN	Central Mississippi.

Scott County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Scott County Missouri
SN	SE Missouri.

Scott County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Scott County Tennessee
SN	N Tennessee.

Scott County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Scott County Virginia
SN	SW Virginia.

Scottish Highlands
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Scottish Highlands
RT	Grampian region Scotland
	Highland region Scotland
SN	Before 1981 was used for that part of Scotland lying NW of a line from Loch Lomond to just S of Aberdeen. Before 1981, also search Highlands and Scotland. Also index Grampian Highlands and/or Scottish Northern Highlands if applicable.

Scottish Lowlands
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Scottish Lowlands
SN	Region S of Dumbarton-Stonehaven line to the Southern Uplands. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Scottish Northern Highlands
BT	ottish Highlands
	.Scottish Northern Highlands
RT	Grampian Highlands
SN	Before 1993, also search Northern Highlands and Scotland. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Scotts Bluff County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Scotts Bluff County Nebraska

Scotts Mills earthquake 1993
BT	earthquakes
	.Scotts Mills earthquake 1993
RT	Oregon
SN	Epicenter about 25 miles SSW of Portland Oregon.

scour
BT	erosion
	.scour
UF	scouring
RT	wind erosion
	water erosion
	ice
	glacial erosion
	icebergs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

scour casts
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..scour casts
RT	casts
	flute casts

scour marks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..scour marks
RT	flute casts
	current markings

Scourie Scotland
BT	ghland region Scotland
	.Sutherland Scotland
	..Scourie Scotland
SN	Village on North Minch in NW Scotland.

scouring
USE	scour

Screven County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Screven County Georgia

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RT	academic institutions
	California
SN	In La Jolla, a NW section of San Diego, in San Diego County.

ScS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...ScS-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sculptured Hills
BT	Moon
	.Sculptured Hills

Scurry County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Scurry County Texas

Scutelluidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Ptychopariida
	.....Scutelluidae

Scyphozoa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Scyphozoa
NT	Conularida

Scythian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Scythian
UF	Skythian
RT	Olenekian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Werfenian
SN	Europe. Above Tatarian (Permian), below Anisian.

Scythian Platform
BT	Europe
	.Scythian Platform
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Scythian Platform
RT	Russian Federation
	Ukraine
SN	Broad, sedimentary plain N and NE of the Black Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

se
USE	selenium

Sea Beam
USE	Seabeam

sea fan
USE	submarine fans

sea floor spreading
USE	sea-floor spreading

sea floors
USE	ocean floors

sea ice
RT	ice
	ice fields
	icebergs
	oceanography
	sea water

sea level
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See sea-level changes.

Sea Mapping and Remote Characterization
USE	SeaMarc

sea mounts
USE	seamounts

Sea of Azof
USE	Azov Sea

Sea of Azov
USE	Azov Sea

Sea of Crises
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Crises
UF	Mare Crisium
SN	Also search Crisium.

Sea of Fertility
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Fertility
UF	Mare Fecunditatis

Sea of Galilee
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Israel
	...Sea of Galilee
UF	Lake Kinneret
	Lake Tiberias
RT	Great Rift Valley
	Galilee Basin
SN	Freshwater lake lying in N part of the Great Rift Valley, Northern Israel.

Sea of Japan
USE	Japan Sea

Sea of Marmara region
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Turkey
	...Sea of Marmara region
RT	Bosporus
SN	Also index Europe if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sea of Nectar
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Nectar
UF	Mare Nectaris

Sea of Okhotsk
USE	Okhotsk Sea

Sea of Rains
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Rains
UF	Imbrium Basin
	Mare Imbrium
RT	Aristarchus

Sea of Serenity
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Serenity
UF	Mare Serenitatis

Sea of Tranquillity
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Tranquillity
UF	Mare Tranquillitatis

Sea of Waves
BT	Moon
	.Sea of Waves
UF	Mare Undarum

sea surface temperature
USE	sea-surface temperature

sea water
UF	seawater
RT	isotopes
	oceanography
	pH
	atmosphere
	marine geology
	ion exchange
	hydrochemistry
	brackish water
	paleosalinity
	salinity
	salt water
	brines
	desalinization
	salt
	density
	carbonate compensation depth
	chemical dispersion
	nepheloid layer
	halmyrolysis
	salt-water int
SN	Used for studies on the composition and properties of the water of the oceans. For ancient water, see sedimentation or geochemistry.

sea-floor spreading
UF	ocean-floor spreading
	sea floor spreading
	spreading concept
	spreading-floor hypothesis
RT	mantle
	accreting plate boundary
	geosynclines
	marine geology
	magnetic anomalies
	continental drift
	mid-ocean ridges
	crust
	heat flow
	Benioff zone
	Iceland Research Drilling Project
	expanding Earth
	fracture zones
	geotectonic maps
	mid-ocean ridge basalts
	Mohoro
SN	Used for topics related to the hypothesis that the oceanic crust is increasing by convective upwelling of magma along the mid-ocean ridges or world rift system.

sea-floor trench
USE	trenches

sea-level chang

sea-level changes
NT	regression
	transgression
RT	beach profiles
	continental shelf
	eustacy
	event stratigraphy
	Fischer plots
	geodesy
	glacial geology
	glaciation
	greenhouse effect
	highstands
	isostasy
	land bridges
	land loss
	levels
	lowstands
	neotectonics
	paleo-oceanography
	paleoecology
	paleogeography
	raised b
SN	Also search (transgression or regression) OR changes of level. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

sea-surface temperature
UF	sea surface temperature
RT	oceanography
	marine geology
	temperature
	sea water
	surface properties
	global change
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

sea-water encroachment
USE	salt-water intrusion

sea-water intrusion
USE	salt-water intrusion

Seabeam
UF	Sea Beam
RT	instruments
	acoustical methods
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	seismic methods
	data processing
	bathymetry
	sonar methods
	marine methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

sealing
RT	cap rocks
	engineering geology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

SeaMarc
UF	Sea Mapping and Remote Characterization
RT	acoustical methods
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	imagery
	marine methods
	image enhancement
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

seamounts
UF	guyots
	sea mounts
RT	bottom features
	ocean floors

seams, coal
USE	coal seams

Searcy County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Searcy County Arkansas

Searles Lake
RT	Inyo County California
	potash
	San Bernardino County California
	California
	trona
	Trona California
SN	Dry lake in NW San Bernardino and Inyo counties in S California. Source of potash and borates. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

seas, epeiric
USE	epicontinental seas

seas, epicontinental
USE	epicontinental seas

seas, marginal
USE	marginal seas

Seasat
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	marine geology
	oceanography
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

seasonal
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use seasonal variations.

seasonal variations
RT	annual variations
	magnetic field
	secular variations
	variations
SN	Before 1978, search seasonal AND variations.

seat clay
USE	underclay

seat earth
USE	underclay

Seattle Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..King County Washington
	...Seattle Washington
SN	City on Puget Sound in W central Washington.

seawalls
RT	revetments
	riprap
	shorelines
	spillways

seawater
USE	sea water

seaweed
USE	Phaeophyta

Sebastian County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Sebastian County Arkansas

Sebes Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Sebes Mountains
SN	SW Transylvania.

Sebes Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Sebes Romania
SN	Town in Alba County in SW Transylvania, central Romania.

Sebkha de Tindouf
USE	Tindouf Basin

Sebkha el Melah
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Tunisia
	...Sebkha el Melah

sebkha environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.sebkha environment
UF	sabkha environment
RT	sedimentation
	depositional environment
	paleogeography
	hypersaline environment
	arid environment
	semi-arid environment
	playas
	salt marshes
	supratidal environment
SN	Before 1978, search sebkha.

Seboomook Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Lower Devonian
	.....Seboomook Formation
RT	Quebec
	Maine
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

secondary dispersion
RT	dispersion patterns
	mineral exploration
	primary dispersion

secondary ion mass spectroscopy
UF	SIMS
RT	spectroscopy
	mass spectroscopy
	chemical analysis
	ions
SN	Before 1993, also search secondary ion methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

secondary magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.secondary magnetization
RT	remagnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

secondary migration
RT	migration
	natural gas
	petroleum
SN	For migration of elastic waves use seismic migration. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

secondary minerals
RT	amygdules
	minerals

secondary porosity
BT	porosity
	.secondary porosity
RT	physical properties
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	permeability
	porous materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

secondary recovery
BT	enhanced recovery
	.secondary recovery
RT	petroleum engineering
	fluid injection
	tertiary recovery
	petroleum
	recovery
	steam injection
	waterflooding

secondary structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.secondary structures
NT	armored mud balls
	concretions
	cone-in-cone
	geodes
	microstylolites
	septaria
	stylolites
RT	primary structures
	nodules

secondary wave
USE	S-waves

sections
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see borehole sections, cross sections, pit sections, polished sections, stratotypes, thin sections, or type sections.

secular variations
UF	geomagnetic secular variation
RT	paleomagnetism
	magnetic field
	annual variations
	seasonal variations
	variations

Sedan France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Ardennes France
	....Sedan France
RT	Ardennes
SN	City near Belgian border in NE Ardennes, NE France.

Sedgwick Basin
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Sedgwick Basin
SN	S central Kansas.

Sedgwick County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Sedgwick County Colorado
SN	Extreme NE Colorado.

Sedgwick County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Sedgwick County Kansas
NT	Wichita Kansas
SN	S Kansas.

sediment budget
USE	bedload

sediment load
USE	bedload

sediment supply
RT	controls
	hydrology
	sedimentation
	supply
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sediment transport
RT	beach profiles
	erosion rates
	flume studies
	glacial transport
	gravel-bed streams
	ice rafting
	laminar flow
	littoral cells
	marine transport
	saltation
	sedimentation
	settling
	stream transport
	suspension
	transport
	turbidity currents
	wind transport
SN	Reintroduced. Before 1993, also search transport AND sedimentation. A valid term before 1976. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sediment traps
RT	hydrology
	instruments
	oceanography
	samplers
	sampling
	sedimentation
	sediments
	suspended materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sediment yield
RT	erosion
	GLEAMS
	runoff
	sediments
	streams
	yields

sediment-water interface
UF	interface, sediment-water
RT	sedimentation
	interfaces
	water
	sediments
	mineral-water interface
	water-rock interaction
SN	Before 1978, search interface AND sediment-water.

sedimenta

sedimentary basins
BT	basins
	.sedimentary basins
RT	paleogeography
	basin analysis
	foreland basins
	piggyback basins
SN	Term should be used in paleogeographic papers, not for recent basins.

sedimentary bodies
RT	sedimentary rocks
	sedimentation
	sediments
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sedimentary cover
UF	cover, sedimentary
RT	tectonics
	basement
	cover tectonics
	overburden
	regolith

sedimentary environment
USE	depositional environment

sedimentary fault
USE	growth faults

sedimentary petrology
RT	bibliography
	catalogs
	clay mineralogy
	diagenesis
	domains
	flume studies
	glossaries
	lexicons
	marine geology
	microscope methods
	oceanography
	petrology
	sedimentary rocks
	sedimentary structures
	sedimentation
	sedimentology
	sediments
	shape analysis
SN	Used for the discipline as a whole.

Sedimentary Petrology (category)
SN	Sedimentary petrology, GeoRef category code 06, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

sedimentary processes
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. After 1997, use specific process. Used for economic papers only.

sedimentary quartzite
USE	orthoquartzite

sedimentary rocks
NT	bone beds
	carbonate rocks
	caustobiolith
	chemically precipitated rocks
	clastic rocks
	coal
	gas sands
	grapestone
	oil sands
	oil shale
	torbanite
	tripoli
RT	agglomerate
	anhydrite
	arenaceous texture
	argillaceous texture
	arkosic composition
	authigenesis
	bauxite
	boulders
	calcareous composition
	catagenesis
	cement
	chemical properties
	clasts
	clay mineralogy
	coarse-grained materials
	concretions
	contourite
	diagenesis
SN	For description of hierarchy see List I.

sedimentary structures
NT	bedding plane irregularities
	biogenic structures
	cylindrical structures
	planar bedding structures
	primary structures
	rhizoliths
	secondary structures
	seismites
	soft sediment deformation
	sole marks
	turbidity current structures
RT	bioerosion
	borings
	boudinage
	burrows
	casts
	channels
	coprolites
	deposition
	diagenesis
	ergs
	fluvial features
	furrows
	glacial geology
	hardground
	intraformational structures
	mounds
	nodules
	paleogeography
	reefs
	sedimentary petrology
	sedimentary rocks
	sedimenta
SN	Used for a structure in a sedimentary rock or sediment, formed either contemporaneously with deposition (primary) or subsequently to deposition (secondary). See list K for types and names of structures.

sedimentati

sedimentation
NT	biochemical sedimentation
	bioclastic sedimentation
	chemical sedimentation
	coastal sedimentation
	continental margin sedimentation
	deep-sea sedimentation
	deltaic sedimentation
	detrital sedimentation
	estuarine sedimentation
	fluvial sedimentation
	fresh-water sedimentation
	glacial sedimentation
	intertidal sedimentation
	lacustrine sedimentation
	lagoonal sedimentation
	marine sedimentation
	nearshore sedimentation
	paludal sedimentation
	pelagic sedimentation
	terrestrial sedimentation
RT	ablation
	accretion
	aquatic environment
	artificial islands
	At
SN	Used for the act or process of forming or accumulating sediment in layers, including all processes from transport through diagenesis. Before 1998, if applicable, also search sedimentary processes which was chiefly used for economic studies. Before 1976, a

sedimentation rates
UF	rate of sedimentation
RT	sedimentation
	settling
	rates
SN	Before 1982, search sedimentation AND rates. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

sedimentology
RT	decompaction
	marine geology
	sedimentary petrology
	sedimentary rocks
	geomorphology
	sedimentation
	sediments
SN	For the discipline.

sediments
NT	carbonate sediments
	clastic sediments
	guano
	gyttja
	marine sediments
	peat
RT	amygdules
	anhydrite
	arenaceous texture
	argillaceous texture
	arkosic composition
	ash flows
	bedload
	biofacies
	breccia
	calcareous composition
	cement
	chemical properties
	clasts
	clay mineralogy
	coarse-grained materials
	compactness
	concretions
	contourite
	dehydr
SN	Used for unconsolidated solid fragmental material, or a mass of such material, that originates from weathering of rocks. See List N.

seeds
RT	Angiospermae
	cones
	flight
	Gymnospermae
	lignin
	paleobotany
	Plantae
	wings

Seeland
USE	Zealand

seepage
UF	leakage
RT	drainage
	ground water
	aquitards
	leaky aquifers
	reservoirs
	petroleum
	foundations
	oil seeps
	nuclear facilities
	cold seeps
	gas seeps
	geomembranes
	geotextiles
	leaking underground storage tanks
	far-field
	near-field
	infiltrometers
	percolation
	leachate
	engineeri
SN	Use cold seeps, gas seeps, or oil seeps if applicable.

seeps, cold
USE	cold seeps

seeps, gas
USE	gas seeps

seeps, oil
USE	oil seeps

SEG
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Society of Exploration Geophysicists or Society of Economic Geologists if applicable.

segmentation
RT	Arthropoda
	drainage patterns
	faults
	fracture zones
	lagoons
SN	Used as a general term applicable to a variety of subjects including faults, fracture zones, lagoon subdivision, drainage patterns, and arthropod bodies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Segovia Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Segovia Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
	Sierra de Guadarrama
SN	Province in central Spain.

Segozero
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Karelia Russian Federation
	...Segozero
RT	Karelia
SN	Lake in S central Karelian Automomous Republic in NW European Russian Federation. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Segre Valley
RT	Lerida Spain
SN	River valley in Catalonia, Spain. Also search Segre; Segre River. Indexed with Spain if applicable.

segregation
RT	crystal fractionation
	fractional crystallization
	magmas
	phase equilibria
	geochemistry
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seiches
RT	lakes
	limnology
	ocean waves
	waves

Seiland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Finnmark Norway
	.....Seiland
SN	Island in Arctic Ocean off NW Finnmark.

Seine
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine
RT	Paris France
SN	Former department which constituted Paris proper and a ring of industrial and residential suburbs. Department officially abolished January 1, 1960.

Seine Estuary
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine Estuary
RT	Calvados France
	Seine-Maritime France
	Eure France
SN	The tidal mouth of the Seine River emptying into the Bay of the Seine at Le Havre. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Seine River
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine River
RT	Seine Valley
SN	Rises in Cote-d'Or Department in E and flows NW through Paris and into the English Channel near Le Havre.

Seine Valley
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine Valley
RT	Seine River
SN	River valley in N central and N France.

Seine-et-Marne France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine-et-Marne France
NT	Fontainebleau France
RT	Yonne Valley
SN	Department in N central France.

Seine-et-Oise
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine-et-Oise
RT	Paris France
SN	Former department outside Paris suburbs which completely surrounded former Seine Department. Officially abolished January 1, 1968.

Seine-Maritime France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine-Maritime France
NT	Caux
	Dieppe France
	Le Havre France
	Rouen France
RT	Normandy
	Seine Estuary
SN	Department in NW France.

Seine-Saint-Denis France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine-Saint-Denis France
SN	Department in N France.

Seislog
RT	instruments
	inverse problem
	seismic logging
	seismic methods
	well-logging

seismic

seismic attributes
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. If applicable, index specific attributes and hydrocarbon indicators. See seismology or seismic methods.

seismic coherency
UF	coherency, seismic
RT	seismology
	geophysical methods
	properties
	seismic methods
	wave dispersion
	frequency
	propagation
	frequency domain analysis
	wave fields
SN	Also index seismology and/or seismic methods.

seismic data
SN	A valid term through 1977. Use data and earthquakes.

seismic discontinuities
USE	discontinuities

seismic effects
SN	A valid term through 1977. Use effects and earthquakes.

seismic energy
RT	earthquakes
	energy
	seismology
SN	Energy produced by earthquakes. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seismic exploration
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1971. Used in subfiles G and N. Now use seismic methods, or seismic logging.

seismic focus
USE	focus

seismic gaps
RT	active faults
	earthquake prediction
	earthquakes
	faults
	seismic quiescence
	seismicity
	seismology
	seismotectonics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

seismic intensity
RT	amplitude
	earthquakes
	intensity
	magnitude
	modified Mercalli scale
	Richter Scale
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seismic logging
BT	well-logging
	.seismic logging
RT	acoustical logging
	impedance
	tube waves
	seismic methods
	Seislog
	vertical seismic profiles
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

seismic methods
BT	geophysical methods
	.seismic methods
NT	bottom-simulating reflectors
	hydrocarbon indicators
RT	air guns
	backscattering
	Doppler effect
	geophones
	geophysical surveys
	elastic waves
	filters
	AVO methods
	dip moveout
	crust
	BIRPS
	deep seismic sounding
	explosions
	crosshole methods
	CALCRUST
	COCORP
	COCRUST
	ECORS
	DEKORP
	frequency domain analysis
	far-field
	GEOS
SN	For surveys, search with geophysical surveys and an area. For surveys, also index geophysical surveys and the area.

seismic migration
NT	poststack migration
	prestack migration
UF	migration (seismic)
RT	seismology
	seismic methods
	arrival time
	dip moveout
	raypaths
	imagery
	migration
	diffraction
	inverse problem
	Kirchhoff integral
	finite difference analysis
	wave fields
SN	Inversion operation for rearranging seismic information to plot reflections and diffractions at their true locations. Before 1993, also search migration AND seismic methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

seismic moment
RT	displacements
	earthquakes
	faults
	moment tensors
	seismology
	shear modulus
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seismic moment tensors
USE	moment tensors

seismic networks
NT	TERRAscope
RT	arrays
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	GEOS
	IRIS network
	LASA
	networks
	NORESS
	NORSAR
	PANDA
	PASSCAL
	portable arrays
	seismic methods
	seismology
	SMART2
SN	Before 1993, also search arrays OR networks with seismic methods OR seismology. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

seismic noise
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, use noise.

seismic profiles
BT	geophysical profiles
	.seismic profiles
NT	vertical seismic profiles
RT	seismic methods
	ECORS
	Lithoprobe
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

seismic quiescence
UF	quiescence, seismic
RT	earthquakes
	seismic gaps
	seismicity
	volcanic earthquakes
SN	Also search quiescence with seismicity or earthquakes. See seismic gaps if applicable. Also index seismic gaps if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

seismic reflection profiles
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, use seismic profiles in combination with reflection.

seismic response
RT	acceleration
	aseismic design
	coseismic processes
	dams
	earthquakes
	foundations
	highways
	marine installations
	microzonation
	nuclear facilities
	railroads
	reservoirs
	engineering geology
	seismic risk
	seismology
	soil mechanics
	soil-structure interface
	tunnels
	u
SN	Response of a man-made structure to an earthquake. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seismic risk
UF	risk, seismic
RT	seismic response
	engineering geology
	geologic hazards
	safety
	nuclear facilities
	microzonation
	seismic zoning
	public awareness

seismic sea waves
USE	tsunamis

seismic sounding
USE	deep seismic sounding

seismic sources
UF	sources, seismic
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	elastic waves
	explosions
	spalling
	wavelets
	vibrators
	waveforms

seismic stratigraphy
UF	seismostratigraphy
RT	seismic methods
	stratigraphy
	hydrocarbon indicators
	sequence stratigraphy
	lithofacies
	lithostratigraphy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

seismic studies
SN	A valid term through 1976. Use seismic methods and theoretical studies or experimental studies.

seismic surge
USE	tsunamis

seismic survey maps
BT	maps
	.seismic survey maps
RT	geophysical survey maps
	seismic methods
SN	Also search maps AND geophysical surveys AND seismic methods with area. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

seismic wavelets
USE	wavelets

seismic waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
NT	body waves
	surface waves
UF	Earth waves
RT	Airy waves
	short-period waves
	long-period waves
SN	Restricted to solid-earth waves; for the seismic sea wave, use tsunamis. From 1976-1997, elastic waves was used.

seismic zones
USE	seismic zoning

seismic zoning
UF	seismic zones
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	engineering geology
	environmental geology
	zoning
	microzonation
	seismic risk
	seismicity maps
	seismotectonic maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seismicity
UF	microseismicity
RT	seismology
	seismic gaps
	paleoseismicity
	coupling
	intraplate processes
	seismotectonics
	seismic quiescence
	seismicity maps

seismicity maps
BT	maps
	.seismicity maps
RT	seismology
	seismicity
	seismic zoning
	seismotectonic maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

seismite
USE	seismites

seismites
BT	sedimentary structures
	.seismites
UF	seismite
RT	earthquakes
	paleoseismicity
	soft sediment deformation
	synsedimentary processes
SN	Structures thought to be produced by earthquakes. Also index soft sediment deformation if applicable (See list K).

seismo

seismograms
NT	numerical seismograms
	synthetic seismograms
	theoretical seismograms
UF	earthquake record
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	TERRAscope
	coda waves
	seismographs
	spectral analysis
	signal-to-noise ratio
	vertical seismic profiles

seismographs
NT	electromagnetic seismographs
	horizontal-component seismographs
	inertial seismographs
	long-period seismographs
	ocean bottom seismographs
	short-period seismographs
	strain seismographs
	three-component seismographs
	vertical-component seismographs
UF	seismometers
RT	seismology
	instruments
	earthquakes
	geophones
	LASA
	seismograms
	high-level mode
	spheroidal mode
	toroidal mode

seismology
RT	410-km discontinuity
	670-km discontinuity
	accelerograms
	accelerometers
	acoustical emissions
	acoustical properties
	acoustical waves
	aftershocks
	Airy waves
	amplitude
	amplitude distortion
	anelastic materials
	anelasticity
	anisotropy
	arrival time
	attenuation
	b
SN	Used for the discipline as a whole as well as topics pertaining to seismology.

Seismology (category)
SN	Seismology, GeoRef category code 19, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

seismometers
USE	seismographs

seismostratigraphy
USE	seismic stratigraphy

seismotectonic maps
BT	maps
	.seismotectonic maps
RT	seismology
	tectonics
	tectonic maps
	seismic zoning
	seismotectonics
	seismicity maps
SN	Before 1981, search seismotectonics AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

seismotectonics
BT	tectonics
	.seismotectonics
RT	seismology
	plate tectonics
	seismic gaps
	paleoseismicity
	seismicity
	seismotectonic maps
SN	The earthquake-related aspects of tectonics.

Selachii
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Chondrichthyes
	....Elasmobranchii
	.....Selachii
NT	Galeoidea
SN	Order.

Selandian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Selandian

Selangor Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...West Malaysia
	....Selangor Malaysia
NT	Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
SN	State on W coast of Malay Peninsula in West Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

selection, natural

selenates
RT	minerals
SN	Before 1981, search selenates and selenites.

selenates and selenites
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use selenates or selenites as applicable.

Selenga Mongolia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Mongolia
	...Selenga Mongolia
UF	Selenge
SN	Province on the Buryat border in N Mongolia.

Selenga River valley
BT	Asia
	.Selenga River valley
UF	Selenge River valley
RT	Russian Federation
	Mongolia
SN	Extends to SE Lake Baikal in Russian Federation. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Selenge
USE	Selenga Mongolia

Selenge River valley
USE	Selenga River valley

selenides
NT	eskebornite
	umangite
RT	minerals

selenite
BT	sulfates
	.selenite
RT	gypsum
SN	Used for the variety of gypsum. Not related to the group name, selenites.

selenites
NT	onofrite
RT	minerals
SN	Before 1981, search selenates and selenites.

selenium
UF	se
RT	lithophile elements
	chalcophile elements
	chemical elements
	onofrite

Selennyakh River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Selennyakh River
UF	Selenyak River
SN	River which rises in the N Cherskiy Range and flows into the Indigirka River in NE Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

selenodesy
RT	geodesy
	geoid
	Moon

Selenyak River
USE	Selennyakh River

self reversal
USE	reversals

self-organization
RT	artificial intelligence
	data processing
	fractals
	patterns
	properties
	scale factor
	systems
	systems analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

self-potential methods
BT	geophysical methods
	.electrical methods
	..self-potential methods
UF	spontaneous polarization
	spontaneous potential
RT	well-logging
	geophysical surveys
SN	Before 1978, also search self-potential.

self-reversals
USE	reversals

self-similarity
RT	fractals
	heterogeneity
	models
	patterns
	properties
	scale factor
	scale models
	systems
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Seligdar Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Seligdar Russian Federation
SN	Town in SE Yakutia. Before 1993, Seligdar Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

seligmannite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfarsenites
	..seligmannite

Selkirk Mountains
BT	North America
	.Rocky Mountains
	..Selkirk Mountains
NT	Esplanade Range
UF	Selkirks Mountains
RT	U. S. Rocky Mountains
	Washington
	British Columbia
	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Bonner County Idaho
	Boundary County Idaho
	Glacier National Park
SN	Range in the Rocky Mountains in SE British Columbia extending into N Idaho and Washington. Indexed with province or state and county AND U. S. Rocky Mountains or Canadian Rocky Mountains as applicable.

Selkirks Mountains
USE	Selkirk Mountains

Sellafield England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cumbria England
	......Sellafield England
UF	Windscale Plant
RT	nuclear facilities
SN	Site of nuclear power plant and waste disposal site near village of Seascale, Cumbria, NW England. Also search Windscale.

Selma Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Selma Group
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Blufftown Formation
	Tennessee
	Eutaw Formation
	Mooreville Chalk
	Prairie Bluff Chalk
	Ripley Formation
SN	Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Selukwe Zimbabwe
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..Zimbabwe
	...Selukwe Zimbabwe
SN	Town in central Zimbabwe.

Selva
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Copiapo Chile. Also may be used in other locations.

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
BT	United States
	.Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Bitterroot Range
	wilderness areas
	Idaho County Idaho
	Missoula County Montana
	Ravalli County Montana
SN	E Idaho and W Montana. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Selwyn Basin
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Yukon Territory
	...Selwyn Basin
RT	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Selwyn Mountains
SN	E central Yukon Territory, Canada. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Selwyn Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Selwyn Mountains
RT	Yukon Territory
	Northwest Territories
	Selwyn Basin
	Selwyn Range
SN	On border of Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories, W of the Mackenzie Mountains. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Selwyn Range
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Selwyn Range
RT	Selwyn Mountains
SN	W central Queensland.

SEM data
UF	scanning electron microscopy data
RT	electron microscopy
	data
	electron microscopy data
	scanning electron microscopy
	TEM data
	transmission electron microscopy
SN	For the method, see scanning electron microscopy.

Semail Ophiolite
UF	Oman Ophiolite
	Samail Ophiolite
	Sumail Ophiolite
RT	Cretaceous
	United Arab Emirates
	Oman
	Oman Mountains
SN	Oman Mountains, N and E Oman. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Semarkona Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...LL chondrites
	....Semarkona Meteorite
RT	India
	Madhya Pradesh India
SN	Impact in Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Semata Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Semata Formation
RT	Japan

Semenic Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Semenic Mountains
RT	Banat
SN	Central Banat. Also search Semenic.

semi-arid environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.semi-arid environment
UF	semiarid regions
RT	ecology
	geomorphology
	depositional environment
	climate
	arid environment
	sebkha environment
SN	Before 1978, also search semi-arid; semiarid.

semi-infinite models
RT	infinite models
	mathematical models
	models
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

semi-variograms
USE	semivariograms

semiarid regions
USE	semi-arid environment

semifusinite
BT	macerals
	.inertinite
	..semifusinite
RT	vitrinite
	fusinite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Semino

Seminoe Mountains
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Carbon County Wyoming
	...Seminoe Mountains
RT	Rocky Mountains
SN	Central Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Seminole County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Seminole County Florida
SN	E central Florida.

Seminole County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Seminole County Georgia
SN	Extreme SW Georgia.

Seminole County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Seminole County Oklahoma
SN	Central Oklahoma.

Seminole Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Missourian
	.......Seminole Formation
RT	Oklahoma
SN	In Skiatook Group. Includes Lenapah Limestone, Nowata Shale, Memorial Shale. NE, central, and central S Oklahoma.

Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan
NT	Akzhal Kazakhstan
	Chingis-Tau
SN	Oblast and city in NE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

semitropical environment
USE	subtropical environment

semivariograms
BT	statistical analysis
	.variance analysis
	..semivariograms
UF	semi-variograms
RT	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	geostatistics
	covariance analysis
	variograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Semmering
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Semmering
RT	Lower Austria
	Styria Austria
SN	Resort area in Eastern Alps.

Semri Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Semri Series
RT	India
	Bihar India
	Uttar Pradesh India
	Madhya Pradesh India
	Vindhyan
	Kaimur Sandstone

semseyite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..semseyite

senarmontite
BT	oxides
	.senarmontite

Sendai Japan
BT	nshu
	.Miyagi Japan
	..Sendai Japan
SN	City near E coast in Miyagi Prefecture, N Honshu.

Seneca County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Seneca County New York
RT	Cayuga Lake
	Seneca Lake
SN	W central New York.

Seneca County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Seneca County Ohio
RT	Sandusky River basin
SN	N Ohio.

Seneca Lake
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Finger Lakes
	...Seneca Lake
RT	Seneca County New York
	Yates County New York
SN	One of the Finger Lakes in Seneca and Yates counties. Also search Seneca. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Senegal
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Senegal
NT	Dakar Senegal
RT	Sahel
	Senegal Basin
	Senegal River
	Mauritanides
SN	Formerly a republic in French Community. Achieved independence in 1960.

Senegal Basin
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Senegal Basin
UF	Senegal River basin
RT	Mauritania
	Mali
	Senegal
	Guinea
SN	River basin. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Senegal River
BT	Africa
	.Senegal River
RT	Mauritania
	Mali
	Senegal
	Guinea
SN	Rises in the highlands of Guinea and flows N and then NW into the Atlantic Ocean at Saint-Louis in Senegal. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Senegal River basin
USE	Senegal Basin

Senonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Senonian
NT	Campanian
	Coniacian
	Futaba Group
	Izumi Group
	Maestrichtian
	Santonian
SN	Europe. Above Turonian, below Danian.

sensing, remote
USE	remote sensing

sensitive clays
RT	clay
	clays
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe data
USE	SHRIMP data

sensitivity analysis
RT	baseline studies
	mathematical methods
	mathematical models
	numerical analysis
	quality control
	reactivity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

sensors
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See geophysical methods, chemical analysis, transducers or instruments for specific description of methods.

Sentinel Butte Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Sentinel Butte Formation
RT	Montana
	North Dakota
	Fort Union Formation
SN	In Fort Union Formation. Overlies Tongue River Member. NE Montana, and SW North Dakota.

separation
RT	mixing
	processes

sepiolite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...sepiolite
UF	meerschaum

Sept-Iles Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Saguenay County Quebec
	....Sept-Iles Quebec
UF	Seven Isles Quebec
SN	City on the Saint Lawrence River in SE Quebec.

septa
UF	septae
RT	morphology
	fossils

septae
USE	septa

septaria
BT	sedimentary structures
	.secondary structures
	..septaria
RT	concretions
	cone-in-cone

Septibranchia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Septibranchia

Sequanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Sequanian
SN	Europe.

Sequatchie County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Sequatchie County Tennessee

Sequatchie River valley
USE	Sequatchie Valley

Sequatchie Valley
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Sequatchie Valley
UF	Sequatchie River valley
SN	River valley in SE central Tennessee. Indexed with counties as applicable.

sequence stratigraphy
UF	sequences, stratigraphic
RT	stratigraphy
	paleogeography
	unconformities
	Fischer plots
	cyclostratigraphy
	lowstands
	lithostratigraphy
	highstands
	seismic stratigraphy
	parasequences
	retrogradation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sequences, stratigraphic
USE	sequence stratigraphy

Sequoia
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Taxodiaceae
	.....Sequoia
SN	Genus.

Sequoyah County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Sequoyah County Oklahoma

Serajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina
USE	Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina

Serbia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Yugoslavia
	...Serbia
NT	Aleksinac Yugoslavia
	Belgrade Yugoslavia
	Bor Yugoslavia
	Kopaonik
	Kosovo-Metohija Yugoslavia
	Kostolac
	Majdanpek Yugoslavia
	Soko Banja Yugoslavia
	Timok Basin
	Vojvodina Yugoslavia
	Western Morava River
	Zlatibor Mountains
UF	Servia
RT	Mediterranean region
	Balkan Peninsula
	Banat
	Danube River
	Danube Valley
	Morava River valley
	Pannonia
	Pannonian Basin
	Balkan Mountains
	Krajiste
	Macedonia
	Moesia
	Osogovo Mountains
	Serbo-Macedonian Massif
	Tisza River
SN	Since 1991, associated with Montenegro in modern Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Before 1995, used as republic of E and NE former Yugoslavia. Formerly Servia.

Serbo-Macedonian Massif
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Serbo-Macedonian Massif
RT	Yugoslavia
	Serbia
	Greece
	Yugoslav Macedonia
	Macedonia
	Greek Macedonia
SN	Macedonia and S Serbia. Indexed with republics or regions as applicable.

Serebryanka Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Serebryanka Formation
RT	Middle Triassic
	Russian Federation
	Ukraine
SN	Lower and Middle Triassic (?). SE and E Ukraine and adjoining area in Russian Federation.

Sereth River
USE	Siret River

Sergipe Basin
USE	Sergipe-Alagoas Basin

Sergipe Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Sergipe Brazil
NT	Aracaju Brazil
	Propria Geosyncline
RT	Sao Francisco Basin
	Sergipe-Alagoas Basin
SN	State in NE Brazil.

Sergipe-Alagoas Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Sergipe-Alagoas Basin
UF	Sergipe Basin
RT	Alagoas Brazil
	Sergipe Brazil
SN	In NE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.

sericit

sericite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...sericite
RT	muscovite

sericitization
BT	metasomatism
	.sericitization
RT	hydrothermal alteration

Series 1
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 1
NT	Stage 1
	Stage 2

Series 2
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 2
NT	Stage 3
	Stage 4

Series 3
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 3
NT	Stage 5
	Stage 7
	Drumian

Serov Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sverdlovsk Russian Federation
	...Serov Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Serov Russian Federation
SN	City in Sverdlovsk Oblast E of Urals. Before 1993, Serov Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Serozem
USE	Sierozems

Serpentes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Lepidosauria
	......Squamata
	.......Serpentes
NT	Colubridae
UF	Ophidia
SN	Suborder. Snakes.

serpentine
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..serpentine group
	...serpentine
RT	cerolite

serpentine group
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..serpentine group
NT	antigorite
	chrysotile
	garnierite
	lizardite
	serpentine
SN	Before 1993, cerolite was considered a narrower term.

serpentine rock
USE	serpentinite

serpentinite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasomatic rocks
	..serpentinite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metaigneous rocks
	..serpentinite
UF	serpentine rock
RT	serpentinization
SN	Compositional term. This term has multiple hierarchies.

serpentinization
BT	metasomatism
	.serpentinization
RT	processes
	alteration
	hydrothermal alteration
	serpentinite

Serpukhovian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Serpukhovian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Serpukhovian
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Serpulidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Polychaetia
	...Serpulidae
SN	Family.

Serra do Espinhaco
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Serra do Espinhaco
RT	Minas Gerais Brazil
	Bahia Brazil
SN	Mountain range, E central Brazil. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Serra do Mar
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Serra do Mar
RT	Parana Brazil
	Sao Paulo Brazil
	Santa Catarina Brazil
SN	Coastal mountain range in S and SE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.

Serra do Navio Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Amapa Brazil
	...Serra do Navio Brazil
SN	Town in central Amapa, N Brazil.

Serra Geral Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Serra Geral Formation
RT	Jurassic
	Cretaceous
	Brazil
	Sao Paulo Brazil
	Paraguay

Serrania de Cuenca
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Serrania de Cuenca
RT	Guadalajara Spain
	Cuenca Spain
	Iberian Mountains
SN	Mountain range in E central Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Serrania de Ronda
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Serrania de Ronda
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Betic Cordillera
	.....Serrania de Ronda
UF	Ronda Massif
	Ronda Sierra
	Ronda, Serrania de
	Sierra de Ronda
RT	Cadiz Spain
	Malaga Spain
SN	Spur of the Cordillera Penibetica in Andalusia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Serravallian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Serravallian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....middle Miocene
	......Serravallian
SN	Europe.

Servia
USE	Serbia

Sesia Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sesia Valley
RT	Piemonte Italy
SN	River valley E of Lago Maggiore in N Italy.

Sesia Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Sesia Zone
RT	Sesia-Lanzo Zone
SN	N Piemonte.

Sesia-Lanzo Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sesia-Lanzo Zone
RT	Piemonte Italy
	Lombardy Italy
	Alps
	Sesia Zone
SN	N Piemonte and N Lombardy. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.

Sespe Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Sespe Formation
RT	Oligocene
	California
	upper Eocene
SN	Upper Eocene and Oligocene. Overlying Coldwater Sandstone Member of Tejon Formation and underlying Vaqueros Formation. In S California. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Sete France
BT	rault France
	.Sete France
UF	Cete France
SN	City on Gulf of Lion in S Herault, S France. Before 1978, also search Cette.

Seto Inland Sea
USE	Inland Sea

Seto Sea
USE	Inland Sea

Seto-chi-umi
USE	Inland Sea

Seto-Naikai
USE	Inland Sea

Setouchi
USE	Inland Sea

Sette Daban (Range)
USE	Sette-Daban Range

Sette-Daban Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sette-Daban Range
BT	Asia
	.Sette-Daban Range
UF	Sette Daban (Range)
RT	Yakutia Russian Federation
	Khabarovsk Russian Federation
SN	NW Khabarovsk Kray and SE Yakutia. Also search Sette-Daban. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Setting Lake
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Setting Lake
SN	Central Manitoba.

settlement
RT	compactness
	foundations
	land subsidence
	raft foundations
	engineering geology
	settling
	soil mechanics

settling
RT	deposition
	hydrology
	laboratory studies
	rates
	sediment transport
	sedimentation rates
	settlement
	sedimentation
	siltation
	suspended materials
	suspension
	transport
	velocity
SN	For engineering studies, use settlement.

Setubal Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Setubal Portugal
RT	Iberian pyrite belt
	Estremadura Portugal
SN	District in SW Portugal.

Sevan Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Sevan Armenia
RT	Lake Sevan
SN	Town on shore of Lake Sevan in N Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Seven Devils Mountains
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Seven Devils Mountains
RT	Adams County Idaho
	Idaho County Idaho
SN	Range in Adams and Idaho counties in W Idaho. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Seven Isles Quebec
USE	Sept-Iles Quebec

Seven Rivers Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Seven Rivers Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	SE New Mexico and W Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Severin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Banat
	...Severin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Severin
SN	Former province whose capital was Caransebes. Much of the province is now Caras-Severin County. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Severn Estuary
RT	England
	Maryland
	Virginia
	Wales
SN	England or Wales. Also near Chesapeake Bay of Maryland and Virginia. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Severn Formation
RT	Delaware
	Eocene
	K-T boundary
	Maryland
	United States
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Named for exposures in cliffs at Round Bay on the Severn River. E Maryland and Delaware. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Severn Valley
RT	England
	Great Britain
	Wales
SN	River valley. Occurs in several locations. Also search Severn River. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with regions as applicable.

Severnaya Zemlya
BT	Asia
	.West Siberia
	..Severnaya Zemlya
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Severnaya Zemlya
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sevier County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Sevier County Arkansas
SN	SW Arkansas.

Sevier County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Sevier County Tennessee
SN	E Tennessee.

Sevier County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Sevier County Utah
SN	Central Utah.

Sevier Desert
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Sevier Desert
RT	Basin and Range Province
	Millard County Utah
	Juab County Utah
SN	W central Utah. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sevier orogenic belt
BT	United States
	.Sevier orogenic belt
UF	Sevier Orogeny
	Sevier Plateau
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
SN	Central and W Utah, S Idaho and SW Wyoming. Also search Sevier AND belt; Sevier AND orogeny.

Sevier Orogeny
USE	Sevier orogenic belt

Sevier Plateau
USE	Sevier orogenic belt

Sevilla
USE	Seville City Spain

Seville City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Seville Spain
	......Seville City Spain
UF	Sevilla
SN	Refers to only the city in SW Spain. Before 1993, also search Seville Spain.

Seville Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Seville Spain
NT	Carmona Spain
	Seville City Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in SW Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Seville Province and Spain. For the city, see Seville City Spain.

sewage
RT	pollutants
	pollution
	sewage sludge
	waste disposal

sewage sludge
RT	pollutants
	pollution
	sewage
	sludge
	soil treatment
	solid waste
	water quality
	waste disposal
SN	Before 1993, also search sewage and sludge. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Seward County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Seward County Kansas
SN	SW Kansas.

Seward County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Seward County Nebraska
RT	Big Blue River
SN	SE Nebraska.

Seward Peninsula
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..West-Central Alaska
	...Seward Peninsula
RT	Nome Alaska
SN	On Bering Strait between Kotzebue and Norton sounds in W Alaska. Also search Seward AND Alaska.

sexual dimorphism
RT	reproduction

Seychelles
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Seychelles
NT	Aldabra Island
	Mahe Island
RT	Indian Ocean
SN	Officially designated as the Republic of Seychelles. Island group about 700 miles NE of Madagascar.

Seymour Island
UF	Marambio Island
	Vicecomodoro Marambio Island
RT	Antarctica
	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	Weddell Sea
	Galapagos Islands
	Lopez de Bertodano Formation
	Sobral Formation
	La Meseta Formation
SN	Island in the Weddell Sea, off the Antarctic Peninsula. Also one of the Galapagos Islands. Search in combination with Antarctica or Galapagos Islands. Indexed with Antarctica or Galapagos Islands as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sh Hollow Formation#Aycross Formation#Bald Mountain#Battle Mountain High#Bear Ri

SH waves
USE	SH-waves

SH-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...S-waves
	....SH-waves
UF	SH waves
RT	seismology
	waves

Shaanxi China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Shaanxi China
NT	Xi'an China
RT	Huang He
	Loess Plateau
	Ordos Basin
	Qinling Mountains
	Han River basin
	Luoquan Formation
SN	Province in E central China.

Shaba Congo Democratic Republic
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Congo Democratic Republic
	...Shaba Congo Democratic Republic
NT	Kamoto
	Lukuga River valley
UF	Katanga, Congo Democratic Republic
RT	Kundelungu Plateau
SN	Province in S Congo Democratic Republic. Formerly called Katanga. Before 1998, Shaba Zaire was also used.

Shackelford County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Shackelford County Texas

Shackleton Glacier
BT	Antarctica
	.Shackleton Glacier
RT	Queen Maud Range
	Ross Ice Shelf
SN	One of glaciers feeding Ross Ice Shelf from Queen Maud Range. Also Shackleton Ice Shelf off Queen Mary Coast extending into Indian Ocean is sometimes called Shackleton Glacier.

Shackleton Range
BT	Antarctica
	.Shackleton Range
SN	SE of the Filchner Ice Shelf which is on the Weddell Sea on the Atlantic Ocean side.

shaded relief maps
BT	maps
	.shaded relief maps
RT	Moon
	relief
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Shadow Lake Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Shadow Lake Formation
RT	Ontario
	Pennsylvania
	New York
SN	S Ontario, New York, and Pennsylvania. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shadow Mountains
RT	Nevada
	California
SN	Indexed with counties and/or states or regions as applicable.

Shady Dolomite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lower Cambrian
	.....Shady Dolomite
RT	Virginia
	Alabama
	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Tennessee
	Chilhowee Group
SN	Equivalent to Tomstown Dolomite. N Alabama, NW Georgia, W North Carolina, E Tennessee, and SW Virginia.

Shahejie Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Shahejie Formation
RT	China
SN	Eocene?. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shakanai Mine
BT	nshu
	.Akita Japan
	..Shakanai Mine
RT	mines
	metal ores
	Hokuroku Japan
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

shake wave
USE	S-waves

Shakh-Dag Range
USE	Shakhdag Range

Shakhdag Range
BT	Europe
	.Caucasus
	..Lesser Caucasus
	...Shakhdag Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Shakhdag Range
UF	Shakh-Dag Range
RT	Armenia
	Azerbaijan
SN	In the Lesser Caucasus on N shore of Lake Sevan. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

shaking
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use ground motion for seismic studies. See vibration if applicable.

Shakopee Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Shakopee Formation
RT	Iowa
	Illinois
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Prairie du Chien Group
SN	In Prairie du Chien Group. Overlies and interbedded with Root Valley Sandstone. N Illinois, Iowa, S Minnesota, and S Wisconsin.

shale
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..shale
UF	bloating shale
	pelite
RT	construction materials
	oil shale
	Eastern Gas Shales Project
	terrigenous materials
	argillaceous texture
	clays
	black shale
	torbanite
	slate deposits
	slates
SN	Does not include oil shale. Use clays for shale as brick clay.

shale oil
USE	oil shale

shallow
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use shallow-water environment or shallow-focus earthquakes if applicable. After 1992, use shallow depth, or shallow aquifers if applicable.

shallow aquifers
BT	aquifers
	.shallow aquifers
RT	ground water
	hydrogeology
	levels
	water table
	springs
	deep aquifers
	depth
	surficial geology
	surficial aquifers
	unconfined aquifers
SN	Also use unconfined aquifers if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

shallow depth
RT	aquifers
	depth
	ground water
	hydrogeology
	levels
	springs
	surficial geology
	unconfined aquifers
	water table
SN	Use shallow-water environment for paleoecology and shallow-focus earthquakes for earthquakes and upper crust for geophysics and surficial aquifers for aquifers as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

shallow earthquake
USE	shallow-focus earthquakes

shallow-focus earthquakes
BT	earthquakes
	.shallow-focus earthquakes
UF	normal earthquake
	shallow earthquake
RT	focus
	Xingtai earthquake 1966
	Chile earthquake 1960
	deep-focus earthquakes
	intermediate-focus earthquakes
	Kettleman Hills earthquake 1985
SN	Before 1978, search earthquakes AND shallow focus.

shallow-water environment
RT	aquatic environment
	carbonate ramps
	deep-water environment
	depositional environment
	ecology
	reef environment
	sedimentation
	tempestite
SN	Before 1978, search shallow-water or shallow.

Shamlug Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Shamlug Armenia
SN	Town in NE Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shan State Burma
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Burma
	...Shan State Burma
UF	Federated Shan States
SN	E Burma.

Shan-tung China
USE	Shandong China

Shandong China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Shandong China
NT	Jiyang Depression
	Shandong Peninsula
UF	Shan-tung China
	Shantung China
RT	Tancheng-Lujiang Fault
	Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone
	Yishu Fault
	Anshan Group
	Bohai Bay
	Dongpu Depression
	Huang He
SN	Province in E central China on the Yellow Sea.

Shandong Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Shandong China
	....Shandong Peninsula
UF	Jiaodong Peninsula
RT	Bohai Bay
	Yellow Sea
SN	E Shandong, E China. Extends between Bohai Bay and the Yellow Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shanghai China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Shanghai China
UF	Shanghai region
RT	Jiangsu China
SN	Independent municipality. E China.

Shanghai region
USE	Shanghai China

Shannon County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Shannon County Missouri
SN	S Missouri.

Shannon County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Shannon County South Dakota
RT	Badlands National Park
SN	SW South Dakota.

Shannon Sandstone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Shannon Sandstone Member
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	South Dakota
SN	For formation in Western Australia, search Shannon Formation AND Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shansi Sheng
USE	Shanxi China

Shantung China
USE	Shandong China

Shanxi China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Shanxi China
NT	Taiyuan China
UF	Shansi Sheng
	Shanxi Sheng
RT	Taiyuan Formation
	Wufeng Formation
	Benxi Formation
	Huang He
	Loess Plateau
	Ordos Basin
	Hutuo Group
	Taihang Mountains
SN	Province in N central China. Before 1993, also search Shansi.

Shanxi Sheng
USE	Shanxi China

Shap Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Shap Granite
UF	Shap Rhyolites
RT	England
	United Kingdom
SN	The Shap Granite and associated igneous and metamorphic rocks have been called Shap Andesites and Shap Rhyolites. English Lake District in NW England.

Shap Rhyolites
USE	Shap Granite

shape
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See shape analysis for grain shape. See figure of Earth and geoid for shape of the Earth.

shape analysis
RT	analysis
	grain boundaries
	grains
	granulometry
	roundness
	sedimentary petrology
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	sphericity
	textures

Sharjah
BT	Asia
	.Arabian Peninsula
	..United Arab Emirates
	...Sharjah
SN	Emirate. One of federation of 7 states at S end of Persian Gulf.

Shark Bay
UF	Sharks Bay
RT	Indian Ocean
	Western Australia
SN	Large inlet of Indian Ocean in Western Australia. May occur in other locations. Indexed with state or region as applicable.

Sharkey County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Sharkey County Mississippi

Sharks Bay
USE	Shark Bay

Sharon Conglomerate
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Sharon Conglomerate
RT	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Pottsville Group
SN	In Pottsville Group. Maryland, E Ohio, W Pennsylvania, and N West Virginia.

Sharon Springs Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Sharon Springs Member
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Manitoba
	South Dakota
	Pierre Shale
SN	In Pierre Shale. In NW Kansas, E Colorado, W and NW Nebraska, SE South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, and Manitoba. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Sharp County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Sharp County Arkansas

Sharps Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...Sharps Meteorite
RT	Virginia
SN	Impact near Sharps, in Richmond County, Virginia. Before 1981, also search Sharps AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Shasta County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Shasta County California
NT	Lassen Peak
	West Shasta mining district
RT	Trinity Complex
	Lassen Volcanic National Park
SN	N California.

Shatskiy Rise
USE	Shatsky Rise

Shatsky Rise
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Shatsky Rise
UF	Shatskiy Rise
RT	DSDP Site 305
	DSDP Site 306
	DSDP Site 47
	DSDP Site 48
	DSDP Site 49
	DSDP Site 50
	DSDP Site 577
	Leg 132
	ODP Site 810
SN	In mid Northwest Pacific Basin E of Tokyo. This term has multiple hierarchies.

shatter cones
BT	cryptoexplosion features
	.shatter cones
UF	cones, shatter
RT	meteorites
	geomorphology
	cones
	metamorphism
	deformation
	impact features
	meteor craters
	shock waves
	explosions
	nuclear explosions

shattuckite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..shattuckite

Shaunavon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Shaunavon Formation
RT	Canada
	Saskatchewan
SN	Subsurface.

Shawangunk Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Shawangunk Formation
RT	Ordovician
	Silurian
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	New Jersey
SN	Upper Ordovician to Middle Silurian. SE New York, N New Jersey, and N Pennsylvania. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Shawangunk Mountains
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Ulster County New York
	...Shawangunk Mountains
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Shawangunk Mountains
SN	Part of the Kittatinny Mountains in S New York. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shawano County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Shawano County Wisconsin

Shawnee County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Shawnee County Kansas
NT	Topeka Kansas
SN	NE Kansas.

Shawnee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Virgilian
	.......Shawnee Group
RT	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Lecompton Limestone
	Oread Limestone
SN	Comprises Oread Limestone, Kanwaka Shale, Lecompton Limestone, Tecumseh Shale, Deer Creek Limestone, Calhoun Shale, Topeka Limestone, Severy Shale, Howard Limestone, White Cloud Shale, Happy Hollow Limestone, Cedar Vale Shale, Rulo Limestone, Silver Lake-

shear
UF	shear strain
RT	deformation
	mechanical properties
	shear tests
	stress
	confining pressure
	shear zones
	strain
	mechanics
	similar folds
	vorticity
	shear strength
	shear stress
SN	As of 1978, used only to indicate the mechanics of deformation. Before 1978, also used to indicate style of structure.

shear cleavage
USE	slip cleavage

shear folds
USE	similar folds

shear modulus
BT	elastic constants
	.shear modulus
UF	Coulomb's modulus
	modulus of rigidity
	modulus, shear
	rigidity modulus
	torsion modulus
RT	elasticity
	bulk modulus
	seismic moment
	sandbox models

shear strain
USE	shear

shear strength
UF	cohesion
RT	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	mechanical properties
	shear tests
	stress
	strain
	strength
	shear
	tensile strength
	friction angles
	vane tests

shear stress
UF	tangential stress
RT	engineering geology
	deformation
	stress
	shear

shear tests
RT	asperities
	rock mechanics
	shear
	shear strength
	soil mechanics
	testing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

shear wave
USE	S-waves

shear zones
UF	zones, shear
RT	tectonics
	faults
	breccia
	structural analysis
	fractures
	mylonites
	strain
	metamorphic core complexes
	shear

shear-cleavage folds
USE	cleavage folds

shearing
SN	A valid term through 1975. After 1975, see shear. See also fractures, foliation, and structural analysis.

sheath folds
BT	folds
	.sheath folds
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sheboygan County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Sheboygan County Wisconsin

Sheep Pass Formation
RT	Eocene
	Nevada
	Paleocene
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Upper Cretaceous? to Eocene. E central Nevada. At the type locality, unconformably overlies Ely Limestone and Chainman Shale; unconformably overlain by Garrett Ranch volcanic group. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

sheet erosion
BT	erosion
	.sheet erosion
RT	soil erosion
	water erosion
	nivation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sheet silicates
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
NT	apophyllite
	astrophyllite
	bavenite
	berthierine
	cerolite
	charoite
	chlorite group
	chrysocolla
	clay minerals
	cymrite
	gillespite
	gyrolite
	hisingerite
	hydrobiotite
	hydromica
	hydromuscovite
	leucosphenite
	mica group
	penninite
	prehnite
	pyrophyllite
	serpentine group
	stilpnomelane
	talc
	zussmanite
UF	phyllosilicates
RT	asbestos
	clay mineralogy
	delamination
	bentonite
	mineral interlayer

sheeted dikes
BT	intrusions
	.dikes
	..sheeted dikes
RT	sea-floor spreading
	mid-ocean ridges
	complexes
	ophiolite complexes
	oceanic crust
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

sheets
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See intrusions, ice sheets, salt sheets, or thrust sheets.

Sheffield England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Yorkshire England
	......Sheffield England
SN	City in South Yorkshire in N England.

Shefford County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Shefford County Quebec

Sheinwoodian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Wenlock
	.....Sheinwoodian

Shelburne County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Shelburne County Nova Scotia

Shelby County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Shelby County Alabama
SN	Central Alabama.

Shelby County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Shelby County Illinois
SN	Central Illinois.

Shelby County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Shelby County Indiana
SN	Central Indiana.

Shelby County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Shelby County Iowa
SN	W Iowa.

Shelby County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Shelby County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Shelby County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Shelby County Missouri
SN	NE Missouri.

Shelby County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Shelby County Ohio
SN	W Ohio.

Shelby County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Shelby County Tennessee
NT	Memphis Tennessee
SN	Extreme SW Tennessee.

Shelby County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Shelby County Texas
SN	E Texas.

shelf
SN	A valid term through 1978 used to distinguish older sedimentation from more recent. After 1978, use shelf environment.

shelf environment
BT	marine environment
	.shelf environment
RT	sedimentation
	paleoecology
	depositional environment
	continental shelf
	carbonate platforms
	insular shelf
	slope environment
SN	Use this term or slope environment for older sedimentation. For recent sedimentation, use continental shelf or continental slope. Before 1978, search shelf.

shelf, continental
USE	continental shelf

shelf-slope break
RT	continental shelf
	continental slope
	inner slope
	oceanography
	outer shelf
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Shelikof Strait
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Shelikof Strait
RT	Gulf of Alaska
SN	S Alaska, between Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

shells
RT	biomineralization
	eggs
	exoskeletons
	fossils
	Invertebrata
	ornamentation
	paleontology
	paleopathology
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	tests
SN	Before 1975, also search shell. Restricted. As of 1998, use eggs for eggshells.

shells, egg
USE	eggs

shelves, ice
USE	ice shelves

Shemakha Azerbaijan
BT	Europe
	.Azerbaijan
	..Shemakha Azerbaijan
SN	City on E Caucasus in E Azerbaijan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shemya Island
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Aleutian Islands
	....Shemya Island
SN	One of the Semichi Islands at W end of Aleutian Islands. Also search Shemya.

Shenandoah County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Shenandoah County Virginia

Shenandoah Valley
BT	United States
	.Shenandoah Valley
RT	Virginia
	Allegheny Mountains
	West Virginia
	Blue Ridge Mountains
	Great Appalachian Valley
SN	River valley between the Allegheny and Blue Ridge mountains. Primarily in Virginia. Indexed with states as applicable.

Shepard Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Shepard Formation
RT	Montana
	Belt Supergroup
	Missoula Group
SN	In Missoula Group of Belt Supergroup. NW Montana. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sherbrooke County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Sherbrooke County Quebec

Sherburne County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Sherburne County Minnesota
SN	Central Minnesota.

Sherghati Meteorite
USE	Shergotty Meteorite

shergottite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....shergottite
NT	ALHA 77005
	EETA 79001
	LEW 88516
	Shergotty Meteorite
	Zagami Meteorite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Shergotty Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....shergottite
	......Shergotty Meteorite
UF	Sherghati Meteorite
RT	India
	Bihar India
SN	Impact at Sherghati in Bihar, India. Before 1985, also search Shergotty or Sherghati; AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sheridan County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Sheridan County Kansas
SN	NW Kansas.

Sheridan County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Sheridan County Montana
RT	Medicine Lake
SN	Extreme NE Montana.

Sheridan County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Sheridan County Nebraska
SN	NW Nebraska.

Sheridan County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Sheridan County North Dakota
SN	Central North Dakota.

Sheridan County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Sheridan County Wyoming
SN	N Wyoming.

Sherman County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Sherman County Kansas
SN	NW Kansas.

Sherman County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Sherman County Nebraska
SN	Central Nebraska.

Sherman County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Sherman County Oregon
SN	N Oregon.

Sherman County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Sherman County Texas
SN	Extreme N Texas.

Sherridon Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Sherridon Group
RT	Saskatchewan
	Manitoba
	Kisseynew Complex
SN	In Kisseynew Complex. Above Nokomis Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sherwood Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Sherwood Sandstone
RT	England
	United Kingdom
	Wales
	Northern Ireland
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shetland Islands
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Shetland Islands
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Shetland Islands
NT	Unst
UF	Shetlands
	Zetland
RT	South Shetland Islands
	Fair Isle
	Highland Boundary Fault
SN	Archipelago off N Scotland 50 miles NE of Orkney Islands. Also search Shetland. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shetlands
USE	Shetland Islands

Sheveluch
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kamchatka Russian Federation
	...Sheveluch
UF	Sheveluch Volcano
	Shiveluch Volcano
RT	volcanoes
	Kamchatka Peninsula
SN	Volcano on E central Kamchatka Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sheveluch Volcano
USE	Sheveluch

Shiawassee County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Shiawassee County Michigan

shield volcanoes
BT	volcanoes
	.shield volcanoes
UF	basaltic domes
	lava domes
RT	volcanism
	stratovolcanoes

shields
RT	basement
	cratons
	crust
	tectonics
SN	Usage restricted to tectonics.

Shiga Japan
BT	nshu
	.Shiga Japan
NT	Lake Biwa
SN	Prefecture in S Honshu.

Shikoku
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Shikoku
NT	Ehime Japan
	Kagawa Japan
	Kochi Japan
	Kurosegawa Zone
	Tokushima Japan
	Tosa Bay
	Yoshino River
RT	Chichibu Belt
	Inland Sea
	Izumi Group
	Median Tectonic Line
	Sambagawa Belt
	Shimanto Belt
	Shimanto Group
SN	Smallest of the 4 major Japanese islands. In S Japan.

Shikoku Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Shikoku Basin
RT	Izu-Bonin Arc
	Philippine Sea
	DSDP Site 442
	DSDP Site 443
	DSDP Site 444
SN	Undersea feature between Shikoku on the NW and the Bonin and Volcano islands to the SE. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shikotan earthquake 1994
USE	Kuril Islands earthquake 1994

Shikotsu
BT	kkaido
	.Shikotsu
RT	Tarumae
SN	Lake in SW Hokkaido.

Shilka Valley
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chita Russian Federation
	...Shilka Valley
RT	Argun River
SN	River valley in SW central Chita Oblast in Transbaikalia. Also search Shilka; Shilka River. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shillong India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Northeastern India
	....Meghalaya India
	.....Shillong India
RT	Assam India
SN	City in Meghalaya, formerly in Assam, NE India.

Shillong Plateau
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Shillong Plateau
RT	Assam India
	Meghalaya India
SN	Undulating tableland in NE India. Indexed with states as applicable.

Shimane Japan
BT	nshu
	.Shimane Japan
NT	Oki Islands
	Shinji Lake
RT	Chugoku
	Dogo
	Naka-no-umi
SN	Prefecture in SW Honshu.

Shimanto Belt
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Shimanto Belt
UF	Shimanto Terrain
RT	Honshu
	Kyushu
	Shikoku
SN	SW Japan. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shimanto Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Shimanto Group
RT	Japan
	Kyushu
	Shikoku
SN	Includes Terazoma Series, Nishigawa Series, and Higashigawa Series. Triassic-Cretaceous, presumably. Kyushu and S Shikoku. Also search Shimanto.

Shimanto Terrain
USE	Shimanto Belt

Shimokita Peninsula
BT	nshu
	.Aomori Japan
	..Shimokita Peninsula
SN	In Mutsu Bay area in extreme N Honshu.

Shimosa Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Shimosa Group
RT	Japan

Shinano River
BT	nshu
	.Niigata Japan
	..Shinano River
SN	W central Honshu. Flows N into Japan Sea. Longest river in Japan.

Shinarump Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Shinarump Member
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Nevada
	Arizona
	Chinle Formation
SN	Of Chinle Formation. Utah, N Arizona, SE Nevada and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

shingle
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..shingle
RT	gravel
	pebbles
	cobbles

Shinji Lake
BT	nshu
	.Shimane Japan
	..Shinji Lake
SN	SW Honshu.

Shiobara Japan
BT	nshu
	.Tochigi Japan
	..Shiobara Japan
SN	Town in central Honshu.

Shiraki Steppe
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Shiraki Steppe
SN	Semidesert plain in E Georgian Republic. Also search Shiraki.

Shiranish Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Shiranish Formation
RT	Iraq

shirasu
RT	amorphous materials
	ignimbrite
	Kyushu
	pumice
	pyroclastic flows
	pyroclastics
	volcanic ash
	volcanic glass
	volcanic rocks
SN	Volcanic materials. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Shirasu River
BT	nshu
	.Shirasu River
SN	Stream NW of Tokyo in central Honshu. Before 1993, also search Shirasu. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Shiraz Iran
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Iran
	...Fars Iran
	....Shiraz Iran
SN	City in Fars (province), SW central Iran.

Shirley Basin
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Carbon County Wyoming
	...Shirley Basin
SN	S central Wyoming.

Shiveluch Volcano
USE	Sheveluch

Shizukuishi Japan
BT	nshu
	.Iwate Japan
	..Shizukuishi Japan
SN	Town in N Honshu.

Shizuoka Japan
BT	nshu
	.Shizuoka Japan
NT	Ito Japan
RT	Chubu Japan
	Tokai Japan
	Akaishi Mountains
	Fuji River
	Suruga Bay
	Izu Peninsula
	Itoigawa-Shizuoka tectonic line
	Sagami Bay
SN	Prefecture and city in S central Honshu.

Shizuoka-Itoigawa tectonic line
USE	Itoigawa-Shizuoka tectonic line

shoaling
RT	ocean waves
	waves

shoals
RT	fluvial features
	lacustrine features
	marine terraces
	oceanography
	reefs
	geomorphology
	shore features
	shorelines
	spits

shock
SN	A valid term through 1977.

shock lamellae
USE	planar deformation features

shock metamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.shock metamorphism
RT	meteor craters
	planar deformation features
	cryptoexplosion features
	Hugoniot analysis
SN	Before 1978, also search metamorphism AND shock.

shock waves
RT	b-values
	deformation
	foreshocks
	interplanetary space
	metamorphism
	propagation
	shatter cones
	seismology
	waves

Shonai River
BT	nshu
	.Aichi Japan
	..Shonai River
SN	In the Nagoya area of S central Honshu.

Shonkin Sag Laccolith
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Shonkin Sag Laccolith
SN	In Highwood Mountains area of N central Montana. Indexed with counties as applicable.

shonkinite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...shonkinite
RT	alkali gabbros

Shoo Fly Complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Shoo Fly Complex
UF	Shoo Fly Formation
RT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Silurian
	Devonian
	California
	Northern California
	Central California
SN	Upper Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian. N and Central California. Metamorphic complex. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Shoo Fly Formation
USE	Shoo Fly Complex

shooting star
USE	meteors

shore drift
USE	littoral drift

shore environment
USE	coastal environment

shore features
NT	barrier beaches
	beach ridges
	capes
	chenier plains
	cheniers
	coastal dunes
	emergent coastlines
	fjords
	inlets
	lagoons
	mangrove swamps
	marine terraces
	raised beaches
	spits
	tidal channels
	tidal inlets
	tombolos
UF	coastal features
	features, shore
	shoreline features
RT	dunes
	barrier islands
	forelands
	beaches
	longshore bars
	bars
	bays
	embayments
	beach profiles
	foredunes
	benches
	blowouts
	bluffs
	cliffs
	mires
	fens
	marshes
	caves
	caverns
	chimneys
	coastal plains
	Gilbert-type deltas
	continental dunes
	deltas
	estuaries
	fan deltas

shore lines
USE	shorelines

shore lines (abandoned)
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. Use shorelines (with shore features for geomorphology), terraces; sea-level changes; or lake-level changes.

shore reef
USE	fringing reefs

shoreline features
USE	shore features

shorelines
NT	emergent coastlines
UF	coastlines
	shore lines
RT	erosion
	artificial islands
	barrier islands
	design
	construction
	beaches
	bars
	capes
	bays
	embayments
	beach nourishment
	beach profiles
	dynamics
	beach ridges
	cheniers
	berms
	chenier plains
	coastal environment
	bluffs
	cliffs
	breakwaters
	coastal sedimentation
	fjor
SN	Used for both engineering aspects and for geomorphologic aspects. Indexed with shore features for geomorphologic studies.

Shoriya Mountains
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kemerovo Russian Federation
	...Shoriya Mountains
UF	Gornaya Shoriya
SN	Mountain range in Kemerovo Oblast at SW end of Kuznetsk Alatau just S of Kuznetsk Basin. Also search Shoriya. This term has multiple hierarchies.

short-period seismographs
BT	seismographs
	.short-period seismographs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

short-period waves
BT	elastic waves
	.short-period waves
NT	Rg-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	seismic waves
	Lg-waves
	traveltime
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

shortening, crustal
USE	crustal shortening

shortite
BT	carbonates
	.shortite

Shorty Crater
BT	Moon
	.Shorty Crater

Shoshone County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Shoshone County Idaho
NT	Bunker Hill Mine
RT	Idaho Panhandle
	Coeur d'Alene mining district
SN	N Idaho.

Shoshone Mountains
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Shoshone Mountains
RT	Lander County Nevada
	Nye County Nevada
SN	Mountain range W of Toiyabe Range and Reese River in central Nevada. Indexed with counties as applicable.

shoshonite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...shoshonite

Showa Station
USE	Syowa Station

SHRIMP data
UF	sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe data
RT	chemical analysis
	data
	ion probe data
	ion probe
SN	For the method, after 1994, use SHRIMP method. Also search SHRIMP and ion probe data. Indexed with ion probe data. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

shrinkage cracks
USE	mudcracks

Shropshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Shropshire England
NT	Church Stretton England
	Wenlock Edge
UF	Salop England
SN	County on Welsh border.

Shuaiba Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Aptian
	......Shuaiba Formation
RT	Abu Dhabi
	United Arab Emirates
	Saudi Arabia
	Iraq
	Persian Gulf
	Oman
	Qatar
SN	Persian Gulf region.

Shublick Formation
USE	Shublik Formation

Shublik Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Shublik Formation
UF	Shublick Formation
RT	Alaska
SN	N Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shubuta Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Shubuta Member
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Yazoo Clay
SN	Of Yazoo Clay. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shugnan Tajikistan
BT	Asia
	.Tajikistan
	..Shugnan Tajikistan
RT	Badakhshan
	Leninabad Tajikistan
SN	Village in Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast in Pamirs in E Tajikistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Shuksan Thrust
BT	North America
	.Shuksan Thrust
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
	Cascade Range
SN	N Cascades, N Washington; SW British Columbia. Indexed with British Columbia and/or Washington as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shumagin Islands
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Aleutian Islands
	....Shumagin Islands
SN	Off SE coast of the Alaska Peninsula, SW Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

shungite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasedimentary rocks
	..shungite
UF	schungite
RT	sedimentary rocks
	amorphous materials
	coal
	energy sources
	graphite
SN	Metamorphosed hard black noncrystalline material with very high carbon content, found interbedded in Precambrian schists.

Shungura Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Shungura Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Ethiopia
	Kenya
	Omo Group
	Tanzania
SN	In Omo Group. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shuswap Complex
BT	North America
	.Shuswap Complex
RT	Proterozoic
	Paleozoic
	Washington
	British Columbia
	lower Mesozoic
	Monashee Complex
SN	Underlies the southern culmination of the Omineca Geanticline. Comprises rocks ranging in age from Proterozoic to early Mesozoic. S British Columbia and N Washington. Indexed with province and/or counties and state as applicable.

Shuttle Imaging Radar
RT	geophysical surveys
	image enhancement
	imagery
	radar methods
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	geophysical methods
SN	Also can be abbreviated as SIR. Also search space shuttle and radar methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Shventoyi River
USE	Sventoji River

Si
USE	silicon

Si-32
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Si-32
BT	silicon
	.Si-32
RT	accelerator mass spectroscopy
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

sial
USE	granitic layer

Siam
USE	Thailand

Sian China
USE	Xi'an China

Sibay Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Bashkortostan Russian Federation
	...Sibay Russian Federation
SN	Town in the Southern Urals in Bashkortostan in SE European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Sibay Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siberia
BT	Asia
	.Siberia
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Siberian Platform
	Russian Far East
	Central Asia
	Baikal rift zone
	Baikalian Phase
	Beringia
	Ob River
	Russian Pacific region
	Khatanga Basin
	Moty Formation
	Omolon Block
	Popigay Structure
	Tunguska Basin
	Tunguska Syneclise
	West Sib
SN	Region in Asia extending from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Chinese and Mongolian borders and including N Kazakhstan. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Siberia-Soviet Far East
USE	Russian Far East

Siberian fold belt
BT	Asia
	.Siberian fold belt
NT	Baikal region
	Sayan
RT	Russian Federation
	Altai Mountains
	Tuva Russian Federation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Siberian Lowland
BT	Asia
	.West Siberia
	..Siberian Lowland
UF	West Siberian Basin
	West Siberian Lowland
	West Siberian Plain
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Ob-Irtysh Interfluve
	Megion Field
	Urengoy Field
SN	Region comprising the West Siberian Plain which extends from the Urals in the W to the Yenisei River in the E, and from the Kara Sea in the N to the Kazakh Hills in the S. Also search Siberian. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Sovie

Siberian Platform
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Siberian Platform
BT	Asia
	.Siberian Platform
NT	Aldan Shield
	Anabar Shield
	Angara-Lena Basin
	North Siberian Plain
	Tunguska
	Vilyuy Syneclise
	Yakutia region
	Yenisei Ridge
UF	Central Siberian Plateau
	West Siberian Platform
RT	Udachnaya Pipe
	Siberia
	Bazhenov Formation
	Mir Pipe
SN	Region comprising the Central Siberian Plateau which lies between the Yenisei River on the W, and the Lena River on the E. Also search Siberian. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sibiu Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Sibiu Romania
SN	City and county in S Transylvania.

Sibley County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Sibley County Minnesota

Sichuan Basin
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sichuan Basin
UF	Szechwan Basin
RT	Sichuan China
SN	SW China. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Sichuan China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sichuan China
NT	Panxi Rift
UF	Sichuan Sheng
	Szechuan China
RT	Wufeng Formation
	Yangtze Platform
	Chongqing China
	Yangtze Three Gorges
	Xichang China
	Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
	Luoquan Formation
	Xianshuihe fault zone
	Sanjiang
	Sichuan Basin
SN	Province, SW China. In 1997, the eastern part became the Chonqqing independent municipality.

Sichuan Sheng
USE	Sichuan China

Sicilia Italy
USE	Sicily Italy

Sicilian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Sicilian
SN	Europe.

Sicily Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
NT	Caltanissetta Italy
	Ciminna Basin
	Enna Italy
	Lipari Islands
	Madonie Mountains
	Messina Italy
	Mount Etna
	Nebrodi Mountains
	Palermo Italy
	Pantelleria
	Peloritani Mountains
	Syracuse Italy
	Trapani Italy
	Ustica Island
UF	Sicilia Italy
RT	Mediterranean region
	Mediterranean Sea
	Calabrian Arc
SN	Island in Mediterranean Sea and autonomous region.

Sicker Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...upper Paleozoic
	....Sicker Group
RT	Permian
	Pennsylvanian
	British Columbia
	Vancouver Island
SN	Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Pennsylvanian? to Permian. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

side-looking airborne radar
USE	SLAR

side-scanning methods
RT	acoustical methods
	GLORIA
	methods
	radar methods
	SAR
	geophysical methods
	SLAR
	sonar methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sideraerolite
USE	stony irons

Siderian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Siderian

siderite
BT	carbonates
	.siderite
UF	chalybite
RT	iron ores
	iron minerals

siderite (meteorite)
USE	iron meteorites

siderolite
USE	stony irons

siderophile elemen

siderophile elements
RT	chalcophile elements
	chemical elements
	cobalt
	gold
	iron
	lithophile elements
	nickel
	phosphorus
	platinum
SN	Chemical elements which tend to concentrate in metallic phases of meteorites. Also, an element possessing weak affinity for sulfur and oxygen.

siderophyre
BT	meteorites
	.stony irons
	..siderophyre
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

Sidhi India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Sidhi India
SN	Village and district in E Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Sidobre Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Central Massif
	....Sidobre Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Tarn France
	....Sidobre Massif
SN	In S Central Massif NE of Castres. Also search Sidobre. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siebengebirge
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Siebengebirge
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Westerwald
	....Siebengebirge
SN	Hills in the Westerwald on right bank of Rhine River SSE of Bonn. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siedlce Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Siedlce Poland
UF	Syedlets Poland
SN	Province and city in E Poland.

Siegenian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Lower Devonian
	.....Siegenian
SN	Europe. Above Gedinnian, below Emsian.

siegenite
BT	sulfides
	.siegenite
RT	linnaeite

Siena Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Tuscany Italy
	....Siena Italy
SN	City and province in S central Tuscany.

Sierozems
BT	soils
	.Sierozems
UF	Cerozem
	Gray desert soil
	Gray earth
	Serozem
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils

Sierra Ancha
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Gila County Arizona
	...Sierra Ancha
SN	Ridge in E central Arizona.

Sierra Blanca
RT	Lincoln County New Mexico
	Otero County New Mexico
	Sangre de Cristo Mountains
	New Mexico
SN	Range in Otero and Lincoln counties in S central New Mexico. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Sierra County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sierra County California
SN	NE California.

Sierra County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Sierra County New Mexico
NT	Truth or Consequences New Mexico
RT	Black Range
	Caballo Mountains
	Jornada del Muerto
	Orogrande Basin
	San Andres Mountains
SN	SW New Mexico.

Sierra de Gador
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Sierra de Gador
SN	Range in SE Spain.

Sierra de Gredos
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Sierra de Gredos
RT	Avila Spain
	Caceres Spain
	Toledo Spain
	Madrid Spain
SN	Range W of Madrid in W central Spain.

Sierra de Guadarrama
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Sierra de Guadarrama
RT	Avila Spain
	Old Castile Spain
	Segovia Spain
	New Castile Spain
	Madrid Spain
SN	Range N of Madrid separating Old Castile from New Castile.

Sierra de Juarez
RT	Baja California
	Baja California Norte Mexico
	Chiapas Mexico
	Chihuahua Mexico
	Oaxaca Mexico
SN	Mountain range, N Baja California, Mexico. Also mountain ranges in southern and central Mexico. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Mexican states or other location as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sierra de la Demanda
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Sierra de la Demanda
RT	Old Castile Spain
	Burgos Spain
	La Rioja Spain
	Iberian Mountains
SN	Range of the Cordillera Iberica in Old Castile in N Spain.

Sierra de los Filabres
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Sierra de los Filabres
RT	Nevado-Filabride Complex
SN	Range in W central Almeria Province, SE Spain.

Sierra de los Organos
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Pinar del Rio Cuba
	......Sierra de los Organos
SN	Range in W Pinar del Rio, W Cuba.

Sierra de Perija
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Sierra de Perija
RT	Colombia
	Venezuela
	Eastern Cordillera
	Zulia Venezuela
SN	Range of the Andes on the Colombia-Venezuela border. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sierra de Ronda
USE	Serrania de Ronda

Sierra Gorda
BT	Mexico
	.Guanajuato Mexico
	..Sierra Gorda
RT	Sierra Madre Occidental
SN	E range of S Sierra Madre Occidental in central Mexico.

Sierra Leone
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Sierra Leone
SN	Former British colony and protectorate. Became independent in 1961.

Sierra Leone Rise
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Sierra Leone Rise
RT	Leg 41
	DSDP Site 13
	Equatorial Atlantic
	DSDP Site 366
	ODP Site 668
	ODP Site 665
	ODP Site 666
	ODP Site 667
SN	SW of West Africa in NE Equatorial Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sierra Madre
RT	Luzon
	Mexico
	North American Cordillera
	California
	Sierra Madre del Sur
	Sierra Madre Occidental
	Sierra Madre Oriental
	Sierra Madre Range
SN	Chief Mexican mountain system extending 1500 miles SE from U.S. border including 3 separate ranges which enclose the great central plateau. Before 1978, this term also included the Sierra Madre Range of Wyoming. Also used for ranges on Luzon, Philippines

Sierra Madre del Sur
BT	Mexico
	.Sierra Madre del Sur
RT	Guerrero Mexico
	Mexican volcanic belt
	Sierra Madre
	Oaxaca Mexico
SN	Coastal range in SW Mexico. Indexed with Sierra Madre and Mexican states as applicable.

Sierra Madre Occidental
BT	Mexico
	.Sierra Madre Occidental
RT	Chihuahua Mexico
	Sonora Mexico
	Jalisco Mexico
	Mexican volcanic belt
	Colima Mexico
	Durango Mexico
	Nayarit Mexico
	Zacatecas Mexico
	Sierra Madre
	Sierra Gorda
SN	Range running for 700 miles parallel to the Pacific Ocean. Indexed with Mexican states and Sierra Madre as applicable.

Sierra Madre Oriental
BT	Mexico
	.Sierra Madre Oriental
RT	Tamaulipas Mexico
	Coahuila Mexico
	Hidalgo Mexico
	Puebla Mexico
	Sierra Madre
	Nuevo Leon Mexico
	Veracruz Mexico
	San Luis Potosi Mexico
SN	Range running parallel to the Gulf of Mexico. Indexed with Mexican states and Sierra Madre as applicable.

Sierra Madre Range
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Sierra Madre Range
RT	Sierra Madre
	Mullen Creek-Nash Fork shear zone
SN	Range in Continental Divide, S Wyoming, just W of North Platte River. Also search Sierra Madre AND Wyoming.

Sierra Morena
SN	A valid term through mid-1978. See Betic Cordillera.

Sierra Nevada
RT	Cascade Range
	Long Valley Caldera
	Melones Fault
	Mount Lyell
	Nevadan Orogeny
	North American Cordillera
	California
	Sonoma Orogeny
	Spanish Sierra Nevada
	Table Mountain
	White Mountain
SN	Mountain range in E California. Search Sierra Nevada AND California. May also occur in other locations. After 1981, see Spanish Sierra Nevada if applicable. Indexed with states or regions and mountains as applicable.

Sierra Nevada Batholith
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sierra Nevada Batholith
SN	E central California. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
RT	Santa Marta Colombia
SN	Mountain range in N Colombia on Caribbean coast.

Sierra Pena Blanca
BT	Mexico
	.Chihuahua Mexico
	..Sierra Pena Blanca
SN	Chihuahua, N Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sierras Australes
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Buenos Aires Argentina
	...Sierras Australes
UF	Southern Ranges, Buenos Aires
SN	Group of mountain ranges in S Buenos Aires Province, E Argentina. Also index individual ranges if available. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Sierras Pampeanas
USE	Pampean Mountains

Sierrita Mountains
RT	Arizona
	Pima County Arizona
SN	S Arizona. Location of porphyry copper deposits. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Sifton Basin
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Sifton Basin
SN	N British Columbia. Also search Sifton.

Sigillaria
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Lycopsida
	...Sigillaria
SN	Genus.

Sigma Mine
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Sigma Mine
RT	mines
	Abitibi Belt
	gold ores
	Val d'Or Quebec
SN	Gold ores. Val d'Or, SW Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

signal distortion
RT	distortion
	elastic waves
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Signal Hill Formation
BT	ronian
	.Signal Hill Formation
RT	Canada
	Newfoundland Island
SN	Unconformably underlies Random Formation and overlies Avalonian Formation.

signal to noise ratios
USE	signal-to-noise ratio

signal-to-noise ratio
UF	signal to noise ratios
RT	seismology
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	seismic methods
	seismograms
	stacking
	noise
	signals
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

signals
RT	filters
	noise
	signal-to-noise ratio
	geophysical methods
	seismology
	teleseismic signals

Signy Island
BT	Antarctica
	.South Orkney Islands
	..Signy Island
RT	Atlantic Ocean
SN	One of the South Orkney Islands SE of the Falkland Islands. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sigsbee Deep
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Sigsbee Deep
RT	Campeche Scarp
	DSDP Site 3
	Mississippi Fan
	DSDP Site 91
SN	In SW central part of Gulf of Mexico. Before 1993, also search Mexico Basin AND Gulf of Mexico.

Sikhote Alin
USE	Sikhote-Alin Range
SN	A valid term through 1976.

Sikhote-Alin Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sikhote-Alin Range
BT	Asia
	.Sikhote-Alin Range
UF	Sikhote Alin
RT	Russian Far East
	Khabarovsk Russian Federation
	impact features
	Primorye Russian Federation
SN	Mountain range in Primorye and Khabarovsk krays along the Japan Sea and the Tatar Strait. Before 1977, also search Sikhote-Alin. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sikkim India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Sikkim India
RT	Himalayas
	Lesser Himalayas
	Siwalik System
	Siwalik Range
SN	Became an associated Indian state on Sept. 7, 1974.

Sila Massif
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
	....Sila Massif
RT	Apennines
	Southern Apennines
SN	In the Southern Apennines forming central part of toe of the Italian boot.

silcrete
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..silcrete
RT	terrigenous materials
	duricrust

Silesia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Silesia
RT	Germany
	Poland
	Czech Republic
	Moravia
	Lower Silesia
	Upper Silesia
SN	Region in E central Europe lying mostly in SW Poland. It comprises both Upper and Lower Silesia plus small areas in E Germany and N Moravia. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Silesian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Silesian

Silesian Basin
USE	Silesian coal basin

Silesian coal basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Silesian coal basin
UF	Silesian Basin
RT	coal fields
	Wroclaw Poland
	Katowice Poland
	Lower Silesia
	Upper Silesia
	Upper Silesian coal basin
SN	In Lower Silesia in Wroclaw Province, and in Upper Silesia in Katowice Province. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

silexite
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use quartzolite (for the igneous rock) or chert as applicable.

silica
RT	abrasives
	glass materials
	Ottawa Sand
	sand
	sands
	silica minerals
	silicates
	siliceous composition
	silicic acid
	silicon
SN	As of 1985, no longer considered a commodity term (list C). Used for silicon dioxide.

silica group
USE	silica minerals

silica minerals
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
NT	agate
	amethyst
	carnelian
	chalcedony
	chrysoprase
	coesite
	cristobalite
	hyalite
	jasper
	keatite
	lechatelierite
	melanophlogite
	moganite
	onyx
	opal
	quartz
	smoky quartz
	stishovite
	tridymite
UF	silica group
RT	silica

silicate glass
SN	As of 1998, not a valid term for GeoRef. Use (volcanic glass or glasses) AND (silicates or siliceous composition). For natural glasses which are not volcanic, glass materials is be used. See silicate melts if applicable.

silicate melts
BT	melts
	.silicate melts
RT	petrology
	magmas
	geophysics
	phase equilibria
	liquid phase
SN	Also search silicates and melts.

silicate minerals
USE	silicates

silicate rocks
RT	petrology
	rocks
	siliceous composition
	standard materials

silicates
NT	aluminosilicates
	asbestos
	barium silicates
	borosilicates
	chain silicates
	chlorophaeite
	framework silicates
	iron silicates
	magnesian silicates
	orthosilicates
	ring silicates
	sheet silicates
UF	silicate minerals
RT	silica
	minerals
	clay mineralogy
	silicon
SN	In indexing, use this term only for broad treatments of the entire class of minerals; otherwise, use a narrower term, e.g. orthosilicates, ring silicates, chain silicates, etc.

siliceous composition
RT	clastic rocks
	composition
	insoluble residues
	jasperoid
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	silica
	silicate rocks
	siliceous sinter
	siliciclastics
SN	Before 1978 also search siliceous in combination with specific sediment type. Also search siliceous rocks.

siliceous earth
SN	Use diatomaceous earth or diatomite as applicable.

siliceous rocks
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use siliceous composition.

siliceous sinter
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..siliceous sinter
RT	siliceous composition
	sintering
SN	Also search sinter AND siliceous.

silicic acid
UF	hydrated silica
	silicic acids
RT	silica
	acids
SN	SiO

silicic acids
USE	silicic acid

silicic composition
USE	acidic composition

siliciclastic rocks
USE	siliciclastics

siliciclastics
UF	siliciclastic rocks
RT	sedimentary rocks
	clastic sediments
	sediments
	clastic rocks
	siliceous composition
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

silicides
BT	alloys
	.silicides
NT	ferrosilicon
RT	moissanite

silicification
UF	silification
RT	sedimentation
	processes
	metasomatism
	diagenesis
	fossilization
	chertification

silicified wood
USE	fossil wood

Silicispongiae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Porifera
	..Silicispongiae
UF	Noncalcarea

Silicoflagellata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Silicoflagellata
NT	Dictyocha
	Distephanus
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

silicon
NT	Si-32
UF	Si
RT	silica
	silicates
	chemical elements
	moissanite
	ferrosilicon

silicon carbide
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see carborundum for economic papers or carbides or moissanite, for minerals. Before 1993, also search carborundum.

silicon dioxide
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. For geochemistry, see silica. Use specific silica minerals (list L) name if applicable or see commodity terms (list C).

silification
USE	silicification

Siljan
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Siljan
RT	Siljan Ring
SN	Lake in central Sweden. Also used for possible meteor crater before 1993.

Siljan Ring
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Siljan Ring
RT	impact features
	Gravberg Well
	Siljan
SN	Impact crater containing the lake, Siljan in central Sweden. Site of several deep drilling boreholes. Before 1993, also search Siljan. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sillimanite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...sillimanite
UF	fibrolite
RT	andalusite
	kyanite
	sillimanite deposits
SN	As of 1981, use sillimanite deposits for sillimanite as a commodity.

sillimanite deposits
RT	ceramic materials
	sillimanite
SN	May be used as a commodity term with ceramic materials.

sillimanite gneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..sillimanite gneiss

sills
BT	intrusions
	.sills
RT	dikes

Silo Field
RT	Laramie County Wyoming
	oil and gas fields
	Taylor County Texas
SN	In Laramie County, SE Wyoming. Also in Taylor County, Texas. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

silt
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..silt
UF	silts
RT	sand
	alluvium
	clay
	overbank sediments
	terrigenous materials
	loam
	mud
	loess
	siltation
	siltstone

siltation
RT	deposition
	dredging
	maintenance
	reservoirs
	settling
	silt
	sedimentation
	waterways
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

siltite
USE	siltstone

silts
USE	silt

siltstone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..siltstone
UF	siltite
RT	silt
	terrigenous materials
	mudstone
	metasiltstone

Silurian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
NT	Llandovery
	Wenlock
	Ludlow
	Priduli
	Aberystwyth Grits
	Bass Islands Dolomite
	Clinch Sandstone
	Crab Orchard Formation
	Fusselman Dolomite
	Henryhouse Formation
	Lower Silurian
	Middle Silurian
	Perry Mountain Formation
	Rockwood Formation
	Sangerville Formation
	Scandian Orogeny
	Upper Silurian
	Vassalboro Formation
	Waterville Formation
UF	Gothlandian
	Gotlandian
RT	Ellis Bay Formation
	Broken River Formation
	Dalradian
	Berwick Formation
	Merrimack Group
	Henderson Gneiss
	Downtonian
	range
	New York City Group
	Peel Sound Formation
	Hanson Creek Formation
	Hunton Group
	Hidden Valley Dolomite
	Kittery Formation
	Madrid Formation
SN	Above Ordovician, below Devonian.

silvanite
USE	sylvanite

silver
BT	metals
	.silver
UF	Ag
RT	argentite
	silver ores
	native elements
	chalcophile elements
	heavy metals
	electrum
SN	Chemical element. Use silver ores for silver as a commodity.

Silver Bow County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Silver Bow County Montana
NT	Butte Montana
SN	SW Montana.

Silver City Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Lyon County Nevada
	...Silver City Nevada
SN	Hamlet in W Nevada.

Silver City New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Grant County New Mexico
	...Silver City New Mexico
SN	Town in SW New Mexico.

silver ores
BT	metal ores
	.silver ores
RT	acanthite
	argentite
	native elements
	silver
	Sullivan Mine
	Leadville mining district
	tetrahedrite
	Equity Mine
	freibergite
	Kamioka Mine
	Kidd Creek Mine
	nuggets
	Toyoha Mine
	Summitville Mine
	San Juan mining district
	stephanite
	Temagami Mine
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Silver Peak Mountains
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Esmeralda County Nevada
	...Silver Peak Mountains
SN	Small range in W Esmeralda County in SW Nevada. Also search Silver Peak.

Silverton Caldera
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..San Juan County Colorado
	...Silverton Caldera
RT	San Juan Mountains
SN	Near town of Silverton in San Juan County in San Juan Mountains of SW Colorado. Also search Silverton.

Silvretta Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silvretta Group
RT	Switzerland
	Tyrol Austria
SN	Also search Silvretta.

sima
USE	basaltic layer

simazine
BT	pesticides
	.herbicides
	..triazines
	...simazine
RT	pollutants
	toxic materials

Simbirsk Russian Federation
USE	Ulyanovsk Russian Federation

Simcoe County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Simcoe County Ontario
NT	Borden Ontario
SN	S Georgian Bay, S Ontario.

Simferopol Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Simferopol Ukraine
SN	City in the S central Crimea, S Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Simi Hills
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
	...Simi Hills
SN	In Ventura County NW of Los Angeles. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Simi Valley California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
	...Simi Valley California
SN	City in S California.

simians
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
NT	Cercopithecidae
	Platyrrhina
	Pongidae

similar folds
BT	folds
	.similar folds
UF	shear folds
	slip folds
RT	concentric folds
	shear
SN	Before 1978, also search shear folds. Before 1993, also search slip folds. Before 1978, also search similar and folds.

Simla Hills
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Himachal Pradesh India
	....Simla Hills
BT	malayas
	.Kumaun Himalayas
	..Simla Hills
SN	Hill and mountain area of the outer Kumaun Himalayas around Simla in Himachal Pradesh. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Simla India
BT	machal Pradesh India
	.Simla India
SN	Town and hill resort in S Himachal Pradesh, N India.

Simleu Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Simleu Basin
SN	In Bihor Mountains near town of Simleu Silvaniei in NW Transylvania. Also search Simleu.

Simplon region
BT	Europe
	.Simplon region
RT	Switzerland
	Italy
	Piemonte Italy
SN	Includes Simplon Pass, Simplon Road, and Simplon Tunnel area. Also search Simplon. Indexed with Italy and/or Switzerland.

Simpson County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Simpson County Kentucky

Simpson County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Simpson County Mississippi

Simpson Desert
RT	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
	Queensland Australia
	South Australia
SN	Primarily in SE Northern Territory. Indexed with Northern Territory Australia and/or states as applicable.

Simpson Field
RT	Alaska
	Nebraska
	North Slope
	oil and gas fields
SN	North Slope, Alaska. Also one in Nebraska. Search in conjunction with appropriate state. Indexed with counties and/or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Simpson Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Simpson Group
RT	Oklahoma
	Bromide Formation
SN	Comprises Joins, Oil Creek, McLish, Tulip Creek, Bromide, and Corbin Ranch formations. Central and S Oklahoma.

SIMS
USE	secondary ion mass spectroscopy

simulation
RT	analog simulation
	bottom-simulating reflectors
	computer animation
	data processing
	digital simulation
	DRAINMOD
	general circulation models
	laboratory studies
	mathematical geology
	mathematical models
	models
	modern analogs
	MODFLOW
	MODPATH
	sandbox models
	SUTRA

Sinai
UF	Sinai Peninsula
RT	Egypt
	Israel
	Gavish Sebkha
	Sinai Egypt
	Solar Lake
SN	Peninsula extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It is bounded on the W by the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez, and on the E by Israel and the Gulf of Aqaba. Coextensive with the Egyptian governorate. As of 1993, see Sinai Egypt for the gove

Sinai Egypt
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Sinai Egypt
RT	Gavish Sebkha
	Sinai
	Solar Lake
SN	Governorate, NE Egypt, coextensive with the Sinai Peninsula. Indexed with Middle East and/or Sinai.

Sinai Peninsula
USE	Sinai

Sinaia Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Prahova Romania
	.....Sinaia Romania
RT	Bucegi Mountains
SN	Town and health resort at SE foot of Bucegi Mountains of the Transylvanian Alps in Prahova County.

Sinaloa Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Sinaloa Mexico
NT	Mazatlan Mexico
RT	Guerrero Terrane
	Rivera Plate
SN	State in W Mexico.

Sind Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Sind Pakistan
NT	Chor Pakistan
	Hyderabad Pakistan
RT	Nari Series
SN	Province in SE Pakistan. Also search Sindh.

Sinemurian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Sinemurian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....lower Liassic
	......Sinemurian
SN	Europe. Above Hettangian, below Pliensbachian.

Singapore
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Singapore
RT	ASEAN
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Island republic and city off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.

Singhbhum Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Singhbhum Granite
RT	India
	Bihar India
	Orissa India
	Singhbhum India
SN	Also search Singhbhum.

Singhbhum India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Singhbhum India
NT	Sini India
RT	Singhbhum Granite
SN	District, Chota Nagpur division, S Bihar.

Singhbhum shear zone
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Singhbhum shear zone
RT	Bihar India
	Orissa India
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

single domains
BT	magnetic domains
	.single domains
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

single-crystal method
RT	crystal growth
	crystal structure
	methods
	minerals
	powder method
	X-ray analysis
SN	Before 1978, search single crystal.

Singleton Coal Measures
RT	Australia
	Carboniferous
	New South Wales Australia
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Triassic
SN	E New South Wales. Indexed with age as applicable.

Sini India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Singhbhum India
	.....Sini India
SN	Village in Singhbhum District. Site of limestone quarries for Jamshedpur iron and steel works.

Sinian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Sinian
NT	Dengying Formation
	Doushantuo Formation
	Nantuo Formation
	upper Sinian
	Wumishan Formation
RT	Eocambrian
SN	China. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sinjar Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Sinjar Formation
RT	Paleocene
	lower Eocene
	Middle East
	Iraq
SN	Paleocene-lower Eocene. In the Jabel Sinjar Mountains. Indexed with ages as applicable.

sink holes
USE	sinkholes

sinkholes
BT	solution features
	.sinkholes
UF	sink holes
RT	geomorphology
	geologic hazards
	karst
	dolines
	potholes

Sinkiang
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Xinjiang China.

Sinkiang China
USE	Xinjiang China

Sinkiang Uighur China
USE	Xinjiang China

Sinkiang Weiwu'er Zizhiqu China
USE	Xinjiang China

sinking
SN	Use land subsidence for geotechnical studies, or subsidence for large, regional tectonic subsidence or sinking slabs. Also see submergence, underground streams.

sinking (currents)
USE	downwelling

sinks
RT	chemical reactions
	geochemistry
SN	Substance used to dissipate heat or remove fluids during a chemical reaction. For the solution feature, use sinkholes.

sinnerite
BT	sulfides
	.sinnerite

Sino-Korean Paraplatform
USE	Sino-Korean Platform

Sino-Korean Platform
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Sino-Korean Platform
UF	Sino-Korean Paraplatform
RT	China
	Korea
SN	Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

sinter
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use siliceous sinter.

sintering
RT	deformation
	diffusion
	meteorites
	phase equilibria
	refractory materials
	siliceous sinter
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sinuosity
RT	channels
	fluvial features
	meanders
	streams

Sioux County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Sioux County Iowa
SN	NW Iowa.

Sioux County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Sioux County Nebraska
SN	Extreme NW Nebraska.

Sioux County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Sioux County North Dakota
SN	S North Dakota.

Sioux Quartzite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Sioux Quartzite
RT	Iowa
	Nebraska
	Minnesota
	South Dakota
SN	Has been correlated with Baraboo Quartzite in Wisconsin. NW Iowa, SW Minnesota, NE Nebraska, and SE South Dakota.

Siphonaptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Endopterygota
	.......Siphonaptera
UF	Siphonapteroida
SN	Order.

Siphonapteroida
USE	Siphonaptera

Sipunculoida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Sipunculoida

Siqueiros fracture zone
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Siqueiros fracture zone
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	DSDP Site 427
SN	Near E end of Clipperton fracture zone. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

SIR
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Shuttle Imaging Radar if applicable.

Sir Darya
USE	Syr Darya

Siracusa
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Syracuse Italy.

Sirenia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Sirenia
SN	Order.

Siret River
BT	Europe
	.Siret River
UF	Sereth River
	Siretul River
RT	Romania
	Ukraine
	Moldavia
	Romanian Plain
	Moldavian Platform
SN	Rises on the E slopes of the Carpathians in the Ukraine and flows SE into the Danube River just N of Galati. Also search Siret. Indexed with Moldavia and/or Romania; and/or Ukraine.

Siretul River
USE	Siret River

Sirius Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Sirius Group
RT	Antarctica
	Victoria Land
	Beardmore Glacier
SN	Drift, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica. Age has been considered uncertain. Also search Sirius Formation and Antarctica. The Permian Sirius Formation occurs in Australia.

Sirohi India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Sirohi India
SN	Town in SW Rajasthan.

Sirte Basin
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Libya
	...Sirte Basin
UF	Syrte Basin
SN	On the Gulf of Sidra in N Libya. Also search Sirte.

Sisian Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Sisian Armenia
SN	Village in S Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siskiyou County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Siskiyou County California
NT	Medicine Lake Highland
	Mount Shasta
RT	Marble Mountains
	Preston Peak
	Trinity Complex
	Medicine Lake
SN	N California.

Sisquoc Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Sisquoc Formation
RT	Pliocene
	California
	upper Miocene
SN	Upper Miocene to Pliocene. S California. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

site evaluation
USE	site exploration

site explo

site explora

site exploration
UF	site evaluation
	site investigation
	site selection
RT	land subsidence
	dams
	slope stability
	engineering geology
	rock mechanics
	permafrost
	geologic hazards
	soil mechanics
	reservoirs
	marine installations
	feasibility studies
	foundations
	explosions
	highways
	nuclear facilities
	exploration
	railroads
	trenching
	tunne
SN	Before 1978, also search site selection. Collection of data about and testing of, surface and subsurface materials (including physical properties, distribution, and geologic structure) at a site, to prepare suitable design for an engineering structure or

site investigation
USE	site exploration

site location maps
BT	maps
	.site location maps
UF	location maps
	sample location maps
RT	index maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

site selection
USE	site exploration

sites, archaeological
USE	archaeological sites

sites, landing
USE	landing sites

Sitka Sound
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Sitka Sound
RT	Alexander Archipelago
	Gulf of Alaska
SN	On W side of Baranof Island in SE Alaska. Entrance to Sitka from Gulf of Alaska. Also search Sitka.

Sivamalai
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Tamil Nadu India
	....Coimbatore India
	.....Sivamalai
SN	A hill in the Coimbatore District in E Tamil Nadu, S India.

Sivapithecus
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
	........Pongidae
	.........Sivapithecus
RT	Dryopithecus
	Proconsul
	Ramapithecus
SN	Genus. Also search Ramapithecus which is often included within this group.

Sivash
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Sivash
UF	Putrid Sea
SN	Salt lagoons and marshes in N and NE Crimea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siw

Siwalik Formation
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik Group
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik Hills
USE	Siwalik Range

Siwalik Range
BT	Asia
	.Siwalik Range
UF	Siwalik Hills
	Siwaliks
RT	India
	Pakistan
	Himalayas
	Nepal
	Sikkim India
SN	Range of foothills parallel with the main Himalayan system and extending 1000 miles SE from N Punjab in Pakistan to Sikkim. Also search Siwalik. Indexed with Sikkim India and countries as applicable.

Siwalik Sandstone
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik Series
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Siwalik System
UF	Siwalik Formation
	Siwalik Group
	Siwalik Sandstone
	Siwalik Series
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Miocene
	India
	Pakistan
	Burma
	Chinji Formation
	Sikkim India
SN	Middle Miocene-Pleistocene. Extends beyond limits of Siwalik Range to include parts in Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province in Pakistan, Tipam Series in Assam, and Irrawaddy Series in Burma. Includes Lower (Kamlial and Chinji), Middle (Nagri and D

Siwaliks
USE	Siwalik Range

Sixes River
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Curry County Oregon
	...Sixes River
SN	N Curry County in SW Oregon. Flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Siyeh Formation
USE	Helena Formation

size
UF	body size
RT	morphology
	ore bodies
	scale factor
	size distribution
	reserves
	resources
SN	Used as a general term. Use grain size or size distribution or see scale factor if applicable. From 1981-1997, not a valid term for GeoRef. For paleontology, search in combination with body part or taxonomic class.

size analysis
SN	A valid term through mid-1978. Now use granulometry.

size distribution
RT	distribution
	grain size
	granulometry
	power law
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	size
	textures

Sjaeland
USE	Zealand

sjogrenite
BT	carbonates
	.sjogrenite

Skaergaard Intrusion
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Skaergaard Intrusion

Skagerrak
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..North Sea
	...Skagerrak
RT	Kattegat
	Langesund Fjord
SN	Arm of the North Sea between Norway and Denmark.

Skagit County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Skagit County Washington
NT	South Cascade Glacier
SN	NW Washington.

Skagit Gneiss
RT	British Columbia
	lower Cenozoic
	Upper Cretaceous
	Washington
SN	Upper Cretaceous and lower Cenozoic. Formerly considered Mesozoic. In NW Washington and SW British Columbia. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Skagit Valley
BT	North America
	.Skagit Valley
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	River valley. Primarily in NW Washington. Also search Skagit; Skagit River. Indexed with British Columbia and/or Washington as applicable.

Skamania County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Skamania County Washington
NT	Mount Saint Helens
RT	Toutle River
	Spirit Lake
SN	SW Washington.

Skane
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Skane
UF	Scania
RT	Malmohus Sweden
	Kristianstad Sweden
SN	Region in S Sweden. Indexed with counties as applicable.

skarn
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasomatic rocks
	..skarn
SN	Compositional term.

Skeena Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Skeena Mountains
SN	NW central British Columbia. E of Coast Mountains.

Skeidararjokull
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Iceland
	...Skeidararjokull
SN	Glacier.

skeletons
RT	anatomy
	bones
	feet
	fossils
	ichthyoliths
	muscles
	paleontology
	paleopathology
	pelvises
	skulls
	teeth
	vertebrae
	Vertebrata

Skellefte District
USE	Skellefte mining district

Skellefte mining district
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Skellefte mining district
UF	Skellefte District
RT	mines
	polymetallic ores
	Vasterbotten Sweden
	Norrbotten Sweden
SN	Polymetallic ores.

skewness
BT	statistical analysis
	.skewness
RT	kurtosis

Skiddaw Slates
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Skiddaw Slates
RT	England
	United Kingdom
	Cumbria England
SN	Arenig and Llanvirn Series. Cumberland County in NW England.

SKKS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...SKKS-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Skolithos
BT	ichnofossils
	.Skolithos

Skomer Island
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Pembrokeshire Wales
	.......Skomer Island
SN	In Saint Georges Channel off Dyfed.

Skopje Yugoslav Macedonia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Macedonia
	...Yugoslav Macedonia
	....Skopje Yugoslav Macedonia
UF	Skopje Yugoslavia
	Skoplje Yugoslav Macedonia
SN	City on Vardar River in N Yugoslav Macedonia. Before 1993, Skopje Yugoslavia was also used.

Skopje Yugoslavia
USE	Skopje Yugoslav Macedonia

Skoplje Yugoslav Macedonia
USE	Skopje Yugoslav Macedonia

SKP-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...SKP-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

SKS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...SKS-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Skull Creek Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Skull Creek Shale
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Colorado Group
SN	NE Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

skulls
UF	brains
RT	horns
	paleontology
	Vertebrata
	morphology
	fossils
	anatomy
	bones
	craniums
	jaws
	skeletons
	teeth
	paleopathology

skutterudite
BT	arsenides
	.skutterudite

Skye
USE	Isle of Skye

Skylab
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	planetology
	remote sensing

skystones
USE	meteorites

Skythian
USE	Scythian

slabs
RT	plate tectonics
	subsidence

slag
UF	slags
RT	copper ores
	iron ores
	metal ores
SN	As of 1989, restricted to material resulting from the processing of metal ores. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

slags
USE	slag

Slak Dolny Poland
USE	Wroclaw Poland

Slanic Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Prahova Romania
	.....Slanic Romania
SN	Town in Prahova County in N central Walachia.

slant stacks
USE	Radon transforms

Slany Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Slany Czech Republic
SN	Town in W central Bohemia, W Czech Republic. Before 1995, Slany Czechoslovakia was also used.

SLAR
UF	side-looking airborne radar
RT	remote sensing
	airborne methods
	multispectral scanner
	SAR
	radar methods
	side-scanning methods
SN	Acronym. Indexed with airborne methods and radar methods if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

slate
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use slate deposits or slates as applicable.

slate deposits
RT	shale
	slates
SN	Commodity. See List C.

slates
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.slates
UF	pelitic schist
RT	shale
	slaty cleavage
	slate deposits

Slatina Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Slatina Romania
SN	City in Olt County in SW Walachia, S Romania.

slaty cleavage
BT	foliation
	.slaty cleavage
RT	metamorphism
	axial-plane structures
	cleavage
	flow cleavage
	schistosity
	slip cleavage
	slates

Slave Point Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Slave Point Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
	Northwest Territories
SN	N Alberta, NE British Columbia and Northwest Territories. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Slave Province
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Slave Province
RT	Northwest Territories
SN	Structural province of the Canadian Shield.

Slick Hills
RT	Comanche County Oklahoma
	Kiowa County Oklahoma
	Oklahoma
SN	SW Oklahoma. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

slickenlines
RT	faults
	grooves
	lineation
	slickensides
	striations
	structural analysis

slickensides
UF	polished surface
RT	faults
	breccia
	lineation
	slickenlines

sliding, gravity
USE	gravity sliding

Sligo Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Sligo Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Arkansas
SN	E and S Texas, NW Louisiana and S Arkansas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sligo Ireland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ireland
	...Sligo Ireland
SN	County and town in NW Ireland.

slip
SN	As of 1993, use specific term. See faults or slip faults, earthquakes, rockslides, similar folds, slip cleavage, slip rates, or slope stability.

slip cleavage
BT	foliation
	.slip cleavage
UF	crenulation cleavage
	shear cleavage
	strain-slip cleavage
RT	cleavage
	schistosity
	slaty cleavage
SN	Before 1978, search slip AND cleavage. Before 1993, also search crenulation AND cleavage.

slip faults
SN	Before 1993, search faults and displacements. As of 1993, use specific term. See dip-slip faults, flexural-slip folds, left-lateral faults, normal faults, oblique-slip faults, reverse faults, right-lateral faults, rockslides, similar folds, slip cleavage,

slip folds
USE	similar folds

slip rates
RT	displacements
	faults
	rates
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Slocan mining camp
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Slocan mining camp
RT	mines
SN	SE British Columbia. Also search Slocan.

slope

Slope County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Slope County North Dakota
SN	SW North Dakota.

slope environment
BT	marine environment
	.slope environment
RT	sedimentation
	depositional environment
	continental shelf
	continental slope
	deep-water environment
	shelf environment
	hemipelagic environment
SN	Use this term or shelf environment for older sedimentation. For recent sedimentation, use continental slope or continental shelf. Before 1978, search slope.

slope stability
RT	abutments
	avalanches
	berms
	controls
	creep
	dams
	debris avalanches
	debris flows
	earthflows
	earthquakes
	embankments
	erosion
	excavations
	explosions
	failures
	foundations
	friction angles
	geogrids
	geologic hazards
	geomembranes
	geotextiles
	highways
	land subsidenc
SN	Used for geological studies on the engineering aspects of mass movements. For other aspects, see geomorphology.

slope, continental
USE	continental slope

slope, outer
USE	outer slope

slopes
NT	glacis
RT	bluffs
	cliffs
	continental slope
	cuestas
	embankments
	fault scarps
	landslides
	scarps
	slope stability
	geomorphology
	talus slopes
	toposequences

Slovak Republic
USE	Slovakia

Slovakia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
NT	Banska Stiavnica Slovakia
	Bojnice Slovakia
	Bratislava Slovakia
	Brezno Slovakia
	Gemer Slovakia
	Hodrusa
	Kremnica Mountains
	Kremnica Slovakia
	Novaky Slovakia
	Orava Valley
	Slovakian Carpathians
	Slovakian Karst
	Sturovo Slovakia
	Vah Valley
	Veporides
UF	Slovak Republic
	Slovensko
RT	Moldanubian
	Danube River
	Danube Valley
	Morava River valley
	Pannonian Basin
	Beshchady Mountains
	Carpathians
	Beskid Mountains
	Carpathian Foredeep
	Carpathian Foreland
	Subcarpathians
	Pieniny Klippen Belt
	Choc Nappe
	Krizna Nappe
	Slovakian Pannonian Basin
	Spis
SN	Republic. Formerly a region in E Czechoslovakia.

Slovakian Carpathians
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Slovakian Carpathians
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Slovakian Carpathians
NT	Inner Slovakian Carpathians
	Low Tatra Mountains
	Spis-Gemer
RT	Choc Nappe
	Veporides
	Western Carpathians
	Krizna Nappe
	Tatra Mountains
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Slovakian Karst
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Slovakian Karst
RT	Triassic
	Permian
SN	Near the Hungarian border in SE Slovakia.

Slovakian Pannonian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakian Pannonian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Pannonian Basin
	..Slovakian Pannonian Basin
RT	Slovakia
	Moravia
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with country or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sloven

Slovenia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Slovenia
NT	Celje Slovenia
	Ljubljana Slovenia
UF	Slovenija
RT	Adriatic region
	Yugoslavia
	Mediterranean region
	Alps
	Balkan Peninsula
	Dinaric Alps
	Eastern Alps
	Pannonian Basin
	Karawanken
	Istria
	Karst region
	Julian Alps
SN	NW Balkan Peninsula, along the NE Adriatic Sea. Before 1995, Yugoslavia was a broader term.

Slovenija
USE	Slovenia

Slovenske Rudohorie
USE	Spis-Gemer

Slovensko
USE	Slovakia

sludge
RT	drilling
	liquid waste
	mud
	pollution
	sewage sludge
	solid waste
	waste disposal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sludging
USE	solifluction

slug tests
RT	drawdown
	fluid injection
	hydraulic conductivity
	hydraulics
	hydrogeology
	injection
	pump tests
	reservoir properties
	engineering geology
	testing
	transmissivity
	water recovery
SN	Borehole pressure recovery or decline after withdrawal or injection of a known volume of water respectively. It requires no pumping. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Slumgullion Landslide
BT	nsdale County Colorado
	.Slumgullion Landslide
RT	San Juan Mountains
SN	Near Lake City, SW Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

slump faults
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See normal faults or growth faults.

slump structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.soft sediment deformation
	..slump structures
RT	collapse structures
	convoluted beds
	slumping

slumping
BT	mass movements
	.slumping
UF	slumps
	submarine landslides
RT	sedimentation
	erosion
	slope stability
	listric faults
	creep
	geomorphology
	continental shelf
	continental slope
	landslides
	gravity flows
	slump structures
	liquefaction
	soil erosion

slumps
USE	slumping

Slyudyanka Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Irkutsk Russian Federation
	...Slyudyanka Russian Federation
SN	City at SW end of Lake Baikal in S Irkutsk Oblast. Before 1993, Slyudyanka Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sm
USE	samarium

Sm-147/Nd-144
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Sm-147/Nd-144
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Sm-147/Nd-144
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..neodymium
	...Sm-147/Nd-144
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..samarium
	...Sm-147/Nd-144
RT	isotope ratios
	Sm/Nd
SN	For age determination, use Sm/Nd. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sm/Nd
UF	Nd/Sm
RT	absolute age
	isotope ratios
	thermochronology
	neodymium
	samarium
	Sm-147/Nd-144
SN	Isotopic ratio used in age determination. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Smackover Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Smackover Formation
RT	Mississippi
	Texas
	Alabama
	Arkansas
SN	Overlies Eagle Mills Formation; underlies Buckner Formation. Subsurface.

Smaland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Smaland
RT	Kalmar Sweden
SN	Plateau region S of Lake Vattern in S Sweden. Indexed with counties as applicable.

small mines
BT	mines
	.small mines
UF	small-scale mining
RT	mining geology
SN	Refers to size of operation. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

small-scale mining
USE	small mines

smaragd
USE	emerald

SMART2
UF	Strong Motion Array Taiwan 2
RT	arrays
	seismic networks
	Taiwan
	strong motion
SN	Acronym. SMART1 was a surface accelerograph array deployed in 1980 near Lotung, NE Taiwan, which recorded local strong-motion data until 1990. In 1992, SMART2, a larger array situated 70 kilometers south, near Hualien, NE Taiwan was deployed. SMART method

Smartville Complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Smartville Complex
RT	California
SN	E California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

smectite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...smectite
RT	montmorillonite
	K-bentonite
	fuller's earth
	saponite

smelters
RT	economic geology
	metallurgy
	mines
	mining geology
	pollution
	production

Smilodon
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Smilodon
RT	Theropoda
	Felidae
SN	Pliocene-Pleistocene genus in North and South America belonging to Family Felidae, Suborder Fissipeda. Also a Triassic genus of Europe belonging to Suborder Theropoda, Order Saurischia. Indexed with fossil names as applicable.

Smirciny Massif
USE	Fichtelgebirge

Smith County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Smith County Kansas
SN	N Kansas.

Smith County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Smith County Mississippi
SN	S central Mississippi.

Smith County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Smith County Tennessee
SN	N central Tennessee.

Smith County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Smith County Texas
SN	E Texas.

Smithers British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Smithers British Columbia
SN	Village in W central British Columbia.

Smithian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Smithian
SN	North America. Lower Triassic, above Dienerian and below Spathian. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Smithsonian Institution
RT	District of Columbia
	museums

smithsonite
BT	carbonates
	.smithsonite
UF	zinc spar
RT	azurite

Smithville Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Smithville Formation
RT	Missouri
	Arkansas
SN	Above Powell Formation and below Black Rock Limestone in N Arkansas, and below Everton Formation in SE Missouri. N Arkansas and SE Missouri.

Smithwick Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Smithwick Shale
RT	Texas
SN	Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian. In Bend Group. Central Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Smokies
USE	Great Smoky Mountains

Smoky Hill Chalk Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Smoky Hill Chalk Member
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	Kansas
	South Dakota
	Niobrara Formation
SN	Of Niobrara Formation. E Colorado, W Kansas, NE New Mexico, and SE South Dakota.

Smoky Hill River basin
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Smoky Hill River basin
SN	W central and central Kansas. Also search Smoky Hill River. Indexed with counties as applicable.

smoky quartz
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...smoky quartz
RT	quartz

Smoky River
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Smoky River
SN	Rises in Jasper National Park and flows NNE into Peace River.

Smolensk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Smolensk Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Smolensk Russian Federation
SN	Oblast including the city on left bank of upper Dnieper River SW of Moscow. Before 1993, Smolensk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Smyth County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Smyth County Virginia

smythite
BT	sulfides
	.smythite

Sn
USE	tin

Sn-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...Sn-waves
RT	seismology
	upper mantle
	waves
	Mohorovicic discontinuity
	continental crust
	Pn-waves
	S-waves
SN	Refracted along Mohorovicic discontinuity. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Snaefellsnes Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Iceland
	...Snaefellsnes Peninsula
SN	Juts into Denmark Strait between Breidi Fjord and Faxa Bay in W Iceland. Also search Snaefellsnes.

Snake Pit hydrothermal field
USE	Snakepit hydrothermal field

Snake Range
RT	White Pine County Nevada
SN	Mountain range in White Pine County, E Nevada. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with county or country as applicable.

Snake River
RT	Clearwater River
	Columbia River
	Idaho
	Oregon
	Snake River Plain Aquifer
	United States
	Washington
	Wyoming
SN	Rises in Yellowstone National Park and flows S, then W, N, and again W into the Columbia River in SE Washington. Also occurs in other location. Indexed with states as applicable.

Snake River basin
RT	Idaho
	Nevada
	Oregon
	United States
	Utah
	Washington
	Wyoming
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Snake River canyon
UF	Hell's Canyon
RT	United States
	Idaho
	Oregon
	Grand Canyon
SN	Grand Canyon of the Snake River. Extends N-S between Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, and Seven Devils Mountains, Idaho. Indexed with counties and states as applicable.

Snake River plain
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Snake River plain
SN	Crescent-shaped lava tableland across S central Idaho.

Snake River Plain Aquifer
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Snake River Plain Aquifer
RT	Snake River

Snakepit hydrothermal field
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Snakepit hydrothermal field
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.Mid-Atlantic Ridge
	..Snakepit hydrothermal field
UF	MARK hydrothermal field
	Snake Pit hydrothermal field
RT	ODP Site 920
	ODP Site 922
	ODP Site 649
	ODP Site 670
SN	North Atlantic. Used for the MARK (Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of Kane fracture zone) hydrothermal field. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

SNC Meteorites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
NT	chassignite
	nakhlite
	shergottite
SN	Type of meteorite found to be from Mars. Shergottites, nakhlites and chassignites. Narrower terms added 1998. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

snia-Herzegovina
NT	Bosnia
	Herzegovina

Snieznik
BT	Europe
	.Snieznik
RT	Poland
	Czech Republic
	Bohemia
	Lower Silesia
SN	Highest peak in Kralicky Sneznik Mountains in NE Bohemia and Lower Silesia. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Snohomish County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Snohomish County Washington
RT	Glacier Peak
SN	NW Washington.

Snoqualmie Batholith
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Snoqualmie Batholith
RT	Pliocene
	Miocene
	Washington
SN	Probably intermediate in age between lower part of Keechelus Andesitic Series and Fifes Peak Andesite. W central Washington. Indexed with ages as applicable.

snow
BT	atmospheric precipitation
	.snow
RT	glacial geology
	glaciers
	water
	hydrology
	hydrosphere
	firn
	thawing
	ice
	ice fields
	meltwater

Snow Lake Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Snow Lake Manitoba
SN	Village in gold-mining region 70 miles E of Flin Flon in W Manitoba.

snow-patch erosion
USE	nivation

Snowdon
USE	Snowdonia

Snowdonia
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Caernarvonshire Wales
	......Snowdonia
UF	Snowdon
SN	Highest mountain in Wales, in the former Caernarvonshire (Gwynedd) 10 miles SE of Caernarvon; consists of 5 peaks, separated by passes.

Snowslip Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Snowslip Formation
RT	Montana
	Belt Supergroup
	Missoula Group
SN	In Missoula Group of Belt Supergroup. W Montana. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Snowy Mountains
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Snowy Mountains
RT	New South Wales Australia
	Victoria Australia
SN	Range of the Australian Alps. Indexed with states or region as applicable.

Snuggedy Swamp
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Snuggedy Swamp
RT	Atlantic Coastal Plain
SN	E South Carolina. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Snyder County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Snyder County Pennsylvania

so

SO2
USE	sulfur dioxide

soap clay
USE	bentonite

soapstone
RT	steatite
	talc
	talc deposits
SN	May be used as a commodity term with talc deposits.

Sob River basin
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Sob River basin
SN	Near border of Moldova in SW Ukraine. Also search Sob. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sobotka
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Strzegom-Sobotka Massif. Before 1993, also used for any of several towns in Poland.

Sobral Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Sobral Formation
RT	Cretaceous
	Paleocene
	Antarctica
	Seymour Island
	James Ross Island
SN	Maestrichtian? and Tertiary. James Ross Island and Seymour Island, Antarctica. Overlies Lopez de Bertodano Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Sochi Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Krasnodar Russian Federation
	...Sochi Russian Federation
SN	City in S Krasnodar Kray on Black Sea near Georgian border. Before 1993, Sochi Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

societies
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see associations.

Society Islands
BT	Oceania
	.Polynesia
	..French Polynesia
	...Society Islands
NT	Tahiti
RT	Leeward Islands

Society of Economic Geologists
RT	associations
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Society of Exploration Geophysicists
RT	associations
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Socompa
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Antofagasta Chile
	...Socompa
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano. On the eastern border of Antofagasta, N Chile. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Socorro County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Socorro County New Mexico
NT	Magdalena New Mexico
	Socorro New Mexico
RT	Rio Puerco
	San Mateo Mountains
	Jornada del Muerto
	Orogrande Basin
	San Andres Mountains
	Magdalena Mountains
SN	Central New Mexico.

Socorro New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Socorro County New Mexico
	...Socorro New Mexico
SN	City on the Rio Grande in W central New Mexico.

Sod-podzolic soils
BT	soils
	.Sod-podzolic soils
RT	soil group
	Podzols
SN	Also search Sod-Podzols.

soda ash
USE	sodium carbonate

Soda Lake Shale Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....middle Tertiary
	.....Soda Lake Shale Member
RT	Oligocene
	Miocene
	California
	Vaqueros Formation
SN	Miocene and Oligocene, of the Vaqueros Formation, Cuyama Basin, S California. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

sodalite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..sodalite group
	...sodalite

sodalite group
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..sodalite group
NT	hauyne
	hydrosodalite
	lazurite
	nosean
	sodalite
	tugtupite
RT	felsic composition
	feldspathoid rocks

Sodankyla Finland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Finland
	....Lapland Finland
	.....Sodankyla Finland
SN	Administrative region including the town, N central Finland. This term has multiple hierarchies.

sodium
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..sodium
NT	Na-22
	Na-24
	sodium ion
UF	Na
	natrium
RT	lithophile elements

sodium bicarbonate
SN	For minerals, use mineral name e.g. nahcolite or wegscheiderite if applicable. See carbonates. Use reagents if applicable. Also see sodium ion and bicarbonate ion. See trona for economic studies.

sodium carbonate
UF	soda ash
RT	carbonates
	trona
SN	See list C for use as a commodity term.

sodium chloride
RT	chlorides
	evaporites
	halides
	halite
	salt
	geochemistry

sodium hydroxide
UF	NaOH
RT	geochemistry
	alkalinity
	hydroxyl ion
	sodium ion
SN	See hydroxides for minerals. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sodium ion
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..sodium
	...sodium ion
RT	geochemistry
	sodium hydroxide
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sodium sulfate
RT	sulfates
SN	See list C for use as a commodity term.

Sofia Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Sofia Bulgaria
NT	Rila Bulgaria
	Yetropole Bulgaria
SN	Province and city in W Bulgaria.

Sofiya
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Sofia Bulgaria.

soft clays
RT	clay
	clays
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

soft coal
USE	bituminous coal

soft parts
UF	soft-bodied taxa
	soft tissues
RT	paleontology
	Lagerstatten
	fossilization
	taphonomy
	preservation
SN	As of 1998, restricted to discussions of preservation of organisms.

soft rocks
RT	mining geology
	rocks
	engineering geology
	weak rocks
SN	General term. Restricted to engineering geology. See sedimentary and other rock types. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

soft sediment deformation
BT	sedimentary structures
	.soft sediment deformation
NT	ball-and-pillow
	clastic dikes
	convoluted beds
	flame structures
	flow structures
	olistoliths
	olistostromes
	sandstone dikes
	slump structures
RT	flow texture
	casts
	load casts
	sole marks
	boudinage
	flute casts
	tool marks
	seismites

soft soils
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see strength and soil mechanics.

soft tissues
USE	soft parts

soft-bodied taxa
USE	soft parts

software
USE	computer programs

Sogn
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Sogn
RT	Bjerkrem-Sogndal Massif
SN	Mountain region around Sogne Fjord in SW Norway.

Sogndal Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Rogaland Norway
	.....Sogndal Norway
RT	Bjerkrem-Sogndal Massif
SN	Village on North Sea.

Sohm abyssal plain
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Sohm abyssal plain
RT	Leg 172
	DSDP Site 383
	ODP Site 1064
SN	NW Atlantic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

soil aggregates
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use aggregate and soils.

soil dynamics
RT	dynamics
	soil mechanics
	soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

soil erosion
BT	erosion
	.soil erosion
RT	slope stability
	soils
	geomorphology
	CREAMS
	landslides
	erosion control
	landform evolution
	erosion rates
	furrows
	rills
	talus slopes
	water erosion
	slumping
	land loss
	Universal Soil Loss Equation
	mudflows
	sheet erosion
	piping
	Water Erosion Prediction Project
SN	Before 1982, search soils AND erosion. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

soil flow
USE	solifluction

soil fluction
USE	solifluction

soil gases
RT	chemical analysis
	earthquake prediction
	gases
	geochemical methods
	pollution
	radon emanometry
	soils
	volatile organic compounds
SN	Used for soil and water pollution studies as well as petroleum exploration and mineral exploration. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

soil group
RT	Alfisols
	Alluvial soils
	Andisols
	Andosols
	Aridisols
	Bog soils
	Brown forest soils
	Brown soils
	Calcareous soils
	Chernozems
	Chestnut soils
	Clay soils
	Desert soils
	Entisols
	Ferralites
	Ferruginous soils
	Gleys
	Gray forest soils
	Halomorphic soils
	Hapludalfs
	Hist

soil horizon
USE	horizons

soil liners
USE	disposal barriers

soil management
RT	CREAMS
	fertilizers
	salinization
	soil treatment
	soils
	tillage

soil me

soil mech

soil mechani

soil mechanics
RT	alluvium
	AMCOR
	Atterberg limits
	bearing capacity
	biaxial tests
	boundary conditions
	Boussinesq equation
	bulk density
	California bearing ratio
	case studies
	clay
	coarse-grained materials
	cohesive materials
	compaction
	compactness
	competent materials
	compressi
SN	Used for geotechnical studies.

soil profiles
RT	pedons
	soils
SN	Before 1981, search soils AND profiles. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

soil sampling
RT	field studies
	Filicopsida
	mineral exploration
	pedons
	sample preparation
	samples
	sampling
	soil surveys
	soils
	trenching
SN	May be used for economic as well as non-economic studies.

soil surveys
BT	surveys
	.soil surveys
RT	soils
	soil sampling

soil treatment
RT	bioreclamation
	bioremediation
	desalinization
	fertilization
	irrigation
	reclamation
	remediation
	salinity
	sewage sludge
	soil management
	soils
SN	Before 1985, search treatment AND soils. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

soil ulmin
USE	humus

soil vapor extraction
UF	vapor extraction, soil
RT	reclamation
	pollution
	soils
	aromatic hydrocarbons
	soil venting
	remediation
	volatilization
	volatile organic compounds
	petroleum products
SN	Used to discuss methods and use of the methods. Also search vapor extraction or vacuum extraction. Also index specific methods if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

soil venting
UF	venting, soil
RT	reclamation
	pollution
	waste disposal
	aromatic hydrocarbons
	soil vapor extraction
	remediation
	volatile organic compounds
	petroleum products
SN	Also search venting and soils. Also index specific methods if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

soil zone
USE	horizons

soil-structure interface
UF	structure-soil interface
RT	seismic response
	engineering geology
	interfaces
	soil mechanics
	backfill
	foundations
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

soil-water balance
UF	water-soil balance
RT	soils
	water regimes
	water balance
	water content
SN	Before 1998, also search water balance and soils. Also see water regimes.

soils
NT	acid sulfate soils
	Alfisols
	Alluvial soils
	Andisols
	Andosols
	Aridisols
	Bog soils
	Brown forest soils
	Brown soils
	Calcareous soils
	Cambisols
	Chernozems
	Chestnut soils
	Clay soils
	Cryosols
	Desert soils
	Entisols
	Ferralites
	Ferralsols
	Ferruginous soils
	fragipans
	Gleys
	Gray forest soils
	Halomorphic soils
	Histosols
	humic soils
	Hydromorphic soils
	Inceptisols
	Intrazonal soils
	laterites
	Latosols
	Lithosols
	loam
	Luvisols
	Meadow soils
	Mediterranean soils
	Mollisols
	Mor
	Mull
	Oxisols
	Planosols
	Podzols
	Pseudogleys
	Red soils
	Regosols
	Rendzinas
	saline soils
	Sierozems
	Sod-podzolic soils
	Solonchak soils
	Solonetz soils
	Spodosols
	Terra rossa
	Tundra soils
	Ultisols
	Vertisols
	Zonal soils
RT	active layer
	aggregate
	agriculture
	agrochemicals
	alluvium
	bacteria
	bedrock
	biorhexistasy
	biota
	breakthrough curves
	bulk density
	calcification
	calcrete
	caliche
	capillarity
	capillary water
	catenas
	character
SN	Used for general pedology as well as for specific topics.

Soils (category)
SN	Soils, GeoRef category code 25, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

soils maps
BT	maps
	.soils maps
RT	soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sokh Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Sokh Uzbekistan
SN	Village S of Kokand near Kyrgyz border in E Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Soko Banja Yugoslavia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Yugoslavia
	...Serbia
	....Soko Banja Yugoslavia
UF	Soko Banya Yugoslavia
SN	Village north of Nis, E Serbia.

Soko Banya Yugoslavia
USE	Soko Banja Yugoslavia

Sokolov Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Sokolov Basin
UF	Falkenau Basin
SN	W Bohemia.

Sokoman Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Sokoman Formation
UF	Sokoman Iron Formation
RT	Canada
	Quebec
	Labrador
SN	In Knob Lake Group.

Sokoman Iron Formation
USE	Sokoman Formation

Sokoto Basin
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Nigeria
	...Sokoto Basin
SN	River basin in N Nigeria. Also search Sokoto.

Solano County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Solano County California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	San Pablo Bay
SN	Central California.

Solar

solar activity
UF	solar flares
RT	Maunder minimum
	Sun
	sunspots
SN	Term includes use under a variety of topics as a cause of whatever is being discussed in the document. Before 1978, search flares if applicable.

solar cycles
RT	cosmic rays
	cycles
	intensity
	interplanetary space
	solar wind
	Sun

solar energy
RT	energy
	energy sources
	new energy sources
	Sun

solar flares
USE	solar activity

Solar Lake
RT	Egypt
	Sinai
	Sinai Egypt
SN	Coastal salt lake, SE Sinai, Egypt. Indexed with Sinai Egypt or Sinai as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

solar nebula
UF	nebula, solar
RT	Sun

solar physics, astrophysics and
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. See astrophysics and solar physics.

solar system
RT	asteroids
	comets
	cosmochronology
	Earth
	Earth-Moon couple
	extraterrestrial geology
	Halley's Comet
	interplanetary space
	Jupiter
	Mars
	Mercury Planet
	meteorites
	Moon
	Neptune
	outer planets
	planetology
	planets
	Pluto
	Saturn
	Sun
	terrestrial planets
	Uranus
	Venus
SN	See also names of planets.

solar wind
UF	wind, solar
RT	Moon
	particles
	interplanetary space
	magnetic field
	comae
	comets
	electromagnetic radiation
	solar cycles
	Sun

sole faults
USE	detachment faults

sole markings
USE	sole marks

sole marks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.sole marks
UF	sole markings
RT	glacial geology
	bedding plane irregularities
	soft sediment deformation
	load casts
	glacial features
	turbidity current structures
	flute casts
SN	Also index bedding plane irregularities and/or turbidity current structures as applicable.

Solemyida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Solemyida

Solenhofen Germany
USE	Solnhofen Germany

Solenhofen Limestone
USE	Solnhofen Limestone

solfataras
BT	fumaroles
	.solfataras
RT	volcanism
	gases
	vents
	sublimates

solid phase
UF	phase, solid
RT	geochemistry
	gaseous phase
	liquid phase
	fluid phase
	solid solution

solid solution
UF	mixed crystals
RT	solution
	phase equilibria
	solutions
	solid phase

solid waste
UF	waste, solid
RT	engineering geology
	environmental geology
	waste disposal
	chemical waste
	radioactive waste
	waste disposal sites
	industrial waste
	liquid waste
	sludge
	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
	sewage sludge

Solid-Earth Geophysics (category)
SN	Solid-Earth geophysics, GeoRef category code 18, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

solidification
SN	Use consolidation if applicable.

solids
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See solid phase or suspended materials.

solifluction
UF	sludging
	soil flow
	soil fluction
	solifluxion
RT	glacial geology
	slope stability
	engineering geology
	soils
	creep
	permafrost
	periglacial features

solifluxion
USE	solifluction

Solikamsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Perm Russian Federation
	...Solikamsk Russian Federation
SN	City in Perm Oblast W of the Urals. Before 1993, Solikamsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Solnhofen Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Solnhofen Germany
UF	Solenhofen Germany
SN	Village in W central Bavaria.

Solnhofen Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Solnhofen Limestone
UF	Solenhofen Limestone
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Germany
SN	In Bavaria Germany.

Solomon Islands
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Solomon Islands
NT	Bougainville
	Malaita
RT	Pacific Ocean
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Australasia
	Papua New Guinea
	Santa Isabel
SN	Group of islands E of New Guinea in the SW Pacific Ocean. Bougainville, Buka, and Green Islands in the W are part of Papua New Guinea while the remaining 10 large islands and 4 groups of small islands remained a protectorate of the United Kingdom until 19

Solomon Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Coral Sea
	....Solomon Sea
RT	Woodlark Basin
SN	Enclosed on the W by New Guinea, on the N by the Bismarck Archipelago, on the E by the Solomon Islands and on the S by the Coral Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Solonchak soils
BT	soils
	.Solonchak soils
RT	soil group
	Intrazonal soils
	salinity
	salinization
	saline soils
	Solonetz soils
SN	Saline soil group. Also see saline soils.

Solonetz soils
BT	soils
	.Solonetz soils
RT	soil group
	Intrazonal soils
	saline soils
	Solonchak soils

solongoite
BT	borates
	.solongoite

solu

solubility
RT	concentration
	dissolved materials
	Henry's law
	immiscibility
	insoluble residues
	properties
	saturation
	sea water
	geochemistry
	solution

Solund I

Solund Islands
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Solund Islands
RT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
SN	Island group in the North Sea at mouth of Sogne Fjord. Also search Solund.

solute transport
UF	solution transport
RT	solution
	advection
	leaching
	transport
	marine transport
	stream transport
	breakthrough curves
	concentration
	preferential flow
	solutes
	karstification
	exsolution
	dissolved materials
SN	Also search transport with solutes or solution. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

solutes
RT	breakthrough curves
	dissolved materials
	solute transport
	geochemistry
	solution

solution
RT	adsorption
	aqueous solutions
	carbonate compensation depth
	caves
	concentration
	electrolysis
	embayments
	exsolution
	karstification
	leaching
	lysoclines
	pits
	pressure solution
	solid solution
	solubility
	solute transport
	solutes
	geochemistry
	solution features
	so
SN	Before 1978, also search dissolution.

solution cavities
BT	solution features
	.solution cavities
UF	cavities, solution
RT	geomorphology
	sedimentary structures
	caves
	underground cavities
	karst

solution features
NT	karren
	poljes
	sinkholes
	solution cavities
	speleothems
UF	features, solution
	solution phenomena
RT	land subsidence
	solution
	geomorphology
	natural curiosities
	paleokarst
	canyons
	gorges
	cave environment
	caves
	speleology
	caverns
	stalactites
	stalagmites
	karst
	pits
	tors
	karst hydrology
	karst filling

solution mining
BT	mining
	.solution mining
RT	mines
	mining geology
	leaching

solution phenomena
USE	solution features

solution transport
USE	solute transport

solutions
RT	aqueous solutions
	leachate
	reagents
	solid solution
	solution
	geochemistry
SN	Used for material or mixture. Singular form used to indicate process.

solvents
RT	aqueous solutions
	carbon tetrachloride
	chlorinated hydrocarbons
	chlorobenzene
	chloroform
	chlorophenols
	ethylbenzene
	hydrocarbons
	immiscibility
	pollutants
	reagents
	solution
	geochemistry
	volatile organic compounds
	water
SN	Includes water, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, ketones, amines, and nitrated and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Also search individual compounds. Also index specific compounds where applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Somali Basin
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Somali Basin
RT	Leg 24
	DSDP Site 234
	DSDP Site 235
	DSDP Site 236
	DSDP Site 240
SN	E of the Somali Republic and N of the Seychelles.

Somali Republic
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Somali Republic
UF	British Somaliland
	Somalia
	Somaliland
SN	Comprises former British Somaliland and Trust Territory of Somalia (formerly Italian Somaliland). Before 1969, Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland were also used. Also search Italian Somaliland.

Somalia
USE	Somali Republic

Somaliland
USE	Somali Republic

Somasteroidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Asterozoa
	...Stelleroidea
	....Somasteroidea

Somerset County Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Somerset County Maine
RT	Saint John River
SN	Central and W Maine.

Somerset County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Somerset County Maryland
SN	SE Maryland.

Somerset County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Somerset County New Jersey
RT	Watchung Mountains
SN	Bounded by Passaic River in N central New Jersey.

Somerset County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Somerset County Pennsylvania
SN	SW Pennsylvania.

Somerset England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Somerset England
NT	Mendip Hills
RT	Avon England
	Bath England
SN	County in SW England. In 1974, N part was taken to form Avon County.

Somerset Island
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Franklin District Northwest Territories
	...Somerset Island
NT	Fort Ross Northwest Territories
RT	Boothia Peninsula
SN	In central Franklin District N of Boothia Peninsula.

Somervell County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Somervell County Texas

Somes Basin
BT	Europe
	.Somes Basin
UF	Somesul Basin
RT	Romania
	Hungary
SN	River basin in NE Hungary and NW Romania. Also search Somes; Somes River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Somesul Basin
USE	Somes Basin

Somme France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Somme France
RT	Somme River valley
SN	Department in N France.

Somme River valley
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Somme River valley
UF	Somme Valley
RT	Aisne France
	Somme France
SN	Indexed with departments as applicable.

Somme Valley
USE	Somme River valley

Son Valley
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Son Valley
RT	Bihar India
	Madhya Pradesh India
	Narmada-Son Lineament
SN	River valley. Also search Son River. Indexed with states as applicable.

sonar methods
BT	geophysical methods
	.acoustical methods
	..sonar methods
RT	borehole televiewers
	echo sounding
	geophysical surveys
	GLORIA
	reflection methods
	remote sensing
	methods
	radar methods
	Seabeam
	sounding
	side-scanning methods
SN	Before 1978, search sonar. For surveys, also index geophysical surveys.

Sondre Strom Fjord
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Sondre Strom Fjord
RT	Davis Strait
SN	Inlet of Davis Strait on Arctic Circle in SW Greenland.

Sondrio Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Sondrio Italy
SN	City and province in N Lombardy, N Italy.

Songhor Iran
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Iran
	...Kerman Iran
	....Songhor Iran
UF	Sonqor Iran
	Sunqur Iran
SN	Village in Kermanshahan, W Iran.

Songliao Basin
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Songliao Basin
RT	Nenjiang Formation
	Qingshankou Formation
	Quantou Formation
SN	NE China. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sonic logging
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See acoustical logging.

sonic waves
USE	acoustical waves

sonobuoys
RT	geophysical surveys
	marine methods
	refraction methods
	seismic methods
	geophysical methods

Sonoma County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sonoma County California
NT	Bodega Head
	Santa Rosa California
RT	San Francisco Bay region
	San Pablo Bay
	The Geysers
SN	W California.

Sonoma Orogeny
RT	Nevada
	orogeny
	Permian
	Sierra Nevada
	California
	Triassic
SN	Permian-Triassic. In the Sierra Nevada of California and in Nevada. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Sonora Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Sonora Mexico
NT	Cananea Mexico
	Moctezuma Mexico
	Nacozari de Garcia Mexico
RT	Martin Formation
	Colorado River
	Basin and Range Province
	Colorado River delta
	Santa Clara Formation
	Pedregosa Basin
	San Antonio Mine
	Sierra Madre Occidental
	San Jacinto Fault
	Mazatzal Orogeny
	Sonoran Desert
SN	State in NW Mexico.

Sonoran Desert
BT	North America
	.Sonoran Desert
RT	Mexico
	California
	Arizona
	Sonora Mexico
SN	Indexed with Sonora Mexico and U.S. states as applicable.

Sonqor Iran
USE	Songhor Iran

Sonyea Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Sonyea Group
SN	Includes Middlesex Shale, Pultenay Shale, Rock Stream Siltstone, and Cashaqua Shale members. W New York.

Sophia
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Sofia Bulgaria.

Sor Rondane Mountains
USE	Sor-Rondane Mountains

Sor-Rondane Mountains
BT	Antarctica
	.Sor-Rondane Mountains
UF	Sor Rondane Mountains
RT	Asuka Meteorites
	Queen Maud Land
SN	In Queen Maud Land near Princess Ragnhild Coast in Norwegian Sector on Atlantic Ocean side. Also search Sor-Rondane.

Sor-Trondelag Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Sor-Trondelag Norway
NT	Trondheim Norway
RT	Trondelag
SN	County S of Trondheim Fjord in central Norway.

Sorachi Japan
BT	kkaido
	.Sorachi Japan
RT	Sorachi River
SN	Sub-prefecture in W central Hokkaido, N Japan.

Sorachi River
BT	kkaido
	.Sorachi River
RT	Kamikawa Japan
	Sorachi Japan
SN	River in W central Hokkaido. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Soria City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Soria Spain
	......Soria City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in N central Spain. Before 1993, also search Soria Spain.

Soria Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Soria Spain
NT	Soria City Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in N central Spain. Also search Soria Province and Spain. For the city, see Soria City Spain.

Soricidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Insectivora
	.......Soricidae
SN	Family.

Soroka Russian Federation
USE	Belomorsk Russian Federation

sorosilicates
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
NT	chevkinite
	epidote group
	hemimorphite
	ilvaite
	innelite
	joaquinite
	julgoldite
	kilchoanite
	labuntsovite
	lawsonite
	melilite group
	nenadkevichite
	perrierite
	pumpellyite
	roggianite
	thalenite
	thortveitite
	vesuvianite
	yttrialite
	zunyite

Soroy
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Soroy
RT	Finnmark Norway
SN	Island in Norwegian Sea off Finnmark County.

sorption
RT	absorption
	adsorption
	geochemistry
	surfactants
	wave absorption

Sorrento Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Sorrento Peninsula
RT	Bay of Naples
SN	On S side of Bay of Naples. Also search Sorrento.

sorting
RT	grains
	particles
	rounding
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	sedimentation
SN	See also textures under appropriate rock types.

Sosnowice Poland
USE	Sosnowiec Poland

Sosnowiec Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Katowice Poland
	....Sosnowiec Poland
UF	Sosnowice Poland
SN	City in central Katowice, S Poland.

Sou

Soufriere
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Soufriere
UF	Soufriere Volcano
RT	volcanoes
	Montserrat
	Windward Islands
	La Grande Soufriere
	Saint Lucia
	Saint Vincent
SN	Used for volcanoes on Saint Vincent (N13#DG21' W061#DG11'), Montserrat, and Saint Lucia in the Antilles. For the volcano on Guadeloupe see La Grande Soufriere. Search in combination with island. Indexed with island as applicable. For the volcano on Guadel

Soufriere Volcano
USE	Soufriere

Souk-el-Arba salt works
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Tunisia
	...Souk-el-Arba salt works
UF	Souk-el-Arba Works
SN	In Souk-el-Arba area in NW Tunisia.

Souk-el-Arba Works
USE	Souk-el-Arba salt works

Soulanges County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Soulanges County Quebec

Soultz-sous-Forets France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bas-Rhin France
	....Soultz-sous-Forets France
SN	E France.

sound waves
USE	acoustical waves

sounding
RT	deep magnetic sounding
	deep seismic sounding
	deep sounding
	echo sounding
	electrical sounding
	frequency sounding
	geophysical surveys
	measurement-while-drilling
	sonar methods
	geophysical methods
	seismology

Sounds National Park
USE	Fiordland National Park

source areas
USE	provenance

source regions
USE	provenance

source rocks
RT	biomarkers
	natural gas
	petroleum
	petroleum exploration
	reservoir rocks
	rocks
	tight sands

source terrains
USE	provenance

source terranes
USE	provenance

sourceland
USE	provenance

sources
SN	A valid general term through 1978.

sources, energy
USE	energy sources

sources, heat
USE	heat sources

sources, nonpoint
USE	nonpoint sources

sources, point
USE	point sources

sources, seismic
USE	seismic sources

Souris River basin
RT	Alberta
	North Dakota
	Saskatchewan
	Western Canada
SN	Also search Souris; Souris River. Indexed with North Dakota and/or Canadian provinces as applicable.

South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
NT	Bushveld Complex
	Cape fold belt
	Cape Province region
	Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	Free State South Africa
	Guateng South Africa
	Karroo Basin
	Klerksdorp Field
	KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
	Merensky Reef
	Mpumalanga South Africa
	North-West Province South Africa
	Northern Cape Province South Africa
	Northern Province South Africa
	Sutherland South Africa
	Transvaal region
	Vaal River
	Western Cape Province South Africa
	Witwatersrand
RT	Dwyka Formation
	Karroo Supergroup
	Kaapvaal Craton
	Kirkwood Formation
	Black Mountain
	Barberton greenstone belt
	Fig Tree Series
	Broken Hill Mine
	Beaufort Group
	Ecca Group
	Kalahari Desert
	Central Rand Group
	Damara Orogeny
	Elliot Formation
	Lebombo Mountains
	L

South America
NT	Amazon Basin
	Amazon River
	Andes
	Argentina
	Bolivia
	Brazil
	Chaco
	Chile
	Colombia
	Ecuador
	Falkland Islands
	French Guiana
	Guajira Peninsula
	Guiana Basin
	Guianas
	Guyana
	Guyana Shield
	Lake Titicaca
	Orinoco River
	Orinoco River basin
	Paraguay
	Parana Basin
	Parana River
	Patagonia
	Patagonian Batholith
	Peru
	Precordillera
	Rio de la Plata
	Surinam
	Tierra del Fuego
	Uruguay
	Venezuela
RT	America
	Botucatu Formation
	Galapagos Islands
	Gondwana
	Latin America
	Llanos
	Pacific Coast
	Pacific mobile belt
	Rio Negro
	Roraima Formation
	South American Plate
	Transamazonian Orogeny

South American Atlantic
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used from 1981-1994 for southwestern Atlantic bounded on the on the east by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and on the north by a line drawn between Cabo de Sao Roque, Brazil to Cape Palmas, Liberia. See South Atlantic.

South American Pacific
SN	Used from 1981-1994 for a region in the southeastern Pacific bounded on the north by the equator, on the east by South America, on the south by approximately 55#DGS, and on the west by the East Pacific Rise. See Southeast Pacific.

South American Plate
RT	Chile Margin Triple Junction
	plate tectonics
	plates
	South America
SN	Includes the South American continent (excluding a small portion in the Caribbean Plate) and part of the Atlantic Ocean W of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Extends northward to the Caribbean region and southward to the Scotia Ridge. Indexed with geographic area

South Antillean Arc
USE	Scotia Ridge

South Arabia
USE	Yemen

South Arcot
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Tamil Nadu India
	....South Arcot
RT	Coromandel Coast
SN	Region on Coromandel Coast in E Tamil Nadu, S India.

South Atlantic
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
NT	Angola Basin
	Argentine Basin
	Brazil Basin
	Campos Basin
	Cape Basin
	Falkland Plateau
	Maurice Ewing Bank
	Rio Grande Rise
	Southeast Atlantic
	Southwest Atlantic
	Vema Channel
	Walvis Ridge
RT	Antarctic Bottom Water
	Drake Passage
	DSDP Site 23
	DSDP Site 24
	DSDP Site 14
	DSDP Site 15
	DSDP Site 16
	DSDP Site 17
	DSDP Site 18
	DSDP Site 25
	DSDP Site 328
	DSDP Site 356
	DSDP Site 361
	DSDP Site 511
	DSDP Site 512
	DSDP Site 513
	DSDP Site 514
	DSDP Site 519
	DS
SN	Before 1978, search Atlantic Ocean AND south. From 1981-1994, parts of Guyanese Atlantic and Cape Verde Atlantic were also sometimes used.

South Atlantic Ridge
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. A valid term from 1981-1994. After 1994, use Mid-Atlantic Ridge and South Atlantic.

South Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
NT	Adelaide Australia
	Adelaide Geosyncline
	Balcanoona Australia
	Beltana Australia
	Coorong Lagoon
	Encounter Bay
	Eyre Peninsula
	Fleurieu Peninsula
	Flinders Range
	Gawler Craton
	Kangaroo Island
	Lake Eyre
	Lake Frome
	Lake Torrens
	Mount Lofty Ranges
	Olympic Dam Deposit
	Renmark Australia
	Saint Vincent Gulf
	Spencer Gulf
	Spilsby Island
	Willunga Australia
	Yorke Peninsula
RT	Bulldog Shale
	Burra Group
	Broken Hill Block
	Delamerian Orogeny
	Cooper Basin
	Discovery Bay
	Eucla Basin
	Gambier Embayment
	Giles Complex
	Great Artesian Basin
	Kanmantoo Group
	Murray Basin
	Lake Bonney
	Nullarbor Plain
	Murray River
	Musgrave Ranges
	Officer Basin

South Austrian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..South Austrian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...South Austrian Alps
RT	Carinthia Austria
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

South Austrian Molasse
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...South Austrian Molasse
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

South Canadian River
USE	Canadian River

South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
NT	Abbeville County South Carolina
	Aiken County South Carolina
	Allendale County South Carolina
	Anderson County South Carolina
	Bamberg County South Carolina
	Barnwell County South Carolina
	Beaufort County South Carolina
	Berkeley County South Carolina
	Calhoun County South Carolina
	Charleston County South Carolina
	Cherokee County South Carolina
	Chester County South Carolina
	Chesterfield County South Carolina
	Clarendon County South Carolina
	Colleton County South Carolina
	Darlington County South Carolina
	Dillon County South Carolina
	Dorchester County South Carolina
	Edgefield County South Carolina
	Fairfield County South Carolina
	Florence County South Carolina
	Georgetown County South Carolina
	Greenville County South Carolina
	Greenwood County South Carolina
	Hampton County South Carolina
	Horry County South Carolina
	Jasper County South Carolina
	Kershaw County South Carolina
	Lake Jocassee
	Lancaster County South Carolina
	Laurens County South Carolina
	Lee County South Carolina
	Lexington County South Carolina
	Marion County South Carolina
	Marlboro County South Carolina
	McCormick County South Carolina
	Newberry County South Carolina
	Oconee County South Carolina
	Orangeburg County South Carolina
	Pickens County South Carolina
	Richland County South Carolina
	Saluda County South Carolina
	Santee River
	Savannah River Plant
	Snuggedy Swamp
	Spartanburg County South Carolina
	Sumter County South Carolina
	Union County South Carolina
	Williamsburg County South Carolina
	York County South Carolina
RT	Brevard Zone
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	Avalon Zone
	Charlotte Belt
	Carolina Bays
	Carolina slate belt
	Barnwell Formation
	Black Creek Formation
	Blue Ridge Province
	Carolina Terrane
	Castle Hayne Limestone
	Charleston earthquake 1886
	Dry Branch Formation
	Dunbarton

South Carpathians
USE	Transylvanian Alps

South Cascade Glacier
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Skagit County Washington
	...South Cascade Glacier
SN	Near Mount Logan in North Cascades National Park, NW Washington.

South China Block
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...South China Block
UF	South China Platform
RT	Yangtze Platform
SN	SE China. Also see Yangtze Platform. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

South China Platform
USE	South China Block

South China Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...South China Sea
NT	Gulf of Siam
	Gulf of Tonkin
	Malay Basin
	Manila Trench
UF	Nan Hai
RT	Strait of Malacca
	China Sea
	Taiwan Strait
	Hainan China
	Leg 124E
	ODP Site 772
	Zhujiang River
	Red River Fault
	Xisha Islands
SN	Bounded on N by China and Taiwan, on the E by the Philippine Islands, on the S by Malaysia and on the W by Vietnam. This term has multiple hierarchies.

South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
NT	Aurora County South Dakota
	Badlands National Park
	Beadle County South Dakota
	Bennett County South Dakota
	Bon Homme County South Dakota
	Brookings County South Dakota
	Brown County South Dakota
	Brule County South Dakota
	Buffalo County South Dakota
	Butte County South Dakota
	Campbell County South Dakota
	Charles Mix County South Dakota
	Clark County South Dakota
	Clay County South Dakota
	Codington County South Dakota
	Corson County South Dakota
	Custer County South Dakota
	Davison County South Dakota
	Day County South Dakota
	Deuel County South Dakota
	Dewey County South Dakota
	Douglas County South Dakota
	Edmunds County South Dakota
	Fall River County South Dakota
	Faulk County South Dakota
	Grant County South Dakota
	Gregory County South Dakota
	Haakon County South Dakota
	Hamlin County South Dakota
	Hand County South Dakota
	Hanson County South Dakota
	Harding County South Dakota
	Harney Peak Granite
	Hughes County South Dakota
	Hutchinson County South Dakota
	Hyde County South Dakota
	Jackson County South Dakota
	Jerauld County South Dakota
	Jones County South Dakota
	Kingsbury County South Dakota
	Lake County South Dakota
	Lawrence County South Dakota
	Lincoln County South Dakota
	Lyman County South Dakota
	Marshall County South Dakota
	McCook County South Dakota
	McPherson County South Dakota
	Meade County South Dakota
	Mellette County South Dakota
	Miner County South Dakota
	Minnehaha County South Dakota
	Moody County South Dakota
	Pennington County South Dakota
	Perkins County South Dakota
	Potter County South Dakota
	Roberts County South Dakota
	Sanborn County South Dakota
	Shannon County South Dakota
	Spink County South Dakota
	Stanley County South Dakota
	Sully County South Dakota
	Todd County South Dakota
	Tripp County South Dakota
	Turner County South Dakota
	Union County South Dakota
	Walworth County South Dakota
	Yankton County South Dakota
	Ziebach County South Dakota
RT	Arikaree Group
	Ash H

South Florida Basin
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..South Florida Basin
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

South Georgia
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.South Georgia
BT	Scotia Sea Islands
	.South Georgia
UF	South Georgia Island
RT	Antarctica
	Atlantic Ocean
	Falkland Islands
SN	Island 800 miles E of the Falkland Islands of which it is a dependency. This term has multiple hierarchies.

South Georgia Island
USE	South Georgia

South Greenland
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..South Greenland
RT	East Greenland
	West Greenland
SN	Before 1978, search Greenland AND south or southern.

South Island
RT	Alpine Fault
	Canterbury New Zealand
	Christchurch New Zealand
	Dunedin New Zealand
	Fiordland National Park
	Foveaux Strait
	Fox Glacier
	Haast River
	Inangahua New Zealand
	Kaikoura
	Kakanui
	Mackenzie River
	Mackenzie River valley
	Marlborough New Zealand
	Nelson Ne
SN	Largest island of New Zealand. S and SW of North Island. Also occurs in other location. Search in combination with New Zealand. Also index county or country as applicable.

South Kona
USE	Kona

South Korea
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Korea
	...South Korea
NT	Cheju Island
	Janggun Mine
	Kangwon South Korea
	Kyongsang Basin
	Ogcheon Belt
	Pohang South Korea
	Ulsan South Korea
	Yongyang South Korea
RT	North Korea
SN	Officially Republic of Korea. Bounded on N by North Korea, on E by Japan Sea, on S by the Korea Strait, and on W by the Yellow Sea.

South Massif
USE	Causses

South Mountain
RT	Appalachians
	Blue Ridge Mountains
	Maryland
	Nova Scotia
	Pennsylvania
SN	Ridge in W Maryland and S Pennsylvania. Also occurs in Nova Scotia and in other locations. Indexed with counties or states and mountain ranges as applicable.

South Mountain Batholith
RT	Carboniferous
	Devonian
	Nova Scotia
SN	SW Nova Scotia. Indexed with Nova Scotia if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

South Nahanni River
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
	...South Nahanni River
SN	SW Mackenzie District. This term has multiple hierarchies.

South Orkney Islands
BT	Antarctica
	.South Orkney Islands
BT	Scotia Sea Islands
	.South Orkney Islands
NT	Signy Island
UF	South Orkneys
RT	Falkland Islands
	Orkney Islands
SN	British islands 850 miles NE of Antarctic Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.

South Orkneys
USE	South Orkney Islands

South Pacific
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
NT	Chatham Rise
	Fiji Plateau
	Kermadec Trench
	Southeast Pacific
	Southwest Pacific
RT	North Pacific
	Antarctic Bottom Water
	Northeast Pacific
	West Pacific
	Northwest Pacific
	East Pacific
	Equatorial Pacific
	Leg 21
	DSDP Site 277
	Leg 7
	Pacific Basin
	Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
SN	Before 1978, search Pacific Ocean AND south.

South Pass
RT	Mississippi Delta
	Plaquemines Parish Louisiana
	Wind River Range
	Wyoming
SN	One of the channels at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Also a gap in the Wind River Range of central Wyoming. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

South Platte River
BT	United States
	.South Platte River
RT	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Platte River
SN	River in central to NE Colorado and SW Nebraska. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

South Platte River valley
BT	United States
	.South Platte River valley
RT	Colorado
	Nebraska
SN	Also search South Platte; South Platte River. Indexed with states as applicable.

South Pole
BT	Antarctica
	.South Pole
RT	Antarctic Polar Cap
	polar caps
	polar regions
SN	The S extremity of the Earth's axis at 90#DG S latitude, and the point from which all directions are N.

South Polish Glaciation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Cromerian
	.......South Polish Glaciation
RT	Poland
SN	Refers to glaciation in S Poland which was roughly the southern limit of Pleistocene glaciers in central Europe.

South Polynesian Pacific
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used from 1981-1994 for a region in the southeastern Pacific bounded on the east and south by the East Pacific Rise and the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, and on the west by a line extending from the southern end of Macquarie

South Ray Crater
BT	Moon
	.South Ray Crater

South Sandwich Islands
BT	Scotia Sea Islands
	.South Sandwich Islands
RT	Antarctica
	Antarctic Ocean
	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	Falkland Islands
SN	Group of small volcanic islands at E end of Scotia Sea about 1350 miles E of Cape Horn. Part of Falkland Island Dependencies. Indexed with Atlantic Ocean Islands and/or Antarctica as applicable.

South Saskatchewan River
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..South Saskatchewan River
RT	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
	North Saskatchewan River
	Saskatchewan River
SN	Rises in the Rocky Mountains of W Alberta. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

South Sea Islands
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1968. See Oceania; West Pacific Ocean Islands; East Pacific Ocean Islands.

South Shetland Islands
BT	Antarctica
	.South Shetland Islands
BT	Scotia Sea Islands
	.South Shetland Islands
NT	Deception Island
	King George Island
	Livingston Island
UF	South Shetlands
RT	False Bay
	Shetland Islands
	Melville Peninsula
SN	N of the Antarctic Peninsula and S of Drake Passage. Part of British Antarctic Territory. This term has multiple hierarchies.

South Shetlands
USE	South Shetland Islands

South Victoria Land
USE	Victoria Land

South Vietnam
USE	Vietnam

South Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....South Wales
RT	Glamorgan Wales
	Dyfed Wales
SN	Region in S part of Wales. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

South Wales coal field
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....South Wales coal field
UF	South Wales Coalfield
RT	coal fields
SN	Concentrated industrial area N of Bristol Channel. Also search South Wales.

South Wales Coalfield
USE	South Wales coal field

South-Central China
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See provinces: Hubei China, Hunan China, Guangxi China, and Guangdong China. Henan China and Hainan China were considered part of this region for 1992.

South-West Africa
USE	Namibia

South-West England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....South-West England
RT	Cornubian Batholith
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southampton County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Southampton County Virginia

Southeast Asia
BT	Asia
	.Southeast Asia
RT	Great Sumatran Fault
SN	Before 1981, also search Asia AND southeast. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southeast Atlantic
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Southeast Atlantic
RT	North Atlantic
	East Atlantic
	Northeast Atlantic
	Northwest Atlantic
	Southwest Atlantic
	West Atlantic
SN	Before 1978, search Atlantic Ocean AND southeast. From 1986-1994, Southeast Atlantic had several narrower terms. See South Atlantic.

Southeast Indian Ridge
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Mid-Indian Ridge
	..Southeast Indian Ridge
NT	Australian-Antarctic discordance
UF	Indian-Antarctic Ridge
	Indo-Antarctic Ridge
RT	Antarctic Ocean
	Leg 28
	mid-ocean ridges
	Rodriguez triple junction
	DSDP Site 265
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southeast Pacific
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southeast Pacific
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Southeast Pacific
NT	Bauer Deep
	Chile Ridge
	Lau Basin
	Louisville Ridge
	Manihiki Plateau
	Nazca Ridge
	Tonga Trench
RT	Drake Passage
	DSDP Site 157
	DSDP Site 318
	DSDP Site 319
	DSDP Site 320
	DSDP Site 321
	DSDP Site 595
	DSDP Site 596
	DSDP Site 597
	DSDP Site 598
	DSDP Site 599
	DSDP Site 600
	DSDP Site 601
	DSDP Site 73
	DSDP Site 74
	DSDP Site 75
	DSDP Site 76
	DSDP Site 80
	DSDP Sit
SN	Before 1978, search Pacific Ocean AND southeast. Before 1995, South American Pacific and parts of South Polynesian Pacific and Polynesian Pacific were also sometimes used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Southeastern Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
NT	Alaska Panhandle
	Alexander Archipelago
	Glacier Bay National Park
	Juneau Alaska
	Juneau ice field
	Sitka Sound
	Variegated Glacier
RT	Alexander Terrane
	Fairweather Fault
	Glacier Bay
	Tracy Arm
	Yakutat Terrane
SN	Artificial region based on U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle designations. Includes Alexander Archipelago. Also search quadrangles if applicable. Indexed with quadrangles as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Southeastern Nigeria
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Valid 1981-1992.

Southeastern Polish Hills
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Southeastern Polish Hills
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southeastern Transdanubia
BT	ngary
	.Transdanubia
	..Southeastern Transdanubia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southeastern U.S.
BT	United States
	.Eastern U.S.
	..Southeastern U.S.
SN	As of 1993, term is used only for broad general discussions. See United States or individual states to search those areas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Southeastern Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Southeastern Venezuela
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
NT	Barberton greenstone belt
	Botswana
	Kaapvaal Craton
	Lesotho
	Namaqualand
	Namaqualand metamorphic complex
	Namibia
	Orange River
	South Africa
	Swaziland
	Zimbabwe
RT	West Africa
	North Africa
	Central Africa
	East Africa
	Damara Orogeny
SN	Before 1978, search Africa AND southern.

Southern Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
NT	Anchorage Alaska
	Bering Glacier
	Chugach Mountains
	Kenai Peninsula
	Knik Arm
	Martin River Glacier
	Matanuska Valley
	Mount Spurr
	Prince William Sound
	Redoubt
	Susitna River
	Susitna River basin
	Talkeetna Mountains
	Turnagain Arm
	Valdez Alaska
	Wrangell Mountains
	Yakutat Bay
RT	Border Ranges Fault
	Denali National Park
	Prince of Wales Island
	Cook Inlet
	Saint Elias Mountains
	Columbia Glacier
	Copper River basin
	Talkeetna Formation
	Delta River
	Trans-Alaska Pipeline
	Yukon-Koyukuk Basin
	Icy Bay
	Middleton Island
	Montague Island
	Yukon-T
SN	Artificial region based on U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle designations. Also search quadrangles if applicable. Indexed with quadrangles as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Southern Alps
RT	Fox Glacier
	New Zealand
	South Island
SN	Restricted to central South Island, New Zealand. Also index New Zealand and South Island.

Southern Andes
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Southern Andes
RT	Puna
	Central Andes
	Northern Andes
SN	Before 1978, also search Andes AND south or southern.

Southern Apennines
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Apennines
	....Southern Apennines
RT	Sila Massif
	Vulture Mountain
SN	Before 1981, also search Apennines AND South. Northern extent is Sella di Vinchiaturo Pass. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern Appalachians
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Southern Appalachians
RT	Brevard Zone
	Rome Trough
	Charlotte Belt
	Carolina Terrane
	Kings Mountain Belt
	Central Appalachians
	Northern Appalachians
	Emerson Fault
	Tuscumbia Limestone
SN	Before 1978, also search Appalachians AND south or southern.

Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain
BT	United States
	.Atlantic Coastal Plain
	..Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain
SN	Before 1981, also search Atlantic Coastal Plain AND South. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Southern California
RT	TERRAscope
	Big Bear earthquake 1992
	Landers earthquake 1992
SN	Before 1978, search California AND south.

Southern California Batholith
BT	United States
	.California
	..Southern California Batholith

Southern Carpathians
USE	Transylvanian Alps

Southern coal field
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Southern coal field
UF	Southern Coalfield
RT	coal fields
	Sydney Basin
SN	Sydney Basin, E New South Wales. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Southern Coalfield
USE	Southern coal field

Southern Cook Islands
USE	Cook Islands

Southern Europe
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
NT	Albania
	Balkan Mountains
	Banat
	Bosnia-Herzegovina
	Bulgaria
	Croatia
	Dalmatia
	Danube Plain
	Dinaric Alps
	Dobruja Basin
	Greece
	Iberian Peninsula
	Ionian Zone
	Istria
	Italy
	Krajiste
	Macedonia
	Malta
	Moesia
	Moesian Platform
	Neretva Valley
	Osogovo Mountains
	Rhodope Mountains
	Romania
	San Marino
	Serbo-Macedonian Massif
	Slovenia
	Struma River valley
	Vardar Zone
	Yugoslavia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern Finland Province
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Finland
	....Southern Finland Province
NT	Helsinki Finland
	Nummi-Pusula Finland
SN	Before 1998, also search Kymi Finland, Uusimaa Finland or Hame Finland, the former provinces. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Southern Great Plains
BT	North America
	.Great Plains
	..Southern Great Plains
UF	Southern High Plains
RT	Llano Estacado
	Northern Great Plains
SN	Before 1978, search Great Plains AND south or southern.

Southern Hemisphere
RT	Eastern Hemisphere
	Gondwana
	Northern Hemisphere
	Western Hemisphere
SN	Used when discussing many large areas too numerous to mention.

Southern High Plains
USE	Southern Great Plains

Southern Highlands
RT	Moon
	New South Wales Australia
	Southern Highlands Papua New Guinea
	Southern Uplands
SN	Highland region in New South Wales, Australia. and the cratered highland part of the Moon's southern hemisphere. Before 1993, also used as a province in Papua New Guinea. Search in combination with Australia or Moon as applicable. Indexed with regions as

Southern Highlands Papua New Guinea
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Southern Highlands Papua New Guinea
RT	Southern Highlands
SN	Province.

southern Italy earthquake 1980
USE	Irpinia earthquake 1980

Southern Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Southern Norway
SN	N boundary is Trondheim. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern Ocean
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Index Antarctic Ocean where waters include parts of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean south of approximately 55#DG S.

Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen
BT	United States
	.Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen
RT	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Midcontinent
SN	S Midcontinent, N Texas and S Oklahoma. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Southern Oscillation
RT	atmosphere
	circulation
	El Nino
	Indian Ocean
	Pacific Ocean
	paleo-oceanography
SN	Fluctuation of the intertropical atmospheric circulation, particularly in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. It is strongly linked to El Nino which flows along the west coast of South America. Also search ENSO. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Southern Peninsula, Michigan
USE	Michigan Lower Peninsula

Southern Province
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Southern Province
RT	Ontario
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Michigan
	Lake Superior region
SN	Structural province of the Canadian Shield. Primarily in the Lake Superior region. Indexed with Ontario and/or states as applicable.

Southern Ranges, Buenos Aires
USE	Sierras Australes

Southern Rhodesia
USE	Zimbabwe

Southern Rocky Mountains
BT	North America
	.Rocky Mountains
	..Southern Rocky Mountains
RT	United States
	U. S. Rocky Mountains
	Northern Rocky Mountains
	Central Rocky Mountains
SN	Before 1978, also search Rocky Mountains AND (south OR southern).

Southern Swiss Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Swiss Alps
	....Southern Swiss Alps
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern Transdanubia
BT	ngary
	.Transdanubia
	..Southern Transdanubia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern U.S.
BT	United States
	.Southern U.S.
RT	Mississippi Valley
SN	As of 1993, term is used only for broad general discussions. For complete search, also search states. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southern Uplands
RT	England
	Florida
	Nova Scotia
	Scotland
	Southern Highlands
SN	Between the Scottish Lowlands to the N and the Cheviot Hills on the English border to the S. Also used in Florida and in Nova Scotia. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Southern Urals
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Urals
	..Southern Urals
NT	Ural-Tau
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Mugodzhar Hills
	Bakal Russian Federation
	Sakmara Zone
	Taratash Complex
	Zhetybay Kazakhstan
SN	Section of the Urals N of the Mugodzhar Hills.

Southern Yemen
USE	Yemen
SN	Former Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen. United with Yemen Arab Republic in 1990.

Southland New Zealand
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Southland New Zealand
NT	Fiordland National Park
RT	South Island
SN	A land district in SW South Island. Also index South Island.

Southwest Atlantic
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Southwest Atlantic
RT	North Atlantic
	East Atlantic
	Northeast Atlantic
	Northwest Atlantic
	Southeast Atlantic
	West Atlantic
SN	Before 1978, search Atlantic Ocean AND southwest.

Southwest Florida Water Management District
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Southwest Florida Water Management District
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
	Floridan Aquifer
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Southwest Indian Ridge
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Southwest Indian Ridge
RT	mid-ocean ridges
	Atlantis II fracture zone
	Leg 118
	Leg 176
	ODP Site 732
	ODP Site 733
	ODP Site 734
	ODP Site 735
	Rodriguez triple junction
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southwest Pacific
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.West Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
NT	Arafura Sea
	Banda Sea
	Bismarck Sea
	Coral Sea
	Java Sea
	Lord Howe Rise
	Norfolk Ridge
	North Fiji Basin
	Tasman Basin
	Tasman Sea
	Torres Strait
RT	Bonaparte Gulf basin
	Broken Bay
	DSDP Site 204
	DSDP Site 205
	DSDP Site 206
	DSDP Site 209
	DSDP Site 262
	DSDP Site 275
	DSDP Site 276
	DSDP Site 277
	DSDP Site 278
	DSDP Site 279
	DSDP Site 280
	DSDP Site 281
	DSDP Site 285
	DSDP Site 286
	DSDP Site 288
	DSDP Site 64
SN	Before 1978, search Pacific Ocean AND southwest. Before 1995, parts of South Polynesian Pacific and Polynesian Pacific were sometimes used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Southwestern Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
NT	Alaska Peninsula
	Aleutian Islands
	Katmai
	Katmai National Park
	Kodiak Island
	Novarupta
	Nunivak Island
	Shelikof Strait
	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
RT	Pavlof
	Cook Inlet
	Augustine
	Yukon-Koyukuk Basin
SN	Artificial region based on U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle designations. Includes Aleutian Islands and Kodiak Island. Also search quadrangles if applicable. Also index quadrangles if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Southwestern China
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used as a regional term from 1985-1992. Now see Guizhou China, Sichuan China, Yunnan China and Xizang China.

Southwestern German Hills
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Southwestern German Hills
RT	Holzmaden region
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Southwestern German Massifs
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Southwestern German Massifs
RT	Hesse Germany
SN	Chiefly in S Hesse. Indexed with German states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Southwestern U.S.
BT	United States
	.Southwestern U.S.
SN	As of 1993, term is used only for broad general discussions. Before 1978, also search United States AND (southwest OR southwestern). For complete search, also search states.

Southwestern USSR
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Commonwealth of Independent States. Before 1978, search USSR AND (southwest OR southwestern).

Soviet Altai Mountains
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1993, used for the Altai Mountains in the USSR. After 1993, search Altai Mountains with Russian Federation or Kazakhstan. Also see Siberian fold belt.

Soviet Arctic
USE	Russian Arctic

Soviet Carpathians
USE	Ukrainian Carpathians

Soviet Central Asia
USE	Central Asia

Soviet Far East
USE	Russian Far East

Soviet Fennoscandia
USE	Russian Fennoscandia

Soviet Pacific region
USE	Russian Pacific region

Soviet Union
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See USSR or Commonwealth of Independent States.

sovite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..carbonatites
	...sovite

Sowerbyella
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Strophomenida
	....Sowerbyella

Sowie Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Sowie Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Sudeten Mountains
	...Sowie Mountains
UF	Eulengebirge
RT	Polish Sudeten Mountains
	Klodzko Unit
SN	Range of the Sudeten Mountains in Lower Silesia in SW Poland. This term has multiple hierarchies.

space
USE	interplanetary space

space groups
RT	crystal structure

space lattice
USE	lattice

space photography
UF	spaceborne photography
RT	aerial photography
	mosaics
	photogeology
	photogrammetry
	photography
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	multispectral analysis
SN	Also search photography AND space shuttle if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

space remote sensing
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use remote sensing AND satellite methods if applicable.

space shuttle
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See space photography or Shuttle Imaging Radar.

space, underground
USE	underground space

spaceborne photography
USE	space photography

Spacelab Program
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	planetology
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
NT	Andalusia Spain
	Aragon Spain
	Asturian Arc
	Asturias Spain
	Balearic Islands
	Basque Provinces Spain
	Betic Cordillera
	Betic Zone
	Calatayud-Teruel Basin
	Cantabria Spain
	Cantabrian Basin
	Cantabrian Mountains
	Castile Spain
	Castilla y Leon Spain
	Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	Catalonia Spain
	Catalonian Coastal Ranges
	Ebro Basin
	Ebro River
	Extremadura Spain
	Galicia Spain
	Guadalquivir Basin
	Guadalquivir River
	Hercinico Centro
	Hercinico Sur
	Iberian Mountains
	Iberica
	La Rioja Spain
	Madrid Basin
	Madrid Spain
	Maestrazgo Spain
	Montes de Toledo
	Murcia Spain
	Navarra Spain
	Prebetic Zone
	Serrania de Cuenca
	Sierra de Gredos
	Sierra de Guadarrama
	Sierra de la Demanda
	Spanish Pyrenees
	Subbetic Zone
	Ter River basin
	Valencia region
RT	Ager Formation
	Altiplano
	Andalusian
	Iberian pyrite belt
	Central Cordillera
	Ceuta
	Canary Islands
	Duero Basin
	Duero River
	ENADIMSA
	Galaico Massif
	Iberian Plate
	Lancara Form

Spalding County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Spalding County Georgia

spallation
RT	cosmic rays
	isotopes
SN	Restricted to nuclear physics (Note added in 1995.).

spalling
RT	blasting
	borehole breakouts
	cratering
	deformation
	exfoliation
	explosions
	fractures
	hydraulic fracturing
	impacts
	joints
	nuclear explosions
	P-waves
	rock mechanics
	seismic sources
	weathering
SN	Rock fracturing and upward and outward heaving in response to shock waves. Use exfoliation for the weathering process. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

spaniola
NT	Dominican Republic
	Haiti

Spanish Guinea
USE	Equatorial Guinea

Spanish Morocco
USE	Morocco

Spanish Peaks
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Spanish Peaks
RT	Colorado
	Gallatin County Montana
	Madison Range
	Huerfano County Colorado
	Las Animas County Colorado
	Sangre de Cristo Mountains
SN	Two mountains in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of Huerfano and Las Animas counties in S Colorado. Also occurs as an area in the Madison Range of Gallatin County, SW Montana. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties and mountain ranges as

Spanish Pyrenees
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Spanish Pyrenees
BT	Europe
	.Pyrenees
	..Spanish Pyrenees
RT	North Pyrenean Fault
SN	Range in NE Spain. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Spanish Sahara
USE	Western Sahara
SN	From 1977-1980, documents on the Spanish Sahara were indexed using Sahara and the term west.

Spanish Sierra Nevada
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Spanish Sierra Nevada
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Betic Cordillera
	.....Spanish Sierra Nevada
RT	Almeria Spain
	Granada Spain
	Sierra Nevada
SN	Mountain range in S Spain. Before 1981, also search Sierra Nevada AND Spain. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Spanish West Africa
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use Africa, Morocco, Mauritania or Equatorial Guinea or West Africa.

sparagmite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..sparagmite
RT	terrigenous materials

Sparagmite Division
USE	Sparagmite Group

Sparagmite Group
UF	Sparagmite Division
	Sparagmite Series
RT	Sweden
	Norway
	lower Paleozoic
	upper Precambrian
SN	Upper Precambrian (Riphean?)-lower Paleozoic. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Sparagmite Series
USE	Sparagmite Group

Sparnacian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....lower Eocene
	......Sparnacian
RT	Paleocene
SN	Europe. Above Thanetian, below Ypresian of France.

Sparta Sand
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Sparta Sand
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Claiborne Group
SN	In Claiborne Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Spartanburg County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Spartanburg County South Carolina

Spartina alterniflora
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Monocotyledoneae
	....Gramineae
	.....Spartina alterniflora
RT	wetlands

Spathian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Spathian
SN	North America. Upper Lower Triassic. Above Smithian; below Middle Triassic. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Spathognathodus
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Spathognathodus
SN	Genus.

spati

spatial

spatial data
RT	data
	data bases
	data management
	data processing
	digital cartography
	digital data
	digital line graphs
	digital terrain models
	geographic information systems
	information management
	Internet
	spatial variations
	visualization
SN	Geographically referenced information. Indexed with with programs using or data bases containing this type of data. Also index digital data if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

spatial distribution
RT	distribution
	power law
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

spatial frequency filters
RT	filters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

spatial variations
RT	spatial data
	variations
SN	Used as a general term.

Spearfish Formation
RT	Nebraska
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	South Dakota
	Triassic
	Wyoming
SN	Underlies Gypsum Spring Formation, geographically extended into Black Hills area. NW Nebraska, W South Dakota, and E Wyoming. Indexed with ages as applicable.

speciation
RT	biologic evolution
	paleontology
	phylogeny
	species diversity
SN	Restricted to paleontology. For chemical speciation, see chemical fractionation. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

species
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef.

species diversity
RT	adaptive radiation
	biodiversity
	endangered species
	fossils
	paleontology
	speciation

specifi

specific conductance
USE	conductivity

specific gravi

specific gravity
RT	buoyancy
	density
	physical properties
SN	May be used with appropriate material name, e.g. with soils and sediments.

specific heat
UF	heat, specific
RT	geochemistry
	physical properties
	temperature
	thermal conductivity
	thermodynamic properties
	heat capacity
	thermal properties
	thermal inertia

specific surface
RT	mass
	physicochemical properties
	properties
	volume
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

specimens, type
USE	type specimens

spectra
NT	atomic absorption spectra
	Brillouin spectra
	emission spectra
	EPR spectra
	gamma-ray spectra
	infrared spectra
	mass spectra
	Mossbauer spectra
	near-infrared spectra
	NMR spectra
	optical spectra
	Raman spectra
	ultraviolet spectra
	vibrational spectra
	X-ray fluorescence spectra
	X-ray spectra
UF	spectrum
RT	geochemistry
	spectroscopy
	minerals
	broad-band spectra
	Rietveld refinement
SN	Used for data. For methodology, use spectroscopy.

spectral analysis
RT	analysis
	near-field spectra
	seismograms
	seismology
SN	As of 1981, restricted to seismology or seismic methods. Before 1981, included use with other geophysical methods, including remote sensing.

spectrochemical analysis
USE	spectroscopy

spectrographic analysis
USE	spectroscopy

spectrometric analysis
USE	spectroscopy

spectrometry
USE	spectroscopy

spectrophotometric analysis
USE	spectroscopy

spectroscopic analysis
USE	spectroscopy

spectroscopy
NT	alpha-ray spectroscopy
	Auger spectroscopy
	AVIRIS
	electron paramagnetic resonance
	emission spectroscopy
	gamma-ray spectroscopy
	inductively coupled plasma methods
	infrared spectroscopy
	mass spectroscopy
	microwave spectroscopy
	Mossbauer spectroscopy
	nuclear magnetic resonance
	optical spectroscopy
	radio-frequency spectroscopy
	Raman spectroscopy
	ultraviolet spectroscopy
	X-ray spectroscopy
UF	spectrochemical analysis
	spectrographic analysis
	spectrometric analysis
	spectrometry
	spectrophotometric analysis
	spectroscopic analysis
RT	absorption
	atomic absorption
	atomic absorption spectra
	chemical analysis
	backscattering
	Brillouin spectra
	analysis
	chromatography
	clay mineralogy
	alpha rays
	crystallography
	dosimetry
	differential thermal analysis
	electron microscopy
	colorimetry
	electron p
SN	Used only for methodology. For data, see appropriate spectra terms.

spectrum
USE	spectra

specularite
BT	oxides
	.specularite
UF	gray hematite
RT	hematite

Speeton Clay
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Speeton Clay
RT	Barremian
	England
	United Kingdom
SN	Cretaceous: Yorkshire.

speleology
RT	cave environment
	caves
	exploration
	glacial features
	lava tubes
	shore features
	solution features
	geomorphology
	speleothems
	volcanic features
SN	Indexed with solution features, shore features, glacial features or volcanic features as applicable.

speleothems
BT	solution features
	.speleothems
UF	flowstone
RT	geomorphology
	caves
	speleology
	stalactites
	stalagmites

Spencer County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Spencer County Indiana

Spencer County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Spencer County Kentucky

Spencer Gulf
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Spencer Gulf
RT	Indian Ocean
	Spilsby Island
SN	Inlet of Indian Ocean on S coast of South Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Spergen Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Meramecian
	.......Spergen Formation
RT	Iowa
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Indiana
SN	S Indiana, Illinois, E Iowa, W Kentucky and E Missouri. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Spermatophyta
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
NT	Angiospermae
	Gymnospermae
RT	fossil wood

sperrylite
BT	arsenides
	.sperrylite
RT	platinum minerals

Spessart
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Spessart
UF	The Spessart
SN	Low mountain range between the Odenwald and the Rhon Mountains in NW Bavaria.

spessartine
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...garnet group
	....spessartine

spessartite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
	...spessartite

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Globigerinacea
	.....Globigerinidae
	......Sphaeroidinella dehiscens
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

sphaerolites
USE	spherulites

Sphagnum
BT	Plantae
	.Bryophyta
	..Musci
	...Sphagnum
RT	mires
	peatlands
	wetlands
SN	Genus coextensive with the order Sphagnales. For modern ecology studies use wetlands if applicable.

sphalerite
BT	sulfides
	.sphalerite
UF	pseudogalena
	zinc blende
RT	zinc ores

sphene
USE	titanite

Sphenolithus
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..nannofossils
	...Sphenolithus
RT	microfossils
	Discoasteridae
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Sphenophyllum
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Sphenopsida
	...Sphenophyllum
SN	Genus.

Sphenopsida
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Sphenopsida
NT	Articulatae
	Equisetales
	Sphenophyllum
	Sphenopteris
RT	vascular taxa
SN	Including Articulatae.

Sphenopteris
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Filicopsida
	...Sphenopteris
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Sphenopsida
	...Sphenopteris
RT	Articulatae
	Pteridospermae
SN	Genus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

spherical harmonic analysis
UF	spherical harmonics
RT	plate tectonics
	analysis
	magnetic field
	Earth

spherical harmonics
USE	spherical harmonic analysis

spherical models
RT	mathematical models
	models
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sphericity
RT	particles
	roundness
	sediments
	shape analysis

spheroidal mode
RT	oscillations
	seismographs
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

spherules
RT	sedimentary structures
	sediments
	tektites

spherulites
UF	sphaerolites
RT	orbicular texture

Sphinctozoa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Porifera
	..Calcispongea
	...Sphinctozoa

Spice Islands
USE	Moluccas

spicules
RT	Anthozoa
	diatoms
	Invertebrata
	Porifera
SN	May occur with many types of invertebrates.

spilite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...alkali basalts
	....spilite
RT	spilitization
	pillow lava

spilitization
BT	metasomatism
	.spilitization
RT	albitization
	spilite

spills, oil
USE	oil spills

spillways
RT	channels
	dams
	glacial features
	glacial geology
	ice dams
	reservoirs
	seawalls
	geomorphology
	waterways

Spilsby Island
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Spilsby Island
RT	Spencer Gulf
SN	Largest of Sir Joseph Banks Islands in Spencer Gulf about 5 miles off SE coast of Eyre Peninsula. Also search Spilsby.

spinal column
RT	anatomy
	morphology
	vertebrae
	Vertebrata
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

spinel
BT	oxides
	.spinel
RT	chrome spinel
	spinel group
	spinel structure

spinel group
BT	oxides
	.spinel group
RT	spinel
	gahnite
	magnetite
	hercynite
	jacobsite
	maghemite
	magnesioferrite
	ulvospinel

spinel lherzolite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...peridotites
	....spinel lherzolite
RT	lherzolite

spinel peridotite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...peridotites
	....spinel peridotite

spinel structure
RT	crystal structure
	magnesian silicates
	spinel
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

spinifex texture
BT	textures
	.spinifex texture
RT	igneous rocks
SN	Before 1981, also search spinifex. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Spink County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Spink County South Dakota

spirals, growth
USE	growth spirals

Spiriferida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Spiriferida
NT	Atrypidae
	Cyrtospirifer
	Spiriferidina

Spiriferidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Spiriferida
	....Spiriferidina
	.....Spiriferidae
SN	Family.

Spiriferidina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Spiriferida
	....Spiriferidina
NT	Spiriferidae
	Spiriferina
SN	Suborder.

Spiriferina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Spiriferida
	....Spiriferidina
	.....Spiriferina
SN	Genus.

Spirillinacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Spirillinacea
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Spirit Lake
RT	Dickinson County Iowa
	Iowa
	Skamania County Washington
	Washington
SN	Skamania County, SW Washington; Dickinson County, NW Iowa. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Spirit River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Spirit River Formation
RT	Alberta
SN	Includes Falher Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Spiro Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Spiro Sandstone
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
	Arkoma Basin
	Savanna Formation
SN	Desmoinesian. Arkoma Basin. E Oklahoma, Arkansas. In Savanna Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Spis
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Spis
RT	Poland
	Slovakia
SN	Region. An historic area in dispute before WWI between Hungary, Austria, and Russia. After 1920, area was split between Slovakia and Poland. Indexed with Poland and/or Slovakia as applicable.

Spis-Gemer
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Slovakian Carpathians
	....Spis-Gemer
UF	Slovenske Rudohorie
	Spis-Gemer Mountains
RT	Gemer Slovakia
SN	The Slovak Ore Mountains. A range of the Carpathians in S Slovakia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Spis-Gemer Mountains
USE	Spis-Gemer

Spitak earthquake 1988
BT	earthquakes
	.Spitak earthquake 1988
UF	Armenia earthquake 1988
RT	Armenia
SN	Armenia. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Spiti
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Punjab India
	....Spiti
SN	Region in NE Punjab State, N India.

spits
BT	shore features
	.spits
RT	geomorphology
	marine environment
	shorelines
	reefs
	beaches
	capes
	littoral erosion
	tombolos
	coastal environment
	shoals

Spitsbergen
BT	Arctic region
	.Svalbard
	..Spitsbergen
NT	Nordaustlandet
	Spitsbergen Island
UF	Spitzbergen
RT	Hecla Hoek Formation
SN	Norwegian archipelago, 360 miles N of Norway, including the main island of Spitsbergen plus North East Land(Nordaustlandet), Edge Island, and Barents Island. Part of the Svalbard Island group. As of 1993, use Spitsbergen Island for the island.

Spitsbergen Island
BT	Arctic region
	.Svalbard
	..Spitsbergen
	...Spitsbergen Island
NT	Brogger Peninsula
	Hornsund
	Ny Friesland
UF	Vestspitsbergen
	West Spitsbergen
RT	Hecla Hoek Formation
	Kings Bay
SN	Main island, of the Spitsbergen Archipelago of the Svalbard island group. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Spitz Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Lower Austria
	....Spitz Austria
SN	Village on left bank of Danube River.

Spitzbergen
USE	Spitsbergen

spline theory
USE	splines

splines
UF	spline theory
RT	mathematical methods
	interpolation
	gravity field
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Split Croatia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Croatia
	...Split Croatia
UF	Split Yugoslavia
RT	Dalmatia
SN	City on the central Dalmatian Coast on the Adriatic Sea in W Croatia. Before 1993, Split Yugoslavia was also used.

Split Yugoslavia
USE	Split Croatia

splitting, wave
USE	wave splitting

Spodosols
BT	soils
	.Spodosols
RT	soil group

spodumene
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....spodumene
RT	aluminosilicates
	ceramic materials
	kunzite
	lithium ores

spoils
RT	dredged materials
	dredging
	environmental geology
	mining
	tailings
	tailings ponds
	waste disposal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Spokane County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Spokane County Washington
NT	Spokane Washington
RT	Midnite Mine
SN	E Washington.

Spokane Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Spokane Formation
RT	Montana
	Belt Supergroup
	Missoula Group
SN	In Missoula Group. S central and W Montana. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Spokane Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Spokane County Washington
	...Spokane Washington
SN	City in E Washington.

Spoleto Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Umbria Italy
	....Perugia Italy
	.....Spoleto Italy
SN	City in Perugia Province in SE Umbria, central Italy.

Spongiae
USE	Porifera

spongolite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..spongolite

spontaneous fission-track dating
USE	fission-track dating

spontaneous magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.spontaneous magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

spontaneous polarization
USE	self-potential methods

spontaneous potential
USE	self-potential methods

Spoon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Spoon Formation
RT	Illinois
	Kewanee Group
SN	In Kewanee Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Spor Mountain
RT	Juab County Utah
	Thomas Range
SN	Thomas Range, Juab County, W Utah. Indexed with Juab County Utah and Thomas Range or region as applicable.

sporangia
UF	sporangium
RT	Angiospermae
	Gymnospermae
	paleobotany
	Pteridophyta
	spores

sporangium
USE	sporangia

spores
RT	cones
	exine
	megaspores
	miospores
	palynomorphs
	pollen
	Pteridophyta
	sporangia
	sporopollenin
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

sporinite
BT	macerals
	.exinite
	..sporinite

sporopollenin
BT	organic compounds
	.sporopollenin
UF	sporopollenine
RT	miospores
	spores
	exine
	pollen

sporopollenine
USE	sporopollenin

SPOT
UF	Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	multispectral analysis
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Spotsylvania County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Spotsylvania County Virginia

spreading centers
UF	centers, spreading
RT	plate tectonics
	sea-floor spreading
	transtension
	mid-ocean ridge basalts
	submarine volcanoes

spreading concept
USE	sea-floor spreading

spreading-floor hypothesis
USE	sea-floor spreading

spreadsheets
RT	computer programs
	data handling
	data processing
	data storage
	graphic display
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

spring gravimeters
BT	gravimeters
	.spring gravimeters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Spring Mountains
RT	Clark County Nevada
SN	In W Clark County near California line. Indexed with county or region and mountains as applicable.

Springdale Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Washington County Utah
	...Springdale Utah
SN	Village in SW Utah. Gateway to Zion National Park.

Springer Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Springer Formation
RT	Mississippian
	Pennsylvanian
	Oklahoma
	Chesterian
	Morrowan
SN	Chester and Morrow Series. Conformably overlies Goddard Shale. Central S Oklahoma.

Springfield Coal Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Springfield Coal Member
RT	Illinois
	Carbondale Formation
SN	Of Carbondale Formation. W and N Illinois.

Springfield Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Sangamon County Illinois
	...Springfield Illinois
SN	City on the Sangamon River in central Illinois.

Springfield Massachusetts
BT	mpden County Massachusetts
	.Springfield Massachusetts
SN	City in SW Massachusetts.

Springfield Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Greene County Missouri
	...Springfield Missouri
SN	City in SW Missouri.

Springfield Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Clark County Ohio
	...Springfield Ohio
SN	City in W central Ohio.

springs
NT	hot springs
	intermittent springs
	submarine springs
RT	circulation
	discharge
	exsurgence
	fumaroles
	geysers
	ground water
	hydrochemistry
	hydrogeology
	hydrology
	mineral waters
	resurgence
	salinity
	sand boils
	saturation
	shallow aquifers
	shallow depth
	surficial aquifers
	thermal waters
	underground streams
	water
SN	Used for papers stressing spring hydrology.

springs, rising
USE	resurgence

Springsure Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Springsure Australia
RT	Bowen Basin
SN	Village 165 miles WSW of Rockhampton in E central Queensland.

Springwater New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Livingston County New York
	...Springwater New York
SN	Village in W central New York.

Spumellaria
USE	Spumellina

Spumellina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Radiolaria
	...Spumellina
UF	Spumellaria
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Spurr, Mount
USE	Mount Spurr

spurrite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...spurrite
BT	carbonates
	.spurrite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Squamata
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Lepidosauria
	......Squamata
NT	Lacertilia
	Serpentes
SN	Order.

SQUID
UF	superconducting quantum interference devices
RT	instruments
	magnetic methods
	magnetotelluric methods
	electromagnetic methods
	electromagnetic logging
	magnetometers
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sr
USE	strontium

Sr-85
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Sr-85
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr-85
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr-86
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Sr-86
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr-86
RT	Sr-87/Sr-86
	Rb-87/Sr-86
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr-86/Rb-87
USE	Rb-87/Sr-86

Sr-86/Sr-87
USE	Sr-87/Sr-86

Sr-87
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Sr-87
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr-87
RT	Sr-87/Sr-86
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr-87/Sr-86
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Sr-87/Sr-86
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr-87/Sr-86
UF	Sr-86/Sr-87
RT	isotope ratios
	HIMU
	Sr-86
	Sr-87
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr-89
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Sr-89
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr-89
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr-90
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Sr-90
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr-90
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr/Ca
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..calcium
	...Sr/Ca
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
	...Sr/Ca
UF	Ca/Sr
RT	chemical ratios
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sr/Nd
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Nd/Nd and Sr/Sr for dating. See neodymium and strontium respectively for isotope ratios for use in other studies. Use specific ratios if known (Note added 1995.).

Sr/Rb
USE	Rb/Sr
SN	As of 1989, no longer a valid term for GeoRef.

Sr/Sr
RT	absolute age
	isotope ratios
	strontium
SN	Isotopic ratio used for age determination. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sredna Gora
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Sredna Gora
UF	Sredna Gora Mountains
RT	Panagyurishte Bulgaria
SN	Mountain range between the Balkan and Rhodope mountains in central Bulgaria.

Sredna Gora Mountains
USE	Sredna Gora

Sredniy Vasyugan Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tomsk Russian Federation
	...Sredniy Vasyugan Russian Federation
SN	Village on the Vasyugan River in NW Tomsk Oblast in S central Siberia. Before 1993, Sredniy Vasyugan Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sri Lanka
BT	Asia
	.Sri Lanka
UF	Ceylon
RT	Indian Peninsula
	Indian Ocean Islands
	Indian Shield
	Highland Complex
SN	Formerly Ceylon.

Srikakulam India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Andhra Pradesh India
	....Srikakulam India
SN	City on Bay of Bengal in NE Andhra Pradesh, SE India.

Srinagar
RT	India
	Jammu and Kashmir
	Pakistan
SN	City and district in the Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir. Before 1993, India was a broader term. Indexed with Jammu and Kashmir AND India and/or Pakistan as applicable.

SS waves
USE	SS-waves

SS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...S-waves
	....SS-waves
UF	SS waves

sse Germany
NT	Bergstrasse
	Bundenbach
	Darmstadt Germany
	Kassel Germany
	Marburg Germany
	Messel Germany
	Rheingau
	Vogelsberg
	Waldeck Germany
	Wetterau
	Wiesbaden Germany

St.
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See under Saint unless a different term is specified below. (Note added 1995.)

St. Gotthard Massif
USE	Gotthard Massif

St. John
SN	For the city in New Brunswick, see Saint John New Brunswick. For the Egyptian island in the Red Sea, see Zabargad Island.

St. John's
SN	See Saint John's Newfoundland. For the Egyptian island in the Red Sea, see Zabargad Island.

St. Pierre and Miquelon
USE	Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Sta

stability
RT	foundations
	land subsidence
	paleomagnetism
	slope stability
	engineering geology
	geochemistry
	stabilization
	tunnels
	underground installations

stabilization
RT	artificial islands
	beach nourishment
	retaining walls
	shorelines
	slope stability
	stability

stable isotopes
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
NT	Al-27
	Al-27/Al-26
	Ar-36
	Ar-38/Ar-36
	Ar-40
	Ar-40/Ar-36
	Ar-40/Ar-39
	B-11/B-10
	Be-10/Be-9
	C-12
	C-13
	C-13/C-12
	C-14/C-12
	Cl-37/Cl-35
	Cr-53/Cr-52
	D/H
	deuterium
	Fe-57
	He-3
	He-4
	He-4/He-3
	Hf-177/Hf-176
	Kr-84
	Li-6
	Li-7
	Mg-25/Mg-24
	Mg-26
	Mg-26/Mg-24
	N-15
	N-15/N-14
	Nd-144/Nd-143
	Ne-20
	Ne-21
	Ne-22
	Ne-22/Ne-20
	Ne-22/Ne-21
	O-16
	O-17
	O-17/O-16
	O-18
	O-18/O-16
	Os-187/Os-186
	Os-188/Os-187
	Pb-206
	Pb-206/Pb-204
	Pb-207
	Pb-207/Pb-204
	Pb-207/Pb-206
	Pb-208
	Pb-208/Pb-204
	Pb-208/Pb-206
	Rb-87/Sr-86
	S-32
	S-34
	S-34/S-32
	Sm-147/Nd-144
	Sr-86
	Sr-87
	Sr-87/Sr-86
	U-238/Pb-206
	Xe-124
	Xe-126
	Xe-128
	Xe-129
	Xe-130/Xe-129
	Xe-131
	Xe-132
	Xe-132/Xe-129
	Xe-136
	Xe-136/Xe-130
	Xe-136/Xe-132
RT	carbon
	sulfur
	hydrogen
	oxygen

Stablo
SN	See Stavelot Belgium or Stavelot-Venn Massif.

stacking
RT	crystal structure
	data processing
	defects
	normal moveout
	poststack migration
	prestack migration
	seismic methods
	signal-to-noise ratio
	geophysical methods
	tectonics
	time domain analysis
	velocity
	velocity analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Stafford County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Stafford County Kansas
SN	S central Kansas.

Stafford County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Stafford County Virginia
SN	NE Virginia.

Staffordshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Staffordshire England
RT	Midlands
	Dudley England
	Wolverhampton England
SN	County in W central England. After 1974, part of the territory was taken to form West Midlands County.

Stage 1
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 1
	.....Stage 1

Stage 10
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Furongian
	.....Stage 10

Stage 2
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 1
	.....Stage 2

Stage 3
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 2
	.....Stage 3
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Stage 3

Stage 4
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 2
	.....Stage 4

Stage 5
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 3
	.....Stage 5

Stage 7
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Series 3
	.....Stage 7

Stage 9
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Furongian
	.....Stage 9

stage, universal
USE	universal stage

stages
SN	A valid general term through 1977. Use specific term, e.g. stratigraphic units.

stainierite
USE	heterogenite

staining
RT	paleobotany
	paleontology
	petrology
	sample preparation

Staked Plain
USE	Llano Estacado

stalactites
RT	caverns
	caves
	solution features
	speleothems
	geomorphology
	stalagmites
	volcanic features
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

stalagmites
RT	caverns
	caves
	solution features
	speleothems
	stalactites
	geomorphology
	volcanic features
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Stalin
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. A former name for various places including the city in Romania; seaport of Varna in Bulgaria; city of Donetsk in the Ukraine. See Brasov Romania, Varna Bulgaria.

Stalinabad Tajikistan
USE	Dushanbe Tajikistan

Stalingrad Russian Federation
USE	Volgograd Russian Federation

Stampian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....lower Oligocene
	......Stampian
RT	Rupelian
	Sannoisian
SN	France.

standard deviation
BT	statistical analysis
	.standard deviation
UF	deviation, standard

standard materials
RT	absolute age
	chemical analysis
	crystallography
	igneous rocks
	interlaboratory comparison
	isotopes
	materials
	minerals
	petrology
	quality control
	silicate rocks
	spectroscopy
	geochemistry
	standard rocks
	standardization
	thermal analysis
SN	Used for rocks or minerals or other materials that have been designated as standard by geological laboratories. Before 1976, also search standard rocks. Indexed with with specific type of material and name of laboratory where available.

standard rocks
RT	interlaboratory comparison
	rocks
	standard materials
SN	Also index standard materials.

standardization
RT	interlaboratory comparison
	standard materials
SN	Used as a general term.

Stanislaus County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Stanislaus County California
SN	Central California.

Stanislav Ukraine
USE	Ivano-Frankovsk Ukraine

Stanislawow Ukraine
USE	Ivano-Frankovsk Ukraine

Stanley County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Stanley County South Dakota

Stanley Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Stanley Group
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
SN	Includes Hatton Tuff Lentil, Ten Mile Creek Formation, Moyers Formation, Chickasaw Creek Formation. W Arkansas, and central S and SE Oklahoma.

Stanly County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Stanly County North Carolina
SN	S central North Carolina.

stannite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfostannates
	..stannite
UF	tin pyrites

stannoidite
BT	sulfides
	.stannoidite

Stanovoi Range
USE	Stanovoy Range

Stanovoy Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Stanovoy Range
BT	Asia
	.Stanovoy Range
UF	Stanovoi Range
	Stanovoy Upland
RT	Yakutia Russian Federation
	Amur region
	Khabarovsk Russian Federation
SN	Mountain range between Yakutia and Amur Oblast with Khabarovsk Kray on the E. Also search Stanovoy. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Stanovoy Upland
USE	Stanovoy Range

Stansbury Mountains
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Tooele County Utah
	...Stansbury Mountains
SN	In Wasatch National Forest in NW Utah.

Stanstead County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Stanstead County Quebec

Stanton County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Stanton County Kansas
SN	SW Kansas.

Stanton County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Stanton County Nebraska
SN	NE Nebraska.

Stanton Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Missourian
	.......Stanton Formation
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Lansing Group
	Rock Lake Shale Member
SN	In Lansing Group. Includes Captain Creek Limestone, Eudora Shale, Stoner Limestone, Rock Lake Shale, South Bend Limestone members. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, SE Nebraska, and NE Oklahoma.

Stanton's Cave
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Stanton's Cave
RT	Grand Canyon
SN	Paleontological and archaeological site in Grand Canyon National Park, NW Arizona. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Star Point Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Star Point Sandstone
RT	Utah
	Mesaverde Group
SN	In Mesaverde Group. E central Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Stara Planina
USE	Balkan Mountains

Stark County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Stark County Illinois
SN	N central Illinois.

Stark County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Stark County North Dakota
SN	W North Dakota.

Stark County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Stark County Ohio
SN	E central Ohio.

Starke County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Starke County Indiana

Starobin Belarus
BT	Europe
	.Belarus
	..Starobin Belarus
SN	Town in S central Belarus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Starr County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Starr County Texas

stars
NT	supernovas
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	Sun

Stassfurt Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony-Anhalt Germany
	....Stassfurt Germany
SN	Salt mining city in Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany.

Staten Island
RT	Argentina
	Magallanes Chile
	Narrows
	New York
	New York City New York
	Raritan Bay
SN	S of Manhattan and across The Narrows from Long Island on the E. Borough of New York City, coextensive with Richmond County, SE New York. Also in Argentina (Isla de los Estados). Indexed with county and state or region as applicable.

Statfjord Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Statfjord Formation
RT	North Sea
SN	N North Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Statherian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Statherian

static corrections
RT	corrections
	dynamics
	effects
	equilibrium
	mathematical geology
	mechanics
	seismic methods
	stress
SN	Applied to seismic data to compensate for variations in reference to a datum, elevation, weathering thickness, and weathering velocity. Before 1998, also search statics AND seismic methods.

statics
SN	As of 1998, use static corrections for seismology.

statistical analysis
NT	autocorrelation
	Bayesian analysis
	bivariate analysis
	canonical analysis
	cluster analysis
	cokriging
	correlation coefficient
	correspondence analysis
	covariance analysis
	crosscorrelation
	dendrograms
	discriminant analysis
	factor analysis
	finite difference analysis
	finite element analysis
	geostatistics
	histograms
	kriging
	kurtosis
	least-squares analysis
	Markov chain analysis
	maximum likelihood
	Monte Carlo analysis
	multivariate analysis
	phi scale
	populations
	principal components analysis
	probability
	regression analysis
	skewness
	standard deviation
	time series analysis
	trend-surface analysis
	univariate analysis
	variance analysis
UF	statistical methods
RT	analysis
	data processing
	equations
	asymmetric distribution
	cladistics
	biometry
	geometry
	eigenvalues
	extrapolation
	interpolation
	iterative
SN	Used as a general term for studies that use statistics in analyzing data. Before 1971, also search statistical measures; statistics.

statistical distribution
RT	asymmetric distribution
	distribution
	power law
	statistical analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

statistical measures
SN	Not a valid index term after 1970. Was used in subfile N. Now use statistical analysis or geostatistics.

statistical methods
USE	statistical analysis

statistics
SN	No longer a valid GeoRef index term. Formerly was used in subfiles B and N. Now use statistical analysis or geostatistics.

Staunton Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Staunton Formation
RT	Indiana
SN	Overlies Brazil Formation. SW Indiana.

staurolite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...staurolite

Stavanger Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Rogaland Norway
	.....Stavanger Norway
SN	City on Stavanger Fjord on North Sea S of Bergen.

Stavelot
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Stavelot Belgium or Stavelot-Venn Massif.

Stavelot Belgium
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
	...Liege Belgium
	....Stavelot Belgium
RT	Ardennes
SN	Town in the N Ardennes.

Stavelot-Venn Massif
BT	Europe
	.Stavelot-Venn Massif
RT	Germany
	Belgium
	Hohe Venn
SN	Primarily in the N Ardennes of Belgium. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Stavropol region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Stavropol Russian Federation
	...Stavropol region
UF	Voroshilovsk (region)
SN	In Stavropol Kray (Ordzhonikidze Kray before 1945) in the Northern Caucasus. Before 1978, also search Stavropol Russian Federation. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Stavropol Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Stavropol Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Stavropol Russian Federation
NT	Prikumsk Russian Federation
	Stavropol region
RT	Northern Caucasus
SN	Kray (formerly Ordzhonikidze Kray) in the Northern Caucasus. Before 1993, Stavropol Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Ste. Genevieve Limestone
USE	Sainte Genevieve Limestone

steady flow
RT	fluid dynamics
	hydraulics
	hydrodynamics
	hydrology
	radial flow
	unsteady flow
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

steady-state processes
RT	equilibrium
	expanding universe theory
	processes
	transient phenomena
SN	Also search steady state. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

steam
USE	water vapor

steam coal
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
	..steam coal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

steam injection
RT	enhanced recovery
	fluid injection
	petroleum engineering
	secondary recovery
	waterflooding
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Steamboat Springs
RT	Nevada
	Routt County Colorado
	Colorado
	Washoe County Nevada
SN	Hot springs in Routt County, NW Colorado. Also in Washoe County, NW Nevada. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Stearns County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Stearns County Minnesota
SN	Central Minnesota.

Stearns Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Stearns Shale
RT	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Council Grove Group
SN	In Council Grove Group. Kansas, and SE Nebraska.

steatite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasomatic rocks
	..steatite
RT	talc
	talc deposits
	soapstone
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Stebnik Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Lvov Ukraine
	...Stebnik Ukraine
SN	Town in Lvov Oblast in SW Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Steele County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Steele County Minnesota

Steele County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Steele County North Dakota

Steele Glacier
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Yukon Territory
	...Steele Glacier
RT	Saint Elias Mountains
SN	Emanates from Steele Mountain in Saint Elias Mountains near Alaska border in SW Yukon Territory.

Steens Mountain
BT	rney County Oregon
	.Steens Mountain
SN	Mountain mass in SW Harney County in SE Oregon.

Stegodon
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
	.......Elephantoidea
	........Elephantidae
	.........Stegodon
SN	Genus.

Stegosaurus
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Ornithischia
	.......Stegosaurus
SN	Genus. In the Stegosauria. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Steinach Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Thuringia Germany
	....Steinach Germany
RT	Thuringian Forest
SN	Town in Thuringian Forest in Thuringia.

Steinbach Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Steinbach Manitoba
SN	Town 39 miles SE of Winnipeg.

Steinheim Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Steinheim Basin
RT	impact features

Steinheim Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Steinheim Germany
RT	North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	Hesse Germany
SN	Towns in two states. Indexed with states as applicable.

Stellarton Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Stellarton Group
RT	Nova Scotia
SN	Carboniferous. Pictou Coal field, Nova Scotia. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

stellerite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...stellerite

Stelleroidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Asterozoa
	...Stelleroidea
NT	Asteroidea
	Ophiuroidea
	Somasteroidea

Stenian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Stenian

step faults
BT	faults
	.step faults
RT	thrust faults
SN	Before 1978, also search faults AND step.

Stephanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Upper Carboniferous
	.....Stephanian
RT	Asturian Orogeny
SN	Europe. Above Westphalian, below Sakmarian of Permian.

stephanite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..stephanite
RT	silver ores

Stephens County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Stephens County Georgia
SN	NE Georgia.

Stephens County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Stephens County Oklahoma
SN	S Oklahoma.

Stephens County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Stephens County Texas
SN	N central Texas.

Stephenson County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Stephenson County Illinois
SN	N Illinois.

Stepnyak Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Kokchetav Kazakhstan
	...Stepnyak Kazakhstan
SN	City in Kokchetav Oblast in N Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Steppe
USE	Steppes region

steppes
RT	grasslands
	landforms
	plains
	prairies
	revegetation
	geomorphology
	taiga environment

Steppes region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Steppes region
UF	Steppe
RT	Russian Federation
	Asia
	Europe
	Kazakhstan
	Ukraine
SN	An extensive, treeless, semi-arid, grassland area of the mid-latitudes extending from the western border of the former USSR to the Altai Mountains in the E. Before 1982, also search Steppes. Indexed with former Soviet republics AND Europe and/or Asia as a

steranes
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..steranes
RT	biomarkers
	saturated hydrocarbons
	diasteranes
SN	Cycloalkanes. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sterea Ellas
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Sterea Ellas
NT	Aegina
	Attica Greece
	Boeotia Greece
	Kremasta Greece
	Laurion Greece
	Parnassus
UF	Central Greece
RT	Pindus Mountains
	Othrys
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

stereochemistry
USE	crystal chemistry

stereographic projection
RT	cartography
	maps
	photogrammetry
	structural geology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sterling County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Sterling County Texas
SN	W central Texas.

Sterling Hill
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Sussex County New Jersey
	...Sterling Hill
RT	mines
SN	Mineral locality and mine site in N New Jersey. After 1993, Sterling Hill Mine is used for the mine. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sternbergite
BT	sulfides
	.sternbergite

steroids
BT	organic compounds
	.steroids
NT	sterols
RT	biochemistry
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sterols
BT	organic compounds
	.alcohols
	..sterols
BT	organic compounds
	.steroids
	..sterols
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Stettin Poland
USE	Szczecin Poland

Steuben County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Steuben County Indiana

Steuben County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Steuben County New York

Steubenville Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Jefferson County Ohio
	...Steubenville Ohio
SN	City on the Ohio River in E Ohio.

Stevens County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Stevens County Kansas
NT	Hugoton Kansas
SN	SW Kansas.

Stevens County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Stevens County Minnesota
SN	W Minnesota.

Stevens County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Stevens County Washington
RT	Colville River
	Midnite Mine
SN	NE Washington.

Stevens Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Stevens Sandstone
RT	California
	upper Miocene
SN	Miocene. San Joaquin Valley, Central California. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

stevensite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...stevensite
RT	cerolite

Stevns Klint
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Denmark
	....Stevns Klint
RT	Baltic Sea
	Zealand
SN	Promontory in Storstrom and Roskilde, E Denmark, extending into the Baltic Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Stewart County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Stewart County Georgia

Stewart County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Stewart County Tennessee

Stewart Valley
RT	Mineral County Nevada
	Yukon Territory
SN	River valley in W central Yukon Territory. Also search Stewart River. Also in Mineral County Nevada and elsewhere. Indexed with county or territory or region as applicable.

stibiotantalite
BT	oxides
	.niobates
	..niobotantalates
	...stibiotantalite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

stibium
USE	antimony

stibnite
BT	sulfides
	.stibnite
UF	antimonite
RT	antimony ores
	metastibnite

stick slip
USE	stick-slip

stick-slip
UF	stick slip
RT	earthquakes
	faults
	mechanics

stiff clays
RT	clay
	clays
	soil mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

stiffness
RT	consistent materials
	deformation
	elastic properties
	engineering properties
	linear materials
	properties
	rigidity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Stigmaria
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Lycopsida
	...Stigmaria
SN	Genus.

Stikine Terrane
USE	Stikinia Terrane

Stikinia Terrane
BT	Canada
	.Stikinia Terrane
UF	Stikine Terrane
RT	British Columbia
	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Yukon Territory
	Rocky Mountains
SN	Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

stilbite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...stilbite
UF	desmine

Stillwater Complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Stillwater Complex
RT	Montana
	J-M Reef
SN	Consists of four zones: basal, ultramafic zone, banded zone and upper zone.

Stillwater County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Stillwater County Montana
SN	S Montana.

Stillwater Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Payne County Oklahoma
	...Stillwater Oklahoma
SN	City in N central Oklahoma.

stillwellite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...stillwellite

stilpnomel

stilpnomelane
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..stilpnomelane
RT	aluminosilicates
	iron ores

stimulation
SN	As of 1993, use well stimulation if applicable. See recovery.

stings County Ontario
NT	Bancroft Ontario
	Madoc Ontario

Stirling Quartzite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Stirling Quartzite
UF	Prospect Mountain Quartzite
RT	California
	Nevada
SN	Considered synonym for Prospect Mountain Quartzite. E California and SE Nevada.

stishovite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...stishovite

STM
SN	See scanning tunneling microscopy if applicable.

stochastic processes
UF	random processes
RT	processes
	chaos
	probability
	cokriging
	kriging

Stockholm Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Stockholm Sweden
SN	County and city on the Baltic Sea in SE Sweden.

stocks
BT	intrusions
	.stocks
RT	igneous rocks
	batholiths

Stockton Formation
RT	Australia
	Lower Permian
	New Jersey
	New York
	Newark Supergroup
	Pennsylvania
	Upper Triassic
	Western Australia
SN	Upper Triassic; Newark Supergroup of New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. Also a Lower Permian formation of Western Australia. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

stockwork deposits
UF	network deposits
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
SN	Before 1978, search stockwork AND (ore deposits OR deposits).

Stoddard County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Stoddard County Missouri

stoichiometry
RT	chemical reactions
	endothermic reactions
	geochemistry

Stokes County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Stokes County North Carolina
SN	NW North Carolina.

Stolonoidea
BT	Graptolithina
	.Stolonoidea
RT	Invertebrata
	Hemichordata
SN	Indexed with Hemichordata or Invertebrata as applicable.

stolzite
BT	tungstates
	.stolzite

Stomachorda
USE	Hemichordata

Stomiosphaera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Stomiosphaera
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Stone Age
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Stone Age
NT	Mesolithic
	Neolithic
	Paleolithic
RT	Tertiary
	archaeology
	Quaternary
SN	Archaeological classification. Includes Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. Indexed with ages as applicable. See List E.

stone conservation
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use specific material AND conservation. See construction materials.

Stone Corral Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Stone Corral Formation
RT	Kansas
SN	In Sumner Group. E Kansas.

Stone County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Stone County Arkansas

Stone County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Stone County Mississippi

Stone County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Stone County Missouri

Stone Mountain
RT	De Kalb County Georgia
SN	Huge gray granite monadnock in De Kalb County near Atlanta. Also in other locations. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

stone, building
USE	building stone

stone, crushed
USE	crushed stone

stone, dimension
USE	dimension stone

Stonehenge
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Wiltshire England
	......Stonehenge
SN	Prehistoric assemblage of stones on the Salisbury Plain 7 miles N of Salisbury in S England.

Stoneley waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..surface waves
	...Stoneley waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	Rayleigh waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Stones River Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Stones River Group
RT	Virginia
	Mississippi
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Tennessee
	Lenoir Limestone
SN	Tennessee, W Maryland, NE Mississippi, S Pennsylvania, W Virginia and NE West Verginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Stonewall County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Stonewall County Texas

stony irons
BT	meteorites
	.stony irons
NT	lodranite
	mesosiderite
	pallasite
	siderophyre
UF	iron-stony meteorite
	lithosiderite
	sideraerolite
	siderolite
RT	chondrites
	achondrites
	iron meteorites

stony meteorites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
NT	acapulcoite
	achondrites
	chondrites
	Divnoe Meteorite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Stony Tunguska River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Stony Tunguska River
BT	Asia
	.Stony Tunguska River
UF	Middle Tunguska River
	Podkamennaya Tunguska
RT	Krasnodar Russian Federation
	Tunguska
	Tunguska River
SN	Rises in SE Evenk National Okrug and flows WNW into mid course of the Yenisei River. This term has multiple hierarchies.

storage
RT	curation
	data storage
	gas storage
	ground water
	heat storage
	oil storage
	reservoirs
	soils
	underground installations
	underground storage
	underground storage tanks
	waste disposal
	waste management
	water regimes
	water storage

storage coefficient
UF	storativity
RT	ground water
	aquifers
	hydrodynamics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

storativity
USE	storage coefficient

Storey County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Storey County Nevada
SN	W Nevada.

storm environment
RT	depositional environment
	high-energy environment
	sedimentation
	storms
	tempestite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

storm flow
USE	stormwater

storm water
USE	stormwater

Stormberg Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Stormberg Series
RT	Karroo Supergroup
	South Africa

stormflow
USE	stormwater

Stormont County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Stormont County Ontario

storms
RT	atmosphere
	avulsion
	climate
	dust storms
	geologic hazards
	Hurricane Agnes
	Hurricane Andrew
	Hurricane Hugo
	hurricanes
	meteorology
	monsoons
	precipitation
	runoff
	storm environment
	stormwater
	surges
	winds

stormwater
UF	storm flow
	storm water
	stormflow
RT	water
	storms
	water management
	water treatment
	runoff
SN	Normally collected in sewers separate from sanitary sewers. It receives minimal, if any, treatment prior to its release. Also index runoff if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Story County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Story County Iowa

str

Strabo Trench
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.East Mediterranean
	..Strabo Trench
RT	Leg 13
	DSDP Site 129
SN	E Mediterranean Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Strafford County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Strafford County New Hampshire

Straight Cliffs Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Straight Cliffs Formation
RT	Utah
SN	Central S Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Straight Creek Fault
BT	North America
	.Straight Creek Fault
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
	Cascade Range
	Coast Ranges
SN	W Washington and SW British Columbia. Indexed with Washington and British Columbia as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

strain
RT	brittleness
	deformation
	distortion
	elastic limit
	elastic strain
	elasticity
	finite strain analysis
	Hooke's law
	hysteresis
	mechanical properties
	Poisson's ratio
	rock mechanics
	shear
	shear strength
	shear zones
	engineering geology
	seismology
	strainmeters
	stre

strain relaxation
RT	relaxation
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

strain seismographs
BT	seismographs
	.strain seismographs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

strain-slip cleavage
USE	slip cleavage

strainmeters
RT	deformation
	extensometers
	geodesy
	strain
	stressmeters

Strait of Georgia
BT	North America
	.Strait of Georgia
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
	Northeast Pacific
	Saanich Inlet
SN	Channel between Vancouver Island on the W and the mainland of British Columbia and Washington on the E. Indexed with British Columbia and/or Washington as applicable.

Strait of Gibraltar
RT	Atlantic Ocean
	Ceuta
	Gibraltar
	Mediterranean Sea
	West Mediterranean
SN	Passage connecting Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Morocco. Indexed with West Mediterranean and/or North Atlantic as applicable.

Strait of Juan de Fuca
USE	Juan de Fuca Strait

Strait of Malacca
BT	Asia
	.Strait of Malacca
UF	Malacca Strait
	Malacca Straits
	Straits of Malacca
RT	Indian Ocean
	Bay of Bengal
	Sumatra
	Far East
	South China Sea
	Malay Peninsula
SN	Channel between the S Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra connecting the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea.

Strait of Messina
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Strait of Messina
UF	Messina Strait
SN	Between Italy and NE Sicily.

Strait of Sicily
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.Strait of Sicily
RT	East Mediterranean
	West Mediterranean
	ODP Site 963
SN	Between Sicily and Tunisia.

Straits of Florida
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Straits of Florida
UF	Florida Strait
	Florida Straits
RT	Gulf of Mexico
	Leg 101
	Northwest Providence Channel
	Leg 166
	ODP Site 626
SN	Wide channel between Florida Keys and Cuba connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Gulf of Mexico.

Straits of Malacca
USE	Strait of Malacca

Stramberk Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Moravia
	....Stramberk Czech Republic
SN	Town SSW of Ostrava in NE Moravia, E Czech Republic. Before 1995, Stramberk Czechoslovakia was also used.

Strandzha Mountains
USE	Istranca Mountains

Strasbourg France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bas-Rhin France
	....Strasbourg France
UF	Strassburg France
SN	City on the Rhine River in Alsace, E Bas-Rhin, NE France.

Strassburg France
USE	Strasbourg France

strata
USE	stratigraphic units

strata-bound deposits
USE	stratabound deposits

stratabound deposits
UF	strata-bound deposits
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	besshi-type deposits
	kuroko-type deposits
	mantos
	stratiform deposits
SN	Before 1978, search stratabound AND (ore deposits OR deposits); strata-bound.

strategic materials
USE	strategic minerals

strategic miner

strategic minerals
UF	strategic materials
RT	mineral resources
	economics
	international cooperation
	economic geology
	legislation
	policy
	public policy
	Exclusive Economic Zone
	United States Exclusive Economic Zone
	wars
	reserves
	NURE
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Strathclyde region Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Strathclyde region Scotland
NT	Ayrshire Scotland
	Glasgow Scotland
	Islay
	Kintyre
	Mull Island
RT	Argyllshire Scotland
	Firth of Clyde
	Arran
	Loch Lomond
	Inner Hebrides
SN	Administrative region in W Scotland created in 1975 from most of Argyllshire including Mull Island, Bute, Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, and Renfrewshire.

Strathcona Mine
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Strathcona Mine
RT	mines
	copper ores
	nickel ores
SN	Copper and nickel ores.

stratification
RT	bedding
	cross-stratification
	deposition
	laminations
	layered materials
	planar bedding structures
	sedimentary structures
SN	As of 1994, it may be used as a general term. Indexed with planar bedding structures as applicable.

stratified volcanic cone
USE	stratovolcanoes

stratified volcano
USE	stratovolcanoes

stratiform deposits
UF	stratiform ore deposits
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	stratabound deposits
SN	Before 1978, search stratiform AND (ore deposits OR deposits).

stratiform ore deposits
USE	stratiform deposits

stratigrap

stratigraphic
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use stratigraphic maps.

stratigraphic boundary
NT	K-T boundary
	Permian-Triassic boundary
UF	boundaries, stratigraphic
RT	allostratigraphy
	stratigraphy
	stratigraphic columns
	stratotypes
SN	Before 1993, also search boundary which was used for this concept from 1978-1992. Use in combination with appropriate age terms (list E). Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

stratigraphic columns
RT	cross sections
	stratigraphic boundary
	stratigraphic units
	stratigraphy
	stratotypes
	type sections
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

stratigraphic controls
RT	controls
	lithologic controls
	mineral deposits, genesis
	structural controls
SN	As of 1993, restricted to economic studies.

stratigraphic correlation
USE	correlation

stratigraphic gaps
UF	gaps, stratigraphic
	hiatus, stratigraphic
RT	stratigraphy
	unconformities
	hardground
	lithostratigraphy
SN	Before 1998, also search hiatus or hiatuses. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

stratigraphic geology
USE	stratigraphy

stratigraphic maps
BT	maps
	.stratigraphic maps
RT	structural maps
SN	Before 1978, search maps AND stratigraphic.

stratigraphic range
USE	range

stratigraphic traps
BT	traps
	.stratigraphic traps
UF	lithologic traps
	porosity traps
RT	oil and gas fields
	petroleum
	petroleum exploration
	natural gas
	stratigraphic wedges
	petroleum accumulation
	structural traps

stratigraphic units
UF	strata
	units, stratigraphic
RT	allostratigraphy
	stratigraphy
	biozones
	stratigraphic columns
	tectonostratigraphic units
	lithostratigraphy

stratigraphic wedges
UF	pinch-outs
	pinchouts
RT	oil and gas fields
	stratigraphy
	petroleum
	petroleum exploration
	reservoir rocks
	natural gas
	lithofacies
	lithostratigraphy
	petroleum accumulation
	stratigraphic traps
SN	Used for beds that pinch out. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

stratigraphy
UF	stratigraphic geology
RT	biogeography
	biomarkers
	allostratigraphy
	aminostratigraphy
	biostratigraphy
	continental drift
	catalogs
	bibliography
	Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
	cross sections
	correlation
	biozones
	chemostratigraphy
	chronostratigraphy
	cyclostratigraphy
	diachroni
SN	Used for the discipline as a whole.

Stratigraphy (category)
SN	Stratigraphy, GeoRef category code 12, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

stratosphere
RT	ash clouds
	atmosphere
	troposphere
SN	Usually out-of-scope. Used with atmosphere.

stratotypes
RT	stratigraphic boundary
	stratigraphic columns
	stratigraphy
	type sections

stratovolcanoes
BT	volcanoes
	.stratovolcanoes
UF	bedded volcano
	composite cone
	composite volcano
	stratified volcanic cone
	stratified volcano
RT	cones
	shield volcanoes

Strawn Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Strawn Series
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Comprises Millsap Lake and Lone Camp groups.

stre

stream action
SN	Not a valid index term for GeoRef. See streams and sedimentation.

stream capture
UF	capture
	piracy
	river capture
	river piracy
	robbery
	stream piracy
	stream robbery
RT	geomorphology
	avulsion
	rivers
	rivers and streams
	streams
	tributaries

stream flow
USE	streamflow

stream gradient
RT	knickpoints
	rivers and streams
	streams
SN	Before 1978, search streams AND gradient.

stream order
BT	fluvial features
	.stream order
UF	channel order
RT	geomorphology
	streams
	drainage patterns
	tributaries

stream piracy
USE	stream capture

stream placers
BT	placers
	.stream placers
RT	mineral resources
	rivers
	rivers and streams
	streams
	beach placers
	heavy mineral deposits
	stream sediments
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

stream robbery
USE	stream capture

stream s

stream sediments
UF	fluvial sediments
RT	glacial geology
	fluvial features
	placers
	sediments
	fluvial environment
	streams
	geochemical surveys
	stream placers
	mineral exploration
	glaciofluvial environment
SN	Before 1998, used chiefly for economic studies. Also search fluvial environment and sediments. Also search stream sampling.

stream transport
UF	fluvial transport
RT	sedimentation
	solute transport
	transport
	rivers
	rivers and streams
	streams
	sediment transport
	bedload
	gravel-bed streams
	fluvial currents
	thalwegs
	fluvial sedimentation

streamers
RT	acoustical methods
	deep-tow methods
	hydrophones
	marine methods
	methods
	seismic methods
SN	Indexed with methods as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

streamflow
UF	stream flow
RT	flows
	streams
	surface water
	channels
	runoff
	discharge
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

streams
NT	braided streams
	ephemeral streams
	gravel-bed streams
RT	avulsion
	bedload
	canals
	cascades
	channel geometry
	channelization
	channels
	drainage patterns
	efficiency
	exsurgence
	fluvial currents
	fluvial environment
	fluvial features
	hydrogeology
	hydrosphere
	ice streams
	knickpoints
	levees
	meanders
	oxbow lakes
	rapids
	ril
SN	As of 1981, use fluvial environment for type of environment. Also search alluvial. Indexed with fluvial features as applicable.

strengite
BT	phosphates
	.strengite

strength
RT	compressive strength
	deformation
	fatigue
	fracture strength
	mechanical properties
	rock mechanics
	shear strength
	stress
	stressmeters
	tensile strength
	thixotropy
	weak rocks
	yield strength

Streptognathodus
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Streptognathodus
SN	Genus.

stress
RT	bearing capacity
	Boussinesq equation
	brittleness
	creep
	deformation
	elasticity
	extensometers
	failures
	fatigue
	finite strain analysis
	Hooke's law
	hysteresis
	Poisson's ratio
	pore pressure
	pressure
	relaxation
	release fractures
	rigidity
	rock mechanics
	rupture

stress drops
RT	coseismic processes
	earthquake prediction
	earthquakes
	precursors
	stress
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

stress fields
RT	deformation
	stress
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

stressmeters
RT	deformation
	instruments
	rock mechanics
	strainmeters
	strength
	stress
	engineering geology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

stretch modulus
USE	Young's modulus

striations
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..striations
RT	glacial geology
	furrows
	glacial features
	grooves
	slickenlines

Strigiformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Aves
	....Neornithes
	.....Strigiformes
SN	Order.

strike
UF	line of strike
RT	faults
	folds
	fractures
	bedding
	joints
	cleats
	dip
	orientation
	strike-slip faults
	strike faults
SN	Term used to indicate strike faults through 1977. After 1977, use strike faults when discussing type of faults.

strike faults
BT	faults
	.strike faults
UF	longitudinal faults
RT	strike
SN	Before 1978, also search faults AND longitudinal; faults AND strike.

strike-shift faults
USE	strike-slip faults

strike-slip faults
BT	faults
	.strike-slip faults
NT	transfer faults
	transform faults
UF	strike-shift faults
RT	strike
	transcurrent faults
	pull-apart basins
	transtension
	left-lateral faults
	oblique-slip faults
SN	Before 1978, also search strike-slip.

strip mines
USE	strip mining

strip mining
BT	mining
	.surface mining
	..strip mining
UF	strip mines
RT	mines
	bioreclamation
	mining geology
	reclamation
	environmental geology
	land use
	coal
	bioremediation
	remediation
	coal mines
	quarries
	open-pit mining

Stripa Mine
USE	Stripa region

Stripa region
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Orebro Sweden
	.....Stripa region
UF	Guldsmedshyttan
	Stripa Mine
RT	mines
	waste disposal
	radioactive waste
	waste disposal sites
	underground storage
SN	Radioactive waste disposal site, N Orebro, Sweden. Former metals mining site. Before 1985, also search Stripa. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

stromatactis
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..stromatactis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

stromatolites
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..stromatolites
NT	Collenia
RT	algae
	algal mats
	cyanobacteria
	reef builders
	thrombolites
	biostratigraphy
	calcareous algae
SN	Indexed with algae if applicable. See list F (fossils).

Stromatoporoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Stromatoporoidea
NT	Amphipora
RT	problematic fossils
	Porifera
SN	This term has also been used with Porifera.

Stromboli
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Lipari Islands
	.....Stromboli
RT	volcanoes
SN	Active volcano on Stromboli Island of Lipari Group in Tyrrhenian Sea.

strombolian-type eruptions
RT	eruptions
	volcanism
	volcanology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

stromeyerite
BT	sulfides
	.stromeyerite

Strona Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Strona Valley
RT	Piemonte Italy
SN	River valley W of Lago Maggiore in N Italy.

strong motion
UF	motion, strong
RT	seismology
	SMART2
	ground motion

Strong Motion Array Taiwan 2
USE	SMART2

strontianite
BT	carbonates
	.strontianite

strontium
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..strontium
NT	Rb-87/Sr-86
	Sr-85
	Sr-86
	Sr-87
	Sr-87/Sr-86
	Sr-89
	Sr-90
	Sr/Ca
UF	Sr
RT	isotopes
	strontium ores
	Rb/Sr
	Sr/Sr
SN	Chemical element. As of 1982, use strontium ores for strontium as a commodity.

strontium ores
BT	metal ores
	.strontium ores
RT	celestine
	strontium
SN	Before 1982, also search (strontium OR Sr) AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index. Commodity. See List C.

Strophomena
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Strophomenida
	....Strophomena
SN	Genus.

Strophomenida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Strophomenida
NT	Sowerbyella
	Strophomena

structural
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use structural maps if applicable.

structural analysis
UF	petrogeometry
	petromorphology
RT	faults
	analysis
	geophysics
	breccia
	alpine-type features
	brittle deformation
	deformation
	folds
	fractures
	axial-plane structures
	cleavage
	flow cleavage
	foliation
	boudinage
	geometry
	electron microscopy
	conjugate faults
	dip
	elongate minerals
	fabric
	fold axes
SN	Used for the analysis of structural features on a relatively small scale (from thin section to outcrop). The analysis may lead to interpretation of larger-scale features such as folds, fractures, and faults, or tectonics. Before 1976, also search fabric a

structural basins
USE	basins

structural complexes
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef as of 1981. Use complexes.

structural controls
UF	tectonic controls
RT	sedimentation
	geomorphology
	mineral deposits, genesis
	controls
	geomorphologic controls
	diwa structure
	stratigraphic controls

structural features
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef as of mid-1978. Included use in geomorphology, structural geology and petrology (igneous rocks).

structural geology
RT	allochthons
	alpine-type features
	bibliography
	catalogs
	faults
	folds
	foliation
	fractures
	geology
	glossaries
	inliers
	lexicons
	lineation
	maps
	orogeny
	relaxation
	stereographic projection
	structural analysis
	swells
	tectonics
SN	Used for the discipline as a whole.

Structural Geology (category)
SN	Structural geology, GeoRef category code 16, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

structural inversion
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use inversion tectonics OR basin inversion if applicable. For geomorphological studies, use relief inversion.

structural maps
BT	maps
	.structural maps
UF	structure maps
RT	structure contour maps
	stratigraphic maps
SN	Before 1978, search maps AND structural.

structural materials
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1959. See building stone; clays; construction materials.

structural petrology
SN	A valid term through 1974. After 1974, use structural analysis.

structural traps
BT	traps
	.structural traps
RT	petroleum
	petroleum exploration
	natural gas
	petroleum accumulation
	stratigraphic traps

structure
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid index term.

structure contour maps
BT	maps
	.structure contour maps
RT	contour maps
	tectonic maps
	structural maps

structure maps
USE	structural maps

structure-soil interface
USE	soil-structure interface

structures
RT	buildings
	foundations
	engineering geology
SN	Term is restricted to engineering geology.

Struma River valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Struma River valley
UF	Struma Valley
RT	Bulgaria
	Greece
SN	Also search Struma; Struma River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Struma Valley
USE	Struma River valley

Strunian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Strunian
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

struvite
BT	phosphates
	.struvite

Strzegom Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Walbrzych Poland
	....Strzegom Poland
SN	City in Lower Silesia in N Walbrzych, SW Poland.

Strzegom-Sobotka Granitoid Massif
USE	Strzegom-Sobotka Massif

Strzegom-Sobotka Massif
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Walbrzych Poland
	....Strzegom-Sobotka Massif
UF	Strzegom-Sobotka Granitoid Massif
RT	Lower Silesia
SN	Granitoid massif in Lower Silesia.

Strzelin Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Wroclaw Poland
	....Strzelin Poland
SN	City of Lower Silesia in S Wroclaw, SW Poland.

Stuart Shelf
RT	Adelaide Geosyncline
	South Australia
SN	Indexed with South Australia or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Stubai Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Tyrol Austria
	....Stubai Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Eastern Alps
	...Otztal Alps
	....Stubai Alps
UF	Stubai Massif
	Stubai Mountains
SN	A NE group of Otztal Alps in central Tyrol. Also search Stubai. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Stubai Massif
USE	Stubai Alps

Stubai Mountains
USE	Stubai Alps

studies, case
USE	case studies

studies, experimental
USE	experimental studies

studies, faunal
USE	faunal studies

studies, feasibility
USE	feasibility studies

studies, field
USE	field studies

studies, floral
USE	floral studies

studies, laboratory
USE	laboratory studies

studies, theoretical
USE	theoretical studies

study and teaching
USE	education

Stuhini Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Stuhini Group
RT	Carnian
	Norian
	British Columbia
	Yukon Territory
SN	Carnian-Norian. Whitehorse Trough, British Columbia and S Yukon Territory. Indexed with Carnian and/or Norian as applicable.

Stump Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Stump Formation
RT	Idaho
	Wyoming
SN	Overlies Preuss Sandstone and underlies Bechler and Ephraim conglomerates undifferentiated. SE Idaho and W Wyoming.

Sturgeon Lake
RT	Alberta
	Minnesota
	Ontario
SN	NW Ontario, W central Alberta and E Minnesota. Indexed with provinces or counties and/or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sturgis Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Sturgis Formation
RT	Kentucky
SN	W central Kentucky. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sturovo Slovakia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Sturovo Slovakia
SN	Town on left bank of Danube River in S Slovakia. Before 1995, Sturovo Czechoslovakia was also used.

Stutsman County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Stutsman County North Dakota
SN	Central North Dakota.

Stuttgart Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	....Stuttgart Germany
SN	City in Baden-Wurttemberg, SW Germany.

style
RT	folds
	foliation
	fractures
	lineation
	orientation

stylolites
BT	sedimentary structures
	.secondary structures
	..stylolites
RT	microstylolites
	stylolitization

stylolitization
RT	diagenesis
	microstylolites
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	stylolites
	sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Stylommatophora
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Pulmonata
	....Stylommatophora

Stylophora
BT	malozoa
	.Stylophora

Styria Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Styria Austria
NT	Graz Austria
	Hartberg Austria
RT	Koralpe Range
	Salzkammergut
	Wechsel
	Semmering
	Totes Gebirge
SN	State in SE Austria.

suanite
BT	borates
	.suanite

sub-alpine environment
USE	subalpine environment

sub-bituminous coal
USE	subbituminous coal

sub-glacial environment
USE	subglacial environment

sub-salt strata
USE	subsalt strata

subaerial environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.subaerial environment
RT	depositional environment
	alpine environment
	arid environment
	cave environment
SN	Before 1978 search subaerial.

subalpine environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.subalpine environment
UF	montane environment
	sub-alpine environment
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	depositional environment
	alpine environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

subantarctic regions
RT	Antarctic Ocean
	Antarctica
SN	Pertaining or relating to the regions immediately outside of the Antarctic circle. Before 1978, also search subantarctic.

subaqueous environment
SN	Use aquatic environment or another specific term such as submarine environment or deep-sea environment or deltaic environment for analysis of environments in paleoecology. See depositional environment for types.

Subarctic
USE	Preboreal

subarctic regions
RT	Arctic region
SN	Pertaining or relating to the regions immediately outside of the Arctic circle or to areas that have characteristics such as climate, vegetation, and animals similar to these regions. Before 1978, also search subarctic.

subarkose
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..subarkose
RT	arkose

Subathu Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Subathu Formation
RT	India
	Uttar Pradesh India
	Jammu and Kashmir
	Himachal Pradesh India
SN	N India. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Subbetic Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Subbetic Zone
RT	Betic Cordillera
	Prebetic Zone
SN	A geographic term with stratigraphic-tectonic connotations.

subbituminous coal
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
	..subbituminous coal
UF	sub-bituminous coal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Subboreal
BT	locene
	.Subboreal
SN	Europe. A term used primarily in Europe for an interval of postglacial time following the Atlantic and preceding the Subatlantic.

Subcarpathians
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Subcarpathians
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Hungary
	Slovakia
	Carpathian Foreland
SN	Sub-ranges of the Carpathians. Indexed with countries as applicable.

subcretion
USE	underplating

subduction
RT	Benioff zone
	downwelling
	HIMU
	marginal basins
	marginal seas
	obduction
	plate tectonics
	subduction zones
	subsidence
	tectonophysics
	trenches

subduction zones
UF	zones, subduction
RT	plate tectonics
	underplating
	active margins
	plates
	tectonophysics
	back-arc basins
	fore-arc basins
	Benioff zone
	subduction
	trenches

subgelisol
USE	taliks

subglacial environment
UF	sub-glacial environment
RT	glacial geology
	glaciers
	sedimentation
	depositional environment
	periglacial environment
	glacial environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

subgraywacke
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..subgraywacke
RT	sandstone
	terrigenous materials
	graywacke
	litharenite

Sublette County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Sublette County Wyoming
NT	Pinedale Anticline
RT	Moxa Arch
SN	W Wyoming.

sublimates
RT	fumaroles
	gases
	solfataras
	sublimation
	volcanism
	volcanoes

sublimation
RT	evaporation
	mineral deposits, genesis
	sublimates
	geochemistry

sublitharenite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..arenite
	...sublitharenite
UF	protoquartzite
RT	sandstone
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

sublittoral environment
USE	subtidal environment

submarine
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use submarine environment.

submarine can

submarine canyons
UF	submarine valleys
RT	bottom features
	ocean floors
	continental margin
	marine geology
	continental shelf
	continental slope
	Baltimore Canyon
	Lydonia Canyon
	canyons
	levees
	submarine fans
	Hudson Canyon
	Green Canyon
	Mississippi Canyon
	Monterey Canyon
	Quinault Canyon
	Redondo Canyon
	T
SN	Before 1976, also search canyons for submarine canyons.

submarine cone
USE	submarine fans

submarine delta
USE	submarine fans

submarine dunes
BT	dunes
	.submarine dunes
RT	abyssal hills
	bottom features
	ocean floors
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

submarine environment
BT	marine environment
	.submarine environment
RT	abyssal hills
	bottom features
	depositional environment
	reef environment
SN	Before 1978, search submarine.

submarine fans
UF	abyssal cones
	abyssal fans
	deep-sea fans
	sea fan
	submarine cone
	submarine delta
RT	ocean floors
	cones
	submarine canyons
	turbidity currents

submarine features
USE	bottom features

submarine geology
USE	marine geology

submarine hills
USE	abyssal hills

submarine installations
BT	marine installations
	.submarine installations
UF	installations, submarine
RT	engineering geology
	artificial islands
	tunnels

submarine landslides
USE	slumping

submarine springs
BT	springs
	.submarine springs
RT	ground water
	marine environment
	sea water
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

submarine valleys
USE	submarine canyons

submarine volcanoes
BT	volcanoes
	.submarine volcanoes
RT	volcanism
	bottom features
	ocean floors
	rifting
	sea-floor spreading
	volcanology
	spreading centers
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

submarine weathering
USE	halmyrolysis

submergence
RT	embayments
	levels
	sea-level changes
	transgression

submersibles
NT	Alvin
	CYANA
RT	FAMOUS
	marine geology
	oceanography
	research vessels

subsalt strata
UF	sub-salt strata
RT	sedimentary rocks
	salt sheets
	petroleum exploration
	salt
	reservoir rocks
	salt tectonics
SN	Before 1998, also search subsalt exploration, subsalt, subsalt sediments.

subsequent folds
USE	superposed folds

subsidenc

subsidence
RT	convection
	crater lakes
	downwelling
	interior
	land subsidence
	mantle
	neotectonics
	slabs
	subduction
	tectonics
	uplifts
	upwelling
	vertical movements
SN	Used for large, regional tectonic subsidence. For localized subsidence caused by mining or ground water withdrawal, use land subsidence. For oceanography, see downwelling.

subsidies
RT	economics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

substitution
RT	crystal chemistry
	lattice
	order-disorder

substorms
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.

substrates
RT	ecology
	paleoecology

subsurface
SN	A valid term through mid-1978 under engineering geology. See subsurface reservoirs. Was sometimes used in combination with other terms; e.g. subsurface geology; subsurface geologic methods.

subsurface dams
USE	ground-water dams

subsurface mining
USE	underground mining

subsurface storage
USE	underground storage

subtidal environment
BT	coastal environment
	.subtidal environment
UF	neritic environment
	sublittoral environment
RT	sedimentation
	depositional environment
	terrestrial environment
	lacustrine environment
	marine environment
SN	Before 1978, search sublittoral; subtidal. Before 1981, search neritic.

subtropical environment
UF	semitropical environment
RT	ecology
	depositional environment
	climate
	paleoclimatology
	tropical environment
SN	Before 1978, search subtropical.

subways
RT	railroads
	tunnels
	underground installations

succession
RT	communities
	ecology
	ecosystems
	paleoecology
	stratigraphy
SN	Used in ecologic and stratigraphic sense. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Suceava Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Suceava Romania
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Suceava Romania
RT	Rarau Massif
SN	Town and county in N Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Suchan Basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Suchan Basin
BT	Asia
	.Suchan Basin
RT	coal fields
	Primorye Russian Federation
SN	Coal basin in Primorye Kray 60 miles ENE of Vladivostok. Also search Suchan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sucre Bolivia
BT	South America
	.Bolivia
	..Sucre Bolivia
SN	City in Chuquisaca Department, S central Bolivia.

Sucre Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Sucre Colombia
SN	Department in N Colombia.

Sucre Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Sucre Venezuela
NT	Araya Peninsula
	Cumana Venezuela
	Gulf of Cariaco
	Paria Peninsula
RT	San Juan River
SN	State in NE Venezuela.

suction
RT	capillarity
	capillary pressure
	hydrology
	pressure
	pumping
	soil mechanics
	soils
	tension
	water

Sudan
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Sudan
NT	Darfur
	Gezira
	Kordofan
	Malakal Sudan
RT	Sahara
	Nubian Sandstone
	Red Sea Rift
	Nile River
	Libyan Desert
	Blue Nile
	Near East
	Red Sea Basin
	Red Sea Hills
	Lake Turkana
	Turkana Basin
	Nile Valley
	Nubia
	Nubian Shield
	Kapoeta Meteorite
	Younger Granites

Sudbury
SN	As of 1985, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Sudbury Basin, Sudbury District Ontario, Sudbury Structure or Sudbury Irruptive as applicable.

Sudbury Basin
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Sudbury Basin
RT	impact features
	Sudbury Structure
SN	Mining basin N of Georgian Bay in NE Ontario. Also search Sudbury.

Sudbury District Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Sudbury District Ontario
UF	District of Sudbury
SN	Central Ontario.

Sudbury Irruptive
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Sudbury Irruptive
UF	Sudbury Nickel Irruptive
RT	Sudbury Structure
SN	An intrusive region around Sudbury in SE Ontario.

Sudbury Nickel Irruptive
USE	Sudbury Irruptive

Sudbury Structure
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Sudbury Structure
RT	impact features
	Sudbury Basin
	Sudbury Irruptive
SN	Sudbury Basin, S Ontario. Also search Sudbury Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

sudden commencements
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.

Sudeten
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Sudeten
UF	Sudetenland
RT	Bohemia
	North Sudetic Basin
	Moravia
SN	Region. All the borderlands of Bohemia and Moravia formerly inhabited by German speaking people (Sudeten Germans). Indexed with Bohemia and/or Moravia as applicable.

Sudeten Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Sudeten Mountains
NT	Czech Sudeten Mountains
	Izera Mountains
	Karkonosze Mountains
	Polish Sudeten Mountains
	Sowie Mountains
UF	Sudetes
	Sudetes Mountains
	Sudetic Mountains
	Sudety Mountains
RT	Poland
	Czech Republic
	Bohemia
	North Sudetic Basin
	Moravia
SN	Ranges between NW Czech Republic and SW Poland. Before 1978, also search Sudeten. Indexed with Poland and/or Bohemia and/or Moravia as applicable.

Sudetenland
USE	Sudeten

Sudetes
USE	Sudeten Mountains

Sudetes Mountains
USE	Sudeten Mountains

Sudetic Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Sudetic Basin
UF	Sudetic Depression
RT	Poland
	Czech Republic
	Bohemia
	North Sudetic Basin
	Moravia
SN	In the Sudeten Mountains. Also search Sudetic. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Sudetic Depression
USE	Sudetic Basin

Sudetic Mountains
USE	Sudeten Mountains

Sudety Mountains
USE	Sudeten Mountains

sudoite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...sudoite
RT	aluminosilicates

suevite
RT	breccia
	cryptoexplosion features
	impact features
	impactite
	metamorphic rocks
	meteorites

Suez (Canal)
USE	Suez Canal

Suez Canal
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Suez Canal
UF	Suez (Canal)
SN	Sea level canal crossing the Isthmus of Suez between the E Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Suez.

Suffield Connecticut
BT	rtford County Connecticut
	.Suffield Connecticut
SN	Town in N Connecticut.

Suffolk County Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Suffolk County Massachusetts
NT	Boston Massachusetts
RT	Massachusetts Bay
	Boston Harbor
SN	E Massachusetts.

Suffolk County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Suffolk County New York
RT	Pine Barrens
	Long Island
	Block Island Sound
	Plum Island
	Fire Island
	Great South Bay
	Long Island Sound
SN	SE New York.

Suffolk England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....East Anglia
	......Suffolk England
SN	County in SE England.

suffosion
RT	glacial geology
	ground ice
	ground water
	permafrost
	thermokarst
	water erosion
	weathering
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sugars
BT	organic compounds
	.carbohydrates
	..sugars

Suhl Bezirk
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. District in SW East Germany. See Thuringia Germany.

Suidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Suiformes
	........Suidae
SN	Family.

Suiformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Suiformes
NT	Suidae

Sulaiman Range
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Sulaiman Range
RT	Baluchistan Pakistan
	North-West Frontier Pakistan
SN	W of the Indus River. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Sulawesi
USE	Celebes

Sulcis
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sardinia Italy
	....Sulcis
SN	Region in extreme SW Sardinia.

sulfantimonates
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonates
NT	cylindrite
	famatinite

sulfantimonites
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
NT	boulangerite
	bournonite
	chalcostibite
	freibergite
	freieslebenite
	geocronite
	heteromorphite
	jamesonite
	kobellite
	luzonite
	meneghinite
	miargyrite
	plagionite
	polybasite
	pyrargyrite
	semseyite
	stephanite
	tetrahedrite
	vrbaite
	zinckenite

sulfarsenates
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfarsenates
NT	enargite

sulfarsenites
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfarsenites
NT	dufrenoysite
	geocronite
	gratonite
	jordanite
	luzonite
	pearceite
	proustite
	seligmannite
	tennantite
	vrbaite

sulfate ion
RT	critical load
	ions
	geochemistry
	sulfates
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sulfates
NT	alabaster
	alum
	alunite
	anglesite
	anhydrite
	barite
	bassanite
	beudantite
	brochantite
	celestine
	chalcanthite
	copiapite
	coquimbite
	epsomite
	ettringite
	glauberite
	gypsum
	halotrichite
	hexahydrite
	hinsdalite
	jarosite
	jouravskite
	kainite
	kieserite
	langbeinite
	lazurite
	leadhillite
	melanterite
	mirabilite
	natroalunite
	pickeringite
	polyhalite
	posnjakite
	roemerite
	rozenite
	selenite
	svanbergite
	thaumasite
	thenardite
	voltaite
	wenkite
UF	sulphates
RT	minerals
	calcium sulfate
	sulfate ion
	hauyne
	sodium sulfate
SN	Before 1981, hauyne was included as a narrower term.

sulfides
NT	acanthite
	aikinite
	alabandite
	alloclasite
	anilite
	argentite
	arsenopyrite
	arsenosulfides
	berndtite
	betekhtinite
	bismuthinite
	bohdanowiczite
	bornite
	bravoite
	briartite
	carrollite
	cattierite
	chalcocite
	chalcopyrite
	cinnabar
	cobaltite
	copper sulfides
	covellite
	cubanite
	digenite
	djurleite
	galena
	genthelvite
	gersdorffite
	greenockite
	greigite
	gudmundite
	heazlewoodite
	helvite
	herzenbergite
	idaite
	iron sulfides
	jordisite
	joseite
	kesterite
	lazurite
	linnaeite
	mackinawite
	marcasite
	mawsonite
	metacinnabar
	metastibnite
	millerite
	molybdenite
	niningerite
	oldhamite
	onofrite
	orpiment
	oxysulfides
	pentlandite
	polydymite
	pyrite
	pyrrhotite
	realgar
	roquesite
	siegenite
	sinnerite
	smythite
	sphalerite
	stannoidite
	sternbergite
	stibnite
	stromeyerite
	talnakhite
	tetradymite
	tochilinite
	troilite
	tungstenite
	ullmannite
	ultrabasite
	vaesite
	valleriite
	violarite
	willyamite
	wurtzite
	zinc sulfides
UF	sulphides
RT	minerals
	massive sulfide deposits
	black smokers
	gossan
	hydrogen sulfide
SN	Before 1981, voltaite and niggliite were included as narrower terms. Before 1989, antimonides, arsenides, bismuthides, selenides, and tellurides were used as narrower terms.

sulfobismuthites
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfobismuthites
NT	berryite
	cosalite
	emplectite
	galenobismutite
	gustavite
	hammarite
	lillianite
	matildite
	wittichenite

sulfogermanates
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfogermanates
NT	canfieldite
	germanite
	renierite

sulfosalts
NT	sulfantimonates
	sulfantimonites
	sulfarsenates
	sulfarsenites
	sulfobismuthites
	sulfogermanates
	sulfostannates
	sulfovanadates
RT	minerals
SN	Includes sulfantimonates, sulfantimonites, sulfarsenates, sulfarsenites, sulfobismuthites, sulfogermanates, sulfostannates, sulfovanadates.

sulfostannates
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfostannates
NT	canfieldite
	stannite

sulfovanadates
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfovanadates
NT	sulvanite

sulfur
NT	organic sulfur
	S-32
	S-34
	S-34/S-32
	S-35
UF	sulphur
RT	isotopes
	critical load
	stable isotopes
	native elements
	chalcophile elements
	chemical elements
	geochemical cycle
	sulfur deposits
SN	Chemical element. Use sulfur deposits for sulfur as a commodity.

sulfur deposits
RT	Grzybow
	native elements
	pyrite ores
	Red Mountain
	sulfur
SN	Commodity. See List C.

sulfur dioxide
UF	SO2
RT	pollution
	atmosphere

sulfuric acid
BT	inorganic acids
	.sulfuric acid
UF	H2SO4
RT	pollution
	acid mine drainage
	acids
	waste disposal
	chemical waste

Sulina Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Sulina Romania
RT	Romanian Dobruja
	Tulcea Romania
SN	Town on the Black Sea in Tulcea County in NE Romanian Dobruja, E Romania.

Sulitjelm

Sulitjelma
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sulitjelma
RT	Sweden
	Norway
SN	Peak in Kjolen Mountains on Norwegian-Swedish border in N part of Scandinavian Peninsula. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Sulli

Sullivan County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Sullivan County Indiana
SN	SW Indiana.

Sullivan County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Sullivan County Missouri
SN	N Missouri.

Sullivan County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Sullivan County New Hampshire
SN	SW New Hampshire.

Sullivan County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Sullivan County New York
NT	Monticello New York
RT	Mystery Cave
SN	SE New York.

Sullivan County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Sullivan County Pennsylvania
SN	NE Pennsylvania.

Sullivan County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Sullivan County Tennessee
SN	NE Tennessee.

Sullivan Mine
RT	Alberta
	Arizona
	British Columbia
	Carbon County Wyoming
	Cochise County Arizona
	copper ores
	lead-zinc deposits
	Manitoba
	mines
	silver ores
	uranium ores
	Wyoming
SN	Use Bunker Hill Mine for the lead-zinc deposits in Idaho. Refers to lead-zinc deposits and silver ores in Kimberley, British Columbia. Also refers to copper ores in Cochise County Arizona and to uranium ores in Carbon County Wyoming and to lead-zinc depos

Sully County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Sully County South Dakota

sulphates
USE	sulfates

sulphides
USE	sulfides

sulphur
USE	sulfur

Sulu Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Sulu Sea
RT	Leg 124
	ODP Site 768
	ODP Site 769
	ODP Site 771
SN	Large interisland sea between the Philippine Islands and NE Borneo with Palawan Island on the NW and the Sulu Archipelago on the SW. Also search Sulu. This term has multiple hierarchies.

sulvanite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfovanadates
	..sulvanite

Sumail Ophiolite
USE	Semail Ophiolite

Sumatra
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Sumatra
NT	Toba Lake
RT	Great Sumatran Fault
	Malay Archipelago
	Bangka
	Strait of Malacca
	Sunda Strait
SN	One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago SE and S of the Malay Peninsula. The second largest Indonesian island.

Sumatra fault system
USE	Great Sumatran Fault

Sumisu Rift
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Sumisu Rift
RT	Izu-Bonin Arc
	Leg 126
	ODP Site 788
	ODP Site 789
	ODP Site 790
	ODP Site 791
	ODP Site 809
SN	Izu-Bonin Arc, SW of Honshu, Japan. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Summers County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Summers County West Virginia

Summit County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Summit County Colorado
NT	Dillon Colorado
RT	Gore Range
	Vail Pass
SN	N central Colorado.

Summit County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Summit County Ohio
NT	Akron Ohio
SN	NE Ohio.

Summit County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Summit County Utah
NT	Park City Utah
SN	NE Utah.

Summit Greenland
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Summit Greenland
RT	GISP2
	GRIP
	Greenland ice sheet
SN	Central Greenland. Site of ice core investigations.

Summitville Mine
RT	gold ores
	mines
	Rio Grande County Colorado
	silver ores
	Colorado
SN	Abandoned gold and silver mine, N37#DG26' W106#DG36', Summitville mining district, SW Colorado. Also occurs in New York. Search in combination with Colorado if applicable. Indexed with Rio Grande County Colorado if applicable.

Sumner County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Sumner County Kansas
SN	S Kansas.

Sumner County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Sumner County Tennessee
SN	N Tennessee.

Sumter County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Sumter County Alabama
SN	W Alabama.

Sumter County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Sumter County Florida
SN	Central Florida.

Sumter County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Sumter County Georgia
SN	SW central Georgia.

Sumter County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Sumter County South Carolina
SN	Central South Carolina.

Sun
RT	Moon
	planetology
	planets
	solar activity
	solar cycles
	solar energy
	solar nebula
	solar system
	solar wind
	stars

Sunbury County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Sunbury County New Brunswick

Sunbury Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Sunbury Shale
RT	Kentucky
	Ohio
SN	Ohio and NE Kentucky. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sunda Arc
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Sunda Arc
RT	Lesser Sunda Islands
	Timor
	Java
SN	Island arc extending from Sumatra to Timor. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sunda Shelf
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Java Sea
	....Sunda Shelf
UF	Borneo-Java Shelf
SN	The continental shelf between Borneo and Java. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sunda Strait
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Sunda Strait
RT	Indian Ocean
	Sumatra
	Java
	Java Sea
	Krakatoa
SN	Strait between Java and Sumatra, central Indonesia. Indexed with Indian Ocean and/or Java Sea as applicable.

Sundance Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Sundance Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	South Dakota
SN	Includes Canyon Springs Sandstone, Stockade Beaver Shale, Hulett Sandstone, Lak, and Redwater Shale members. Central N Colorado, central S Montana, NW Nebraska, SW South Dakota, and SW Wyoming.

sundry minerals
USE	mineral inventory

Sunflower County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Sunflower County Mississippi

Sunlight
RT	Park County Wyoming
	San Juan County Colorado
	San Juan Mountains
	Colorado
	Wyoming
SN	Peak in SW Colorado and mountain in NW Wyoming. Indexed with states, counties, and mountain ranges as applicable.

Sunniland Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Sunniland Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Sunniland Limestone
RT	Florida
SN	S Florida. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sunnyside Mine
RT	Carbon County Utah
	gold ores
	Idaho
	metal ores
	mines
	oil sands
	San Juan County Colorado
	Colorado
	Utah
	Valley County Idaho
	Victoria Australia
SN	Metal ores in Eureka mining district, San Juan County, Colorado. Also gold ores on Thunder Mountain, Valley County, Idaho. Also coal mine and oil sands in the Uinta Basin, Carbon County, E Utah. Also gold ores in Victoria, Australia. Indexed with countrie

Sunqur Iran
USE	Songhor Iran

Sunrise Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Sunrise Formation
RT	Nevada
SN	Overlies Gabbs Formation; unconformably underlies Dunlap Formation. SW Nevada.

Sunset-Midway oil field
USE	Midway-Sunset Field

sunspots
RT	geologic hazards
	solar activity

Sunzha
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Northern Caucasus
	...Sunzha
RT	Greater Caucasus
SN	Mountain range. N outlier of the central Greater Caucasus in Northern Caucasus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Supai Formation

superconducting quantum interference devices
USE	SQUID

supercontinents
RT	continents
	cratons
	Gondwana
	Laurasia
	Laurentia
	Pangaea
	Rodinia
	Wilson cycle

Superfund
UF	CERCLA
	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
RT	reclamation
	waste disposal
	Rocky Flats Plant
	programs
	hazardous waste
	U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

supergene processes
UF	hypergene processes
RT	processes
	mineral deposits, genesis
	enrichment
SN	As of 1993, restricted to economic studies.

superimposed folds
USE	superposed folds

superimposed metamorphism
USE	polymetamorphism

Superior Province
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Superior Province
NT	Abitibi Belt
	English River Belt
	Kapuskasing Zone
	Michipicoten Belt
	Pontiac Subprovince
	Quetico Belt
	Wabigoon Belt
	Wawa Belt
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Timiskaming Group
	Minnesota
	Manitoba
	Eye-Dashwa Lakes Pluton
	Labrador
	Wyoming Province
	Levack Gneiss
SN	Structural province of the Canadian Shield. Indexed with Minnesota and/or provinces as applicable.

supernovae
USE	supernovas

supernovas
BT	stars
	.supernovas
UF	supernovae
RT	extraterrestrial geology

superplumes
BT	mantle plumes
	.superplumes
RT	mantle
	hot spots
	superswells
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

superposed folds
BT	folds
	.superposed folds
UF	cross folds
	subsequent folds
	superimposed folds
	transverse folds
RT	orientation
	polyphase processes
SN	Includes use as orientation of folds relative to spatially associated macroscopic structures such as large folds, fold systems, and orogenic zones. Before 1978, also search folds AND (superposed OR cross).

superposed tectonics
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. After 1994, use superposed folds OR polyphase processes and tectonics as applicable.

Superstition Hills earthquake 1987
BT	earthquakes
	.Superstition Hills earthquake 1987
RT	California
	Salton Trough
SN	S. California, Salton Trough area. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Superstition Mountains
RT	Arizona
	Pinal County Arizona
	California
SN	S central Arizona. Also in S California. Also search Superstition. Indexed with county and mountains as applicable.

superstructure
RT	crystal structure

superswells
UF	swells, super
RT	mantle
	swells
	mantle plumes
	superplumes
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

supply
RT	consumption
	economics
	markets
	sediment supply
	utilization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

supply, water
USE	water supply

supracrustals
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.supracrustals
RT	tectonics
	metamorphism
	greenstone belts
	basement
	basement tectonics
	schist belts
	metasedimentary rocks
	metavolcanic rocks
SN	Sedimentary and volcanic rocks which are sufficiently untransformed for them to be recognizable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

supralittoral environment
USE	supratidal environment

supratidal environment
UF	supralittoral environment
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	depositional environment
	terrestrial environment
	marine environment
	sebkha environment
	tidal flats
SN	Before 1978, search supratidal.

sur

Sur fault zone
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sur fault zone
UF	Sur-Nacimiento fault zone
RT	Nacimiento Mountains
SN	In the Point Sur area in W California. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Sur-Nacimiento fault zone
USE	Sur fault zone

Surakhany Azerbaijan
BT	Europe
	.Azerbaijan
	..Surakhany Azerbaijan
RT	oil and gas fields
	Apsheron Peninsula
SN	Town on central Apsheron Peninsula in oil fields near Baku. Also search Surakhany oil field. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Surat Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Surat Basin
RT	Queensland Australia
	New South Wales Australia
SN	Sedimentary basin in SE Queensland and in NE New South Wales. Indexed with Australian states as applicable.

surface
SN	A valid term through 1977. Also included use in combination with geologic (i.e. See engineering geology; reservoirs; surficial geology; surficial geology maps.

surface defects
RT	crystal dislocations
	crystal structure
	crystallography
	crystals
	defects
	minerals
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

surface features
UF	features, surface
RT	Moon
	planetology
	geomorphology
	coronae
	planets
	surface properties
	resurfacing
	surface textures
SN	Used for features on the surfaces of the planets, their satellites and the Sun. See entries for individual planets (e.g. Mars).

surface mining
BT	mining
	.surface mining
NT	open-pit mining
	strip mining
RT	mines
	mining geology
	land use
	cut-and-fill mining
	quarries
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

surface phenomena
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with astrophysics and solar physics.

surface properties
RT	brightness
	electrical properties
	emissivity
	Moon
	properties
	remote sensing
	sea-surface temperature
	spectroscopy
	surface features
	surface tension
	surface textures
SN	For photographic characteristics, electromagnetic responses, etc.

surface reservoirs
USE	reservoirs

surface tension
UF	interfacial tension
RT	properties
	surface properties
	capillarity
	tension
	pressuremeters

surface textures
RT	surface features
	surface properties
	surficial geology
	textures
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

surface water
RT	basin management
	decontamination
	drinking water
	dye tracers
	environmental geology
	floods
	fluorimetry
	ground water
	hydrochemistry
	hydrogeology
	hydrologic cycle
	hydrology
	hydrosphere
	infiltrometers
	irrigation
	lakes
	mires
	nonpoint sources
	polluted water
	poll

surface waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..surface waves
NT	coda waves
	Lg-waves
	Love waves
	Rayleigh waves
	Stoneley waves
	tube waves
UF	L waves
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	engineering geology
	waves
	Airy waves
	body waves
	ground motion
SN	Restricted from use for ocean waves. See ocean waves.

surface-active agents
USE	surfactants

surfaces, erosion
USE	erosion surfaces

surfactants
UF	surface-active agents
RT	geochemistry
	adsorption
	sorption
	wettability
	pollutants
	interfaces
	ion exchange
	aqueous solutions
	biodegradation
	chemical properties
	physicochemical properties
	colloidal materials
	tension
	detergents
SN	Includes detergents, wetting agents, and emulsifiers. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

surficial aquifers
BT	aquifers
	.surficial aquifers
RT	water table
	springs
	shallow aquifers
	unconfined aquifers
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

surficial geology
RT	geology
	landform description
	shallow aquifers
	shallow depth
	soils
	surface textures
	geomorphology
	surficial geology maps
SN	See surficial geology maps.

Surficial Geology (category)
SN	Surficial geology, GeoRef category codes 23-25, are a group of the thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See L

surficial geology maps
BT	maps
	.surficial geology maps
RT	geomorphology
	geomorphologic maps
	surficial geology
SN	Before 1983, also search maps AND surficial geology. Before 1978, also search maps AND (surficial OR (surface AND geologic)). Added to Thesaurus in 1983.

surges
RT	base surges
	glacier surges
	ocean waves
	pyroclastic surges
	storms
	tidal surges
	tides
	tsunamis
	waves
SN	Before 1978, term was used for glacier surges. Use more specific term if applicable.

Surgut Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tyumen Russian Federation
	...Surgut Russian Federation
SN	Town on right bank of Ob River in S Khanty-Mansi National Okrug in W Siberia. Before 1993, Surgut Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Surigao del Norte Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Surigao del Norte Philippine Islands
RT	Mindanao
SN	Province, S Philippine Islands.

Surinam
BT	South America
	.Surinam
NT	Wilhelmina Mountains
UF	Dutch Guiana
	Netherlands Guiana
RT	Transamazonian Orogeny
	Guiana Basin
	Guyana Shield
	Guianas

Surkhan Darya
BT	Asia
	.Surkhan Darya
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Surkhan Darya
RT	Tajikistan
	Amu Darya
	Uzbekistan
SN	River which rises in the Hissar Range of Tajikistan and flows SSW into the Amu Darya near Termez. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Surkhan Darya basin
BT	Asia
	.Surkhan Darya basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Surkhan Darya basin
UF	Surkhan-Darya basin
RT	Tajikistan
	Uzbekistan
SN	River basin, primarily in Surkhan Darya Oblast in S Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Surkhan-Darya basin
USE	Surkhan Darya basin

Surma Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Surma Group
RT	India
	Bangladesh
SN	NE India and Bangladesh. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Surrey England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Surrey England
RT	The Weald
SN	County SW of London, SE England.

Surry County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Surry County North Carolina
SN	NW North Carolina.

Surry County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Surry County Virginia
SN	SE Virginia.

Surtsey
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Iceland
	...Surtsey
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcanic island off S Iceland.

Suruga Bay
BT	nshu
	.Suruga Bay
RT	Tokai Japan
	Shizuoka Japan
	Fuji River
	Izu Peninsula
SN	Inlet of Pacific Ocean SW of Yokohama on SE coast.

survey organizations
BT	government agencies
	.survey organizations
NT	British Geological Survey
	ENADIMSA
	Geological Survey of Canada
	Geological Survey of India
	Illinois State Geological Survey
	Ontario Geological Survey
	U. S. Geological Survey
UF	geologic surveys
RT	associations
	museums
	organization
	annual report
	current research
	progress report
	catalogs
	bibliography
	publications
	research
	surveys
	history
SN	Used for the work of geological surveys, national or local. Before 1981, search specific name of the survey organization. Indexed with name of survey organization in original language. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Surveyor 3
BT	Surveyor Program
	.Surveyor 3
UF	Surveyor III
RT	Moon
	remote sensing

Surveyor 5
BT	Surveyor Program
	.Surveyor 5
UF	Surveyor V Mission
RT	Moon
	remote sensing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Surveyor 7
BT	Surveyor Program
	.Surveyor 7
UF	Surveyor VII
RT	Moon
	remote sensing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Surveyor III
USE	Surveyor 3

Surveyor Program
NT	Surveyor 3
	Surveyor 5
	Surveyor 7
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	Moon
	planetology
	remote sensing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Surveyor V Mission
USE	Surveyor 5

Surveyor VII
USE	Surveyor 7

surveys
NT	geochemical surveys
	geophysical surveys
	soil surveys
RT	exploration
	geodesy
	geotraverses
	ground water
	hydrology
	maps
	soils
	survey organizations
	triangulation
SN	As of 1981, restricted to actual surveying and its results. Before 1981, also used for the work of geological surveys. See survey organizations. This term may be used with ground water, hydrology, and geodesy. Also see geochemical surveys, geophysical sur

susceptibility
SN	A valid term through 1977. Use magnetic susceptibility.

Susitna River
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Susitna River
RT	Susitna River basin
SN	S central Alaska. Flows from Mount Hayes in the Alaska Range to Cook Inlet near Anchorage. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Susitna River basin
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Susitna River basin
RT	Susitna River
SN	N of Anchorage in S Alaska. Also search Susitna. As of 1989, use Susitna River for river.

suspect terranes
USE	terranes

suspended materials
RT	dissolved materials
	flocculation
	hydrochemistry
	materials
	overbank sediments
	sea water
	sediment traps
	settling
	turbidity
SN	Before 1978, search materials AND suspended.

suspension
RT	hydrology
	sediment transport
	sediments
	settling
	geochemistry

suspension current
USE	turbidity currents

Susquehanna County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Susquehanna County Pennsylvania

Susquehanna River
BT	United States
	.Susquehanna River
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
SN	Rises in Otsego Lake in central New York and flows S emptying into N Chesapeake Bay. Indexed with counties and states as applicable.

Susquehanna River basin
BT	United States
	.Susquehanna River basin
UF	Susquehanna Valley
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
SN	Primarily in Pennsylvania. Indexed with counties and states as applicable.

Susquehanna Valley
USE	Susquehanna River basin

Sussex County Delaware
BT	United States
	.Delaware
	..Sussex County Delaware
SN	S Delaware.

Sussex County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Sussex County New Jersey
NT	Beemerville New Jersey
	Sterling Hill
RT	New Jersey Highlands
SN	Extreme NW New Jersey.

Sussex County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Sussex County Virginia
SN	SE Virginia.

Sussex England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Sussex England
NT	Horsham England
	Piltdown England
RT	The Weald
SN	Former county on English Channel. Divided into two administrative counties: East Sussex and West Sussex in 1974.

Sussex Sandstone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Sussex Sandstone Member
RT	Wyoming
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sustut Basin
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Sustut Basin
SN	River basin in N central British Columbia.

Sutam River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Sutam River
SN	S Yakutia near N border of Amur Oblast in SE Siberia. Also search Sutam. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sutherland Scotland
BT	ghland region Scotland
	.Sutherland Scotland
NT	Assynt
	Scourie Scotland
SN	Former county in highlands of extreme N Scotland.

Sutherland South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Sutherland South Africa
RT	Cape Province region
SN	S South Africa. Indexed with province.

Sutna India
USE	Satna India

SUTRA
BT	computer programs
	.SUTRA
UF	Saturated-Unsaturated TRAnsport
RT	ground water
	aquifers
	models
	simulation
	transport
	finite element analysis
	unsaturated zone
	two-dimensional models
	saturation
	finite difference analysis
SN	Computer program to simulate fluid movement and transport of either energy or dissolved substances in a subsurface environment.

Sutter County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sutter County California
NT	Nicolaus California
RT	Feather River
SN	N central California.

Sutton County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Sutton County Texas
SN	W Texas.

suture zones
UF	tectonic sutures
	zones, suture
RT	tectonics
	plate tectonics
	rifting
SN	Used for tectonic sutures. For paleontology, use sutures. Added to Thesaurus in 1983.

sutures
RT	fossils
	morphology
SN	Use suture zones for tectonic sutures.

Suva Fiji
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Fiji
	...Viti Levu
	....Suva Fiji
SN	Town with one of best harbors in the South Pacific on SE coast of Viti Levu Island.

Suvalkai Poland
USE	Suwalki Poland

Suvalki Poland
USE	Suwalki Poland

Suwalki Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Suwalki Poland
NT	Augustow Poland
UF	Suvalkai Poland
	Suvalki Poland
SN	Region and city E of the Masurian Lakes in NE Suwalki, extreme NE Poland.

Suwannee County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Suwannee County Florida

Suwannee Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....upper Oligocene
	......Suwannee Limestone
RT	Florida
	Georgia
SN	Upper part of formation considered to be equivalent to lower Chickasawhay Marl of E Mississippi, and lower part possibly equivalent of Byram Formation and Marianna Limestone of Florida. S central Georgia, and E Florida.

Suwannee River
BT	United States
	.Suwannee River
RT	Florida
	Georgia
	Okefenokee Swamp
SN	Rises in Okefenokee Swamp and winds its way to the Gulf of Mexico. Indexed with Florida and/or Georgia and counties as applicable.

Suzak Kyrgyzstan
BT	Asia
	.Kyrgyzstan
	..Suzak Kyrgyzstan
SN	Village in central Kyrgyzstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

SV-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...S-waves
	....SV-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Svalbard
BT	Arctic region
	.Svalbard
NT	Spitsbergen
RT	Arctic Coastal Plain
	Arctic Ocean
	Bear Island
	Fram Strait
SN	Norwegian island group including Spitsbergen group and Bear Island.

svanbergite
BT	sulfates
	.svanbergite

Svanetia
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Svanetia
RT	Greater Caucasus
SN	Region on S slopes of the Greater Caucasus in NW Georgian Republic.

Svec

Svecofennian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Svecofennian
SN	Europe.

Svecofennian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Svecofennian Orogeny
UF	Svecokarelian Orogeny
RT	orogeny
	Finland
	Sweden
	Norway
	Baltic Shield
	Karelia Russian Federation
	Karelia
SN	Paleoproterozoic. Sweden, Finland, Russian Karelia, and the S part of N Norway. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Svecokarelian Orogeny
USE	Svecofennian Orogeny

Sveconorwegian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Sveconorwegian Orogeny
UF	Dalslandian Orogeny
	Gothian Orogeny
RT	Proterozoic
	orogeny
	Sweden
	Norway
	North Sea
SN	Norway, Sweden and parts of the North Sea.

Sventoji River
BT	Europe
	.Baltic region
	..Lithuania
	...Sventoji River
UF	Shventoyi River
SN	Central Lithuania. Also search Sventoji.

Sverdlovsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sverdlovsk Russian Federation
NT	Kushva Russian Federation
	Serov Russian Federation
	Sysert Russian Federation
	Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
RT	Asia
	Ural region
	Central Urals
	Tagil Basin
SN	Oblast, foothills of the Central Urals in W Siberia. Before 1993, Sverdlovsk Russian Republic was also used. Indexed with Central Urals, Europe, or Asia if applicable.

Sverdrup Basin
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Franklin District Northwest Territories
	...Queen Elizabeth Islands
	....Sverdrup Basin
RT	Arctic Ocean
	Kanguk Formation
SN	In the Sverdrup Channel area of the Sverdrup Islands in N Franklin District.

Svinita Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Banat
	...Svinita Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Svinita Romania
SN	Village in S Banat, W Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Svratka Dome
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Moravia
	....Svratka Dome
RT	Bohemian Massif
SN	Moravia. Also search Svratka.

Swabia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Swabia
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	Hesse Germany
SN	Region. Duchy of medieval Germany. Nearly coextensive with Baden-Wurttemberg, Hesse, and W Bavaria. Indexed with states as applicable.

Swabian Alb
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	....Swabian Alb
UF	Swabian Jura
RT	Holzmaden region
SN	Mountain range between the Neckar River and the upper Danube River.

Swabian Jura
USE	Swabian Alb

Swain County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Swain County North Carolina

swamps
BT	mires
	.swamps
NT	mangrove swamps
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	brackish-water environment
	surface water
	lacustrine features
	bogs
	marshes
	peatlands
	wetlands
	paludal environment
SN	As of 1981, use paludal environment for type of environment.

Swan Hills
RT	Alberta
SN	Hilly region S of Lesser Slave Lake in central Alberta. Indexed with Alberta or region as applicable.

Swan Hills Forma

Swan Hills Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Swan Hills Formation
RT	Middle Devonian
	Upper Devonian
	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
	Beaverhill Lake Group
	Northwest Territories
SN	Middle-Upper Devonian. Alberta, Northwest Territories, and Saskatchewan. Petroleum-bearing layer. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Swan Peak Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Swan Peak Formation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
SN	Includes Watson Ranch Tongue. SE Idaho and NE Utah.

Swansea
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Swansea Wales. Before 1993, also used for population centers in New South Wales and England; before 1989 was also used in U. S. states.

Swansea Bay
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Glamorgan Wales
	......Swansea Bay
RT	Bristol Channel
	Swansea Wales
SN	Inlet of Bristol Channel, S Wales. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Swansea Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Glamorgan Wales
	......Swansea Wales
RT	Swansea Bay
SN	City on Bristol Channel in West Glamorgan County, S Wales.

swarms
UF	earthquake swarms
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	intrusions
	dike swarms
SN	As of 1981, restricted to earthquakes.

Swartkrans Cave
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Guateng South Africa
	....Swartkrans Cave
RT	Transvaal region
SN	Hominoid site, Guateng, NE South Africa, near Johanesburg.

Swat Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...North-West Frontier Pakistan
	....Swat Pakistan
SN	District in the valley of the Swat River NNE of Peshawar.

Swauk Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Swauk Formation
RT	Washington
SN	Unconformably overlies metamorphic basement of unknown age. Central and N central Washington.

Swaziland
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..Swaziland
RT	Kaapvaal Craton
	Barberton greenstone belt
	Lebombo Mountains
	Pongola Supergroup
	Swaziland Sequence
	Swaziland System
SN	Borders on Mozambique and South Africa. Administered by a British High Commissioner until independence in 1968.

Swaziland Sequence
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Swaziland Sequence
RT	South Africa
	Swaziland
SN	In South Africa, and Swaziland.

Swaziland System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Swaziland System
RT	South Africa
	Swaziland
SN	In South Africa and Swaziland.

Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
NT	Alno
	Bergslagen
	Blekinge Sweden
	Dalarna
	Gota Valley
	Goteborg Sweden
	Gotland Sweden
	Gravberg Well
	Halland Sweden
	Jamtland Sweden
	Kalmar Sweden
	Kristianstad Sweden
	Malmohus Sweden
	Norrbotten Sweden
	Nykoping Sweden
	Orebro Sweden
	Siljan
	Siljan Ring
	Skane
	Skellefte mining district
	Smaland
	Stockholm Sweden
	Uppsala Sweden
	Varmland Sweden
	Vasterbotten Sweden
	Vastergotland
RT	Arctic region
	Ancylus Lake
	Baltic Glaciation
	Baltic region
	Baltic ice lake
	Litorina Sea
	Baltica
	Oresund
	Baltic Shield
	Fennoscandia
	Svecofennian Orogeny
	North Sea Coast
	North Sea region
	Koli Nappe
	Lapland
	Sparagmite Group
	Sveconorwegian Orogeny
	Sulitjelma

Sweet Grass County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Sweet Grass County Montana
RT	Crazy Mountains Basin
SN	S central Montana.

Sweetgrass Arch
BT	North America
	.Sweetgrass Arch
RT	Alberta
	Montana
	Blackleaf Formation
SN	Indexed with Alberta and/or Montana as applicable.

Sweetwater County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Sweetwater County Wyoming
NT	Rock Springs Wyoming
RT	Moxa Arch
	Great Divide Basin
	Lost Soldier Field
	Red Desert
	Lake Gosiute
	Rock Springs Uplift
SN	SW Wyoming.

swelling soils
USE	expansive materials

swells
RT	arches
	crust
	domes
	hot spots
	intraplate processes
	lithosphere
	mantle plumes
	sea-floor spreading
	structural geology
	superswells
	geomorphology
	tectonics
	uplifts
SN	Used only for topographic structures such as domes or wide uplifts of the ocean floor; not for ocean waves. Also search ocean swells or oceanic swells if applicable. Indexed with a more specific term such as dome or arch or mid-ocean ridge if applicable.

swells, super
USE	superswells

Swietokrzyskie Mountains
USE	Swiety Krzyz Mountains

Swiety Krzyz Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Swiety Krzyz Mountains
UF	Holy Cross Mountains
	Swietokrzyskie Mountains
RT	Galezice
	Kielce Poland
	Korytnica Basin
SN	Mountain group between the Vistula River and Pilica River in SE central Poland. Also search Swiety Krzyz.

Swift County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Swift County Minnesota

Swift Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Swift Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
SN	In Ellis Group. N central Montana, W South Dakota, North Dakota and E Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Swisher County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Swisher County Texas
SN	NW Texas.

Swiss Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Swiss Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Swiss Alps
NT	Central Swiss Alps
	Eastern Swiss Alps
	Northern Swiss Alps
	Southern Swiss Alps
RT	Aiguilles Rouges
	Tavetsch
	Glarus Alps
	Oberalp Pass
SN	Those ranges of the Alps mountain system which lie within Switzerland. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Swiss Jura Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Swiss Jura Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Jura Mountains
	..Swiss Jura Mountains
RT	Jura Switzerland
SN	Jura Mountains in Switzerland. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Swiss Molasse Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Molasse Basin
	...Swiss Molasse Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Swiss Molasse Basin
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Swiss Rhine Graben
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Rhine Graben
	...Swiss Rhine Graben
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Swiss Rhine Graben
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
NT	Aar Massif
	Aar Valley
	Aargau Switzerland
	Basel Switzerland
	Bern Switzerland
	Bernese Alps
	Geneva Switzerland
	Glarus Alps
	Glarus Switzerland
	Gotthard Massif
	Graubunden Switzerland
	Grindelwald
	Jura Switzerland
	Lake of Zurich
	Lucerne Switzerland
	Neuchatel Switzerland
	Oberalp Pass
	Saint Gall Switzerland
	Schaffhausen Switzerland
	Swiss Alps
	Swiss Jura Mountains
	Swiss Molasse Basin
	Swiss Rhine Graben
	Thur Valley
	Ticino Switzerland
	Uri Switzerland
	Valais Switzerland
	Vaud Switzerland
	Zurich Switzerland
RT	Alps
	Arve Valley
	Central Alps
	Limestone Alps
	Molasse Basin
	Black Forest
	Lake Constance
	Rhine River
	Ceneri Zone
	Western Alps
	Rhine Basin
	Rhone River
	Rhone Valley
	Rhine Valley
	Rhine Graben
	Simplon region
	Silvretta Group

Switzerland County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Switzerland County Indiana

sychnodymite
USE	carrollite

Sydney Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Sydney Australia
SN	City on the Pacific Ocean in E New South Wales.

Sydney Basin
RT	Gunnedah Basin
	New South Wales Australia
	Newcastle Coal Measures
	Southern coal field
	North Atlantic
SN	Including the Sydney area in New South Wales, it extends from NW of Newcastle on the N to W of Wollongong on the south. Also offshore Nova Scotia. Indexed with states or region as applicable.

Sydney coal field
UF	Sydney Coalfield
RT	coal fields
	Nova Scotia
	Cape Breton Island
SN	E Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Indexed with Cape Breton Island if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sydney Coalfield
USE	Sydney coal field

Sydney Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton County Nova Scotia
	.....Sydney Nova Scotia

Syedlets Poland
USE	Siedlce Poland

syenite porphyry
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...syenite porphyry
RT	porphyry

syenites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
NT	agpaite
	albitite
	albitophyre
	alkali syenites
	bostonite
	foyaite
	granosyenite
	kakortokite
	lujavrite
	miaskite
	microsyenite
	monzonites
	naujaite
	nepheline syenite
	pulaskite
	quartz syenite
	shonkinite
	syenite porphyry
RT	appinite

syenodiorite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..diorites
	...syenodiorite

Sylmar Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sylmar Fault
RT	Los Angeles County California
	San Fernando Valley
SN	Named after town in San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County. Also search Sylmar. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Sylt
BT	hleswig-Holstein Germany
	.Sylt
UF	Sylt Island
SN	Main island of the North Frisian Islands just off the mainland in the North Sea.

Sylt Island
USE	Sylt

Sylvania Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Sylvania Formation
RT	Ontario
	Ohio
	Michigan
	Detroit River Group
SN	SE Michigan, NW Ohio, and Ontario.

Sylvania Seamount
USE	Wodejebato Seamount

sylvanite
BT	tellurides
	.sylvanite
UF	silvanite

sylvine
USE	sylvite

sylvinite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..evaporites
	...sylvinite
RT	evaporite deposits
	halite
	sylvite
SN	A rock containing chiefly impure potassium chloride. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sylvite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..sylvite
UF	leopoldite
	sylvine
RT	potassium chloride
	sylvinite

symbiosis
RT	epibiotism

symmetric folds
BT	folds
	.symmetric folds
RT	asymmetric folds
	normal folds
SN	Before 1978, search folds AND symmetric.

Symmetrodonta
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Symmetrodonta
SN	Order.

symmetry
UF	asymmetry
RT	asymmetric distribution
	crystal structure
	crystal systems
	crystallography
	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystal field

symmicton
USE	diamicton

symplectite
UF	symplectites
RT	minerals
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	crystal growth
	crystalline rocks
SN	Intergrowth of two different minerals. Also used for the rock characterized by symplectic texture. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

symplectites
USE	symplectite

symposia
UF	colloquia
	conferences
	meetings
	symposium
	symposiums
RT	associations
	organization
	annual report
	report
	progress report
	geology
SN	Indexed with for proceedings volumes.

symposium
USE	symposia

symposiums
USE	symposia

Synapsida
NT	Pelycosauria
	Therapsida

synchisite
BT	carbonates
	.synchisite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..synchisite
UF	synchysite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

synchr

synchrotron radiation
RT	chemical analysis
	electromagnetic field
	electromagnetic methods
	experimental studies
	radioactivity
	synchrotrons
	X-ray analysis
	X-ray diffraction analysis
	X-ray fluorescence
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

synchrotrons
RT	electromagnetic methods
	electromagnetic radiation
	instruments
	particles
	radioactivity
	synchrotron radiation
	X-ray analysis
	X-ray diffraction analysis
	X-ray fluorescence
SN	Used for the instrument. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

synchysite
USE	synchisite

synclinal
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use synclines.

synclines
BT	folds
	.synclines
RT	anticlines
	synform folds
SN	Before 1978, also search folds AND synclinal.

synclinoria
BT	folds
	.synclinoria
RT	geosynclines
	anticlinoria
	geanticlines
	systems

synform folds
BT	folds
	.synform folds
RT	antiform folds
	synclines
SN	Before 1978, search folds AND synform.

syngenesis
BT	diagenesis
	.syngenesis
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
SN	Before 1998, if applicable, also search sedimentary processes which was chiefly used for economic studies.

synonymy
RT	paleontology
	taxonomy

synsedimentary processes
RT	processes
	seismites
	sedimentation
	syntectonic processes
	tectonics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

syntectonic processes
RT	post-tectonic processes
	processes
	synsedimentary processes
	tectonics
SN	Before 1978, search syntectonic.

synthesis
RT	crystal growth
	minerals
	synthetic materials
SN	Before 1971, also search mineral synthesis.

synthetic
SN	A valid term through 1977 used in combination with the name of the mineral to index artificial minerals. After 1977, use synthetic materials.

synthetic aperture radar
USE	SAR

synthetic materials
RT	carborundum
	materials
	minerals
	natural materials
	synthesis
SN	Used to index artificial minerals. Before 1978, also search synthetic AND name of mineral. Use synthetic materials and specific mineral name.

synthetic seismograms
BT	seismograms
	.synthetic seismograms
RT	numerical seismograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Syowa Station
BT	Antarctica
	.Syowa Station
UF	Showa Station
RT	Lutzow-Holm Bay
	Prince Olav Coast
SN	Japanese research facility on Prince Olav Coast bordering Lutzow-Holm Bay in E Antarctica. Also search Showa. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Syr Darya
BT	Asia
	.Syr Darya
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Syr Darya
UF	Jaxartes River
	Saihun River
	Sir Darya
	Syr Darya River
	Syr-Darya
RT	Tajikistan
	Kazakhstan
	Kyrgyzstan
	Uzbekistan
SN	River which rises in the Tien Shan and flows W and NW into the Aral Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Syr Darya River
USE	Syr Darya

Syr-Darya
USE	Syr Darya

Syracuse
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1989, included use for city in Onondaga County, New York. Now use Syracuse New York for city in New York. As of 1993, see Syracuse Italy.

Syracuse Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Syracuse Italy
SN	City in SE Sicily. Also search Siracusa.

Syracuse New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Onondaga County New York
	...Syracuse New York
SN	City in central New York.

Syria
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Syria
NT	Damascus Syria
	Golan Heights
	Palmyrides
	Sabkha Syria
RT	Mediterranean region
	Near East
	Jordan River
	Jordan Valley
	Great Rift Valley
	Euphrates River
	Ghareb Formation
	Mount Scopus Group
	Mesopotamia
	Judea Group
	Menuha Formation

Syrte Basin
USE	Sirte Basin

Syrtis Major
BT	Mars
	.Syrtis Major
SN	Albedo region. Also index Syrtis Major Planum if applicable.

Sysert Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sverdlovsk Russian Federation
	...Sysert Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Sysert Russian Federation
SN	City 25 miles SSE of Yekaterinburg in Sverdlovsk Oblast in W Siberia. Before 1993, Sysert Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

system analysis
USE	systems analysis

systematics
SN	A valid term through 1977. Use taxonomy.

Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre
USE	SPOT

systems
RT	anticlinoria
	closed systems
	coordinate systems
	en echelon faults
	faults
	folds
	fractures
	geographic information systems
	geothermal systems
	grabens
	half grabens
	horsts
	information systems
	open systems
	self-organization
	self-similarity
	synclinoria
	systems an

systems an

systems analogs
RT	ground water
	modern analogs
	natural analogs
	systems
	systems analysis

systems analysis
UF	system analysis
RT	analysis
	computer programs
	data processing
	systems
	information systems
	self-organization
	information management
	systems analogs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

szaibelyite
BT	borates
	.szaibelyite
UF	ascharite

Szczecin Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Szczecin Poland
NT	Wolin
	Wolin Poland
UF	Stettin Poland
SN	Province and city in NW Poland.

Szechuan China
USE	Sichuan China

Szechwan Basin
USE	Sichuan Basin

Szolnok Hungary
BT	ngary
	.Szolnok Hungary
SN	County including the city in E central Hungary.

szprem Hungary
NT	Lake Balaton
	Varpalota Hungary