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Si
USE	silicon

Si-32
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Si-32
BT	silicon
	.Si-32
RT	accelerator mass spectroscopy
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

sial
USE	granitic layer

Siam
USE	Thailand

Sian China
USE	Xi'an China

Sibay Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Bashkortostan Russian Federation
	...Sibay Russian Federation
SN	Town in the Southern Urals in Bashkortostan in SE European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Sibay Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siberia
BT	Asia
	.Siberia
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Siberian Platform
	Russian Far East
	Central Asia
	Baikal rift zone
	Baikalian Phase
	Beringia
	Ob River
	Russian Pacific region
	Khatanga Basin
	Moty Formation
	Omolon Block
	Popigay Structure
	Tunguska Basin
	Tunguska Syneclise
	West Sib
SN	Region in Asia extending from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Chinese and Mongolian borders and including N Kazakhstan. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Siberia-Soviet Far East
USE	Russian Far East

Siberian fold belt
BT	Asia
	.Siberian fold belt
NT	Baikal region
	Sayan
RT	Russian Federation
	Altai Mountains
	Tuva Russian Federation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Siberian Lowland
BT	Asia
	.West Siberia
	..Siberian Lowland
UF	West Siberian Basin
	West Siberian Lowland
	West Siberian Plain
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Ob-Irtysh Interfluve
	Megion Field
	Urengoy Field
SN	Region comprising the West Siberian Plain which extends from the Urals in the W to the Yenisei River in the E, and from the Kara Sea in the N to the Kazakh Hills in the S. Also search Siberian. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Sovie

Siberian Platform
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Siberian Platform
BT	Asia
	.Siberian Platform
NT	Aldan Shield
	Anabar Shield
	Angara-Lena Basin
	North Siberian Plain
	Tunguska
	Vilyuy Syneclise
	Yakutia region
	Yenisei Ridge
UF	Central Siberian Plateau
	West Siberian Platform
RT	Udachnaya Pipe
	Siberia
	Bazhenov Formation
	Mir Pipe
SN	Region comprising the Central Siberian Plateau which lies between the Yenisei River on the W, and the Lena River on the E. Also search Siberian. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sibiu Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Sibiu Romania
SN	City and county in S Transylvania.

Sibley County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Sibley County Minnesota

Sichuan Basin
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sichuan Basin
UF	Szechwan Basin
RT	Sichuan China
SN	SW China. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Sichuan China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sichuan China
NT	Panxi Rift
UF	Sichuan Sheng
	Szechuan China
RT	Wufeng Formation
	Yangtze Platform
	Chongqing China
	Yangtze Three Gorges
	Xichang China
	Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
	Luoquan Formation
	Xianshuihe fault zone
	Sanjiang
	Sichuan Basin
SN	Province, SW China. In 1997, the eastern part became the Chonqqing independent municipality.

Sichuan Sheng
USE	Sichuan China

Sicilia Italy
USE	Sicily Italy

Sicilian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Sicilian
SN	Europe.

Sicily Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
NT	Caltanissetta Italy
	Ciminna Basin
	Enna Italy
	Lipari Islands
	Madonie Mountains
	Messina Italy
	Mount Etna
	Nebrodi Mountains
	Palermo Italy
	Pantelleria
	Peloritani Mountains
	Syracuse Italy
	Trapani Italy
	Ustica Island
UF	Sicilia Italy
RT	Mediterranean region
	Mediterranean Sea
	Calabrian Arc
SN	Island in Mediterranean Sea and autonomous region.

Sicker Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...upper Paleozoic
	....Sicker Group
RT	Permian
	Pennsylvanian
	British Columbia
	Vancouver Island
SN	Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Pennsylvanian? to Permian. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

side-looking airborne radar
USE	SLAR

side-scanning methods
RT	acoustical methods
	GLORIA
	methods
	radar methods
	SAR
	geophysical methods
	SLAR
	sonar methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

sideraerolite
USE	stony irons

Siderian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Siderian

siderite
BT	carbonates
	.siderite
UF	chalybite
RT	iron ores
	iron minerals

siderite (meteorite)
USE	iron meteorites

siderolite
USE	stony irons

siderophile elemen

siderophile elements
RT	chalcophile elements
	chemical elements
	cobalt
	gold
	iron
	lithophile elements
	nickel
	phosphorus
	platinum
SN	Chemical elements which tend to concentrate in metallic phases of meteorites. Also, an element possessing weak affinity for sulfur and oxygen.

siderophyre
BT	meteorites
	.stony irons
	..siderophyre
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

Sidhi India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Sidhi India
SN	Village and district in E Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Sidobre Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Central Massif
	....Sidobre Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Tarn France
	....Sidobre Massif
SN	In S Central Massif NE of Castres. Also search Sidobre. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siebengebirge
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Siebengebirge
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Westerwald
	....Siebengebirge
SN	Hills in the Westerwald on right bank of Rhine River SSE of Bonn. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siedlce Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Siedlce Poland
UF	Syedlets Poland
SN	Province and city in E Poland.

Siegenian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Lower Devonian
	.....Siegenian
SN	Europe. Above Gedinnian, below Emsian.

siegenite
BT	sulfides
	.siegenite
RT	linnaeite

Siena Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Tuscany Italy
	....Siena Italy
SN	City and province in S central Tuscany.

Sierozems
BT	soils
	.Sierozems
UF	Cerozem
	Gray desert soil
	Gray earth
	Serozem
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils

Sierra Ancha
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Gila County Arizona
	...Sierra Ancha
SN	Ridge in E central Arizona.

Sierra Blanca
RT	Lincoln County New Mexico
	Otero County New Mexico
	Sangre de Cristo Mountains
	New Mexico
SN	Range in Otero and Lincoln counties in S central New Mexico. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Sierra County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sierra County California
SN	NE California.

Sierra County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Sierra County New Mexico
NT	Truth or Consequences New Mexico
RT	Black Range
	Caballo Mountains
	Jornada del Muerto
	Orogrande Basin
	San Andres Mountains
SN	SW New Mexico.

Sierra de Gador
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Sierra de Gador
SN	Range in SE Spain.

Sierra de Gredos
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Sierra de Gredos
RT	Avila Spain
	Caceres Spain
	Toledo Spain
	Madrid Spain
SN	Range W of Madrid in W central Spain.

Sierra de Guadarrama
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Sierra de Guadarrama
RT	Avila Spain
	Old Castile Spain
	Segovia Spain
	New Castile Spain
	Madrid Spain
SN	Range N of Madrid separating Old Castile from New Castile.

Sierra de Juarez
RT	Baja California
	Baja California Norte Mexico
	Chiapas Mexico
	Chihuahua Mexico
	Oaxaca Mexico
SN	Mountain range, N Baja California, Mexico. Also mountain ranges in southern and central Mexico. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Mexican states or other location as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sierra de la Demanda
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Sierra de la Demanda
RT	Old Castile Spain
	Burgos Spain
	La Rioja Spain
	Iberian Mountains
SN	Range of the Cordillera Iberica in Old Castile in N Spain.

Sierra de los Filabres
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Sierra de los Filabres
RT	Nevado-Filabride Complex
SN	Range in W central Almeria Province, SE Spain.

Sierra de los Organos
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Pinar del Rio Cuba
	......Sierra de los Organos
SN	Range in W Pinar del Rio, W Cuba.

Sierra de Perija
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Sierra de Perija
RT	Colombia
	Venezuela
	Eastern Cordillera
	Zulia Venezuela
SN	Range of the Andes on the Colombia-Venezuela border. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sierra de Ronda
USE	Serrania de Ronda

Sierra Gorda
BT	Mexico
	.Guanajuato Mexico
	..Sierra Gorda
RT	Sierra Madre Occidental
SN	E range of S Sierra Madre Occidental in central Mexico.

Sierra Leone
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Sierra Leone
SN	Former British colony and protectorate. Became independent in 1961.

Sierra Leone Rise
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Sierra Leone Rise
RT	Leg 41
	DSDP Site 13
	Equatorial Atlantic
	DSDP Site 366
	ODP Site 668
	ODP Site 665
	ODP Site 666
	ODP Site 667
SN	SW of West Africa in NE Equatorial Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sierra Madre
RT	Luzon
	Mexico
	North American Cordillera
	California
	Sierra Madre del Sur
	Sierra Madre Occidental
	Sierra Madre Oriental
	Sierra Madre Range
SN	Chief Mexican mountain system extending 1500 miles SE from U.S. border including 3 separate ranges which enclose the great central plateau. Before 1978, this term also included the Sierra Madre Range of Wyoming. Also used for ranges on Luzon, Philippines

Sierra Madre del Sur
BT	Mexico
	.Sierra Madre del Sur
RT	Guerrero Mexico
	Mexican volcanic belt
	Sierra Madre
	Oaxaca Mexico
SN	Coastal range in SW Mexico. Indexed with Sierra Madre and Mexican states as applicable.

Sierra Madre Occidental
BT	Mexico
	.Sierra Madre Occidental
RT	Chihuahua Mexico
	Sonora Mexico
	Jalisco Mexico
	Mexican volcanic belt
	Colima Mexico
	Durango Mexico
	Nayarit Mexico
	Zacatecas Mexico
	Sierra Madre
	Sierra Gorda
SN	Range running for 700 miles parallel to the Pacific Ocean. Indexed with Mexican states and Sierra Madre as applicable.

Sierra Madre Oriental
BT	Mexico
	.Sierra Madre Oriental
RT	Tamaulipas Mexico
	Coahuila Mexico
	Hidalgo Mexico
	Puebla Mexico
	Sierra Madre
	Nuevo Leon Mexico
	Veracruz Mexico
	San Luis Potosi Mexico
SN	Range running parallel to the Gulf of Mexico. Indexed with Mexican states and Sierra Madre as applicable.

Sierra Madre Range
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Sierra Madre Range
RT	Sierra Madre
	Mullen Creek-Nash Fork shear zone
SN	Range in Continental Divide, S Wyoming, just W of North Platte River. Also search Sierra Madre AND Wyoming.

Sierra Morena
SN	A valid term through mid-1978. See Betic Cordillera.

Sierra Nevada
RT	Cascade Range
	Long Valley Caldera
	Melones Fault
	Mount Lyell
	Nevadan Orogeny
	North American Cordillera
	California
	Sonoma Orogeny
	Spanish Sierra Nevada
	Table Mountain
	White Mountain
SN	Mountain range in E California. Search Sierra Nevada AND California. May also occur in other locations. After 1981, see Spanish Sierra Nevada if applicable. Indexed with states or regions and mountains as applicable.

Sierra Nevada Batholith
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sierra Nevada Batholith
SN	E central California. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
RT	Santa Marta Colombia
SN	Mountain range in N Colombia on Caribbean coast.

Sierra Pena Blanca
BT	Mexico
	.Chihuahua Mexico
	..Sierra Pena Blanca
SN	Chihuahua, N Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Sierras Australes
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Buenos Aires Argentina
	...Sierras Australes
UF	Southern Ranges, Buenos Aires
SN	Group of mountain ranges in S Buenos Aires Province, E Argentina. Also index individual ranges if available. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Sierras Pampeanas
USE	Pampean Mountains

Sierrita Mountains
RT	Arizona
	Pima County Arizona
SN	S Arizona. Location of porphyry copper deposits. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Sifton Basin
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Sifton Basin
SN	N British Columbia. Also search Sifton.

Sigillaria
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Lycopsida
	...Sigillaria
SN	Genus.

Sigma Mine
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Sigma Mine
RT	mines
	Abitibi Belt
	gold ores
	Val d'Or Quebec
SN	Gold ores. Val d'Or, SW Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

signal distortion
RT	distortion
	elastic waves
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Signal Hill Formation
BT	ronian
	.Signal Hill Formation
RT	Canada
	Newfoundland Island
SN	Unconformably underlies Random Formation and overlies Avalonian Formation.

signal to noise ratios
USE	signal-to-noise ratio

signal-to-noise ratio
UF	signal to noise ratios
RT	seismology
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	seismic methods
	seismograms
	stacking
	noise
	signals
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

signals
RT	filters
	noise
	signal-to-noise ratio
	geophysical methods
	seismology
	teleseismic signals

Signy Island
BT	Antarctica
	.South Orkney Islands
	..Signy Island
RT	Atlantic Ocean
SN	One of the South Orkney Islands SE of the Falkland Islands. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sigsbee Deep
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Sigsbee Deep
RT	Campeche Scarp
	DSDP Site 3
	Mississippi Fan
	DSDP Site 91
SN	In SW central part of Gulf of Mexico. Before 1993, also search Mexico Basin AND Gulf of Mexico.

Sikhote Alin
USE	Sikhote-Alin Range
SN	A valid term through 1976.

Sikhote-Alin Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Sikhote-Alin Range
BT	Asia
	.Sikhote-Alin Range
UF	Sikhote Alin
RT	Russian Far East
	Khabarovsk Russian Federation
	impact features
	Primorye Russian Federation
SN	Mountain range in Primorye and Khabarovsk krays along the Japan Sea and the Tatar Strait. Before 1977, also search Sikhote-Alin. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Sikkim India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Sikkim India
RT	Himalayas
	Lesser Himalayas
	Siwalik System
	Siwalik Range
SN	Became an associated Indian state on Sept. 7, 1974.

Sila Massif
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
	....Sila Massif
RT	Apennines
	Southern Apennines
SN	In the Southern Apennines forming central part of toe of the Italian boot.

silcrete
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..silcrete
RT	terrigenous materials
	duricrust

Silesia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Silesia
RT	Germany
	Poland
	Czech Republic
	Moravia
	Lower Silesia
	Upper Silesia
SN	Region in E central Europe lying mostly in SW Poland. It comprises both Upper and Lower Silesia plus small areas in E Germany and N Moravia. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Silesian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Silesian

Silesian Basin
USE	Silesian coal basin

Silesian coal basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Silesian coal basin
UF	Silesian Basin
RT	coal fields
	Wroclaw Poland
	Katowice Poland
	Lower Silesia
	Upper Silesia
	Upper Silesian coal basin
SN	In Lower Silesia in Wroclaw Province, and in Upper Silesia in Katowice Province. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

silexite
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use quartzolite (for the igneous rock) or chert as applicable.

silica
RT	abrasives
	glass materials
	Ottawa Sand
	sand
	sands
	silica minerals
	silicates
	siliceous composition
	silicic acid
	silicon
SN	As of 1985, no longer considered a commodity term (list C). Used for silicon dioxide.

silica group
USE	silica minerals

silica minerals
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
NT	agate
	amethyst
	carnelian
	chalcedony
	chrysoprase
	coesite
	cristobalite
	hyalite
	jasper
	keatite
	lechatelierite
	melanophlogite
	moganite
	onyx
	opal
	quartz
	smoky quartz
	stishovite
	tridymite
UF	silica group
RT	silica

silicate glass
SN	As of 1998, not a valid term for GeoRef. Use (volcanic glass or glasses) AND (silicates or siliceous composition). For natural glasses which are not volcanic, glass materials is be used. See silicate melts if applicable.

silicate melts
BT	melts
	.silicate melts
RT	petrology
	magmas
	geophysics
	phase equilibria
	liquid phase
SN	Also search silicates and melts.

silicate minerals
USE	silicates

silicate rocks
RT	petrology
	rocks
	siliceous composition
	standard materials

silicates
NT	aluminosilicates
	asbestos
	barium silicates
	borosilicates
	chain silicates
	chlorophaeite
	framework silicates
	iron silicates
	magnesian silicates
	orthosilicates
	ring silicates
	sheet silicates
UF	silicate minerals
RT	silica
	minerals
	clay mineralogy
	silicon
SN	In indexing, use this term only for broad treatments of the entire class of minerals; otherwise, use a narrower term, e.g. orthosilicates, ring silicates, chain silicates, etc.

siliceous composition
RT	clastic rocks
	composition
	insoluble residues
	jasperoid
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	silica
	silicate rocks
	siliceous sinter
	siliciclastics
SN	Before 1978 also search siliceous in combination with specific sediment type. Also search siliceous rocks.

siliceous earth
SN	Use diatomaceous earth or diatomite as applicable.

siliceous rocks
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use siliceous composition.

siliceous sinter
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..siliceous sinter
RT	siliceous composition
	sintering
SN	Also search sinter AND siliceous.

silicic acid
UF	hydrated silica
	silicic acids
RT	silica
	acids
SN	SiO

silicic acids
USE	silicic acid

silicic composition
USE	acidic composition

siliciclastic rocks
USE	siliciclastics

siliciclastics
UF	siliciclastic rocks
RT	sedimentary rocks
	clastic sediments
	sediments
	clastic rocks
	siliceous composition
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

silicides
BT	alloys
	.silicides
NT	ferrosilicon
RT	moissanite

silicification
UF	silification
RT	sedimentation
	processes
	metasomatism
	diagenesis
	fossilization
	chertification

silicified wood
USE	fossil wood

Silicispongiae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Porifera
	..Silicispongiae
UF	Noncalcarea

Silicoflagellata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Silicoflagellata
NT	Dictyocha
	Distephanus
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

silicon
NT	Si-32
UF	Si
RT	silica
	silicates
	chemical elements
	moissanite
	ferrosilicon

silicon carbide
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see carborundum for economic papers or carbides or moissanite, for minerals. Before 1993, also search carborundum.

silicon dioxide
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. For geochemistry, see silica. Use specific silica minerals (list L) name if applicable or see commodity terms (list C).

silification
USE	silicification

Siljan
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Siljan
RT	Siljan Ring
SN	Lake in central Sweden. Also used for possible meteor crater before 1993.

Siljan Ring
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Siljan Ring
RT	impact features
	Gravberg Well
	Siljan
SN	Impact crater containing the lake, Siljan in central Sweden. Site of several deep drilling boreholes. Before 1993, also search Siljan. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

sillimanite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...sillimanite
UF	fibrolite
RT	andalusite
	kyanite
	sillimanite deposits
SN	As of 1981, use sillimanite deposits for sillimanite as a commodity.

sillimanite deposits
RT	ceramic materials
	sillimanite
SN	May be used as a commodity term with ceramic materials.

sillimanite gneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..sillimanite gneiss

sills
BT	intrusions
	.sills
RT	dikes

Silo Field
RT	Laramie County Wyoming
	oil and gas fields
	Taylor County Texas
SN	In Laramie County, SE Wyoming. Also in Taylor County, Texas. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with counties or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

silt
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..silt
UF	silts
RT	sand
	alluvium
	clay
	overbank sediments
	terrigenous materials
	loam
	mud
	loess
	siltation
	siltstone

siltation
RT	deposition
	dredging
	maintenance
	reservoirs
	settling
	silt
	sedimentation
	waterways
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

siltite
USE	siltstone

silts
USE	silt

siltstone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..siltstone
UF	siltite
RT	silt
	terrigenous materials
	mudstone
	metasiltstone

Silurian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
NT	Llandovery
	Wenlock
	Ludlow
	Priduli
	Aberystwyth Grits
	Bass Islands Dolomite
	Clinch Sandstone
	Crab Orchard Formation
	Fusselman Dolomite
	Henryhouse Formation
	Lower Silurian
	Middle Silurian
	Perry Mountain Formation
	Rockwood Formation
	Sangerville Formation
	Scandian Orogeny
	Upper Silurian
	Vassalboro Formation
	Waterville Formation
UF	Gothlandian
	Gotlandian
RT	Ellis Bay Formation
	Broken River Formation
	Dalradian
	Berwick Formation
	Merrimack Group
	Henderson Gneiss
	Downtonian
	range
	New York City Group
	Peel Sound Formation
	Hanson Creek Formation
	Hunton Group
	Hidden Valley Dolomite
	Kittery Formation
	Madrid Formation
SN	Above Ordovician, below Devonian.

silvanite
USE	sylvanite

silver
BT	metals
	.silver
UF	Ag
RT	argentite
	silver ores
	native elements
	chalcophile elements
	heavy metals
	electrum
SN	Chemical element. Use silver ores for silver as a commodity.

Silver Bow County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Silver Bow County Montana
NT	Butte Montana
SN	SW Montana.

Silver City Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Lyon County Nevada
	...Silver City Nevada
SN	Hamlet in W Nevada.

Silver City New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Grant County New Mexico
	...Silver City New Mexico
SN	Town in SW New Mexico.

silver ores
BT	metal ores
	.silver ores
RT	acanthite
	argentite
	native elements
	silver
	Sullivan Mine
	Leadville mining district
	tetrahedrite
	Equity Mine
	freibergite
	Kamioka Mine
	Kidd Creek Mine
	nuggets
	Toyoha Mine
	Summitville Mine
	San Juan mining district
	stephanite
	Temagami Mine
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Silver Peak Mountains
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Esmeralda County Nevada
	...Silver Peak Mountains
SN	Small range in W Esmeralda County in SW Nevada. Also search Silver Peak.

Silverton Caldera
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..San Juan County Colorado
	...Silverton Caldera
RT	San Juan Mountains
SN	Near town of Silverton in San Juan County in San Juan Mountains of SW Colorado. Also search Silverton.

Silvretta Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silvretta Group
RT	Switzerland
	Tyrol Austria
SN	Also search Silvretta.

sima
USE	basaltic layer

simazine
BT	pesticides
	.herbicides
	..triazines
	...simazine
RT	pollutants
	toxic materials

Simbirsk Russian Federation
USE	Ulyanovsk Russian Federation

Simcoe County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Simcoe County Ontario
NT	Borden Ontario
SN	S Georgian Bay, S Ontario.

Simferopol Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Simferopol Ukraine
SN	City in the S central Crimea, S Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Simi Hills
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
	...Simi Hills
SN	In Ventura County NW of Los Angeles. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Simi Valley California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
	...Simi Valley California
SN	City in S California.

simians
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
NT	Cercopithecidae
	Platyrrhina
	Pongidae

similar folds
BT	folds
	.similar folds
UF	shear folds
	slip folds
RT	concentric folds
	shear
SN	Before 1978, also search shear folds. Before 1993, also search slip folds. Before 1978, also search similar and folds.

Simla Hills
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Himachal Pradesh India
	....Simla Hills
BT	malayas
	.Kumaun Himalayas
	..Simla Hills
SN	Hill and mountain area of the outer Kumaun Himalayas around Simla in Himachal Pradesh. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Simla India
BT	machal Pradesh India
	.Simla India
SN	Town and hill resort in S Himachal Pradesh, N India.

Simleu Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Simleu Basin
SN	In Bihor Mountains near town of Simleu Silvaniei in NW Transylvania. Also search Simleu.

Simplon region
BT	Europe
	.Simplon region
RT	Switzerland
	Italy
	Piemonte Italy
SN	Includes Simplon Pass, Simplon Road, and Simplon Tunnel area. Also search Simplon. Indexed with Italy and/or Switzerland.

Simpson County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Simpson County Kentucky

Simpson County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Simpson County Mississippi

Simpson Desert
RT	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
	Queensland Australia
	South Australia
SN	Primarily in SE Northern Territory. Indexed with Northern Territory Australia and/or states as applicable.

Simpson Field
RT	Alaska
	Nebraska
	North Slope
	oil and gas fields
SN	North Slope, Alaska. Also one in Nebraska. Search in conjunction with appropriate state. Indexed with counties and/or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Simpson Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Simpson Group
RT	Oklahoma
	Bromide Formation
SN	Comprises Joins, Oil Creek, McLish, Tulip Creek, Bromide, and Corbin Ranch formations. Central and S Oklahoma.

SIMS
USE	secondary ion mass spectroscopy

simulation
RT	analog simulation
	bottom-simulating reflectors
	computer animation
	data processing
	digital simulation
	DRAINMOD
	general circulation models
	laboratory studies
	mathematical geology
	mathematical models
	models
	modern analogs
	MODFLOW
	MODPATH
	sandbox models
	SUTRA

Sinai
UF	Sinai Peninsula
RT	Egypt
	Israel
	Gavish Sebkha
	Sinai Egypt
	Solar Lake
SN	Peninsula extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It is bounded on the W by the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez, and on the E by Israel and the Gulf of Aqaba. Coextensive with the Egyptian governorate. As of 1993, see Sinai Egypt for the gove

Sinai Egypt
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Sinai Egypt
RT	Gavish Sebkha
	Sinai
	Solar Lake
SN	Governorate, NE Egypt, coextensive with the Sinai Peninsula. Indexed with Middle East and/or Sinai.

Sinai Peninsula
USE	Sinai

Sinaia Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Prahova Romania
	.....Sinaia Romania
RT	Bucegi Mountains
SN	Town and health resort at SE foot of Bucegi Mountains of the Transylvanian Alps in Prahova County.

Sinaloa Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Sinaloa Mexico
NT	Mazatlan Mexico
RT	Guerrero Terrane
	Rivera Plate
SN	State in W Mexico.

Sind Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Sind Pakistan
NT	Chor Pakistan
	Hyderabad Pakistan
RT	Nari Series
SN	Province in SE Pakistan. Also search Sindh.

Sinemurian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Sinemurian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....lower Liassic
	......Sinemurian
SN	Europe. Above Hettangian, below Pliensbachian.

Singapore
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Singapore
RT	ASEAN
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Island republic and city off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.

Singhbhum Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Singhbhum Granite
RT	India
	Bihar India
	Orissa India
	Singhbhum India
SN	Also search Singhbhum.

Singhbhum India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Singhbhum India
NT	Sini India
RT	Singhbhum Granite
SN	District, Chota Nagpur division, S Bihar.

Singhbhum shear zone
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Singhbhum shear zone
RT	Bihar India
	Orissa India
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

single domains
BT	magnetic domains
	.single domains
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

single-crystal method
RT	crystal growth
	crystal structure
	methods
	minerals
	powder method
	X-ray analysis
SN	Before 1978, search single crystal.

Singleton Coal Measures
RT	Australia
	Carboniferous
	New South Wales Australia
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Triassic
SN	E New South Wales. Indexed with age as applicable.

Sini India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Singhbhum India
	.....Sini India
SN	Village in Singhbhum District. Site of limestone quarries for Jamshedpur iron and steel works.

Sinian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Sinian
NT	Dengying Formation
	Doushantuo Formation
	Nantuo Formation
	upper Sinian
	Wumishan Formation
RT	Eocambrian
SN	China. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Sinjar Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Sinjar Formation
RT	Paleocene
	lower Eocene
	Middle East
	Iraq
SN	Paleocene-lower Eocene. In the Jabel Sinjar Mountains. Indexed with ages as applicable.

sink holes
USE	sinkholes

sinkholes
BT	solution features
	.sinkholes
UF	sink holes
RT	geomorphology
	geologic hazards
	karst
	dolines
	potholes

Sinkiang
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Xinjiang China.

Sinkiang China
USE	Xinjiang China

Sinkiang Uighur China
USE	Xinjiang China

Sinkiang Weiwu'er Zizhiqu China
USE	Xinjiang China

sinking
SN	Use land subsidence for geotechnical studies, or subsidence for large, regional tectonic subsidence or sinking slabs. Also see submergence, underground streams.

sinking (currents)
USE	downwelling

sinks
RT	chemical reactions
	geochemistry
SN	Substance used to dissipate heat or remove fluids during a chemical reaction. For the solution feature, use sinkholes.

sinnerite
BT	sulfides
	.sinnerite

Sino-Korean Paraplatform
USE	Sino-Korean Platform

Sino-Korean Platform
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Sino-Korean Platform
UF	Sino-Korean Paraplatform
RT	China
	Korea
SN	Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

sinter
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use siliceous sinter.

sintering
RT	deformation
	diffusion
	meteorites
	phase equilibria
	refractory materials
	siliceous sinter
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

sinuosity
RT	channels
	fluvial features
	meanders
	streams

Sioux County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Sioux County Iowa
SN	NW Iowa.

Sioux County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Sioux County Nebraska
SN	Extreme NW Nebraska.

Sioux County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Sioux County North Dakota
SN	S North Dakota.

Sioux Quartzite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Sioux Quartzite
RT	Iowa
	Nebraska
	Minnesota
	South Dakota
SN	Has been correlated with Baraboo Quartzite in Wisconsin. NW Iowa, SW Minnesota, NE Nebraska, and SE South Dakota.

Siphonaptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Endopterygota
	.......Siphonaptera
UF	Siphonapteroida
SN	Order.

Siphonapteroida
USE	Siphonaptera

Sipunculoida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Sipunculoida

Siqueiros fracture zone
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Siqueiros fracture zone
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	DSDP Site 427
SN	Near E end of Clipperton fracture zone. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

SIR
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Shuttle Imaging Radar if applicable.

Sir Darya
USE	Syr Darya

Siracusa
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Syracuse Italy.

Sirenia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Sirenia
SN	Order.

Siret River
BT	Europe
	.Siret River
UF	Sereth River
	Siretul River
RT	Romania
	Ukraine
	Moldavia
	Romanian Plain
	Moldavian Platform
SN	Rises on the E slopes of the Carpathians in the Ukraine and flows SE into the Danube River just N of Galati. Also search Siret. Indexed with Moldavia and/or Romania; and/or Ukraine.

Siretul River
USE	Siret River

Sirius Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Sirius Group
RT	Antarctica
	Victoria Land
	Beardmore Glacier
SN	Drift, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica. Age has been considered uncertain. Also search Sirius Formation and Antarctica. The Permian Sirius Formation occurs in Australia.

Sirohi India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Sirohi India
SN	Town in SW Rajasthan.

Sirte Basin
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Libya
	...Sirte Basin
UF	Syrte Basin
SN	On the Gulf of Sidra in N Libya. Also search Sirte.

Sisian Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Sisian Armenia
SN	Village in S Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siskiyou County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Siskiyou County California
NT	Medicine Lake Highland
	Mount Shasta
RT	Marble Mountains
	Preston Peak
	Trinity Complex
	Medicine Lake
SN	N California.

Sisquoc Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Sisquoc Formation
RT	Pliocene
	California
	upper Miocene
SN	Upper Miocene to Pliocene. S California. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

site evaluation
USE	site exploration

site explo

site explora

site exploration
UF	site evaluation
	site investigation
	site selection
RT	land subsidence
	dams
	slope stability
	engineering geology
	rock mechanics
	permafrost
	geologic hazards
	soil mechanics
	reservoirs
	marine installations
	feasibility studies
	foundations
	explosions
	highways
	nuclear facilities
	exploration
	railroads
	trenching
	tunne
SN	Before 1978, also search site selection. Collection of data about and testing of, surface and subsurface materials (including physical properties, distribution, and geologic structure) at a site, to prepare suitable design for an engineering structure or

site investigation
USE	site exploration

site location maps
BT	maps
	.site location maps
UF	location maps
	sample location maps
RT	index maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

site selection
USE	site exploration

sites, archaeological
USE	archaeological sites

sites, landing
USE	landing sites

Sitka Sound
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Sitka Sound
RT	Alexander Archipelago
	Gulf of Alaska
SN	On W side of Baranof Island in SE Alaska. Entrance to Sitka from Gulf of Alaska. Also search Sitka.

Sivamalai
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Tamil Nadu India
	....Coimbatore India
	.....Sivamalai
SN	A hill in the Coimbatore District in E Tamil Nadu, S India.

Sivapithecus
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
	........Pongidae
	.........Sivapithecus
RT	Dryopithecus
	Proconsul
	Ramapithecus
SN	Genus. Also search Ramapithecus which is often included within this group.

Sivash
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Sivash
UF	Putrid Sea
SN	Salt lagoons and marshes in N and NE Crimea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Siw

Siwalik Formation
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik Group
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik Hills
USE	Siwalik Range

Siwalik Range
BT	Asia
	.Siwalik Range
UF	Siwalik Hills
	Siwaliks
RT	India
	Pakistan
	Himalayas
	Nepal
	Sikkim India
SN	Range of foothills parallel with the main Himalayan system and extending 1000 miles SE from N Punjab in Pakistan to Sikkim. Also search Siwalik. Indexed with Sikkim India and countries as applicable.

Siwalik Sandstone
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik Series
USE	Siwalik System

Siwalik System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Siwalik System
UF	Siwalik Formation
	Siwalik Group
	Siwalik Sandstone
	Siwalik Series
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Miocene
	India
	Pakistan
	Burma
	Chinji Formation
	Sikkim India
SN	Middle Miocene-Pleistocene. Extends beyond limits of Siwalik Range to include parts in Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province in Pakistan, Tipam Series in Assam, and Irrawaddy Series in Burma. Includes Lower (Kamlial and Chinji), Middle (Nagri and D

Siwaliks
USE	Siwalik Range

Sixes River
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Curry County Oregon
	...Sixes River
SN	N Curry County in SW Oregon. Flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Siyeh Formation
USE	Helena Formation

size
UF	body size
RT	morphology
	ore bodies
	scale factor
	size distribution
	reserves
	resources
SN	Used as a general term. Use grain size or size distribution or see scale factor if applicable. From 1981-1997, not a valid term for GeoRef. For paleontology, search in combination with body part or taxonomic class.

size analysis
SN	A valid term through mid-1978. Now use granulometry.

size distribution
RT	distribution
	grain size
	granulometry
	power law
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	size
	textures

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