Search SEDIS

Thesaurus

b

b value
USE	b-values

B-11/B-10
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..B-11/B-10
BT	boron
	.B-11/B-10
RT	isotope ratios
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

b-values
UF	b value
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	physical properties
	experimental studies
	shock waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Ba
USE	barium

Babadag Lake basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Babadag Lake basin
RT	Romanian Dobruja
SN	N Dobruja.

babingtonite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..babingtonite

Babor Range
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
	...Babor Range
UF	Babors
RT	Atlas Mountains
SN	Coastal range of the Little Atlas Mountains in N Algeria. Also search Babor.

Babors
USE	Babor Range

Baca County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Baca County Colorado

Baca Field
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Sandoval County New Mexico
	...Baca Field
UF	Baca geothermal field
RT	geothermal fields
	Valles Caldera
SN	Geothermal field in Valles Caldera, N New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Baca Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Baca Formation
RT	New Mexico
SN	Central New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Baca geothermal field
USE	Baca Field

Bacau Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bacau Romania
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Bacau Romania
RT	Bicaz Valley
SN	City and county in E central Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

back-arc basin

back-arc basins
BT	basins
	.back-arc basins
RT	orogeny
	tectonics
	plate tectonics
	continental margin
	subduction zones
	island arcs
	fore-arc basins
	forelands
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

back-scattering
USE	backscattering

backfill
RT	construction
	cut-and-fill mining
	engineering geology
	materials
	mining geology
	soil-structure interface
SN	Used for mining and construction. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

background level
RT	air
	background radiation
	baseline studies
	detection
	detection limit
	geochemical surveys
	geochemistry
	isotopes
	levels
	pollution
SN	General term. Also see background radiation. Before 1993, also search geochemical background if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

background radiation
RT	background level
	dosimetry
	levels
	radioactive isotopes
	radioactive waste
SN	Before 1993, also search background in combination with radioactive isotopes or radioactive waste. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

backscattering
UF	back-scattering
RT	spectroscopy
	acoustical methods
	geophysical methods
	waves
	geophysics
	seismic methods
	distortion
	attenuation
	wave dispersion
	infrared methods
	electromagnetic waves
	multiple reflections
	optical dispersion
	radar methods
	reflection
	X-ray analysis
SN	General. Used with many types of radiant energy. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Backus-Gilbert analysis
RT	analysis
	seismology

Bacon County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bacon County Georgia

bacteria
NT	coliform bacteria
	Pseudomonas
	Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
UF	schizomycetes
RT	microfossils
	soils
	fungi
	microorganisms
	Protista
	thallophytes
	biology
	biota
	parasites
	prokaryotes
	thermophilic taxa
SN	Before 1998, thallophytes was a broader term. Includes schizomycetes. For paleontologic studies, index microfossils.

Bactritida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Bactritida
RT	Nautiloidea
SN	Sometimes classified under Nautiloidea, or as a separate order.

Baculites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Baculites
SN	Genus.

Bad Deutsch Altenburg Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Lower Austria
	....Bad Deutsch Altenburg Austria
SN	Village on the Danube in E Lower Austria.

Bad Gastein Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Salzburg State Austria
	....Bad Gastein Austria
SN	Town in W central Austria.

Bad Pyrmont Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Lower Saxony Germany
	....Bad Pyrmont Germany
SN	Town in S Lower Saxony, central Germany.

Badajoz City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Extremadura Spain
	.....Badajoz Spain
	......Badajoz City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in W Spain. Before 1981, also search Badajoz Spain.

Badajoz Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Extremadura Spain
	.....Badajoz Spain
NT	Badajoz City Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in W Spain on Portuguese border. Before 1993, also search Badajoz Province and Spain. For the city, see Badajoz City Spain.

Badakhshan
BT	Asia
	.Tajikistan
	..Badakhshan
RT	Afghanistan
	Shugnan Tajikistan
SN	Part of Gorno-Badakshan Autonomous Oblast in Tajikistan. Before 1993, also used for frontier province in NE Afghanistan. After 1992, use Badakhshan Afghanistan for the province. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Badakhshan Afghanistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Afghanistan
	...Badakhshan Afghanistan
RT	Tajikistan
SN	Frontier province in NE Afghanistan.

Badami Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Badami Series
RT	India
	Karnataka India
SN	The Badami Series lies over the Kaladgi Series and is overlain by thick cover of Deccan Traps. Belgaum District in SW part of India.

baddeleyite
BT	oxides
	.baddeleyite
RT	ceramic materials

Baden
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	....Baden
SN	Former German state.

Baden-Baden Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	....Baden-Baden Germany
SN	City, Baden-Wurttemberg, SW Germany. Before 1978, also search Baden.

Baden-Wuerttemberg Germany
USE	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany

Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
NT	Baden
	Baden-Baden Germany
	Freiburg Germany
	Hegau
	Heidelberg Germany
	Holzmaden region
	Kaiserstuhl
	Karlsruhe Germany
	Katzenbuckel
	Neckar River
	Stuttgart Germany
	Swabian Alb
	Urach Germany
	Weinheim Germany
	Wurttemberg
	Wutach Valley
UF	Baden-Wuerttemberg Germany
RT	Alpenvorland
	Black Forest
	Clara Mine
	Franconia
	Lake Constance
	Main River
	Odenwald
	Palatinate
	Swabia
	Upper Rhine Valley
SN	State in SW Germany.

Badenian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Badenian
NT	lower Badenian
RT	lower Miocene
	middle Miocene
SN	Provincial series, Europe.

Badkhyz
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Badkhyz
SN	Steppe region in extreme S Turkmenia near Afghan and Iranian borders. This term has multiple hierarchies.

badlands
BT	erosion features
	.badlands
RT	geomorphology
SN	Generic term for a type of topography.

Badlands National Monument
USE	Badlands National Park

Badlands National Park
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Badlands National Park
UF	Badlands National Monument
RT	national parks
	Jackson County South Dakota
	national monuments
	Pennington County South Dakota
	Shannon County South Dakota
SN	SW South Dakota. Also search Badlands National Monument; Badlands AND South Dakota. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Baffin Bay
RT	Arctic Ocean
	Atlantic Ocean
	Davis Strait
	Kenedy County Texas
	Kleberg County Texas
	Laguna Madre
	Leg 105
	Nares Strait
	Northwest Territories
	ODP Site 645
	Texas
SN	Part of Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Baffin Island; also an inlet of Laguna Madre, S Texas. Indexed with Arctic Ocean or Texas and counties as applicable.

Baffin Island
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Baffin Island
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Franklin District Northwest Territories
	...Baffin Island
NT	Barnes ice cap
	Cape Dyer
	Narpaing Fjord
RT	Arctic Archipelago
	Cumberland Peninsula
	Frobisher Bay
	Hudson Strait
	Keewatin District Northwest Territories
SN	Largest and most easterly island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in Franklin District. This term has multiple hierarchies.

bafflestone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..boundstone
	...bafflestone
RT	bioherms
	reefs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bagalkot India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Bagalkot India
SN	Town in NW Karnataka, S India.

Bagh Beds
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Bagh Beds
RT	India
	Gujarat India
	Madhya Pradesh India
SN	Includes Nimar Sandstone, Nodular Limestone, Deola Marl, Coralline Limestone.

Bagot County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Bagot County Quebec

Bahama Islands
USE	Bahamas

Bahama Platform
USE	Blake Plateau

Bahamas
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Bahamas
NT	Bimini
UF	Bahama Islands
RT	Andros Island
	Black Rock
	DSDP Site 5
	DSDP Site 98
	Exuma Sound
	Great Bahama Bank
	Leg 101
	Leg 11
	Little Bahama Bank
	Northeast Providence Channel
	Northwest Providence Channel
	ODP Site 631
	ODP Site 632
	ODP Site 633
	ODP Site 634
	ODP Site 635
	ODP Site 636
	San S
SN	A chain of islands SE of Florida and N of Cuba.

Bahariya Oasis
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Bahariya Oasis
RT	Libyan Desert
SN	In the Libyan Desert in W Egypt.

Bahia Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Bahia Brazil
NT	Boquira Mine
	Curaca River basin
	Reconcavo Basin
	Salvador Brazil
	Tucano Basin
	Uaua Brazil
RT	Sao Francisco Basin
	Barreiras Formation
	Brazilian Shield
	Sao Francisco Craton
	Serra do Espinhaco
SN	State in E Brazil.

Bahrain
BT	Asia
	.Arabian Peninsula
	..Bahrain
UF	Bahrein
RT	Khuff Formation
SN	An archipelago in the W Persian Gulf.

Bahrein
USE	Bahrain

Bai

Baia Mare Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Maramures Romania
	.....Baia Mare Romania
UF	Baia-Mare Romania
SN	Town in Maramures County in N Transylvania.

Baia-Mare Romania
USE	Baia Mare Romania

Baie of Islands Ophiolite
USE	Bay of Islands Ophiolite

Baie Verte Peninsula
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Baie Verte Peninsula
SN	N Newfoundland, between White Bay and Notre Dame Bay. For the town, use Baie Verte Newfoundland. Also search Baie Verte and Newfoundland.

Baikal (Lake)
USE	Lake Baikal

Baikal Mountains
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Baikal Mountains
BT	Asia
	.Baikal Mountains
RT	Irkutsk Russian Federation
	Buryat Russian Federation
SN	West shore of Lake Baikal mostly in Irkutsk Oblast. Also search Baikal. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Baikal region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Baikal region
BT	Asia
	.Siberian fold belt
	..Baikal region
RT	Baikal-Amur Railroad region
	Transbaikalia
	Irkutsk Russian Federation
	Buryat Russian Federation
	Chaya Massif
	Lake Baikal
SN	Lake Baikal, Baikal Mountains, NE Irkutsk Oblast, and N Buryat Autonomous Republic. Also search Baikal. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Baikal rift zone
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Baikal rift zone
BT	Asia
	.Baikal rift zone
RT	Irkutsk Russian Federation
	Buryat Russian Federation
	Lake Baikal
	Siberia
SN	S central Siberia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Baikal-Amur Railroad region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Baikal-Amur Railroad region
BT	Asia
	.Baikal-Amur Railroad region
RT	Amur region
	Russian Far East
	Buryat Russian Federation
	Baikal region
	Chita Russian Federation
SN	SE Russian Federation, from Lake Baikal to the Pacific. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Baikalian Orogeny
USE	Baikalian Phase

Baikalian Phase
UF	Baikalian Orogeny
RT	Precambrian
	Cambrian
	Russian Federation
	orogeny
	Siberia
SN	Widely used throughout the Russian Federation for orogeny occurring during the Precambrian and Cambrian. Named after Lake Baikal in Siberia. Before 1978, search Baikalian AND orogeny. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Bailey County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bailey County Texas

Bainbridge Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Middle Silurian
	.....Niagaran
	......Bainbridge Formation
RT	Missouri
	Illinois
SN	Characterized by two lithologically well-differentiated formations, Saint Clair below, and Moccasin Springs above. SW Illinois and E Missouri.

Bairdia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Bairdiomorpha
	.......Bairdiacea
	........Bairdiidae
	.........Bairdia
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bairdiacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Bairdiomorpha
	.......Bairdiacea
NT	Bairdiidae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bairdiidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Bairdiomorpha
	.......Bairdiacea
	........Bairdiidae
NT	Bairdia
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bairdiomorpha
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Bairdiomorpha
NT	Bairdiacea
RT	microfossils
SN	Includes Bairdiacea. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Baita Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Maramures Romania
	.....Baita Romania
SN	Village in Maramures County, NW Romania.

Baixo Alentejo
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Baixo Alentejo
SN	A region in S Portugal.

Baja California
BT	Mexico
	.Baja California
RT	Agua Blanca Fault
	Alisitos Formation
	Baja California Norte Mexico
	Baja California Sur Mexico
	Cerro Prieto
	Cerro Prieto Fault
	Imperial Valley
	Mexicali Valley
	Ojo de Liebre Lagoon
	Peninsular Ranges Batholith
	Rosario Formation
	Sierra de Juarez
	Todos Santos B
SN	A peninsula. Northern half is state of Baja California, formerly Baja California Norte. Southern half is the state of Baja California Sur.

Baja California Norte Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Baja California Norte Mexico
NT	Cerro Prieto
	Mexicali Mexico
	Ojo de Liebre Lagoon
	Todos Santos Bay
RT	Baja California
	Colorado River
	Peninsular Ranges Batholith
	Sierra de Juarez
	Colorado River delta
	Santa Susana Formation
SN	Used for the Mexican state in the northern part of the peninsula.

Baja California Sur Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Baja California Sur Mexico
NT	Vizcaino Peninsula
RT	Baja California
	San Gregorio Formation
SN	Used for the Mexican state in the southern part of the peninsula of Baja California.

Bajocian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Bajocian
NT	Brent Group
	Broom Formation
	Etive Formation
	Ness Formation
	Rannoch Formation
	Tarbert Formation
RT	Dogger
	Garn Formation
SN	Europe.

Bakal Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chelyabinsk Russian Federation
	...Bakal Russian Federation
RT	Southern Urals
SN	City in Chelyabinsk Oblast in Southern Urals. Before 1993, Bakal Russian Republic was also used.

Baker County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Baker County Florida
RT	Okefenokee Swamp
SN	N Florida.

Baker County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Baker County Georgia
SN	SW Georgia.

Baker County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Baker County Oregon
RT	Wallowa Mountains
SN	On Powder River in NE Oregon.

Baker Lake
RT	Keewatin District Northwest Territories
SN	Lake in E central Keewatin District. As of 1993, use Baker Lake Northwest Territories for the town at W end of the lake. Indexed with Keewatin District Northwest Territories or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bakersfield California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Kern County California
	...Bakersfield California
SN	City in S central California.

Bakhchisarai Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Crimea Ukraine
	...Bakhchisarai Ukraine
UF	Bakhchisaray Ukraine
SN	Town in S Crimea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bakhchisaray Ukraine
USE	Bakhchisarai Ukraine

Bakhmut Ukraine
USE	Artemovsk Ukraine

Bakhtiari Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Bakhtiari Formation
RT	Iran
	Iraq
SN	Comprises Upper and Lower Bakhtiari Formations.

Bakken Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...upper Paleozoic
	....Bakken Formation
RT	Upper Devonian
	Saskatchewan
	Montana
	North Dakota
	Manitoba
	Lower Mississippian
SN	Upper Devonian? and Lower Mississippian. North Dakota, Montana, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bakony Mountains
BT	ngary
	.Bakony Mountains
UF	Transdanubian Central Mountains
SN	In NW central Hungary. Also search Bakony.

Baku Archipelago
BT	Europe
	.Azerbaijan
	..Baku Archipelago
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Baku Azerbaijan
BT	Europe
	.Azerbaijan
	..Baku Azerbaijan
SN	City on Apsheron Peninsula on Caspian Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bala
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Bala
RT	Middle Ordovician
	Upper Ordovician
	Hirnantian
	Wales
	Merionethshire Wales
	Ashgillian
	Caradocian
SN	England: Middle and Upper Ordovician. Comprises the Caradocian and Ashgillian. Before 1993, this term and Bala District were also used to refer to a Welsh town and to various other locations.

Balaghat India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Balaghat India
SN	Town and district in central Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Balaklala Rhyolite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Balaklala Rhyolite
RT	California
	Copley Greenstone
SN	N California. Overlies Copley Greenstone and interfingers with it in some areas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

balance, mass
USE	mass balance

balance, water
USE	water balance

balanced cross sections
BT	cross sections
	.balanced cross sections
RT	tectonics
	reconstruction
SN	Cross section as defined by D. Elliott (1983) which is consistent with observed structures in an area and of which it can be demonstrated that it can be restored to an unstrained state. Before 1995, also search balanced sections, and balanced cross-sectio

Balasore India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Orissa India
	....Balasore India
SN	Town and district on Bay of Bengal in NE Orissa.

Balaton (Lake)
USE	Lake Balaton

Balaton region
BT	ngary
	.Balaton region
RT	Lake Balaton
SN	Area around Lake Balaton in W Hungary. Also search Balaton.

Balcanoona Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Balcanoona Australia
SN	Village in E South Australia.

Balcones Escarpment
USE	Balcones fault zone

Balcones fault zone
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Balcones fault zone
UF	Balcones Escarpment
	Balcones-Ouachita Trend
	Ouachita-Balcones Trend
SN	Central Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Balcones-Ouachita Trend
USE	Balcones fault zone

Bald Mountain
RT	Colorado
	Idaho
	Oregon
	South Dakota
	Utah
	Wyoming
SN	Name of peaks which occur in several states: central Colorado; central and SW central Idaho; E central Oregon; W South Dakota; NE Utah; N Wyoming and W central Wyoming. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Baldwin County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Baldwin County Alabama
SN	On Mobile Bay and Gulf of Mexico in SW Alabama.

Baldwin County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Baldwin County Georgia
SN	Central Georgia.

Balearic abyssal plain
USE	Balearic Basin

Balearic Basin
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.West Mediterranean
	..Balearic Basin
UF	Algerian Plain
	Balearic abyssal plain
RT	Leg 13
	DSDP Site 124
	DSDP Site 133
	DSDP Site 134
	DSDP Site 372
	Leg 42A
SN	Between Balearic Islands and Sardinia.

Balearic Islands
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Balearic Islands
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Balearic Islands
NT	Ibiza
	Majorca
	Minorca
RT	Mediterranean Sea
SN	Off E coast of Spain. Forms Spanish province of Baleares. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Balei Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chita Russian Federation
	...Balei Russian Federation
UF	Baley Russian Federation
SN	City in S central Chita Oblast E of Lake Baikal. Before 1993, Balei Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Baley Russian Federation
USE	Balei Russian Federation

Bali
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Lesser Sunda Islands
	...Bali
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Bali
NT	Mount Agung
SN	Island off E end of Java. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Balkan Foreland
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Balkan Foreland
SN	A stable area marginal to the Balkan Mountains of central Bulgaria.

Balkan Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Balkan Mountains
UF	Stara Planina
RT	Serbia
	Bulgaria
SN	Extends from Timok River of E Serbia through Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Indexed with countries or republic as applicable.

Balkan Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Balkan Peninsula
UF	Balkan States
	Balkans
RT	Turkey
	Albania
	Croatia
	Montenegro
	Slovenia
	Yugoslavia
	Serbia
	Romania
	Bulgaria
	Bosnia-Herzegovina
	Greece
	Yugoslav Macedonia
SN	SE Europe between the Adriatic and Ionian seas on the W; the Mediterranean Sea on the S; and the Aegean and Black seas on the E. Before 1978, also search Balkans.

Balkan States
USE	Balkan Peninsula

Balkans
USE	Balkan Peninsula

Balkhan
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Balkhan
SN	Two mountain ranges in Krasnovodsk Oblast in W: the Greater Balkhan Range and the Lesser Balkhan Range. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Balkhash (Lake)
USE	Lake Balkhash

Balkhash Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Balkhash Kazakhstan
SN	City on N shore of Lake Balkhash. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Balkhash region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Balkhash region
RT	Lake Balkhash
SN	Area around Lake Balkhash. This term has multiple hierarchies.

ball and pillow
USE	ball-and-pillow

ball-and-pillow
BT	sedimentary structures
	.soft sediment deformation
	..ball-and-pillow
UF	ball and pillow
RT	pillow structure
	primary structures

Ballachulish Complex
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ballachulish Complex
RT	Precambrian
	Perthshire Scotland
	Scotland
	Donegal Ireland
	Argyllshire Scotland
	Highland region Scotland
	Ireland
	Dalradian
SN	Western Scotland and NW Ireland. Also search Ballachulish Slates, Ballachulish Subgroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Ballantrae Complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Arenigian
	......Ballantrae Complex
RT	United Kingdom
	Scotland
	Great Britain
SN	SW Scotland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Ballard County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Ballard County Kentucky

balls, coal
USE	coal balls

Balmat
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Balmat-Edwards mining district.

Balmat-Edwards District
USE	Balmat-Edwards mining district

Balmat-Edwards mining district
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Saint Lawrence County New York
	...Balmat-Edwards mining district
UF	Balmat-Edwards District
RT	mines
SN	Mining district in N New York. Before 1981, also search Balmat; Edwards. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Baltic Basin
USE	Baltic region

Baltic Coast
USE	Baltic region

Baltic Glaciation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....upper Quaternary
	.....Baltic Glaciation
UF	Baltic Sea Stages
RT	Upper Pleistocene
	Russian Federation
	Baltic Sea
	Kola Peninsula
	Germany
	Sweden
	Ancylus Lake
	Baltic region
	Poland
	Norway
	Denmark
	Baltic ice lake
	Estonia
	Latvia
	Lithuania
	Litorina Sea
	lower Holocene
	Yoldia Sea
SN	Comprises Baltic region plus Norway which was completely covered by Pleistocene to upper Holocene glaciation. Also search Baltic AND glaciation. Includes Baltic ice lake, Yoldia Sea, Ancylus Lake, and Litorina Sea. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Baltic ice lake
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Baltic ice lake
RT	Finland
	Baltic Sea
	Kola Peninsula
	Sweden
	Baltic Glaciation
	Baltic region
	Norway
	Scandinavia
SN	Upper Pleistocene. Stage of Baltic Glaciation which covered most of Scandinavia, Baltic Sea, Finland, and part of Kola Peninsula. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Baltic Plain
BT	Europe
	.Baltic Plain
BT	Russian Platform
	.Baltic Plain
RT	Russian Federation
	Estonia
	Latvia
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Baltic region
BT	Europe
	.Baltic region
NT	Courland Spit
	Estonia
	Latvia
	Lithuania
UF	Baltic Basin
	Baltic Coast
RT	Russian Federation
	Finland
	Baltic Sea
	Germany
	Ancylus Lake
	Baltic Glaciation
	Denmark
	Baltic ice lake
	Litorina Sea
	Baltica
	Gulf of Riga
	Kaliningrad Russian Federation
	Laurussia
	Leningrad Oblast Russian Federation
	Peribaltic Syneclise
	Saint Petersburg Russi
SN	Also search Baltic. Indexed with Baltic Sea and countries as applicable.

Baltic Sea
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Baltic Sea
NT	Gulf of Bothnia
	Gulf of Finland
	Gulf of Riga
	Kiel Bay
RT	Aland
	Ancylus Lake
	Baltic Glaciation
	Baltic region
	Baltic ice lake
	Yoldia Sea
	Bornholm
	Oland
	Oresund
	Saaremaa
	Stevns Klint
SN	Enclosed by Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russian Federation, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Germany.

Baltic Sea Stages
USE	Baltic Glaciation

Baltic Shield
BT	Europe
	.Baltic Shield
UF	Fennoscandian Shield
RT	Russian Federation
	Finland
	Sweden
	Norway
	Denmark
	Estonia
	Latvia
	Baltica
	Fennoscandia
	Ladoga Series
	Lake Ladoga region
	Svecofennian Orogeny
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Baltic Syneclise
USE	Peribaltic Syneclise

Baltica
RT	Baltic region
	Baltic Shield
	continental drift
	Estonia
	Europe
	Finland
	Latvia
	Laurentia
	Lithuania
	Norway
	Poland
	Russian Federation
	Scandinavia
	Sweden
SN	Ancient continent including Scandinavia and parts of N Europe from Poland across the Baltic region to N European Russia. Indexed with countries and continents as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Baltimore Canyon
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Baltimore Canyon
RT	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	Baltimore Canyon Trough
	Leg 95
	submarine canyons
SN	Submarine canyon off Delaware and New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Baltimore Canyon Trough
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Baltimore Canyon Trough
RT	Baltimore Canyon
SN	Basin offshore E North America, extending from Cape Hatteras to Connecticut. In NW Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Baltimore County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Baltimore County Maryland
NT	Baltimore Maryland
SN	Nearly surrounds city of Baltimore in N Maryland.

Baltimore Gneiss
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Baltimore Gneiss
UF	Baltimore Mafic Complex
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
SN	Unconformable below Glenarm Series. W Maryland, SE Pennsylvania, and central N Virginia.

Baltimore Mafic Complex
USE	Baltimore Gneiss

Baltimore Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Baltimore County Maryland
	...Baltimore Maryland
SN	City in but independent of Baltimore County, on Chesapeake Bay in N Maryland.

Baltisphaeridium
BT	palynomorphs
	.acritarchs
	..Baltisphaeridium
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Baltoscandia
SN	Region consisting of Scandinavia, E Baltic region, NE Poland, and Podolia. For the modern region use Scandinavia, Baltic region, Poland, and/or Podolia as applicable.

Baluchistan Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Baluchistan Pakistan
RT	Sulaiman Range
SN	Province in W Pakistan.

Bambak Armenia
USE	Pambak Armenia

Bamberg County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Bamberg County South Carolina

Bamble Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Telemark Norway
	.....Bamble Norway
SN	Village on the Skagerrak in S Telemark.

Bambui Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Bambui Group
RT	Brazil
	Minas Gerais Brazil

Bamian Afghanistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Afghanistan
	...Bamian Afghanistan
SN	Use for the province in N central Afghanistan. Also a town.

Banat
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Banat
NT	Arad Romania
	Delinesti Romania
	Mehadia Romania
	Moldova Noua Romania
	Resita Romania
	Rusca Montana Romania
	Sasca-Montana Romania
	Severin
	Svinita Romania
UF	Banat of Temesvar
RT	Yugoslavia
	Serbia
	Romania
	Getic Nappe
	Hungary
	Mehedinti Plateau
	Semenic Mountains
	Vojvodina Yugoslavia
SN	Agricultural region. Part of Vojvodina in Serbia and the former Banat region of Romania. Also includes part of Hungary near Szeged. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Banat of Temesvar
USE	Banat

Bancroft Ontario
BT	stings County Ontario
	.Bancroft Ontario
SN	Village between Ottawa and Georgian Bay in SE Ontario.

Band-e-Amir Iran
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Iran
	...Fars Iran
	....Band-e-Amir Iran
SN	A settlement in S Iran.

band-pass filters
USE	passband filters

Banda Arc
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.West Pacific
	..Banda Arc
RT	Banda Sea
	Indonesian Seas
	Timor
	Timor Trough
SN	Island arc in the Banda Sea, Indonesian Seas region separated from Australian continental crust by the horseshoe-shaped Timor, Aru, and Seram troughs. Includes Sumba, Timor, Seram. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Banda Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Banda Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.West Pacific
	..Indonesian Seas
	...Banda Sea
RT	Banda Arc
SN	N of Timor, E of Flores Sea, S of Moluccas and W of New Guinea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bandai
BT	nshu
	.Fukushima Japan
	..Bandai
UF	Bandai-san
RT	volcanoes
SN	As of 1998, restricted to the volcano in Fukushima, central Honshu, Japan. Indexed with mountain range if applicable.

Bandai-san
USE	Bandai

Bandama River
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Ivory Coast
	...Bandama River
SN	Rises in N Ivory Coast and flows S into Gulf of Guinea.

banded gneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..banded gneiss

Banded Gneissic Comple

Banded Gneissic Complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Banded Gneissic Complex
RT	India
SN	Proterozoic. Rajasthan-Gujarat area, India. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

banded iron formations
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..iron formations
	...banded iron formations
UF	BIFs
RT	algoma-type deposits
	banded materials
	ferruginous composition
	iron-rich composition
	itabirite
	jaspilite
	taconite
SN	Before 1998, also search iron formations AND (banded materials OR banded structures).

banded materials
RT	banded iron formations
	materials
SN	Before 1978, also search banded.

banded structures
UF	banding
RT	petrology
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
SN	Also search banded.

Bandelier Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Bandelier Tuff
RT	New Mexico
SN	N central New Mexico. Also search Bandelier Rhyolite Tuff. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bandera County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bandera County Texas

banding
USE	banded structures

Bandundu Congo Democratic Republic
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Congo Democratic Republic
	...Bandundu Congo Democratic Republic
SN	Province. E Congo Democratic Republic. Before 1998, Bandundu Zaire was also used. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Banff Alberta
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Banff Alberta
SN	Town in Banff National Park near the British Columbia border in SW Alberta.

Banff Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Kinderhookian
	.......Banff Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Banff National Park
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Banff National Park
RT	national parks
	Columbia Icefield
	Kicking Horse River valley
	Lake Louise
SN	On the British Columbia border in SW Alberta.

Banffshire Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Grampian region Scotland
	......Banffshire Scotland
SN	Former county on Moray Firth in NE Scotland.

Bangalore India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Bangalore India
SN	City and district in SE Karnataka, S India.

Bangka
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Bangka
RT	Sumatra
SN	An island between SE Sumatra and SW Borneo.

Bangkok Thailand
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Bangkok Thailand
SN	City on the Gulf of Siam in S Thailand.

Bangla Desh
USE	Bangladesh

Bangladesh
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Bangladesh
NT	Magura Bangladesh
UF	Bangla Desh
	East Pakistan
RT	Indo-Australian Plate
	Bengal
	Brahmaputra River
	Ganges River
	Indian Plate
	Rajmahal Series
	Surma Group
	Vindhyan Basin
SN	Formerly East Pakistan.

Bangor Lim

Bangor Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Bangor Limestone
RT	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	Includes Burgess Oolite and Rockwood Oolite, and Spout Spring Oolite near base. Alabama, central and E Tennessee, and NW Georgia.

Banja Luka Bosnia-Herzegovina
BT	snia-Herzegovina
	.Bosnia
	..Banja Luka Bosnia-Herzegovina
UF	Banja Luka Yugoslavia
SN	Town in N Bosnia. Before 1993, Banja Luka Yugoslavia was also used.

Banja Luka Yugoslavia
USE	Banja Luka Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bank Azerbaijan
BT	Europe
	.Azerbaijan
	..Bank Azerbaijan
SN	Town in SE Azerbaijan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

banks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..banks
RT	embankments
	algal banks
	carbonate banks
	mud banks
SN	Restricted usage. Used for sedimentary structures. Not used for river banks or embankments.

Banks County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Banks County Georgia

Banks Island
RT	Arctic Archipelago
	Franklin District Northwest Territories
	Northwest Territories
SN	W Franklin District. Indexed with Franklin District Northwest Territories as applicable.

Bankura India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Bankura India
SN	Town and district in W West Bengal, E India.

Banner County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Banner County Nebraska

Banning Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..Banning Fault
SN	Southern California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bannock Basin
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.East Mediterranean
	..Bannock Basin
RT	Leg 13
	Leg 42A
SN	Central Mediterranean Sea, WSW of Crete. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bannock County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bannock County Idaho
RT	Bannock Range
SN	SE Idaho.

Bannock Range
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bannock Range
RT	Bannock County Idaho
	Oneida County Idaho
SN	SE Idaho. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Banska Stiavnica Slovakia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Banska Stiavnica Slovakia
SN	Town in S Slovakia. Before 1995, Banska Stiavnica Czechoslovakia was also used.

Baoha Vietnam
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Vietnam
	...Baoha Vietnam
SN	A town in N Vietnam.

Baquero Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Baquero Formation
RT	Argentina
	Santa Cruz Argentina

Bar Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Bar Ukraine
SN	Town SW of Kiev in W Vinnitsa Oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Barabash Suite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Upper Permian
	.....Barabash Suite
RT	Russian Federation
	Primorye Russian Federation
SN	Primorye Kray in Russian Far East.

Baraboo Quartzit

Baraboo Quartzite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Algonkian
	....Baraboo Quartzite
RT	Wisconsin
SN	Underlies Seeley Slate. Sauk and Columbia counties in S central Wisconsin.

Baraboo Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Sauk County Wisconsin
	...Baraboo Wisconsin
SN	City in S central Wisconsin.

Baraga County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Baraga County Michigan
SN	NW Michigan Upper Peninsula, N Michigan.

Baraga Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Baraga Group
RT	Michigan
	Hemlock Formation
	Michigamme Formation
SN	N Michigan. Includes Goodrich Quartzite, Michigamme Formation (Bijiki iron formation, Clarksburg volcanics and Greenwood iron formation); Hemlock Formation, Fence River Formation and Badwater Greenstone. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Barail Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Barail Group
RT	Oligocene
	India
	upper Eocene
SN	In Assam and Meghalaya, NE India. Upper Eocene-Oligocene. Indexed with age or ages. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Barakar Formation
USE	Barakar Stage

Barakar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Barakar India
SN	Town in W West Bengal, E India.

Barakar Stage
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lower Permian
	.....Barakar Stage
UF	Barakar Formation
RT	India
	Damuda Series
SN	Lowest stage of the Damuda Series. Named for Barakar River in Raniganj coal field of West Bengal. In N, NE, and E India.

Baralaba Coal Measures
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Baralaba Coal Measures
RT	Carboniferous
	Permian
	Queensland Australia
	Australia
SN	Permo-Carboniferous. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Baranya Mountains
USE	Mecsek Mountains

Baraolt Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Baraolt Basin
SN	SE Transylvania.

Baraolt Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Baraolt Romania
SN	Town in SE Transylvania.

Barataria Bay
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Barataria Bay
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
	Lafourche Parish Louisiana
	Plaquemines Parish Louisiana
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Mexico between Lafourche and Plaquemines parishes.

Barbados
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Barbados
RT	Leg 171A
	ODP Site 1044
SN	Easternmost island of the Lesser Antilles.

Barbados Ridge
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Barbados Ridge
RT	DSDP Site 541
	DSDP Site 542
	DSDP Site 543
	Leg 110
	Leg 156
	Leg 78A
	ODP Site 671
	ODP Site 947
	ODP Site 948
	ODP Site 949
SN	Extends N and S of Barbados with the island in the center.

Barber County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Barber County Kansas
SN	On the Oklahoma border in S Kansas.

Barberton greenstone belt
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..Barberton greenstone belt
RT	Kaapvaal Craton
	Barberton Mountain Land
	Fig Tree Series
	Mpumalanga South Africa
	Onverwacht Group
	South Africa
	Swaziland
	Transvaal region
SN	In Kaapvaal Craton, Mpumalanga and N Swaziland. Before 1993, also search Barberton and greenstone. Includes Onverwacht Group, Fig Tree Group, and Moodies Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Barberton Mountain Land
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Mpumalanga South Africa
	....Barberton Mountain Land
RT	Barberton greenstone belt
SN	NE South Africa.

Barberton South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Mpumalanga South Africa
	....Barberton South Africa
SN	Town near Swaziland border.

barbosalite
BT	phosphates
	.barbosalite

Barbour County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Barbour County Alabama

Barbour County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Barbour County West Virginia

Barcelona City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonia Spain
	.....Barcelona Spain
	......Barcelona City Spain
SN	Refers only to the city on the Mediterranean Sea. Before 1981, also search Barcelona Spain.

Barcelona Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonia Spain
	.....Barcelona Spain
NT	Barcelona City Spain
	Vich Spain
RT	Llobregat River basin
	Montserrat
	Ter River basin
SN	Refers only to the province on the Mediterranean Sea. From 1981-1993, also search Barcelona Province and Spain. For the city, see Barcelona City Spain.

barchans
BT	dunes
	.barchans
BT	eolian features
	.barchans
RT	wind transport
	geomorphology
	arid environment
	deserts
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bardo Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Wroclaw Poland
	....Bardo Mountains
SN	In SW Poland.

Barents Sea
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Barents Sea
NT	White Sea
RT	Bear Island
SN	Part of Arctic Ocean N of Norway and Russian Federation, and between Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya.

Bari Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Apulia Italy
	....Bari Italy
SN	City and province on the Adriatic Sea.

Barinas Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Barinas Venezuela
SN	State in SW Venezuela. Also a city.

Baringo Lake
USE	Lake Baringo

barite
BT	sulfates
	.barite
RT	barite deposits
SN	As of 1981, use barite deposits for barite as a commodity.

barite deposits
RT	Aberfeldy
	barite
	Clara Mine
	Fukazawa Mine
	North Pole Deposit
SN	Commodity. See List C.

barium
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..barium
UF	Ba
RT	barylite

barium feldspar
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...barium feldspar
NT	celsian
	hyalophane
	paracelsian
RT	barium silicates

barium silicates
BT	silicates
	.barium silicates
RT	barium feldspar

Barmer India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Barmer India
SN	Town in W Rajasthan, W India.

Barnes County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Barnes County North Dakota

Barnes ice cap
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Baffin Island
	...Barnes ice cap
SN	Central Baffin Island in Franklin District. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Barnett Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Barnett Formation
RT	Texas
SN	Central Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Barnstable County Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Barnstable County Massachusetts
NT	Cape Cod
	Woods Hole Massachusetts
RT	Buzzards Bay
	Massachusetts Bay
SN	Coextensive with Cape Cod in SE Massachusetts.

Barnwell County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Barnwell County South Carolina
RT	Savannah River Plant
SN	W South Carolina.

Barnwell Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Barnwell Formation
RT	South Carolina
	Georgia
	Jackson Group
SN	In Jackson Group. SW South Carolina and E Georgia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Baroda
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Former state in SE Gujarat, W India. For the city and district, see Baroda India.

Baroda India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Baroda India
SN	City and district in SE Gujarat, W India.

barometry, geologic
USE	geologic barometry

Baron France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Oise France
	....Baron France
SN	SW Oise, France.

Baronnies
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Drome France
	....Baronnies
SN	Hilly region in SE France.

Barracuda Ridge
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Barracuda Ridge
RT	Caribbean Sea
SN	In the Anegada Passage area between the Virgin Islands and the N Leeward Islands.

Barrandian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Barrandian
SN	Stage.

Barrandian area
USE	Barrandian Basin

Barrandian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Barrandian Basin
UF	Barrandian area

Barre Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Barre Granite
RT	Vermont
SN	An elongated, oval-shaped body that crops out in northwestern and west-central parts of East Barre Quadrangle, Washington County, Vermont.

Barreal Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..San Juan Argentina
	...Barreal Argentina
SN	Town in SW San Juan Province.

Barreiras Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Barreiras Formation
RT	Brazil
	Pernambuco Brazil
	Bahia Brazil
	Espirito Santo Brazil
	Para Brazil

Barreirinhas Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Maranhao Brazil
	...Barreirinhas Basin
SN	NE Maranhao.

Barremian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Barremian
RT	Speeton Clay
SN	Europe. Above Hauterivian, below Aptian.

Barren County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Barren County Kentucky

Barren Measures
RT	India
	Middle Permian
SN	Middle Permian. Northeastern Indian coal fields. Underlies Raniganj Stage; overlies Barakar Formation. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

barrier bars
USE	longshore bars

barrier beaches
BT	shore features
	.barrier beaches
RT	geomorphology
	barrier islands
	beaches
	longshore bars
	sand ridges
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

barrier islands
RT	artificial islands
	barrier beaches
	bars
	capes
	geomorphology
	islands
	littoral erosion
	longshore bars
	sand ridges
	shore features
	shorelines
	tombolos
SN	Before 1981, also search barriers. Indexed with shore features if applicable.

barrier reefs
BT	reefs
	.barrier reefs
RT	lagoons
	fringing reefs

barriers
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See barrier islands; longshore bars. As of 1993, also see disposal barriers.

Barringer Crater
USE	Meteor Crater

Barron County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Barron County Wisconsin

Barrovian-type deposits
RT	aureoles
	haloes
	metamorphic belts
	metamorphism
	mineral deposits, genesis
	prograde metamorphism
	regional metamorphism
	zoning
SN	Belt of increasing metamorphic grade in complexes of regional dynamothermal metamorphism. May also refer to a characteristic facies series in Scotland. Also index type of metamorphism. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Barrow Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Northern Alaska
	...Barrow Alaska
UF	Point Barrow Alaska
RT	Arctic Ocean
	Barrow Field
	Point Barrow
SN	City about 12 miles S of Point Barrow on the Arctic Ocean. As of 1993, also use for the Eskimo village on Point Barrow headland, N Alaska. Also search Point Barrow or Nuwuk in combination with Alaska.

Barrow County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Barrow County Georgia

Barrow Field
RT	Barrow Alaska
	North Slope
	Northern Alaska
	oil and gas fields
SN	Natural gas field. North Slope, N Alaska. Also in other locations. Indexed with county or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Barrow Island
RT	Western Australia
SN	Off NW coast of Western Australia. Indexed with Western Australia as applicable.

Barry County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Barry County Michigan

Barry County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Barry County Missouri

bars
NT	longshore bars
	point bars
UF	sand bars
RT	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	bedding plane irregularities
	barrier islands
	shorelines
	shore features
	sand ridges
	capes
	littoral erosion
	tombolos
	planar bedding structures
	veins
SN	As of 1993, not to be used for sedimentary structures. Also index fluvial features and/or shore features if applicable.

Barsakelmes
BT	Asia
	.Central Asia
	..Barsakelmes
RT	Kazakhstan
	Uzbekistan
	Aral Sea
	Ustyurt
SN	Region of depression in Ustyurt in W Uzbekistan. Also an island in the Aral Sea, S Kazakhstan. Indexed with Uzbekistan or Kazakhstan as applicable.

Barstovian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Barstovian
SN	North America.

Barstow California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Barstow California
SN	City in S California.

Barstow Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Barstow Formation
RT	California
SN	Middle and upper Miocene. S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Barth Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany
	....Barth Germany
RT	Mecklenburg
SN	Town on the Baltic Sea in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Before 1993, Barth was used with Mecklenburg and with Rostock Bezirk.

Bartholomew County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Bartholomew County Indiana

Bartlesville Sand
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Bartlesville Sand
RT	Mississippian
	Pennsylvanian
	Oklahoma
	Kansas
SN	In Kansas and Oklahoma.

Barton Beds
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Bartonian
	......Barton Beds
RT	England
	United Kingdom
SN	Overlain by the lower Headon Beds and rest on the upper Bracklesham Beds. Divided into lower, middle, and upper Barton Beds. Hampshire County in S England. Also search Barton.

Barton County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Barton County Kansas
SN	Central Kansas.

Barton County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Barton County Missouri
SN	SW Missouri.

Barton Springs
RT	Hays County Texas
	Texas
	Travis County Texas
SN	S central Texas. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bartonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Bartonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Bartonian
NT	Barton Beds
RT	Priabonian
SN	Europe. Above Auversian, below Ludian.

Bartow County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bartow County Georgia
NT	Cartersville Georgia
SN	NW Georgia.

Barwell Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...L chondrites
	....Barwell Meteorite
RT	England
	United Kingdom
	Great Britain
	Leicestershire England
SN	Impact in Leicestershire, England. Before 1981, also search Barwell and meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

barylite
BT	silicates
	.ring silicates
	..barylite
RT	barium

Barytherioidea
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
	.......Barytherioidea

Bas-Dauphine
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bas-Dauphine
RT	Dauphine
	Dauphine Alps
SN	Region. Part of the historic province of Dauphine in SE France. Associated with the Dauphine Alps.

Bas-Rhin France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bas-Rhin France
NT	Bouxwiller France
	Soultz-sous-Forets France
	Strasbourg France
RT	Alsace
	Saar Basin
SN	Department in Alsace in extreme NE France.

Bas-Zaire Congo Democratic Republic
USE	Lower Zaire Congo Democratic Republic

basalt flows
RT	basalts
	flood basalts
	flow texture
	lava flows
SN	Before 1993, also search lava flows AND basalts. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

basalt glass
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use volcanic glass AND (basalts or basaltic composition).

basaltic
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use basaltic composition or basaltic layer.

basaltic composition
RT	basalts
	igneous rocks
	composition
SN	Before 1978, also search basaltic.

basaltic domes
USE	shield volcanoes

basaltic layer
UF	layer, basaltic
	sima
RT	crust
	lower crust
	granitic layer

basaltic rocks
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use basalts or basaltic composition.

basalts
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
NT	absarokite
	alkali basalts
	ankaramite
	columnar basalt
	flood basalts
	melaphyre
	mid-ocean ridge basalts
	ocean-island basalts
	oceanite
	olivine basalt
	olivine tholeiite
	shoshonite
	tholeiite
	tholeiitic basalt
	trap rocks
RT	lava
	augite
	basalt flows
	basaltic composition
	diabase
	metabasalt
	picrite
	picrite porphyry
	pillow lava
	pyrolite
	quartz diabase
	tholeiitic composition
SN	Also search basaltic rocks.

basanite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...alkali basalts
	....basanite

basculating faults
USE	wrench faults

base exchange
USE	ion exchange

base maps
BT	maps
	.base maps
RT	topographic maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

base metals
BT	metal ores
	.base metals
RT	metals
	Agrokipia Deposit
	copper ores
	zinc ores
	precious metals
	alloys
	Broken Hill Mine
	Gays River Deposit
	lead ores
	Nasliden Mine
SN	See list C for use as a commodity term.

base surges
RT	nuees ardentes
	pyroclastic flows
	pyroclastic surges
	sedimentation
	surges
	volcanism
SN	Used in sedimentation and for pyroclastic flows. As of 1995, also see pyroclastic surges if applicable.

base-level peneplain
USE	peneplains

Basel Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Basel Switzerland
UF	Basle Switzerland
SN	Canton composed of demicantons of Basel-Land and Basel-Stadt. Also a city.

baselevel
SN	Use peneplains, erosion surfaces, lake-level changes, or sea-level changes.

baseline studies
RT	background level
	environmental analysis
	feasibility studies
	geodesy
	monitoring
	quality control
	sensitivity analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

basement
UF	basement rocks
	basement structure
RT	tectonics
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	crust
	Mohorovicic discontinuity
	basement tectonics
	sedimentary cover
	shields
	supracrustals

basement rocks
USE	basement

basement structure
USE	basement

basement tectonics
BT	tectonics
	.basement tectonics
RT	metamorphic rocks
	basement
	supracrustals
	thick-skinned tectonics
SN	Before 1993, also search basement AND tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bashkiria Russian Federation
USE	Bashkortostan Russian Federation

Bashkirian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Bashkirian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Upper Carboniferous
	.....Bashkirian
UF	Bashkirian Stage
SN	Europe.

Bashkirian Stage
USE	Bashkirian

Bashkortostan Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Bashkortostan Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Bashkortostan Russian Federation
NT	Sibay Russian Federation
	Tuymazy Russian Federation
	Uchaly Russian Federation
	Ufa Russian Federation
UF	Bashkiria Russian Federation
RT	Arlan
	Ural region
	Yuryuzan Russian Federation
SN	Former Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in SE Russian Federation. Before 1993, Bashkortostan Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

BASIC
BT	computer languages
	.BASIC
RT	computer programs
	data processing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

basic rocks
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use mafic composition.

Basilicata Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Basilicata Italy
NT	Matera Italy
	Potenza Italy
RT	Vulture Mountain
	Irpinia earthquake 1980
	Lucania
SN	Autonomous region in S Italy.

basin analysis
RT	analysis
	basin inversion
	decompaction
	facies
	geochemistry
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	petroleum exploration
	sedimentary basins
	sedimentation
SN	For petroleum studies, also search petroleum exploration AND sedimentary basins or basin of interest e.g. Williston Basin. Also index types of analysis. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Basin and Range Province
BT	North America
	.Basin and Range Province
NT	Great Basin
RT	New Mexico
	United States
	Idaho
	Utah
	California
	Texas
	Nevada
	Arizona
	Oregon
	Battle Mountain High
	Manzano Mountains
	Mineral Mountains
	Nopah Range
	Pilot Range
	Quitman Mountains
	Rincon Mountains
	Sevier Desert
	Sonora Mexico
	Tijeras Canyon
	Toquima Range
	Walker
SN	Physiographic province in W and SW United States characterized by a series of tilted fault blocks forming longitudinal, asymmetric ridges of mountains and broad intervening basins.

basin inversion
UF	inversion, basin
RT	tectonics
	basin analysis
	basins
	inversion tectonics
	relief inversion
SN	Also search basins AND (inversion OR inversion tectonics).

basin management
RT	basins
	conservation
	drainage basins
	ground water
	hydrology
	land management
	land use
	reclamation
	surface water
	water management
	water resources
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Basin of Mexico
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Sigsbee Deep or Valley of Mexico.

basin range structure
UF	basin-range structure
	range, basin
RT	tectonics
	faults
	basins
SN	Also search basin range; basin-range.

basin-range structure
USE	basin range structure

basins
NT	back-arc basins
	fore-arc basins
	foreland basins
	intermontane basins
	intracratonic basins
	marginal basins
	piggyback basins
	pull-apart basins
	sedimentary basins
UF	basins, structural
	structural basins
RT	sedimentation
	ocean basins
	tectonics
	extension tectonics
	paleogeography
	folds
	drainage basins
	basin inversion
	basin management
	basin range structure
	depressions
	morphostructures
	playas

basins, drainage
USE	drainage basins

basins, structural
USE	basins

Baskunchak Series
RT	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Russian Federation
	Triassic
SN	S Urals. Indexed with age as applicable.

Basle Switzerland
USE	Basel Switzerland

Basommatophora
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Pulmonata
	....Basommatophora
NT	Planorbis

Basque Provinces Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
NT	Alava Spain
	Guipuzcoa Spain
	Vizcaya Spain
UF	Pais Vasco Spain
RT	Cantabrian Basin
SN	On the Bay of Biscay near the French border. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Bass Basin
USE	Bass Strait

Bass Islands Dolomite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Bass Islands Dolomite
RT	Ontario
	Kentucky
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Michigan
	Michigan Basin
SN	Michigan Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bass Strait
UF	Bass Basin
RT	Australia
	Indian Ocean
	Tamar Estuary
	Tasman Sea
	Western Port
	Wynyard Australia
SN	Large channel separating Victoria from Tasmania and the Indian Ocean from the Tasman Sea. Also index Tasman Sea and/or Indian Ocean as applicable.

bassanite
BT	sulfates
	.bassanite

Basses-Alpes
USE	Alpes-de-Haute Provence France

Basses-Pyrenees France
USE	Pyrenees-Atlantiques France

Bastar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Bastar India
SN	District in SE Madhya Pradesh, E central India.

bastnaesite
BT	carbonates
	.bastnaesite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..bastnaesite
UF	bastnasite
RT	rare earth deposits
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

bastnasite
USE	bastnaesite

Bastogne Belgium
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
	...Luxembourg Belgium
	....Bastogne Belgium
SN	Town in E Luxembourg Province, SE Belgium.

Bastrop County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bastrop County Texas
SN	S central Texas.

Basutoland
USE	Lesotho

Bataan Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Luzon
	....Bataan Philippine Islands
SN	Province, S Luzon, Philippine Islands.

Batchawana Bay
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Batchawana Bay
RT	Lake Superior
SN	On Lake Superior N of Sault Sainte Marie.

Batenev Ridge
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kuznetsk Alatau
	...Batenev Ridge
SN	In the Kuznetsk Alatau of the Khakass Autonomous Oblast SW of Krasnoyarsk. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bates County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Bates County Missouri

Batesville Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Independence County Arkansas
	...Batesville Arkansas
SN	City in NE Arkansas.

Bath County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Bath County Kentucky
SN	NE Kentucky.

Bath County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Bath County Virginia
SN	W Virginia.

Bath England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Avon England
	......Bath England
RT	Somerset England
SN	City near Bristol, SW England.

batholiths
BT	intrusions
	.batholiths
UF	abyssolith
	central granite
	intrusive mountain
RT	igneous rocks
	domes
	dikes
	laccoliths
	lopoliths
	plutons
	stocks

Bathonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Bathonian
NT	Great Oolite Series
RT	Dogger
	Garn Formation
	White Limestone
SN	Europe. Above Bajocian, below Callovian.

Bathurst Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Bathurst Australia
SN	City in New South Wales.

Bathurst Island
RT	Arctic Archipelago
	Franklin District Northwest Territories
	Northern Territory Australia
	Northwest Territories
	Queen Elizabeth Islands
SN	Island in Parry Islands, NW Franklin District, Northwest Territories, Canada. Also island in Northern Territory, Australia. Indexed with regions as applicable.

Bathurst mining district
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Gloucester County New Brunswick
	.....Bathurst mining district
RT	mines
	metal ores
SN	Gloucester County, New Brunswick. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bathurst New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Gloucester County New Brunswick
	.....Bathurst New Brunswick
SN	City, Gloucester County. Also see Bathurst mining district if applicable.

bathymetric features
SN	Use bottom features for ocean floors. Use bottom features and lakes for lakebed features.

bathymetric maps
BT	maps
	.bathymetric maps
RT	ocean floors
	bathymetry
	isobath maps
SN	Before 1978, search maps AND bathymetric.

bathymetric methods
USE	bathymetry

bathymetry
UF	bathymetric methods
RT	ocean floors
	oceanography
	geophysical methods
	echo sounding
	geophysical surveys
	marine geology
	bathymetric maps
	isobath maps
	paleo-oceanography
	paleobathymetry
	Seabeam

Baton Rouge Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..East Baton Rouge Parish Louisiana
	...Baton Rouge Louisiana
SN	City on the Mississippi River in SE central Louisiana.

Battambang Cambodia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Cambodia
	...Battambang Cambodia
SN	Town in W Cambodia.

Battery Point Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Lower Devonian
	.....Battery Point Formation
RT	Quebec
	Gaspe Peninsula
SN	Gaspe Peninsula. Above York River Formation; below Malbaie Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Battle Mountain
RT	Colorado
	Eagle County Colorado
	Lander County Nevada
	Nevada
SN	Lander County, N central Nevada; Eagle County, N central Colorado. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Battle Mountain High
BT	United States
	.Battle Mountain High
RT	Idaho
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Nevada
	Great Basin
	Basin and Range Province
	Oregon
	heat flow
	Western U.S.
SN	Heat flow anomaly in region including parts of N Nevada, SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, and NW Wyoming. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Batumi Georgian Republic
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Adzharistan Georgian Republic
	...Batumi Georgian Republic
SN	City on the Black Sea near the Turkish border. May also be called Batum.

Bauchi Plateau
USE	Jos Plateau

Bauer Deep
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southeast Pacific
	...Bauer Deep
SN	SE Pacific Ocean, E of the East Pacific Rise. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Baumkirchen
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Tyrol Austria
	....Baumkirchen
RT	Inn Valley
SN	Region in Inn Valley.

Bauru Formation
RT	Brazil
	K-T boundary
	lower Tertiary
	Minas Gerais Brazil
	Sao Paulo Brazil
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Upper Cretaceous to lower Tertiary. Indexed with ages as applicable.

bauxite
RT	aluminum
	aluminum ores
	aluminum oxides
	bauxitization
	clastic rocks
	clay minerals
	laterites
	sedimentary rocks
SN	Includes use both as a commodity term and a sedimentary rock. See List C for use as a commodity term.

bauxitization
RT	bauxite
	laterites
	laterization
	mineral deposits, genesis
	processes
	weathering

Bavaria Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
NT	Ansbach Germany
	Bavarian Forest
	Bavarian Massif
	Bayreuth Germany
	Coburg Germany
	Eichstatt Germany
	Erlangen Germany
	Franconian Forest
	Franconian Jura
	Hagendorf
	Kelheim Germany
	Middle Franconia
	Munchberg Gneiss Massif
	Nabburg Germany
	Neuburg Germany
	Nuremberg Germany
	Passau Germany
	Regensburg Germany
	Ries Crater
	Sandelzhausen Germany
	Solnhofen Germany
	Spessart
	Upper Bavaria Germany
	Upper Franconia Germany
	Upper Palatinate
	Weissenburg Germany
RT	Allgau Alps
	Alpenvorland
	Northern Limestone Alps
	Franconia
	Lake Constance
	Main River
	Odenwald
	Palatinate
	Swabia
	Inn Valley
	Bavarian Alps
	Fichtelgebirge
	Isar Valley
	KTB
	Rhon Mountains
	Saale River
	Salzach River
	Schwarzenberg Germany
	Solnhofen Limestone
SN	State in SE Germany.

Bavarian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Bavarian Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Central Alps
	...Bavarian Alps
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Tyrol Austria
	Northern Limestone Alps
	Upper Bavaria Germany
SN	Range of the Central Alps along the Austro-German border. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with name of country and province or state.

Bavarian Forest
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Bavarian Forest
SN	A subsidiary forested mountain range of the Bohemian Forest in E Bavaria.

Bavarian Massif
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Bavarian Massif
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

bavenite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..bavenite
RT	aluminosilicates

Baxter County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Baxter County Arkansas

Bay County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Bay County Florida

Bay County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Bay County Michigan

Bay of Bengal
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Bay of Bengal
NT	Andaman Basin
RT	Andaman Sea
	Godavari River
	Krishna-Godavari Basin
	Bengal Fan
	Strait of Malacca
SN	Part of Indian Ocean between India and the W coast of Burma.

Bay of Biscay
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bay of Biscay
NT	Cantabria Seamount
	Vilaine Bay
UF	Biscay Bay
	Golfo de Vizcaya
	Gulf of Gascony
RT	Arcachon Basin
	Bay of Bourgneuf
	DSDP Site 118
	DSDP Site 402
	Gironde Estuary
	Groix Island
	Leg 48
	Vizcaya Spain
SN	Large inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between the W tip of Brittany and NW Spain.

Bay of Bourgneuf
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bay of Bourgneuf
RT	Loire-Atlantique France
	Bay of Biscay
	Vendee France
SN	On Bay of Biscay off Vendee and Loire-Atlantique departments.

Bay of Fundy
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bay of Fundy
RT	Cumberland Basin
	Minas Basin
SN	Inlet between Maine and New Brunswick on the W and Nova Scotia on the E.

Bay of Haifa
USE	Haifa Bay

Bay of Islands
RT	Gulf of Saint Lawrence
	New Zealand
	Newfoundland Island
	North Island
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Saint Lawrence off W coast of Newfoundland Island. Also occurs in NE coast of North Island, New Zealand. Indexed with North Island and New Zealand; OR Newfoundland Island as applicable.

Bay of Islands Ophiolite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Bay of Islands Ophiolite
UF	Baie of Islands Ophiolite
RT	Newfoundland Island
SN	Ordovician? W Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel
USE	Bay of Saint-Michel

Bay of Naples
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Bay of Naples
RT	Gulf of Pozzuoli
	Sorrento Peninsula
	Tyrrhenian Sea
SN	Inlet of Tyrrhenian Sea off the city of Naples.

Bay of Plenty
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Bay of Plenty
RT	Pacific Ocean
	North Island
	Edgecumbe earthquake 1987
SN	Large inlet off NE coast of North Island, New Zealand. Also Index North Island.

Bay of Saint Michel
USE	Bay of Saint-Michel

Bay of Saint-Michel
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bay of Saint-Michel
UF	Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel
	Bay of Saint Michel
	Mont-Saint-Michel Bay
RT	English Channel
	Manche France
SN	On English Channel off SW corner of Normandy. Location of Mont Saint Michel.

Bay of the Seine
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bay of the Seine
RT	English Channel
SN	Inlet of the English Channel off Normandy between Cotentin Peninsula on W to mouth of Seine River on E.

Bay Park New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Nassau County New York
	...Bay Park New York
RT	Long Island
SN	Town on Long Island in SE New York.

Bayan Obo China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Inner Mongolia China
	....Bayan Obo China
UF	Bayanobo China
SN	Inner Mongolia, central N China. Site of Bayan Obo Deposit, large iron-niobium-rare earths deposit. Also search Bayanobo and China.

Bayan-Nuurin-khotnor Basin
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Mongolia
	...Bayan-Nuurin-khotnor Basin
RT	Hangay Mountains
SN	Part of the Bayan-khongor fault valley, central Mongolia. Between the Hangay Mountains to the NE and the South Hangay Upland to the SW. Contained a pluvial lake during the Pleistocene. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Bayanobo China
USE	Bayan Obo China

bayerite
BT	oxides
	.bayerite
RT	aluminum oxides
	gibbsite
SN	Often artificial.

Bayesian analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.Bayesian analysis
RT	analysis
	data processing
	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	geostatistics
	discriminant analysis
	mathematical models
	variance analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bayfield County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Bayfield County Wisconsin
SN	N Wisconsin.

Baylor County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Baylor County Texas
SN	SW of Wichita Falls in N Texas.

Bayn Dzak
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Mongolia
	...Bayn Dzak
RT	Gobi Desert
SN	Region in the Gobi Desert.

Bayreuth Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Bayreuth Germany
SN	City in NE Bavaria.

bays
RT	embayments
	fjords
	geomorphology
	inlets
	shore features
	shorelines

Baza
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Guadix-Baza Basin if applicable.

Bazhenov Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Bazhenov Formation
RT	Russian Federation
	Siberian Platform
	West Siberia
SN	W Siberia and Siberian Platform. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Be
USE	beryllium

Be-10
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Be-10
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..beryllium
	...Be-10
RT	Be-10/Be-9
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Be-10/Be-9
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Be-10/Be-9
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Be-10/Be-9
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..beryllium
	...Be-10/Be-9
UF	Be-9/Be-10
RT	isotope ratios
	Be-10
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Be-7
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Be-7
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..beryllium
	...Be-7
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Be-9/Be-10
USE	Be-10/Be-9

beach erosion
USE	littoral erosion

beach nourishment
RT	beaches
	erosion control
	preventive measures
	protection
	shorelines
	stabilization
SN	Also search beaches OR shore features OR shorelines in combination with nourishment OR replenishment OR protection OR restoration. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

beach placers
BT	placers
	.beach placers
RT	marine sediments
	stream placers
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

beach profiles
RT	beaches
	dynamics
	erosion
	erosion control
	geomorphology
	littoral erosion
	marine transport
	sea-level changes
	sediment transport
	sedimentation
	shore features
	shorelines
SN	Before 1995, also search beaches. Search with shorelines for engineering or geomorphological studies. Indexed with shore features if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

beach ridges
BT	shore features
	.beach ridges
RT	geomorphology
	shorelines
	beaches
	cheniers
	marine terraces

beach rock
USE	beachrock

beaches
RT	barrier beaches
	beach nourishment
	beach profiles
	beach ridges
	berms
	capes
	chenier plains
	coastal environment
	foredunes
	geomorphology
	lacustrine features
	lagoons
	landform evolution
	littoral erosion
	paleoecology
	raised beaches
	sedimentation
	shore features
	s
SN	Indexed with shore features if applicable.

beachrock
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..beachrock
UF	beach rock

Beacon Supergroup
RT	Antarctica
	Buckley Formation
	Carboniferous
	Devonian
	Jurassic
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Queen Maud Range
	Ross Dependency
	Ross Ice Shelf
	Taylor Group
	Triassic
	Victoria Land
SN	In Queen Maud Range along SW Ross Ice Shelf and in Victoria Land W of Ross Sea, both in Ross Dependency S of New Zealand. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Beacon Valley
RT	Antarctica
	Ross Dependency
	Victoria Land
SN	In S Victoria Land near SE Ross Sea in Ross Dependency S of New Zealand. Indexed with Antarctica as applicable.

Beadle County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Beadle County South Dakota

Bear Gulch Limestone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Bear Gulch Limestone Member
RT	Montana
	Tyler Formation
SN	In Tyler Formation. Central N Montana.

Bear Island
UF	Bjornoya
RT	Arctic region
	Arctic Ocean
	Svalbard
	Barents Sea
SN	240 miles N of Norway. Along with Spitsbergen forms Svalbard island group. Before 1981, broader terms were Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with Svalbard as applicable.

Bear Lake
RT	Rich County Utah
SN	N Utah and Bear Lake County, SE Idaho. May also occur in other locations. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Bear Lake County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bear Lake County Idaho

Bear Mountain
RT	Alaska
	California
	New Mexico
	New York
	South Dakota
SN	Occurs in various locations. Indexed with appropriate counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bear Province
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Bear Province
RT	Northwest Territories
SN	Structural province of the Canadian Shield.

Bear River basin
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
SN	N Utah, SE Idaho and SW Wyoming. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Bear River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Bear River Formation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
SN	SW Wyoming, SE Idaho and NE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bear River Range
RT	Idaho
	United States
	Utah
SN	N Utah and SE Idaho. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Bear Valley
RT	California
SN	Central California. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Bear-Slave Operation
RT	geochemical methods
	Great Bear Lake
	Great Slave Lake
	Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
	mineral exploration
	Northwest Territories
SN	Geochemical operation in Great Bear and Great Slave lakes region of Mackenzie District.

Beardmore Glacier
BT	Antarctica
	.Beardmore Glacier
RT	Queen Maud Range
	Ross Dependency
	Ross Ice Shelf
	Coalsack Bluff
	Fremouw Formation
	LEW 86010
	LEW 88516
	Lewis Cliff Meteorites
	Sirius Group
SN	At NW end of Queen Maud Range just off Ross Ice Shelf in Ross Dependency S of New Zealand.

bearing capacity
RT	California bearing ratio
	compaction
	foundations
	physical properties
	soil mechanics
	stress

Bearn
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bearn
SN	An historical region of SW France.

Bearpaw Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Bearpaw Formation
RT	Alberta
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Edmonton Formation
	Montana Group
SN	In Montana Group. S Alberta; N, E, and S Montana; and Elk Basin region of central N Wyoming.

Beartooth Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Absaroka Range
	...Beartooth Mountains
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
SN	NE spur of Absaroka Range. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.

Beas River

Beata Ridge
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
	...Beata Ridge
RT	Leg 15
	DSDP Site 31
SN	Off south central coast of Hispaniola.

Beatty Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Nye County Nevada
	...Beatty Nevada
SN	Town and site of underground nuclear explosions in S Nevada.

Beatty Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Cochrane District Ontario
	....Beatty Ontario
SN	Used for the township in Cochrane District, N Ontario.

Beauce
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Beauce
RT	Eure-et-Loir France
	Loir-et-Cher France
SN	Ancient region in N central France. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Beauce County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Beauce County Quebec

Beaufort County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Beaufort County North Carolina
NT	Lee Creek Mine
RT	Pamlico River
SN	On the Atlantic coast in E North Carolina.

Beaufort County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Beaufort County South Carolina
RT	Saint Helena
	Port Royal Sound
SN	On Atlantic coast in extreme S South Carolina.

Beaufort Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Beaufort Formation
RT	North Carolina
	Beaufort Group
SN	Underlies Castle Hayne Limestone or Yorktown Formation, or locally, an unnamed middle(?) Miocene unit; overlies Upper Cretaceous Peedee Formation. In E North Carolina. Search in combination with area.

Beaufort Group
RT	Beaufort Formation
	Botswana
	Karroo Supergroup
	Namibia
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	South Africa
	Triassic
	Zimbabwe
SN	In Karroo Supergroup. Permian and Triassic of South Africa. Before 1993, also search Beaufort Formation or Beaufort Series; AND South Africa. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Beaufort North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Carteret County North Carolina
	...Beaufort North Carolina
SN	City in E North Carolina.

Beaufort Sea
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Beaufort Sea
RT	Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin
SN	Between N Alaska and the Arctic Archipelago of Canada.

Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin
UF	Mackenzie-Beaufort Basin
RT	Northern Alaska
	Northwest Territories
	Beaufort Sea
	Mackenzie Delta
SN	Onshore and offshore basin roughly centered in the Mackenzie Delta region of Northwest Territories. Also search Beaufort Basin or Mackenzie Basin in combination with Beaufort Sea or Northwest Territories as applicable. Indexed with Northwest Territories o

Beauharnois County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Beauharnois County Quebec

Beaumont Clay
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Beaumont Clay
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
SN	E Texas and SW Louisiana. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Beaumont Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Jefferson County Texas
	...Beaumont Texas
SN	City in E Texas.

Beauregard Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Beauregard Parish Louisiana

Beauvoir Granite
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Beauvoir Granite
RT	Allier France
	Central Massif
SN	Complex in Central Massif, central France. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Beaver County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Beaver County Oklahoma
RT	Oklahoma Panhandle
SN	Extreme NW Oklahoma.

Beaver County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Beaver County Pennsylvania
SN	W Pennsylvania.

Beaver County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Beaver County Utah
NT	Mineral Mountains
	Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA
RT	Black Mountains
	Tushar Mountains
	Wah Wah Mountains
SN	SW Utah.

Beaver Creek
RT	Wind River
	Wyoming
SN	Two Beaver creeks. One in NE and one in W central Wyoming. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Beaver Lake
RT	Garden County Nebraska
SN	Garden County in W Nebraska panhandle. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Beaver River
RT	Ontario
	Utah
	Yukon Territory
SN	Extreme SE Yukon Territory. Also in other locations, including SW Utah, Ontario, and New York. Search in combination with state or region as applicable. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Beaverhead County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Beaverhead County Montana
NT	Tendoy Range
RT	Gravelly Range
	Pioneer Mountains
SN	Extreme SW Montana.

Beaverhead Formation
RT	Eocene
	Idaho
	K-T boundary
	Montana
	Paleocene
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene. Unconformably overlies Kootenay Formation, Dinwoody Formation, Thaynes Formation, Phosphoria Formation, Quadrant Quartzite and Madison Group. E central Idaho and SW Montana. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Beaverhead Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Bitterroot Range
	...Beaverhead Mountains
RT	Idaho
	Montana
SN	S part of Bitterroot Range, SE Idaho and SW Montana. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties or states as applicable.

Beaverhill Lake Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Beaverhill Lake Group
RT	Middle Devonian
	Upper Devonian
	Alberta
	North Dakota
	Swan Hills Formation
SN	Alberta. May also occur in other locations. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Beaverlodge
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
	...Beaverlodge
SN	Lake N of Lake Athabasca.

Bechar Algeria
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
	...Bechar Algeria
SN	Town about 440 miles SW of Algiers.

Bechuanaland
USE	Botswana

Becker County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Becker County Minnesota

Beckham County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Beckham County Oklahoma

Becraft Mountain
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Columbia County New York
	...Becraft Mountain
SN	Columbia County in E New York.

bed forms
USE	bedforms

bed load
USE	bedload

bed-load
USE	bedload

Bedarieux France
BT	rault France
	.Bedarieux France
SN	Town in S France.

bedded volcano
USE	stratovolcanoes

bedding
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..bedding
RT	bedding plane irregularities
	fractures
	primary structures
	columnar joints
	cross-bedding
	flaser bedding
	graded bedding
	laminations
	lineation
	massive bedding
	planar deformation features
	rhythmic bedding
	stratification
	strike
SN	Also index primary structures if applicable.

bedding faults
BT	faults
	.bedding faults
RT	bedding joints
	duplexes
SN	Before 1978, search faults AND bedding.

bedding joints
RT	bedding faults
	joints
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

bedding plane irregularities
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
NT	antidunes
	chevron marks
	current markings
	dune structures
	flute casts
	fossil ice wedges
	frost features
	groove casts
	grooves
	megaripples
	mud lumps
	mudcracks
	parting lineation
	ripple marks
	sand ridges
	sand waves
	scour casts
	scour marks
	striations
	tool marks
RT	dunes
	bars
	bedding
	casts
	imbrication
	load casts
	mounds
	sand bodies
	sole marks

bedding structures, planar
USE	planar bedding structures

bedding-plane slip
USE	flexural-slip

Bedford County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Bedford County Pennsylvania
NT	Woodbury Pennsylvania
SN	S Pennsylvania.

Bedford County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Bedford County Tennessee
SN	Central Tennessee.

Bedford County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Bedford County Virginia
SN	SW central Virginia. Also search Bedford Virginia if applicable.

Bedford Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Bedford Shale
RT	Devonian
	Mississippian
	Kentucky
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
SN	Devonian and Mississippian(?): NE Kentucky, E Ohio, and SW Pennsylvania. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Bedfordshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Bedfordshire England
SN	County in SE England.

bedforms
UF	bed forms
RT	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	hydrology
	rivers and streams
	lacustrine features

bedload
UF	bed load
	bed-load
	bottom load
	sediment budget
	sediment load
RT	sedimentation
	sediments
	streams
	gravel-bed streams
	stream transport

bedrock
RT	outcrops
	rocks
	soils
SN	Used as a general term.

beds, convoluted
USE	convoluted beds

beds, key
USE	key beds

beds, marker
USE	marker beds

Bee County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bee County Texas

Beech Creek Limestone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Chesterian
	.......Beech Creek Limestone Member
RT	Kentucky
	Indiana
	Golconda Formation
SN	Of Golconda Formation. SW Indiana and N central Kentucky. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Beekmantown Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Beekmantown Group
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Vermont
	New York
	Maryland
	Tennessee
	Rose Run Sandstone
SN	From SE Canada to Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Beemerville New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Sussex County New Jersey
	...Beemerville New Jersey
SN	Village in extreme N New Jersey.

Beer Sheba Israel
USE	Beer Sheva Israel

Beer Sheva Israel
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Israel
	...Beer Sheva Israel
UF	Beer Sheba Israel
	Beersheba Israel
RT	Negev
SN	City and region, S Israel.

Beerenberg
BT	Arctic region
	.Jan Mayen
	..Beerenberg
RT	volcanoes
	Arctic Ocean
SN	Extinct volcano on Norway's Jan Mayen Island.

Beersheba Israel
USE	Beer Sheva Israel

Behar India
USE	Bihar India

behavior
RT	adaptive radiation
	biologic evolution
	ecology
	paleoecology
	properties
	reactivity
SN	Used as a general term applicable to a variety of disciplines.

bei China
NT	Beijing China
	Jianghan Basin
	Jixian China
	Tianjin China
	Yanshan Range

beidellite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...beidellite
RT	montmorillonite

Beijing China
BT	bei China
	.Beijing China
RT	Xingtai earthquake 1966
SN	Independent municipality and capital of China, including surrounding counties. Located in Hebei. Formerly called Peking.

Beil Limestone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Virgilian
	.......Beil Limestone Member
RT	Iowa
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Lecompton Limestone
SN	Of Lecompton Limestone. SW Iowa, E Kansas, SE Nebraska.

Beira Baixa
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Beira Baixa
SN	Former province in N central Portugal.

Beirut Lebanon
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Lebanon
	...Beirut Lebanon
SN	City on the Mediterranean Sea.

Beius Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Beius Basin
RT	Bihor Romania
SN	Bihor County in W Transylvania.

Bek-Budi Uzbekistan
USE	Karshi Uzbekistan

Belarus
BT	Europe
	.Belarus
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Belarus
NT	Brest Belarus
	Byelorussian Massif
	Kletno Belarus
	Mezhrechye Belarus
	Minsk Belarus
	Mogilev Belarus
	Orsha Belarus
	Ostashkovichi Belarus
	Rechitsa Belarus
	Starobin Belarus
	Ustron Belarus
	Vyshkovo Belarus
	Zhitkovichi Belarus
UF	Belorussia
	Byelorussia
	White Russia
RT	Brest Basin
	Bug region
	Bug River
	Dnieper Basin
	Dnieper River
	Dvina River
	European Platform
	Neman River basin
	Polesye
	Pripet Basin
	Russian Plain
SN	Formerly the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Belau
USE	Palau

Belaya Gora Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Belaya Gora Russian Federation
RT	Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
SN	Village S of Arkhangelsk in Arkhangelsk Oblast in NW Russian Federation. Before 1993, Belaya Gora Russian Republic was also used. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with regions as applicable.

Belcha

Belchatow Mine
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Belchatow Mine
RT	mines
	lignite
	Belchatow Poland
	Lodz Poland
SN	Lignite mine, Piotrkow Province, central Poland. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Belchatow Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Belchatow Poland
RT	Belchatow Mine
	Lodz Poland
SN	Town in Piotrkow Province, central Poland. Use Belchatow Mine for the lignite mine.

Belcher Islands
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Belcher Islands
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Keewatin District Northwest Territories
	...Belcher Islands
RT	Hudson Bay
SN	Group in SE Hudson Bay. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Belemnitidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Dibranchiata
	....Belemnoidea
	.....Belemnitidae
NT	Belemnopsis
SN	Family.

Belemnoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Dibranchiata
	....Belemnoidea
NT	Belemnitidae

Belemnopsis
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Dibranchiata
	....Belemnoidea
	.....Belemnitidae
	......Belemnopsis
SN	Genus.

Belfast Northern Ireland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Northern Ireland
	....Belfast Northern Ireland
SN	Traditional county in W Northern Ireland. Includes the smaller administrative region of the same name adopted after 1973.

Belfort France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Belfort France
SN	Department. Territore de Belfort in NE France.

Belgaum India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Belgaum India
SN	Town and district in W Karnataka, S India.

Belgian Congo
USE	Congo Democratic Republic

Belgica Meteorites
BT	meteorites
	.Belgica Meteorites
RT	Antarctica
	CM chondrites
SN	Also search Belgica Meteorite, Belgica-7904, B7904, or B-7904. Also index specific meteorite type. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Belgium
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
NT	Antwerp Belgium
	Brabant Belgium
	Brabant Massif
	Hainaut Belgium
	Liege Belgium
	Limburg Belgium
	Luxembourg Belgium
	Mons Basin
	Namur Belgium
RT	Rhenish Schiefergebirge
	European Platform
	Boom Clay
	Campine
	Grimmertingen
	Liege earthquake 1983
	Luxembourg Sandstone
	Meuse River
	Meuse Valley
	North Sea Coast
	North Sea region
	Scheldt River
	Stavelot-Venn Massif
	University of Louvain

Belgorod Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Belgorod Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Belgorod Russian Federation
SN	Oblast including the city N of Kharkov in SW Russian Federation. Before 1993, Belgorod Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Belgrade Yugoslavia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Yugoslavia
	...Serbia
	....Belgrade Yugoslavia
UF	Beograd Yugoslavia
SN	City on Danube River in N central Serbia.

Beli Isvor Bulgaria
USE	Beli Izvor Bulgaria

Beli Izvor Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Beli Izvor Bulgaria
UF	Beli Isvor Bulgaria
SN	Village in E Bulgaria.

Belingwe greenstone belt
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..Zimbabwe
	...Belingwe greenstone belt
RT	Cheshire Formation
SN	Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesian) Craton. Includes the Archean Mtshingwe Group, and the Manjeri Formation, Reliance Formation, Zeederbergs Formation, and Cheshire Formation which are variously included in the Ngezi Group. Before 1998, also search Belingwe Bel

Belitung
USE	Billiton

Belize
BT	Central America
	.Belize
NT	Maya Mountains
UF	British Honduras
RT	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	Formerly British Honduras.

Beljak Austria
USE	Villach Austria

Belknap County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Belknap County New Hampshire

Bell Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Bell Canyon Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Delaware Mountain Group
SN	In Delaware Mountain Group. Includes Hegler Limestone, Pinery Limestone, Radar Limestone, Lamar Limestone and McCombs Limestone members. S New Mexico, and W Texas.

Bell County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Bell County Kentucky
SN	Extreme SE Kentucky.

Bell County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bell County Texas
RT	Edwards Aquifer
SN	Central Texas.

Bell Cr

Bell Creek Field
RT	Carter County Montana
	Montana
	oil and gas fields
	Powder River County Montana
SN	Oil and gas field. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Bell Island
RT	Alaska
	Newfoundland Island
SN	In Conception Bay W of Saint John's Newfoundland. Also in other locations. Indexed with province or region as applicable.

Bellary India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Bellary India
SN	Town in Karnataka, S central India.

Belle Fourche Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Belle Fourche Shale
RT	Cody Shale
	Colorado Group
	Graneros Shale
SN	In Colorado Group or Cody Shale. In Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Belle Isle
RT	Atchafalaya Bay
	Labrador
	Newfoundland
	Saint Mary Parish Louisiana
SN	Island constituting a salt dome on N shore of Atchafalaya Bay in Saint Mary Parish in S Louisiana. Also island off Labrador in Newfoundland. Indexed with state and parish or Newfoundland as applicable.

Bellechasse County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Bellechasse County Quebec

Belledonne Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Dauphine Alps
	....Belledonne Massif
UF	Belledonne Mountain Range
	Belledonne Range
SN	Part of mountain range in SE France. Also search Belledonne. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Belledonne Mountain Range
USE	Belledonne Massif

Belledonne Range
USE	Belledonne Massif

Bellerophontina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Archaeogastropoda
	....Bellerophontina

Bellingshausen Sea
BT	Antarctic Ocean
	.Bellingshausen Sea
RT	Bransfield Strait
SN	Inlet of S Pacific part of Antarctic Ocean extending westward from Alexander Island off the W coast of Antarctic Peninsula to Thurston Island.

Belluno Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Belluno Italy
NT	Alpago Basin
SN	Town and province in N Veneto.

Belly River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Belly River Formation
RT	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
	Oldman Formation
SN	Has been considered equivalent to Two Medicine Formation and Virgelle Sandstone of Blackfoot Indian Reservation, N Montana, and Judith River Formation, Claggett Formation, and Eagle Sandstone of central Montana.

Belmont County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Belmont County Ohio

Beloc Haiti
BT	iti
	.Beloc Haiti
SN	Southern Peninsula.

Belomorsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Karelia Russian Federation
	...Belomorsk Russian Federation
UF	Soroka Russian Federation
SN	Town in former Karelian ASSR in NW Russian Federation. Before 1993, Belomorsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Belorussia
USE	Belarus

Belozerka Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Belozerka Ukraine
SN	Town in Kherson Oblast N of the Crimea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Belozero Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
	...Belozero Russian Federation
SN	Village W of Arkhangelsk in Arkhangelsk Oblast. Before 1993, Belozero Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Belsk Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bialystok Poland
	....Belsk Poland
UF	Bielsk Poland
	Bielsk Podlaski Poland
SN	Town in in NE Poland.

Belt Basin
BT	North America
	.Belt Basin
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	W Montana, N Idaho, NE Washington and S British Columbia.

Belt Sup

Belt Supergroup
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Belt Supergroup
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	British Columbia
	Altyn Limestone
	Aldridge Formation
	Ravalli Group
	Bonner Formation
	Disturbed Belt
	Empire Formation
	Helena Formation
	Missoula Group
	Mount Shields Formation
	Newland Limestone
	Prichard Formation
	Revett Quartzite
	Saint Regis Form
SN	Comprises Piegan Group, Missoula Group, and Ravalli Group.

Beltana Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Beltana Australia
SN	Village and mining center in E central South Australia.

Beltrami County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Beltrami County Minnesota
NT	Bemidji Minnesota
RT	Red Lake
SN	NW Minnesota.

belts
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, see specific terms, e.g. fold belts, metamorphic belts, intracontinental belts, orogenic belts, terranes, etc.

belts, fold
USE	fold belts

belts, greenstone
USE	greenstone belts

belts, metamorphic
USE	metamorphic belts

belts, mobile
USE	mobile belts

belts, schist
USE	schist belts

belts, volcanic
USE	volcanic belts

Bembridge Marls
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Bembridge Marls
RT	England
	United Kingdom
	English Channel
	Isle of Wight England
SN	Defined to include Bembridge Oyster Beds, Lower Bembridge Marls, and Upper Bembridge Marls. Isle of Wight in English Channel S of Southampton.

Bemidji Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Beltrami County Minnesota
	...Bemidji Minnesota
SN	City, N central Minnesota.

Ben Hill County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Ben Hill County Georgia

benches
RT	erosion features
	fluvial features
	geomorphology
	littoral erosion
	marine terraces
	mesas
	raised beaches
	shore features
	terraces
	wave-cut platforms
SN	For geomorphologic studies, index type of feature.

beneficiation
RT	flotation
	methods
	mineral deposits, genesis
	optimization
	production
	purification
SN	Used for commodity production technology.

Benewah County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Benewah County Idaho

Bengal
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Bengal
UF	Bengal Basin
RT	India
	West Bengal India
	Bangladesh
	Tripura India
SN	A region and former Indian province. Indexed with Bangladesh and Indian states as applicable.

Bengal Basin
USE	Bengal

Bengal Fan
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Bengal Fan
RT	Bay of Bengal
	DSDP Site 218
	Leg 116
	ODP Site 717
	ODP Site 718
	ODP Site 719
SN	Submarine fan extending from the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system south and west approximately to the equator. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bengal Islands
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bengal Islands
NT	Andaman Islands
	Nicobar Islands
RT	Indian Ocean Islands
SN	Includes Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Benham Kentucky
BT	rlan County Kentucky
	.Benham Kentucky
SN	Village in SE Kentucky.

Beni Bouchera
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Morocco
	...Rif
	....Beni Bouchera
SN	Region in the Rif in NE Morocco.

Benin
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Benin
UF	Dahomey
RT	Imo Shale
	Mali-Niger Syneclise
	Niger River
	Niger Valley
SN	Was established in 1960 as Dahomey.

Benioff seismic zone
USE	Benioff zone

Benioff zone
UF	Benioff seismic zone
	Wadati zone
	Wadati-Benioff Zone
	zone, Benioff
RT	seismology
	plate tectonics
	sea-floor spreading
	plates
	subduction zones
	lithosphere
	subduction
	trenches

benmoreite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..benmoreite
RT	trachybasalts
SN	Silica-saturated to undersaturated igneous rock intermediate in composition between mugearite and trachyte.

Bennett County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Bennett County South Dakota

Bennettitales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Bennettitales
RT	Ptilophyllum

Bennington County Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Bennington County Vermont

Benoue Valley
USE	Benue Valley

Benson County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Benson County North Dakota

Benson Mines
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Benson Mines
RT	mines
	iron ores
	Saint Lawrence County New York
SN	N New York. Also search Benson AND New York. Indexed with commodity and counties as applicable.

Bent

Bent County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Bent County Colorado

bentazon
BT	pesticides
	.herbicides
	..bentazon
RT	agrochemicals
	pollutants
	toxic materials

benthic taxa
USE	benthonic taxa

benthonic
SN	A valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use benthonic taxa.

benthonic taxa
UF	benthic taxa
	taxa, benthonic
RT	bottom features
	ecology
	paleoecology
	fossils
	marine geology
SN	Before 1978, search benthonic; benthic.

Benton County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Benton County Arkansas
SN	Extreme NW Arkansas.

Benton County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Benton County Indiana
SN	W Indiana.

Benton County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Benton County Iowa
SN	E central Iowa.

Benton County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Benton County Minnesota
SN	Central Minnesota.

Benton County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Benton County Mississippi
SN	N Mississippi.

Benton County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Benton County Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Benton County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Benton County Oregon
SN	W Oregon.

Benton County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Benton County Tennessee
SN	W Tennessee.

Benton County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Benton County Washington
NT	Richland Washington
RT	Hanford Reservation
	Rattlesnake Hills
SN	On Oregon line in S Washington.

Benton Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Benton Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Minnesota
	Kansas
	South Dakota
	Colorado Group
	Graneros Shale
	Carlile Shale
	Codell Sandstone Member
	Greenhorn Limestone
SN	In Colorado Group. Comprising Graneros Shale, Greenhorn Limestone and Carlile Shale as members. Contains Codell Sandstone Member. E Colorado, South Dakota, Kansas, S Minnesota, SE Montana, Nebraska, NE New Mexico, E Wyoming.

Benton Uplift
BT	United States
	.Benton Uplift
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
	Ouachita Mountains
	Ouachita Orogeny
SN	W Arkansas and SE Oklahoma. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

bentonite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..bentonite
UF	amargosite
	mineral soap
	soap clay
	volcanic clay
RT	clay mineralogy
	pyroclastics
	clay minerals
	clastic sediments
	clay
	volcanic ash
	tuff
	sheet silicates
	terrigenous materials
	bentonite deposits
	K-bentonite
	metabentonite
SN	As of 1981, use bentonite deposits for bentonite as a commodity.

bentonite deposits
RT	bentonite
	clays
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Benue Trough
USE	Benue Valley

Benue Valley
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Benue Valley
UF	Benoue Valley
	Benue Trough
	Binue Valley
RT	Cameroon
	Nigeria
	Asu River Group
SN	River valley. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Benxi Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Benxi Formation
RT	China
	Henan China
	Shanxi China
SN	In Henan and Shanxi provinces. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

benzene
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aromatic hydrocarbons
	...benzene
RT	chlorobenzene
	hexachlorobenzene
	petroleum
	BTEX
	ethylbenzene
	pyrene
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Benzie County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Benzie County Michigan

Beograd Yugoslavia
USE	Belgrade Yugoslavia

Beppu Japan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Kyushu
	....Oita Japan
	.....Beppu Japan
RT	geothermal fields
SN	City and geothermal area in NE Kyushu.

beraunite
BT	phosphates
	.beraunite

Berchtesgaden Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Upper Bavaria Germany
	.....Berchtesgaden Germany
SN	Town in extreme SE Bavaria.

Berea S

Berea Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Berea Sandstone
RT	Devonian
	Mississippian
	Kentucky
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	West Virginia
	Michigan
SN	Devonian or Mississippian. NE Kentucky, S Michigan, Ohio, W Pennsylvania, and N West Virginia.

Beregovo Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Transcarpathia Ukraine
	...Beregovo Ukraine
SN	Town in Transcarpathian Oblast in extreme SW Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Beresford Lake
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Beresford Lake
SN	In SW Manitoba.

beresite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasomatic rocks
	..greisen
	...beresite
RT	granites
	granodiorites
	hypabyssal rocks
	quartz porphyry

berg crystal
USE	quartz crystal

Bergamo Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Bergamo Italy
SN	Province and city in central Lombardy.

Bergell Massif
BT	Europe
	.Bergell Massif
RT	Lombardy Italy
	Graubunden Switzerland
SN	In SE Switzerland and neighboring N Italy. Indexed with canton or region as applicable.

Bergen County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Bergen County New Jersey
SN	NE New Jersey.

Bergen Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Bergen Norway
SN	City on the North Sea in SW Norway.

Bergisch Gladbach Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Bergisch Gladbach Germany
SN	City in SW central North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bergisches Land
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Bergisches Land
RT	Rhine River
SN	Region on right bank of the Rhine River.

Bergslagen
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Bergslagen
RT	mines
	metal ores
	Orebro Sweden
	Varmland Sweden
SN	Well-known metals mining district (bergslag) in counties of Kopparberg, Orebro, Varmland, and Vastmanland in central Sweden. Also index county if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bergstrasse
BT	sse Germany
	.Bergstrasse
RT	Odenwald
SN	Name applied to the W slope of the Odenwald hills of SW Germany.

Berici Hills
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Vicenza Italy
	.....Berici Hills
SN	Range of volcanic hills in Vicenza Province in W central Veneto.

Bering Glacier
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Bering Glacier
RT	Saint Elias Mountains
SN	Saint Elias Range glacier system, W and NW of Cape Yakataga, drains into Gulf of Alaska.

Bering land bridge
USE	Beringia

Bering Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Bering Sea
NT	Bowers Ridge
	Bristol Bay
	Navarin Basin
	Norton Sound
RT	Aleutian Islands
	DSDP Site 189
	DSDP Site 187
	Leg 19
	North Atlantic Deep Water
	Bering Strait
	Beringia
	DSDP Site 184
	DSDP Site 185
	DSDP Site 190
	DSDP Site 191
	Kaltag Fault
	Karaginskiy Island
	Komandorski Islands
	Norton Basin
	Nunivak Island
	Saint George Basin
SN	Between NE Siberia and Alaska with the Aleutian Islands on the S and Bering Strait on the N.

Bering Strait
RT	Bering Sea
	Beringia
	Chukchi Sea
	Northwest Pacific
SN	Connects Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea between Asia and North America. Indexed with Chukchi Sea and/or Bering Sea if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Beringia
UF	Bering land bridge
RT	Asia
	North America
	Bering Sea
	Siberia
	Bering Strait
	Chukchi Sea
SN	NE Siberia, NW North America, and intervening continental shelves. Early man entered North America via this region. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Berkeley California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Alameda County California
	...Berkeley California
RT	San Francisco Bay
SN	City in W Central California, across the San Francisco Bay from San Francisco.

Berkeley County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Berkeley County South Carolina
SN	SE South Carolina.

Berkeley County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Berkeley County West Virginia
SN	In eastern panhandle of West Virginia.

berkelium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..berkelium
UF	Bk
SN	Chemical element.

Berks County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Berks County Pennsylvania
NT	Reading Pennsylvania
SN	SE central Pennsylvania.

Berkshire Anticlinorium
USE	Berkshire Hills

Berkshire County Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Berkshire County Massachusetts
NT	Berkshire Hills
SN	W Massachusetts.

Berkshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Berkshire England
RT	Oxfordshire England
SN	County in S England. As of 1975, some of its former territory is included in Oxfordshire.

Berkshire Highlands
USE	Berkshire Hills

Berkshire Hills
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Berkshire County Massachusetts
	...Berkshire Hills
UF	Berkshire Anticlinorium
	Berkshire Highlands
	Berkshire Massif
	Berkshires
RT	Appalachians
SN	Hills in Berkshire County in W Massachusetts. Indexed with mountain range as applicable.

Berkshire Massif
USE	Berkshire Hills

Berkshires
USE	Berkshire Hills

Berlin Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Brandenburg Germany
	....Berlin Germany
RT	North German Plain
SN	City partitioned into East Berlin and West Berlin from 1945-1989. Also search East Berlin or West Berlin.

berms
RT	beaches
	embankments
	engineering geology
	erosion features
	geomorphology
	retaining walls
	shorelines
	slope stability
SN	Type of bench or shelf. Term used in relation to engineering geology and geomorphology. Indexed with shore features or erosion features if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bermuda
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Bermuda
NT	Harrington Sound
UF	Bermuda Island
	Bermudas
RT	Bermuda Platform
	Bermuda Rise
SN	British colony comprising over 300 coral islands about 640 miles ESE of Cape Hatteras. Atlantic Ocean Islands.

Bermuda Island
USE	Bermuda

Bermuda Platform
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bermuda Rise
	...Bermuda Platform
RT	Bermuda
SN	Part of Bermuda Rise.

Bermuda Rise
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bermuda Rise
NT	Bermuda Platform
RT	Bermuda
	DSDP Site 386
	DSDP Site 387
	DSDP Site 417
	DSDP Site 418
	DSDP Site 6
	DSDP Site 7
	DSDP Site 9
	Leg 102
	Leg 172
	Leg 43
	Leg 51
	Leg 52
	Leg 53
	ODP Site 1063
SN	Runs in SW-NE direction to the west of Bermuda.

Bermudas
USE	Bermuda

Bern Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Bern Switzerland
NT	Biel Lake
UF	Berne Switzerland
RT	Bernese Alps
	Grindelwald
SN	Canton in W central Switzerland.

Bernalillo County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Bernalillo County New Mexico
NT	Albuquerque New Mexico
	Tijeras Canyon
RT	Rio Puerco
	Manzano Mountains
SN	Central New Mexico.

berndtite
BT	sulfides
	.berndtite

Berne Switzerland
USE	Bern Switzerland

Bernese Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Bernese Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Central Alps
	...Bernese Alps
UF	Bernese Oberland
RT	Valais Switzerland
	Bern Switzerland
	Grindelwald
	Uri Switzerland
SN	N division of Central Alps in Bern and Valais cantons. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with cantons as applicable.

Bernese Oberland
USE	Bernese Alps

Bernic Lake
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Bernic Lake

bernstein
USE	amber

Berounka System
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Berounka System
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Berriasian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Berriasian
RT	Neocomian
	Toro Formation
SN	Europe. Lowermost Lower Cretaceous, above Portlandian (Jurassic), below Valanginian.

Berrien County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Berrien County Georgia
SN	S Georgia.

Berrien County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Berrien County Michigan
SN	Extreme SW Michigan.

berryite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfobismuthites
	..berryite

Berthier County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Berthier County Quebec

berthierine
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..berthierine
RT	aluminosilicates
	chamosite

berthonite
USE	bournonite

Bertie County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Bertie County North Carolina

bertrandite
BT	silicates
	.ring silicates
	..bertrandite

Berwick Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Berwick Formation
RT	Ordovician
	Silurian
	New Hampshire
	Maine
	Merrimack Group
SN	In Merrimack Group. Probably Ordovician and Silurian. SW Maine and SE New Hampshire. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Berwickshire Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Berwickshire Scotland
SN	Former county in SE Scotland. Since 1974, part of Border region Scotland.

beryl
BT	silicates
	.ring silicates
	..beryl
RT	gems
	aquamarine
	beryllium
	beryllium ores
	emerald
SN	May be used as a mineral or commodity term.

beryllium
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..beryllium
NT	Be-10
	Be-10/Be-9
	Be-7
UF	Be
RT	beryl
	beryllium ores
SN	Chemical element. Use beryllium ores for beryllium as a commodity.

beryllium ores
BT	metal ores
	.beryllium ores
RT	beryl
	beryllium
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Besancon France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Doubs France
	....Besancon France
SN	City near Swiss border in E France.

Beshchady Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Beshchady Mountains
RT	Poland
	Ukraine
	Slovakia
SN	Section of the Carpathians. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Beskid Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Beskid Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Beskid Mountains
NT	Pieniny Mountains
UF	Beskids
RT	Bielsko Poland
	Slovakia
	Nowy Sacz Poland
	Polish Carpathians
SN	Both West and East Beskid mountains comprise mountain group of the Carpathians on N border of Slovakia extending into Poland. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Beskids
USE	Beskid Mountains

Bessarabian
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Moldova for the region.

besshi-type deposits
RT	copper ores
	iron ores
	massive sulfide deposits
	mineral deposits, genesis
	stratabound deposits

Bet-Pak-Dala
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Bet-Pak-Dala
UF	Golodnaya Step
	Hunger Steppe
SN	Desert steppe W of Lake Balkhash. This term has multiple hierarchies.

beta particles
USE	beta rays

beta rays
UF	beta particles
	rays, beta
RT	cosmic rays
	alpha rays
	gamma rays
	radioactivity
	X-rays
SN	Use when referring to the rays themselves. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Beta Regio
BT	Venus
	.Beta Regio
SN	Low relief area above Venusian plains. Also search Beta AND Venus. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

betafite
BT	oxides
	.niobates
	..niobotantalates
	...betafite
UF	blomstrandite
	ellsworthite
	hatchettolite
RT	pyrochlore
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

betekhtinite
BT	sulfides
	.betekhtinite

Betic Cordillera
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Betic Cordillera
NT	Serrania de Ronda
	Spanish Sierra Nevada
UF	Cordillera Betica
	Cordillera Marianica
RT	Nevado-Filabride Complex
	Andalusian
	Betic Zone
	Guadix-Baza Basin
	Prebetic Zone
	Subbetic Zone
SN	Extends along the N extremity of Andalusia between Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. It is a southern series of the Alpine System. Includes the Sierra Morena.

Betic Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Betic Zone
RT	Betic Cordillera
SN	Used in association with the Betic Cordillera in SW Spain.

Betsiboka Basin
BT	Africa
	.Madagascar
	..Betsiboka Basin
UF	Majunga Basin
SN	Around town of Majunga on Bombetoka Bay. Before 1978, also search Majunga. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Betts Cove
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Betts Cove

Betts Cove Ophiolite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Betts Cove Ophiolite
RT	Newfoundland Island
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Betula
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Betula
SN	Genus.

beudantite
BT	arsenates
	.beudantite
BT	sulfates
	.beudantite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bevier Coal
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Bevier Coal
RT	Kansas
	Cherokee Group
	Desmoinesian
SN	Bevier Formation comprises Bevier Coal with underlying gray clay and overlying black slate. SE Kansas.

Bewcastle England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cumbria England
	......Cumberland England
	.......Bewcastle England
SN	Village and parish in N Cumberland County, NW England.

Bexar County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bexar County Texas
NT	San Antonio Texas
RT	Edwards Aquifer
SN	SW central Texas.

Beyrichicopina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Beyrichicopina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bezymianny
USE	Bezymyannyy

Bezymyanny
USE	Bezymyannyy

Bezymyannyi
USE	Bezymyannyy

Bezymyannyy
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kamchatka Russian Federation
	...Bezymyannyy
UF	Bezymianny
	Bezymyanny
	Bezymyannyi
RT	volcanoes
	Kamchatka Peninsula
SN	Volcano. E-central Kamchatka Peninsula. Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Tolbachik, and Sheveluch are nearby. This term has multiple hierarchies.

BGS
SN	Use British Geological Survey if applicable.

Bhandara India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Maharashtra India
	....Bhandara India
SN	Town in extreme NE Maharashtra, central India.

Bhander Group
RT	Cambrian
	India
	Madhya Pradesh India
	Precambrian
	Vindhyan
SN	Includes upper Bhander Sandstone, Sirbu shales, Middle Bhander Sandstone and Ganurgarh shales. Named after range of hills N of Narmada Valley. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Bharuch India
USE	Broach India

Bhilwara India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Bhilwara India
SN	Town and district in S central Rajasthan, NW India.

BHTV
USE	borehole televiewers

Bhuj India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Kutch India
	.....Bhuj India
SN	Town in Kutch, Gujarat, W India.

Bhuj Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Middle Cretaceous
	.....Bhuj Series
RT	India
	Gujarat India
SN	Consists of Zamia beds, Ptilophyllum beds, and Palmoxylon beds. Named after town of Bhuj in Kutch.

Bhutan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Bhutan
RT	Himalayas
	Lesser Himalayas
SN	Kingdom in E Himalayas between Tibet (Xizang) and NE India.

Bi
USE	bismuth

Bialowieza
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bialowieza
RT	national parks
SN	National park in E Poland.

Bialystok Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bialystok Poland
NT	Belsk Poland
SN	Province in extreme NE Poland. Also a city.

Biarritz France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
	....Biarritz France
SN	Town on the Bay of Biscay near Spanish border.

Biarritzian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Biarritzian
SN	Europe. Middle to upper Eocene.

biaxial tests
RT	compression
	confining pressure
	deformation
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	testing
	triaxial tests
	uniaxial tests
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bibb County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Bibb County Alabama

Bibb County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bibb County Georgia
NT	Macon Georgia
SN	Central Georgia.

bibliographic review
USE	bibliography

bibliographies
USE	bibliography

bibliography
UF	bibliographic review
	bibliographies
RT	associations
	oceanography
	petrology
	paleontology
	structural geology
	stratigraphy
	catalogs
	glossaries
	lexicons
	areal geology
	geology
	publications
	mineralogy
	biography
	GeoRef
	Geoscan
	libraries
	monographs
	paleobotany
	research
	review
	sedimentary petrology
	sur
SN	Covers major bibliographies on topics, areas or persons.

bicarbonate ion
RT	carbonate ion
	carbonates
	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Bicaz Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bicaz Valley
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Bicaz Valley
RT	Bacau Romania
SN	River valley in Bacau County. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bida Nigeria
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Nigeria
	...Bida Nigeria
SN	Region in W central Nigeria.

Bidahochi Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Bidahochi Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Arizona
SN	Divided into six members for mapping purposes. Fifth member informally referred to as White Cone Member. In NE Arizona.

bideauxite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..bideauxite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..bideauxite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Biel Lake
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Bern Switzerland
	....Biel Lake
UF	Bienne Lake
	Lake of Bienne
SN	In NW Bern.

Biella Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Vercelli Italy
	.....Biella Italy
SN	Town in Vercelli Province in NW Italy.

Bielsk Podlaski Poland
USE	Belsk Poland

Bielsk Poland
USE	Belsk Poland

Bielsko Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bielsko Poland
NT	Andrychow Poland
	Bielsko-Biala Poland
	Cieszyn Poland
	Wadowice Poland
RT	Beskid Mountains
	Katowice Poland
SN	As of 1989, used only for the province in S Poland. Before 1989, also used for the city of Bielsko-Biala.

Bielsko-Biala Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bielsko Poland
	....Bielsko-Biala Poland
RT	Katowice Poland
SN	Name of city which was combined with Biala in 1950 to form Bielsko-Biala in what was formerly part of Katowice Province. Before 1989, also search Bielsko Poland.

Bienne Lake
USE	Biel Lake

Bienville Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Bienville Parish Louisiana

BIFs
USE	banded iron formations

Big Bear earthquake 1992
BT	earthquakes
	.Big Bear earthquake 1992
RT	California
	Mojave Desert
	Joshua Tree earthquake 1992
	Landers earthquake 1992
	Southern California
SN	Epicenter near Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County California, S California. Aftershock to Landers earthquake 1992. Also search Mojave Desert earthquake 1992. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Big Belt Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Big Belt Mountains
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Big Belt Mountains
RT	Broadwater County Montana
	Cascade County Montana
	Meagher County Montana
SN	Range of Rocky Mountains in W central Montana. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Big Bend National Park
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brewster County Texas
	...Big Bend National Park
RT	national parks
	Rattlesnake Mountain
SN	In Brewster County on the Mexican border in SW Texas. Also search Big Bend and Texas.

Big Blue River
BT	United States
	.Big Blue River
RT	Butler County Nebraska
	Hamilton County Nebraska
	Marshall County Kansas
	Polk County Nebraska
	Saline County Nebraska
	Seward County Nebraska
	York County Nebraska
SN	NE Kansas and SE Nebraska. Feeds into the Kansas River system. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.

Big Fork Chert
USE	Bigfork Chert

Big Horn Basin
USE	Bighorn Basin

Big Horn County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Big Horn County Montana
RT	Bighorn River
SN	S Montana.

Big Horn County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Big Horn County Wyoming
RT	Bighorn River
SN	N Wyoming.

Big Horn Dolomite
USE	Bighorn Dolomite

Big Horn Mountains
USE	Bighorn Mountains

Big Injun Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Big Injun Sandstone
RT	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	West Virginia
	Greenbrier Limestone
	Pocono Formation
SN	Driller's term. Found in the top of the Pocono Group and partly in the overlying Greenbrier Group, it has been a very important shallow petroleum producing zone in West Virginia. Beds have been correlated with Burgoon Sandstone Member (Pocono Formation) o

Big Maria Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Riverside County California
	...Big Maria Mountains
RT	Little Maria Mountains
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Big Pine Key
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Florida Keys
	...Big Pine Key
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Monroe County Florida
	...Big Pine Key
RT	Coupon Bight
SN	One of the principal islands in the Florida Keys. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Big Snowy Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Big Snowy Group
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Heath Formation
SN	Central Montana. Includes Heath Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Big Snowy Mountains
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Big Snowy Mountains
RT	Fergus County Montana
	Golden Valley County Montana
SN	N central Montana. Indexed with counties and mountain ranges as applicable.

Big Stone County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Big Stone County Minnesota

Bigby-Cannon Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Bigby-Cannon Limestone
RT	Tennessee
SN	Contemporary facies comprising this unit are Bigby Limestone and Cannon Limestone. Overlies Hermitage Formation and underlies Catheys Formation. Central Tennessee.

Bigfork Che

Bigfork Chert
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Bigfork Chert
UF	Big Fork Chert
RT	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Ouachita Belt
SN	SW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma, and Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bighorn Basin
BT	United States
	.Bighorn Basin
UF	Big Horn Basin
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Madison Aquifer
SN	River basin. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Bighorn Dolomite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Bighorn Dolomite
UF	Big Horn Dolomite
RT	Idaho
	Wyoming
	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Red River Formation
	Williston Basin
SN	Central N United States. Extends into Saskatchewan. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bighorn Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Bighorn Mountains
UF	Big Horn Mountains
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
SN	Range of Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bighorn River
BT	United States
	.Bighorn River
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Big Horn County Montana
	Big Horn County Wyoming
	Fremont County Wyoming
	Hot Springs County Wyoming
	Washakie County Wyoming
	Yellowstone County Montana
SN	S Montana and N Wyoming. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bihar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
NT	Amarjola
	Bihar mica belt
	Bokaro coal field
	Dhanbad India
	Gaya India
	Hazaribagh India
	Jharia coal field
	Jharia India
	Karanpura coal field
	Karanpura India
	Karharbari India
	Monghyr India
	Mosaboni Mines
	Palamau India
	Rajgir India
	Rajmahal Hills
	Rajmahal India
	Ranchi India
	Singhbhum India
UF	Behar India
RT	Ajay River
	Damuda Series
	Chainpur Meteorite
	Damodar Valley
	Karharbari Stage
	Kosi Basin
	Panchet Series
	Ramgarh coal field
	Semri Series
	Shergotty Meteorite
	Singhbhum Granite
	Singhbhum shear zone
	Son Valley
SN	State in E India.

Bihar mica belt
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Bihar mica belt
RT	Gaya India
	Hazaribagh India
SN	Extends WSW-ENE from Gurpa in Gaya district to near Simultala in Bhagalpur district, Bihar. Also passes through districts of Nawadah, Ghiridih, and Munger. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bihar Mountains
USE	Bihor Mountains

Bihor Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bihor Mountains
NT	Vladeasa Mountain
UF	Bihar Mountains
SN	In W central Transylvania.

Bihor Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bihor Romania
NT	Rosia Romania
RT	Beius Basin
SN	County in W Transylvania.

Biikzhal
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Biikzhal
SN	Drill hole in Emba River region of Caspian Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bijapur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Bijapur India
SN	Town in NW Karnataka, S India.

Bijawar System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Bijawar System
RT	India
	Madhya Pradesh India
SN	Includes Majhauli Group, Bhitri Group, Lora Group, and Chanderdip Group.

Bikaner India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Bikaner India
SN	A city in NW Rajasthan, NW India.

Bilaspur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bilaspur India
RT	Madhya Pradesh India
	Himachal Pradesh India
SN	City and district in S Himachal Pradesh. Also a city and district in E central Madhya Pradesh. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bilbao Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
	.....Vizcaya Spain
	......Bilbao Spain
SN	City on the Bay of Biscay in the Basque country, N Spain.

Billings County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Billings County North Dakota
SN	W North Dakota.

Billings Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Yellowstone County Montana
	...Billings Montana
SN	City in S central Montana.

Billiton
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Billiton
UF	Belitung
SN	Island between Sumatra and SW Borneo.

Bimini
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Bahamas
	...Bimini
UF	Bimini Islands
RT	Northwest Providence Channel
SN	Two small islands off S Florida coast.

Bimini Islands
USE	Bimini

Bingham County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bingham County Idaho
RT	INEEL
SN	SE Idaho.

Bingham Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Salt Lake County Utah
	...Bingham Utah
SN	Mining town in N central Utah.

Binghamton New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Broome County New York
	...Binghamton New York
SN	City on the Pennsylvania border in S New York.

Binn Valley
USE	Binnental

Binnatal
USE	Binnental

Binnen Tal
USE	Binnental

Binnental
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Valais Switzerland
	....Binnental
UF	Binn Valley
	Binnatal
	Binnen Tal
SN	Valley in E Valais.

Binue Valley
USE	Benue Valley

bioaccumulation
RT	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	environmental geology
	metabolism
	pollutants
	pollution
	residence time
	toxicity
SN	Increase in concentration of chemical species in tissues when intake rate is greater than excretion and metabolism rates. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

bioassays
RT	analysis
	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	environmental geology
	immunoassays
SN	Procedures using living organisms to measure the effect of a substance, factor, or condition by comparing before and after data. Not for use for mineral exploration; for those papers see geobotanical methods or biogeochemical methods as applicable.

bioavailability
RT	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	environmental geology
	metabolism
	nutrition
	properties
SN	Extent or rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or is made available at a site of physiological activity. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

biocalcarenite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...biocalcarenite
RT	calcarenite

biocenoses
UF	biocenosis
	biocoenoses
	life assemblage
RT	biotopes
	paleontology
	communities
	ichnofacies
	thanatocenoses

biocenosis
USE	biocenoses

biochemical sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.biochemical sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

biochemistry
UF	biogeochemistry
	paleobiochemistry
RT	geochemistry
	organic compounds
	acetic acid
	fossils
	metabolism
	nitrification
	bioassays
	biology
	bioaccumulation
	biodegradation
	immunoassays
	bioavailability
	biomineralization
	carcinogens
	diet
	Gaia hypothesis
	molecular biology
	paleobiology
	steroids

biochronology
RT	biologic evolution
	biostratigraphy
	chronology
	correlation
	extinction
	first occurrence
	geochronology
	mass extinctions
	paleontology
	relative age
SN	Geochronology studies using biological events or or paleontologic methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biocirculation
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ocean circulation.

bioclastic sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.bioclastic sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

biocoenoses
USE	biocenoses

biodegradation
UF	biodeterioration
	biological degradation
RT	bioreclamation
	biochemistry
	biogenic structures
	biomarkers
	metabolism
	bioassays
	biosphere
	biology
	biota
	bioaccumulation
	bioavailability
	biogenic processes
	biomass
	bioremediation
	biorhexistasy
	bioturbation
	dechlorination
	degradation
	metabolites
	methanol
	Ps
SN	Also see bioreclamation or bioremediation if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

biodeterioration
USE	biodegradation

biodiversity
UF	biological diversity
RT	DNA
	biologic evolution
	ecology
	paleoecology
	paleontology
	species diversity
	paleobotany
	ecosystems
	endangered species
SN	A broad term which applies to the number, variety and variability of living things. Variation is commonly discussed at submolecular, species, and ecosystem levels. Also search species diversity or [biologic evolution or ecology or paleoecology; AND divers

bioerosion
BT	erosion
	.bioerosion
BT	biogenic processes
	.bioerosion
RT	abrasion
	processes
	biogenic structures
	ichnofossils
	burrows
	reefs
	sedimentary structures
	bioturbation
	borings
	corrosion
	erosion rates
	etching
	predation
SN	Also search biogenic processes and erosion. This term has multiple hierarchies.

biofacies
UF	biologic facies
RT	sedimentation
	facies
	biotopes
	ecology
	biostratigraphy
	sediments
	assemblages
	ichnofacies
	biota
	ichnofabric

biogenic
SN	A valid term through 1977. See biogenic structures; biogenic processes.

biogenic effects
USE	biogenic processes

biogenic origin
USE	biogenic processes

biogenic processes
NT	bioerosion
UF	biogenic effects
	biogenic origin
RT	ecology
	biogenic structures
	metabolism
	nitrification
	biota
	biodegradation
	biorhexistasy
	bioturbation
	metabolites
	effects
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biogenic structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
NT	algal structures
	banks
	bioherms
	bioturbation
	carbonate banks
	girvanella
	lebensspuren
	oncolites
	stromatactis
	stromatolites
	thrombolites
RT	bioerosion
	coal
	ichnofossils
	burrows
	peat
	reefs
	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	borings
	coprolites
	fecal pellets
	hardground
	rhizoliths
	termite mounds
	tracks
	trails

biogeochemical cycles
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See biochemistry and geochemical cycle.

biogeochemical methods
BT	geochemical methods
	.biogeochemical methods
UF	biogeochemical prospecting
RT	geochemistry
	methods
	mineral exploration
	geobotanical methods
SN	Before 1972, also search biogeochemistry; biogeochemical.

biogeochemical prospecting
USE	biogeochemical methods

biogeochemistry
USE	biochemistry

biogeographic maps
BT	maps
	.biogeographic maps
RT	paleontology
	biogeography
SN	Before 1985, also search maps AND biogeography. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

biogeography
UF	chorology
	paleobiogeography
	phytogeography
	zoogeography
RT	adaptive radiation
	biologic evolution
	ecology
	paleoecology
	fossils
	paleogeography
	continental drift
	faunal provinces
	floral provinces
	paleobotany
	biogeographic maps
	Boreal
	colonization
	cosmopolitan taxa
	endemic taxa
	geography
	land bridges
	migration
	paleoi
SN	Used for descriptions of the geographic distribution of both fossil and modern organisms. Indexed with with fossil names and age where available.

biography
RT	bibliography
	Darwin, Charles
	Gilbert, Grove Karl
	Hutton, James
	Lyell, Charles
	Schimper, Wilhelm-Philippe
	Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich
	Wegener, Alfred
SN	Indexed with also name of individual (last, first)

bioherms
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..bioherms
NT	mud mounds
UF	organic mound
RT	Coelenterata
	algae
	carbonate banks
	atolls
	reefs
	bafflestone
	biostromes
	calcareous composition
SN	As of 1984, use instead of reefs under sedimentary structures.

biologic evolution
UF	biological evolution
RT	DNA
	adaptation
	adaptive radiation
	behavior
	biogeography
	homology
	Gaia hypothesis
	biochronology
	extinction
	first occurrence
	biodiversity
	endangered species
	catastrophism
	cladistics
	creationism
	Darwinism
	diachronism
	eukaryotes
	extinct taxa
	gradualism
	life o
SN	Before 1983, also search evolution AND appropriate paleontology category codes (See list A); evolution AND appropriate fossil name(s); evolution AND paleontology; evolution AND paleobotany. Added to Thesaurus in 1983.

biologic facies
USE	biofacies

biological degradation
USE	biodegradation

biological diversity
USE	biodiversity

biological evolution
USE	biologic evolution

biological markers
USE	biomarkers

biological processes
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use biology.

biological zones
USE	biozones

biology
RT	bacteria
	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	biosphere
	biotypes
	ecology
	epibiotism
	exobiology
	geomicrobiology
	molecular biology
	paleobiology

biomarkers
UF	biological markers
	molecular fossils
RT	organic compounds
	aromatic hydrocarbons
	alkanes
	alkenones
	biostratigraphy
	asphalt
	biodegradation
	first occurrence
	chemical fossils
	diasteranes
	diterpanes
	gammacerane
	geochemical indicators
	hopanes
	hopanoids
	moretanes
	n-alkanes
	oleananes
	porphyrins
	saturat
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

biomass
RT	biodegradation
	ecology
	new energy sources
	productivity
	trophic analysis

biomechanics
RT	bipedalism
	functional morphology
	locomotion
	morphology
	muscles
	wings
SN	Also index locomotion if applicable.

biometry
RT	cladistics
	fossils
	mathematical geology
	paleontology
	statistical analysis

biomicrite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...biomicrite
RT	micrite

biomineralization
RT	biochemistry
	bones
	fossilization
	mineralization
	processes
	shells
	taphonomy
SN	Interaction between organism and environment to produce minerals often as body parts. Applies to many plants and animals. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biopelite
USE	black shale

bioreclamation
BT	reclamation
	.bioreclamation
RT	abandoned mines
	pollution
	waste disposal
	biodegradation
	bioremediation
	decontamination
	polluted water
	remediation
	soil treatment
	strip mining
	water treatment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

bioremediation
BT	remediation
	.bioremediation
RT	bioreclamation
	reclamation
	pollution
	waste disposal
	biodegradation
	dechlorination
	polluted water
	soil treatment
	strip mining
	water treatment
	Pseudomonas
	waste management
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biorhexistasy
RT	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	laterites
	soils
	weathering
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

biosparite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...biosparite

biosphere
RT	atmosphere
	biodegradation
	biology
	Earth
	Gaia hypothesis
	hydrosphere
	IGBP
	lithosphere
	tectonosphere

biostratigraphy
RT	aminostratigraphy
	biochronology
	biofacies
	biomarkers
	biotopes
	biozones
	diachronism
	dinosaurs
	feathers
	first occurrence
	fossils
	historical geology
	ichnofacies
	ichthyoliths
	index fossils
	K-T boundary
	megaspores
	miospores
	nannofossils
	paleoecology
	paleontolo

biostromes
RT	bioherms
	Coelenterata
	reefs

biota
UF	organisms
RT	soils
	ecology
	microorganisms
	biofacies
	bacteria
	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	factors
	faunal studies
	floral studies
	living taxa

biotite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...biotite
RT	heavy minerals

biotite gneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..biotite gneiss

biotite granite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...biotite granite

biotite schist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..biotite schist

biotopes
RT	adaptation
	assemblages
	biocenoses
	biofacies
	biostratigraphy
	communities
	ecology
	faunal provinces
	floral provinces
	habitat
	paleoecology
	paleoenvironment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

bioturbation
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..bioturbation
RT	sedimentation
	bioerosion
	burrows
	ichnofacies
	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	borings
	ichnofabric
	Bouma sequence

biotypes
RT	biology
	ecology
	paleoecology

biozones
UF	biological zones
RT	stratigraphic units
	stratigraphy
	biostratigraphy
	first occurrence
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

bipedalism
RT	biomechanics
	functional morphology
	locomotion
	paleontology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Birch Creek Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..East-Central Alaska
	...Birch Creek Alaska
SN	Village in E Alaska.

Bird Island (Venezuela)
USE	Aves Island

Bird River Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Bird River Manitoba
SN	Village in SE Manitoba.

Bird Spring Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Bird Spring Formation
RT	Pennsylvanian
	Lower Permian
	Utah
	California
	Nevada
	Upper Mississippian
SN	Upper Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian. In Spring Mountain area, Nevada. Underlies Spring Mountain Formation and overlies Illipah Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Birdbear Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Birdbear Formation
RT	Saskatchewan
	Montana
	North Dakota
	Williston Basin
	Jefferson Group
	Nisku Formation
SN	In Jefferson Group. Overlies Duperow Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

birefraction
USE	birefringence

birefringence
UF	birefraction
	double refraction
RT	optical properties
	polarization
	refractive index

Birimian
USE	Birrimian

Birkhead Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Birkhead Formation
RT	Queensland Australia
	Australia
	Eromanga Basin
SN	Eromanga Basin, Queensland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Birmingham
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. After 1992, see Birmingham England; after 1988, see Birmingham Alabama.

Birmingham Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Jefferson County Alabama
	...Birmingham Alabama
SN	City in central Alabama.

Birmingham England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Birmingham England
RT	Warwickshire England
SN	City in West Midlands, W central England.

Birmingham University
RT	academic institutions
	England
SN	In Birmingham in W central England.

birnessite
BT	oxides
	.birnessite

BIRPS
UF	British Institutes Reflection Profiling Syndicate
RT	reflection methods
	elastic waves
	seismic methods
	deep seismic sounding
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Birrimian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Birrimian
UF	Birimian
SN	W Africa. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Biryusa River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Irkutsk Russian Federation
	...Biryusa River
SN	River SW of Tayshet in W Irkutsk Oblast. Also search Biryusa. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bisbee Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Cochise County Arizona
	...Bisbee Arizona
SN	City in SE Arizona.

Bisbee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Bisbee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Bisbee Group
RT	New Mexico
	Arizona
	Mural Limestone
SN	SE Arizona, SW New Mexico. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Biscay Bay
USE	Bay of Biscay

Biscayne Aquifer
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Biscayne Aquifer
RT	Broward County Florida
	Dade County Florida
	Palm Beach County Florida
SN	SE Florida. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Biscayne Bay
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Dade County Florida
	...Biscayne Bay
SN	S of Miami on E coast of Dade County.

bischofite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..bischofite

Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
BT	Asia
	.Kyrgyzstan
	..Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
UF	Pishpek Kyrgyzstan
SN	City in N Kyrgyzstan. Before 1993, also search Frunze. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bishop Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Bishop Tuff
RT	California
SN	E central California. Bishop Tuff was erupted a short time after Sherwin glacial stage.

Bismarck Archipelago
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Bismarck Archipelago
NT	Rabaul Caldera
UF	Bismarck Islands
RT	Rat Island
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Melanesia
	New Britain
	New Ireland
SN	Volcanic group of islands N and NE of E New Guinea.

Bismarck Islands
USE	Bismarck Archipelago

Bismarck Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Bismarck Sea
SN	Part of W Pacific Ocean NE of New Guinea and NW of New Britain. This term has multiple hierarchies.

bismuth
BT	metals
	.bismuth
UF	Bi
RT	native elements
	bismuth ores
	heavy metals
SN	Chemical element. Use bismuth ores for bismuth as a commodity.

bismuth ores
BT	metal ores
	.bismuth ores
RT	native elements
	bismuth
	bismuthinite
SN	Commodity. See List C.

bismuthides
NT	froodite
	michenerite
RT	minerals

bismuthinite
BT	sulfides
	.bismuthinite
UF	bismuthite
RT	bismuth ores

bismuthite
USE	bismuthinite

Bison
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bison
NT	Bison latifrons
	Bison occidentalis
SN	Genus.

Bison latifrons
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bison
	..........Bison latifrons
SN	Species.

Bison occidentalis
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bison
	..........Bison occidentalis
SN	Species.

Bistrita Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bistrita Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Bistrita Mountains
UF	Bistritei Mountains
SN	Range of the Carpathians in NE Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bistrita Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bistrita Romania
SN	City in Bistrita-Nasaud County in central Transylvania.

Bistrita Valley
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Bistrita Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bistrita Valley
SN	River valley in W central Moldavia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bistritei Mountains
USE	Bistrita Mountains

Bitkov Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Bitkov Ukraine
UF	Bitkow Ukraine
	Bytkov Ukraine
SN	In W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bitkow Ukraine
USE	Bitkov Ukraine

Bitlis Turkey
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Turkey
	...Bitlis Turkey
SN	Town and province in SE Turkey.

Bitt

bitter spar
USE	dolomite

Bitter Springs Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Bitter Springs Formation
RT	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
SN	Underlies Middle Cambrian sediments and overlies Heavitree Quartzite. SW and S central Northern Territory.

Bitterfeld Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony-Anhalt Germany
	....Bitterfeld Germany
SN	City in S Saxony-Anhalt, S central Germany. Before 1993, Bitterfeld was also used with Halle Bezirk.

Bitterroot Range
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Bitterroot Range
NT	Beaverhead Mountains
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Idaho Batholith
	Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties or states as applicable.

bitumenite
USE	torbanite

bitumens
NT	anthraxolite
	asphalt
	gilsonite
	grahamite
RT	kerogen
	oil seeps
	organic compounds
	petroleum
SN	Before 1968, also search bituminous rocks and sands. See List C for use as a commodity term.

bituminous coal
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
	..bituminous coal
UF	soft coal
RT	lithotypes
SN	Before 1978, also search coal AND bituminous.

bituminous rocks and sands
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1968. See oil sands; oil shale; bitumens.

bituminous sands
USE	oil sands

bituminous shale
USE	black shale

Bivalvia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
NT	Actinodontida
	Arcina
	Astartida
	Carbonicola
	Cardiidae
	Carditida
	Ctenodontida
	Cyrtodontida
	Didacna
	Edmondia
	Glycymeris
	Gryphaea
	Hiatella arctica
	Hippuritacea
	Limnocardium
	Lucinidae
	Mactra
	Mercenaria
	Myophoria
	Mytilus
	Nuculanidae
	Nuculidae
	Ostreacea
	Pholadomyida
	Praecardiida
	Pteriina
	Rudistae
	Septibranchia
	Solemyida
	Tridacna
	Trigoniidae
	Unionidae
	Venerida
UF	Lamellibranchiata
	Pelecypoda
SN	Class.

bivariate analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.bivariate analysis
RT	analysis
	multivariate analysis
	univariate analysis

Biwa Lake
USE	Lake Biwa

Biwabik Iron Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Biwabik Iron Formation
RT	Minnesota
	Animikie Group
	Mesabi Range
SN	In Animikie Group. Saint Louis County, NE Minnesota. Part of Mesabi Range.

bixbyite
BT	oxides
	.bixbyite
UF	partridgeite

Bjerkrem-Sogndal Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Bjerkrem-Sogndal Massif
RT	Sogn
	Sogndal Norway
SN	S Norway.

Bjornoya
USE	Bear Island

Bjurbole Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...L chondrites
	....Bjurbole Meteorite
RT	Finland
SN	Impact ENE of Helsinki. Before 1981, also search Bjurbole AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Bk
USE	berkelium

Black

Black Creek Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Black Creek Formation
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	E South Carolina and W North Carolina. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Black earth
USE	Chernozems

Black Forest
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Black Forest
UF	Schwarzwald
RT	Switzerland
	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
SN	Mountainous region in W Baden-Wurttemberg extending into NW Switzerland. Indexed with country and state or canton as applicable.

Black Hawk County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Black Hawk County Iowa

Black Hills
RT	Crook County Wyoming
	Custer County South Dakota
	Fall River County South Dakota
	Lawrence County South Dakota
	Meade County South Dakota
	Niobrara County Wyoming
	Pennington County South Dakota
	South Dakota
	United States
	Weston County Wyoming
	Wyoming
SN	Group of mountains primarily in SW South Dakota. May be in other locations. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

black lead
USE	graphite

Black Mesa
RT	Apache County Arizona
	Arizona
	Coconino County Arizona
	Navajo County Arizona
SN	Tableland region in NE Arizona. Also occurs in other locations. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Black Mesa Basin
RT	Arizona
	Coconino County Arizona
	Navajo County Arizona
SN	In NE Arizona. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Black Mountain
RT	Arizona
	Australia
	California
	South Africa
	Wales
SN	Occurs in various locations. Indexed with appropriate regions or states and U.S. counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Black Mountains
RT	Arizona
	Beaver County Utah
	Black Range
	California
	Clark County Nevada
	England
	Inyo County California
	Iron County Utah
	Mohave County Arizona
	Nevada
	Utah
	Wales
SN	Occur in numerous locations including: part of the Amargosa Range, Death Valley area, E California and S Nevada; Mohave County, NW Arizona and Clark County, S Nevada; Beaver and Iron counties, SW Utah; and in SE Wales and SW England. Indexed with states a

Black Range
RT	Black Mountains
	Grant County New Mexico
	New Mexico
	Sierra County New Mexico
SN	Extends N-S through parts of Grant and Sierra counties in SW New Mexico. Indexed with counties or state and mountain ranges as applicable.

Black River Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Black River Group
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Blackriverian
SN	Comprises Pamelia, Lowville, and Chaumont formations.

Black River-Matheson Program
USE	BRIM

Black Rock
RT	Bahamas
	Black Rock Desert
	North Atlantic
	Utah
SN	W central Utah. Also search Black Rock Desert and Utah for location in Utah. As of 1993, use Black Rock Utah for the town if applicable. Also a marine feature in the Bahamas. Indexed with states or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Black Rock Desert
RT	Black Rock
	Humboldt County Nevada
	Millard County Utah
	Nevada
	Pershing County Nevada
SN	In Pershing and Humboldt counties in NW Nevada. Also a location in Millard County Utah. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with counties or states as applicable.

Black Sea
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.East Mediterranean
	..Black Sea
RT	Azov Sea
	Bosporus
	DSDP Site 379
	DSDP Site 380
	DSDP Site 381
	Eurasia
	Leg 42B
SN	Large inland sea bounded on the N and NE by the Central Asian republics, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine; S by Turkey, and W by Bulgaria and Romania.

Black Sea Basin
USE	Black Sea region

Black Sea Coast
USE	Black Sea region

Black Sea Lowland
USE	Black Sea region

Black Sea region
UF	Black Sea Basin
	Black Sea Coast
	Black Sea Lowland
RT	Turkey
	Romania
	Ukraine
	Bulgaria
	Eurasia
	Cimmerian Orogeny
	Dobruja Basin
	Moldova
SN	Indexed with Europe and/or Asia; and/or countries as applicable.

black shale
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..black shale
UF	biopelite
	bituminous shale
	carbonaceous shale
RT	terrigenous materials
	shale
	carbonaceous composition

black smokers
BT	hydrothermal vents
	.black smokers
RT	bottom features
	ocean floors
	sulfides
	mid-ocean ridges
	hydrothermal conditions
	fumaroles
	volcanic features
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Black Warrior Basin
BT	United States
	.Black Warrior Basin
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Mary Lee Coal
	Warrior coal field
SN	Primarily in Alabama. Indexed with states as applicable.

Blackbird District
USE	Blackbird mining district

Blackbird mining district
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Lemhi County Idaho
	...Blackbird mining district
UF	Blackbird District
RT	mines
	copper ores
	cobalt ores
SN	E central Idaho. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Blackford County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Blackford County Indiana
SN	E Indiana.

Blackhawk Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Blackhawk Formation
RT	Utah
	Mesaverde Group
SN	In Mesaverde Group. Six principal members are Desert, Grassy, Sunnyside, Kenilworth, Aberdeen, and Spring Canyon. Central E Utah.

Blackleaf Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Blackleaf Formation
RT	Montana
	Colorado Group
	Sweetgrass Arch
SN	Lower Cretaceous. NW and central Montana. In Colorado Group. Members ascending are Flood Member, Taft Hill Member, Vaughn Member, and Bootlegger Member. Underlies Marias River Shale; overlies Kootenay Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Blackriverian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Blackriverian
RT	Black River Group
SN	North America. Lower Mohawkian, below Trentonian.

Blacksburg Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Montgomery County Virginia
	...Blacksburg Virginia
SN	Town in SW Virginia.

Blackstone Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Neoproterozoic
	....Blackstone Series
RT	Massachusetts
	Rhode Island
SN	SE Massachusetts and N Rhode Island. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Blackwater Draw Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....Blackwater Draw Formation
RT	Pleistocene
	Holocene
	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Pleistocene or Holocene. In Texas and New Mexico. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Blackwater River
RT	Florida
	Missouri
	West Virginia
SN	Several locations including NW Florida and W Missouri. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Bladen County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Bladen County North Carolina

Blaine County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Blaine County Idaho
RT	Pioneer Mountains
	Craters of the Moon
	Sawtooth Range
SN	S central Idaho.

Blaine County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Blaine County Montana
SN	N Montana.

Blaine County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Blaine County Nebraska
SN	Central Nebraska.

Blaine County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Blaine County Oklahoma
SN	W central Oklahoma.

Blaine Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Blaine Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Texas
SN	In Nippewalla, El Reno, or Pease River groups. W Oklahoma, central North and panhandle of Texas.

Blair County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Blair County Pennsylvania
NT	Altoona Pennsylvania
SN	Central Pennsylvania.

Blair Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Blair Formation
RT	Utah
	Wyoming
	Mesaverde Group
SN	In Mesaverde Group. Underlies Rock Springs Formation and overlies Hilliard Shale. SW Wyoming and NE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Blairmore Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Blairmore Group
RT	Alberta
SN	Includes the Gladstone Formation, Beaver Mines Formation, and Mill Creek Formation in S Alberta.

Blake Basin
USE	Blake-Bahama Basin

Blake Nose
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Blake Plateau
	...Blake Nose
RT	Leg 171A
	DSDP Site 389
	DSDP Site 390
	DSDP Site 392
	Leg 171B
	Leg 44
	ODP Site 1049
	ODP Site 1050
	ODP Site 1051
	ODP Site 1052
	ODP Site 1053
SN	NE-jutting spur of the Blake Plateau. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Blake Outer Ridge
USE	Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge

Blake Plateau
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Blake Plateau
NT	Blake Nose
UF	Bahama Platform
RT	Leg 101
	ODP Site 627
SN	E of N Florida and N of Grand Bahama Island.

Blake Ridge
USE	Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge

Blake River Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Blake River Group
RT	Abitibi Belt
	Ontario
	Quebec
SN	W Quebec and E Ontario. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Blake-Bahama Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Blake-Bahama Basin
UF	Blake Basin
RT	Leg 44
	DSDP Site 391
SN	Just to the E of the Blake Plateau E of North Florida.

Blake-Bahama Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Blake-Bahama Formation
RT	North Atlantic
	Atlantic Ocean
	DSDP Site 603
	Leg 93
SN	NW Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge
UF	Blake Outer Ridge
	Blake Ridge
RT	Leg 11
	Leg 172
	Leg 44
	DSDP Site 100
	DSDP Site 102
	DSDP Site 103
	DSDP Site 104
	Leg 164
	ODP Site 1056
	ODP Site 1057
	ODP Site 1058
	ODP Site 1059
	ODP Site 1060
	ODP Site 1061
	ODP Site 1062
	ODP Site 994
	ODP Site 995
	ODP Site 996
	ODP Site 997
SN	E of the Blake-Bahama Basin which is E of the Blake Plateau off N Florida.

Blancan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Blancan
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Texas
SN	North America. Above Hemphillian; below Irvingtonian. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Blanco County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Blanco County Texas

Blanco fracture zone
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Blanco fracture zone
SN	Off coast of Oregon. NE of E end of Mendocino Escarpment. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Blanco River basin
USE	Rio Blanco Basin

Bland County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Bland County Virginia

blasting
RT	engineering geology
	excavations
	explosions
	foundations
	spalling

Blastoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Blastoidea

blastomylonite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.mylonites
	..blastomylonite

Blattaria
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Exopterygota
	.......Blattaria
UF	Blattodea
	Blattopteroida
SN	Order.

Blattodea
USE	Blattaria

Blattopteroida
USE	Blattaria

Bleckley County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bleckley County Georgia

Bledsoe County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Bledsoe County Tennessee

Bleiberg Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Carinthia Austria
	....Bleiberg Austria
SN	Town in S Austria.

Bleikvassli
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Nordland Norway
	.....Bleikvassli
SN	Ore bearing region.

Blekinge Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Blekinge Sweden
SN	County on the Baltic Sea in extreme SE Sweden.

blind deposits
UF	concealed deposits
	hidden deposits
	orebodies, hidden
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	mineral exploration
	ore bodies
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

blind faults
BT	faults
	.blind faults
RT	active faults
	buried features
	deep-seated structures
SN	Do not intersect the surface during movements. Indexed with specific kind of fault if available.

Blind River Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Algoma District Ontario
	....Blind River Ontario
SN	Town on Lake Huron in S Ontario.

BLM (U. S. Bureau of Land Management)
USE	U. S. Bureau of Land Management

bloating shale
USE	shale

block
SN	A valid index term through 1977. Now use block structures.

block clay
USE	melange

block faults
USE	block structures

Block Island Sound
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Block Island Sound
RT	Long Island
	Rhode Island
	New London County Connecticut
	Suffolk County New York
	Washington County Rhode Island
SN	Between Washington County, Rhode Island and Block Island.

block mountains
USE	block structures

block structures
UF	block faults
	block mountains
	fault blocks
RT	accommodation zones
	faults
	horsts
	normal faults
	tesserae
SN	Restricted to tectonics. Before 1978, also search faults AND block; block structure.

blomstrandite
USE	betafite

Blondeau Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Blondeau Formation
RT	Quebec
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bloo

Bloody Bluff Fault
BT	United States
	.Bloody Bluff Fault
RT	Massachusetts
	Connecticut
	Rhode Island
	New England
SN	E Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Also search Bloody Bluff. Indexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bloomsburg Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Upper Silurian
	.....Bloomsburg Formation
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	In Cayuga Group. Central and S Pennsylvania, W Maryland, W Virginia, and N West Virginia.

Blount County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Blount County Alabama
SN	N central Alabama.

Blount County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Blount County Tennessee
SN	E Tennessee.

Blow River
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Yukon Territory
	...Blow River
SN	Flows into Mackenzie Bay in the extreme N Yukon Territory.

blowou

blowouts
RT	deflation
	drilling
	dunes
	engineering geology
	erosion features
	explosions
	geomorphology
	geopressure
	geothermal systems
	ground water
	oil and gas fields
	petroleum
	petroleum engineering
	sand bodies
	sand boils
	shore features
SN	Use sand boils if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bloyd Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Lower Pennsylvanian
	......Morrowan
	.......Bloyd Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
SN	Shale consists of (ascending) Brentwood Limestone Member, Woolsey Member and an unnamed shale division. NW Arkansas and E Oklahoma.

blue algae
USE	cyanobacteria

blue chalcocite
USE	digenite

Blue Earth County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Blue Earth County Minnesota

Blue Glacier
RT	Olympic Mountains
	Washington
SN	Mount Olympus, Olympic National Park in NW Washington. Also in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

blue lead
USE	galena

Blue Mountain
RT	California
	Idaho
	New Mexico
	Nova Scotia
	Ontario
	Oregon
	Pennsylvania
	Washington
SN	Occurs in various locations. Indexed with appropriate counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Blue Mountain Lake
RT	Adirondack Mountains
	Hamilton County New York
SN	In the Adirondack Mountains of E central New York. Also in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Blue Mountains
RT	Idaho
	Jamaica
	Oregon
	United States
	Washington
SN	In W Idaho, NE Oregon, and SE Washington, and also a range in E Jamaica. Indexed with states or Jamaica as applicable.

Blue Nile
BT	Africa
	.Blue Nile
RT	Ethiopia
	Nile River
	Sudan
SN	Right headstream of the Nile River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Blue Ridge Mou

Blue Ridge Mountains
BT	United States
	.Blue Ridge Mountains
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Blue Ridge Mountains
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
	West Virginia
	Shenandoah Valley
	Georgia
	Grandfather Mountain
	South Mountain
SN	E and SE range of the Appalachians. Also search Blue Ridge. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Blue Ridge Pro

Blue Ridge Province
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Blue Ridge Province
RT	South Carolina
	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Georgia
	Piedmont
SN	Embraces the Appalachians E of the Great Appalachian Valley from South Mountain, Pa., southward including the Piedmont. Composed of some of the most ancient rocks of the Appalachians. Also search Blue Ridge. Indexed with states as applicable.

blue-green algae
USE	cyanobacteria

Bluebell Mine
RT	British Columbia
	lead-zinc deposits
	mines
SN	E shore of Kootenay Lake in SE British Columbia. Indexed with commodity and province or region as applicable.

blueschist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..blueschist
RT	glaucophane schist

blueschist facies
BT	facies
	.blueschist facies
RT	metamorphic rocks
	greenschist facies

Bluesky Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Bluesky Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bluff Formation
RT	Cayman Islands
	Miocene
	New Zealand
	Oligocene
	Paradox Basin
SN	Oligocene, Cayman Islands. Also Oligocene-Miocene basalt in New Zealand. Also occurs as sandstone in the Paradox Basin, SW United States. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bluffport Marl Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Bluffport Marl Member
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Demopolis Chalk
SN	Of Demopolis Chalk. W Alabama and E Mississippi. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

bluffs
RT	cliffs
	erosion features
	fluvial features
	geomorphology
	shore features
	shorelines
	slopes
SN	Cliffs with steep, broad faces. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Blufftown Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Blufftown Formation
RT	Alabama
	Georgia
	Selma Group
SN	In Selma Group. E Alabama and W Georgia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Blyava
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Orenburg Russian Federation
	...Blyava
SN	A section of the City of Mednogorsk in the S Urals near the Kazakh border. This term has multiple hierarchies.

BM (NH)
USE	British Museum

Bo Hai
USE	Bohai Bay

Bochnia Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Tarnow Poland
	....Bochnia Poland
SN	A mining town with evaporite deposits in S Poland.

Bochum Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Bochum Germany
SN	City in the Ruhr Valley.

Bodaibo Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Irkutsk Russian Federation
	...Bodaibo Russian Federation
UF	Bodaybo Russian Federation
SN	Town in NE Irkutsk Oblast. Before 1993, Bodaibo Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with regions as applicable.

Bodaybo Russian Federation
USE	Bodaibo Russian Federation

Bodega Head
BT	United States
	.California
	..Sonoma County California
	...Bodega Head
SN	Tip of peninsula sheltering Bodega Bay from the Pacific Ocean in Sonoma County.

Bodensee
USE	Lake Constance

bodies, ore
USE	ore bodies

bodily tide
USE	Earth tides

bodily waves
USE	body waves

body size
USE	size

body waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
NT	P-waves
	PcP-waves
	PKiKP-waves
	PKP-waves
	PKS-waves
	Pn-waves
	PP-waves
	PPP-waves
	PPS-waves
	PS-waves
	S-waves
	ScS-waves
	SKKS-waves
	SKP-waves
	SKS-waves
	Sn-waves
UF	bodily waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	surface waves

boehmite
BT	oxides
	.boehmite
RT	aluminum oxides
	aluminum ores
	hoegbomite

Boeotia Greece
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Sterea Ellas
	....Boeotia Greece
SN	A department in Central Greece.

Boerzsoeny Mountains
USE	Borzsony Mountains

Bog soils
BT	soils
	.Bog soils
RT	soil group
	peat
	Histosols
	Hydromorphic soils
	Intrazonal soils

Boggy

Boggy Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Boggy Shale
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
	Krebs Group
SN	In Krebs Group. Oklahoma and W Arkansas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bogota Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Bogota Colombia
RT	Sabana de Bogota
SN	City in Cundinamarca Department, central Colombia.

Bogota Plateau
USE	Sabana de Bogota

bogs
BT	mires
	.bogs
NT	muskegs
RT	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	lacustrine features
	fens
	marshes
	peatlands
	swamps
	wetlands
SN	Waterlogged spongy ground, consisting primarily of mosses, containing acidic, decaying vegetation that may develop into peat.

Boguszow Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Walbrzych Poland
	....Boguszow Poland
SN	Province and city in SW Poland.

Bohai Bay
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Yellow Sea
	....Bohai Bay
UF	Bo Hai
	Gulf of Chihli
	Po Hai
	Po Hai Wan
RT	Liaoning China
	Shandong China
	Dongpu Depression
	Hebei China
	Huanghua Depression
	Liaodong Peninsula
	Shandong Peninsula
SN	Arm of the Yellow Sea bordered by Hebei, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

bohdanowiczite
BT	sulfides
	.bohdanowiczite

Bohemia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
NT	Central Bohemian Pluton
	Chvaletice Czech Republic
	Jachymov Czech Republic
	Karlovy Vary Czech Republic
	Kladno Czech Republic
	Kutna Hora Czech Republic
	Pilsen Basin
	Prague Czech Republic
	Pribram Czech Republic
	Slany Czech Republic
	Sokolov Basin
	Teplice Czech Republic
RT	Bohemian Massif
	Erzgebirge
	Izera Mountains
	Karkonosze Mountains
	North Sudetic Basin
	Snieznik
	Sudeten
	Sudeten Mountains
	Sudetic Basin
	Weisse Elster Basin
	White Mountain
SN	Region in westernmost Czech Republic.

Bohemia-Moravia System
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef.

Bohemian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemian Basin
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Bohemian Massif
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Bohemian Massif
RT	Austria
	Germany
	Poland
	Czech Republic
	KTB
	Bohemia
	Central Bohemian Pluton
	Svratka Dome
	Windischeschenbach Germany
SN	A dissected quadrangular plateau mainly in Bohemia with parts in Austria, Germany and Poland. Indexed with region or country as applicable.

boiling
RT	bubbles
	degassing
	evaporation
	gaseous phase
	geothermal systems
	heat transfer
	hydrothermal conditions
	liquid phase
	temperature
	volatilization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Boise County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Boise County Idaho
SN	W Idaho.

Boise Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Ada County Idaho
	...Boise Idaho
SN	City in SW Idaho.

Bojnice Slovakia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Bojnice Slovakia
SN	Village in W central Slovakia. Before 1995, Bojnice Czechoslovakia was also used.

Bokaro coal field
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Bokaro coal field
RT	coal fields
SN	Coal field in central Bihar. Also search Bokaro.

Bol'shezemel'skaya Tundra
USE	Bolshezemelskaya Tundra

Bolangir India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Orissa India
	....Bolangir India
SN	Town and district in W Orissa, E India.

Bolboforma
BT	microfossils
	.problematic microfossils
	..Bolboforma
SN	Genus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Boleslawiec Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Boleslawiec Poland
SN	Town in Jelinia Gora Province, SW Poland. Boleslawic has also been used.

Boliden Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Vasterbotten Sweden
	.....Boliden Sweden
RT	Nasliden Mine
SN	Village in N Sweden.

bolides
BT	meteors
	.bolides
RT	meteorites
	meteor craters
	fireballs
SN	Also index fireballs or meteorites as applicable.

Bolinas Lagoon
BT	United States
	.California
	..Marin County California
	...Bolinas Lagoon
SN	Off Bolinas Bay in SW Marin County, W California.

Bolivar
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Bolivar Colombia or Bolivar Venezuela if applicable. Also used in other locations.

Bolivar Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Bolivar Colombia
NT	Cartagena Colombia
RT	Magdalena Delta
SN	Department in N Colombia.

Bolivar County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Bolivar County Mississippi

Bolivar Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Bolivar Venezuela
NT	Imataca Complex
RT	Orinoco River
SN	State in SE Venezuela.

Bolivia
BT	South America
	.Bolivia
NT	Cochabamba Bolivia
	La Paz Bolivia
	Oruro Bolivia
	Santa Cruz Bolivia
	Sucre Bolivia
RT	Altiplano
	Andes
	Amazon Basin
	Central Cordillera
	Bolivia earthquake 1994
	Eastern Cordillera
	San Juan River
	Transamazonian Orogeny

Bolivia earthquake 1994
BT	earthquakes
	.Bolivia earthquake 1994
RT	Bolivia
SN	Epicenter in N central Bolivia.

Bolivina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Buliminacea
	.....Bolivinitidae
	......Bolivina
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bolivinitidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Buliminacea
	.....Bolivinitidae
NT	Bolivina
	Bolivinoides
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bolivinoides
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Buliminacea
	.....Bolivinitidae
	......Bolivinoides
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Bollinger County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Bollinger County Missouri

Bologna Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Emilia-Romagna Italy
	....Bologna Italy
NT	Farneto Cave
SN	City and province in E central Emilia-Romagna.

Bolshezemelskaya Tundra
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
	...Nenets Russian Federation
	....Bolshezemelskaya Tundra
UF	Bol'shezemel'skaya Tundra
SN	In Nenets National Okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bolshoy Selerikan River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Bolshoy Selerikan River
SN	E Yakutia, Russian Federation. Joins Elgi River SW of Ust-Nera. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Boltyshka Depression
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Boltyshka Depression
RT	impact features
SN	Central Ukraine. Also search Boltyshka or Boltysh. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bolzano Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	....Bolzano Italy
NT	Merano Italy
RT	Tyrol Austria
SN	City and province in N central Trentino-Alto Adige.

Bombay India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Maharashtra India
	....Bombay India
SN	City on the Arabian Sea in W Maharashtra, W India.

Bon Homme County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Bon Homme County South Dakota

Bonaire
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Netherlands Antilles
	.....Bonaire
RT	Rincon Formation
SN	Island off coast of Venezuela, 30 miles E of Curacao.

Bonanza Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Bonanza Group
RT	British Columbia
	Vancouver Island
SN	Vancouver Island, SW British Columbia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bonanza King Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Bonanza King Formation
RT	California
	Nevada
SN	Middle and Upper Cambrian. SE California and S Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bonaparte Basin
USE	Bonaparte Gulf basin

Bonaparte Gulf basin
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Timor Sea
	..Bonaparte Gulf basin
UF	Bonaparte Basin
RT	Southwest Pacific
	Joseph Bonaparte Gulf
SN	N of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf and W of Northern Territory.

Bonaventure County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Bonaventure County Quebec

Bond albedo
USE	albedo

Bond County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Bond County Illinois

bonding
RT	cell dimensions
	chelation
	crystal chemistry
	crystal structure
	ligands
	order-disorder
	vibrational spectra

Bondoc Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Luzon
	....Bondoc Peninsula
SN	Between Ragay Gulf and Mompog Pass of S Quezon Province in S Luzon.

bone beds
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.bone beds
RT	clastic rocks
	carbonate rocks
	phosphate rocks
SN	Before 1981, also search bone bed. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Bone Spring Lime

Bone Spring Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lower Permian
	.....Leonardian
	......Bone Spring Limestone
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	SE New Mexico and W Texas. Underlies Delaware Mountain Group; overlies Hueco Limestone or Wolfcampian, undifferentiated. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bone Valley Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....middle Pliocene
	......Bone Valley Formation
RT	Florida
SN	Unconformably overlain by Pleistocene terrace deposits ranging in age from Sunderland to Pamlico. S central Florida.

bones
RT	anatomy
	biomineralization
	feet
	fossils
	jaws
	osteology
	paleontology
	paleopathology
	pelvises
	skeletons
	skulls
	teeth
	vertebrae
	Vertebrata

Bong Range
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Liberia
	...Bong Range
SN	In N Liberia.

Bonin Islands
BT	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	.Bonin Islands
UF	Ogasawara Islands
RT	Japan
	Izu-Bonin Arc
	Tokyo Japan
SN	Group of 27 volcanic islands 600 miles S of Tokyo. Part of Tokyo Prefecture. Also search Ogasawara.

boninite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..andesites
	...boninite

Bonner County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bonner County Idaho
RT	Idaho Panhandle
	Selkirk Mountains
SN	N Idaho.

Bonner Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Bonner Formation
RT	Montana
	Belt Supergroup
	Missoula Group
SN	In Missoula Group, Precambrian (Belt Supergroup) of W Montana.

Bonneterre Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Upper Cambrian
	.....Bonneterre Formation
RT	Missouri
SN	Includes Tom Sauk limestone member at base.

Bonneville County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bonneville County Idaho
SN	On Wyoming border in SE Idaho.

Bonneville Salt Flats
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Tooele County Utah
	...Bonneville Salt Flats
SN	Tooele County in NW Utah.

Book Cliffs
BT	United States
	.Book Cliffs
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Garfield County Colorado
	Carbon County Utah
	Grand County Colorado
	Grand County Utah
	Mesa County Colorado
SN	Escarpment in E Utah and W Colorado. Indexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

book reviews
RT	catalogs
	monographs
	publications
	review
	textbooks

books
USE	monographs

Boom Clay
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Boom Clay
RT	Belgium
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Boone County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Boone County Arkansas
SN	N Arkansas.

Boone County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Boone County Illinois
SN	On Wisconsin line in N Illinois.

Boone County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Boone County Indiana
SN	Central Indiana.

Boone County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Boone County Iowa
SN	Central Iowa.

Boone County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Boone County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Boone County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Boone County Missouri
NT	Columbia Missouri
RT	Devils Icebox
SN	On the Missouri River in central Missouri.

Boone County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Boone County Nebraska
SN	E central Nebraska.

Boone County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Boone County West Virginia
SN	SW West Virginia.

Boone Formatio

Boone Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Boone Formation
RT	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
	Meramecian
	Osagian
SN	Lower and Upper Mississippian. N Arkansas, SW Missouri, and E Oklahoma. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Boothia Felix Peninsula
USE	Boothia Peninsula

Boothia Peninsula
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Franklin District Northwest Territories
	...Boothia Peninsula
UF	Boothia Felix Peninsula
RT	Somerset Island
SN	N extremity of mainland Canada W of Gulf of Boothia in Franklin District.

Bootlegger Cove Clay
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Bootlegger Cove Clay
RT	Alaska
SN	Separates the Knik from overlying Naptowne glacial deposits. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Boquira Mine
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Bahia Brazil
	...Boquira Mine
RT	mines
	metal ores
SN	Mine in Bahia, Brazil. Also search Boquira.

Bor Yugoslavia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Yugoslavia
	...Serbia
	....Bor Yugoslavia
SN	Copper mining center, E Serbia.

boracite
BT	borates
	.boracite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..boracite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Borah Peak
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Custer County Idaho
	...Borah Peak
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Lost River Range
	...Borah Peak
UF	Mount Borah
	Mt. Borah
SN	Mountain in Lost River Range, central Idaho. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Borah Peak earthquake 1983
BT	earthquakes
	.Borah Peak earthquake 1983
UF	Mount Borah earthquake, 1983
RT	Idaho
	Custer County Idaho
SN	Epicenter near Borah Peak, Custer County, central Idaho. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

borate deposits
RT	borates
	boron deposits
	evaporite deposits
SN	May be used as a commodity term with boron deposits.

borates
NT	boracite
	borax
	colemanite
	fluoborite
	hulsite
	hydroboracite
	kaliborite
	kernite
	kotoite
	kurchatovite
	kurnakovite
	ludwigite
	preobrazhenskite
	sakhaite
	solongoite
	suanite
	szaibelyite
	ulexite
	vimsite
	vonsenite
RT	borate deposits
	minerals
SN	As of 1981, use borate deposits for borates as a commodity. Before 1981, voltaite was included as a narrower term.

borax
BT	borates
	.borax

Borax Lake
RT	California
	Harney County Oregon
	Oregon
	San Bernardino County California
SN	Located in San Bernardino County, S California. Also a lake in Harney County, Oregon. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Borborema
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Borborema
RT	Paraiba Brazil
	Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
SN	A plateau in NE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bordeaux France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Gironde France
	....Bordeaux France
SN	City in SW France.

Bordelais
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Gironde France
	....Bordelais
SN	Region in SW France.

Borden Aquifer
BT	North America
	.Borden Aquifer
RT	Canada
	United States
SN	Extends over large area of central U. S. into Canada. Indexed with counties OR U.S. states and/or Canadian provinces as applicable.

Borden County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Borden County Texas

Borden Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Borden Group
RT	Kentucky
	Indiana
SN	In Kentucky, comprises New Providence Formation, Brodhead Formation, Floyds Knob Formation, and Muldraugh Formation. In S Indiana, comprises New Providence Shale, Locust Point, Carwood, Floyds Knob, and Edwardsville formations. S Indiana and E central Ken

Borden Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Simcoe County Ontario
	....Borden Ontario
UF	Canadian Forces Base Borden
SN	Near Alliston, Ontario, S of Georgian Bay.

border faults
USE	peripheral faults

Border Ranges Fault
RT	Alaska
	British Columbia
	Southern Alaska
SN	S Alaska and British Columbia. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

borderland, continental
USE	continental borderland

bore
USE	boreholes

Boreal
BT	locene
	.Boreal
RT	biogeography
	climate
	Preboreal
SN	Used primarily in Europe for an interval of postglacial time following the Preboreal and preceding the Atlantic, during which the inferred climate was warm and dry.

boreal environ

boreal environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.boreal environment
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	depositional environment
	paleoclimatology
SN	(Boreal is used as an age unit).

borehole breakouts
UF	breakouts
	wellbore breakouts
RT	petroleum engineering
	spalling
	drilling
	geopressure
	boreholes
	drilling muds
SN	Enlargement of borehole in direction of minimum stress. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

borehole sections
RT	boreholes
	cross sections
	well-logging
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

borehole televiewers
UF	BHTV
RT	instruments
	acoustical logging
	well-logging
	acoustical methods
	geophysical methods
	boreholes
	sonar methods
	ultrasonic methods
	video methods
SN	Well-logging instrument or technique using acoustic(sonar) beams. BHTV is a tradename. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

boreholes
UF	bore
	drill holes
RT	borehole televiewers
	cores
	electrical logging
	heat flow
	drilling
	borehole breakouts
	drilling muds
	borehole sections
	crosshole methods
	cuttings
	deep drilling
	dipmeter logging
	downhole methods
	Echassieres Borehole
	Formation MicroScanner
	horizontal drilling

borings
UF	worm borings
RT	bioerosion
	biogenic structures
	ichnofossils
	burrows
	sedimentary structures
	bioturbation
	lebensspuren
SN	As of 1978, restricted to biogenic borings. Includes use as the sedimentary structure as well as the paleontologic feature. For well-logging, use boreholes or cores. Also index ichnofossils OR lebensspuren if applicable. See lists F and K.

Borislav Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Lvov Ukraine
	...Borislav Ukraine
SN	City in Lvov Oblast in W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Borkut Deposit
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Transcarpathia Ukraine
	...Borkut Deposit
RT	mercury ores
SN	Region of mineral deposits (including mercury ores) in Transcarpathian Oblast in W Ukraine. Also search Borkut. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Born approximation
RT	geophysics
	mathematical methods
	particulate materials
	wave dispersion
	waves
SN	Not to be used for the Born equation for free energy of ionic solvation. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Borneo
BT	Malay Archipelago
	.Borneo
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Borneo
NT	Brunei
	East Malaysia
	Kalimantan Indonesia
RT	Indonesia
	Malaysia
SN	An island, the S two-thirds of which is known as Kalimantan, Indonesia, with the remainder comprising Brunei and the two states of East Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with Brunei, Kalimantan Indonesia, and the states of East Malaysi

Borneo-Java Shelf
USE	Sunda Shelf

Bornholm
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Denmark
	....Bornholm
UF	Bornholm Island
RT	Baltic Sea
SN	Island in W Baltic Sea S of Sweden.

Bornholm Island
USE	Bornholm

bornite
BT	sulfides
	.bornite
UF	erubescite
	horseflesh ore
	purple copper ore
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals
	copper

boron
NT	B-11/B-10
RT	boron deposits
	chemical elements
	lithophile elements
SN	Chemical element. Use boron deposits for boron as a commodity.

boron deposits
RT	borate deposits
	boron

boronatrocalcite
USE	ulexite

borosilicates
BT	silicates
	.borosilicates
RT	axinite
	dravite

Borrego Mountain
BT	United States
	.California
	..Borrego Mountain
RT	Borrego Mountain earthquake 1968
SN	In S California.

Borrego Mountain earthquake 1968
BT	earthquakes
	.Borrego Mountain earthquake 1968
RT	California
	Imperial Valley
	Borrego Mountain
SN	Superstition Hills Fault, Imperial Valley, California. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Borrowdale Volcanic Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Borrowdale Volcanic Series
RT	England
	Llandeilian
	Llanvirnian
SN	Llanvirnian and ? Llandeilian. Underlain by Skiddaw Slates and overlain by the Coniston Limestone Group. Lake District in NW England.

borrowing
RT	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Borshchev Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Borshchev Ukraine
UF	Borshchov Ukraine
	Borszczow Ukraine
SN	City in Ternopol Oblast in W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Borshchov Ukraine
USE	Borshchev Ukraine

Borsod Basin
BT	ngary
	.Borsod Basin
RT	coal fields
SN	Coal basin in NE Hungary. Also search Borsod.

Borszczow Ukraine
USE	Borshchev Ukraine

Borzeta
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Borzeta
SN	Boreholes in W Carpathians.

Borzsony Mountains
BT	ngary
	.Borzsony Mountains
UF	Boerzsoeny Mountains
SN	Near Slovakian border in NW Nograd, Hungary.

Bos
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bos
NT	Bos primigenius
SN	Genus.

Bos primigenius
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bos
	..........Bos primigenius
SN	Species.

Bosano
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sardinia Italy
	....Bosano
SN	Region in NW Sardinia.

Boshchekul Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Pavlodar Kazakhstan
	...Boshchekul Kazakhstan
SN	Village in Pavlodar Oblast in NE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bosnia
BT	snia-Herzegovina
	.Bosnia
NT	Banja Luka Bosnia-Herzegovina
	Sarajevo Bosnia-Herzegovina
SN	Region. Northern part of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bosnia-Herzegovina
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bosnia-Herzegovina
RT	Yugoslavia
	Dalmatia
	Mediterranean region
	Balkan Peninsula
	Neretva Valley
SN	W Balkan Peninsula, along the N Adriatic Sea. Before 1995, Yugoslavia was a broader term. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Boso Peninsula
USE	Chiba Peninsula

Bosphorus
USE	Bosporus

Bosporus
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Turkey
	...Bosporus
UF	Bosphorus
RT	Black Sea
	Istanbul Turkey
	Sea of Marmara region
SN	Strait connecting Black Sea with Sea of Marmara.

Bosque County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bosque County Texas

Bossier Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Bossier Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Cotton Valley Group
SN	In Cotton Valley Group. S Arkansas, W Louisiana, and E Texas.

Bossier Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Bossier Parish Louisiana

Boston Bay
USE	Boston Harbor

Boston Bay Group
RT	Cambridge Argillite
	Lower Cambrian
	Massachusetts
	Neoproterozoic
	Roxbury Conglomerate
SN	E Massachusetts. Previously thought to be Devonian or Carboniferous in age. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Boston Harbor
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Massachusetts Bay
	...Boston Harbor
UF	Boston Bay
RT	Essex County Massachusetts
	Norfolk County Massachusetts
	Plymouth County Massachusetts
	Suffolk County Massachusetts
SN	N Massachusetts Bay. Broadly used for Boston Bay area from Point Allerton to Deer Island. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Boston Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Suffolk County Massachusetts
	...Boston Massachusetts
SN	City on Massachusetts Bay in E Massachusetts.

bostonite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...bostonite

Bosumtwi Crater
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Ghana
	...Bosumtwi Crater
RT	impact features
SN	S central Ghana.

botany, paleo-
USE	paleobotany

Botetourt County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Botetourt County Virginia
SN	W Virginia.

Bothnian Sea
USE	Gulf of Bothnia

Botryococcus
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
	...Botryococcus
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Botswana
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..Botswana
UF	Bechuanaland
RT	Dwyka Formation
	Karroo Supergroup
	Zambezi Valley
	Kaapvaal Craton
	Limpopo Orogeny
	Beaufort Group
	Ecca Group
	Kalahari Desert
	Limpopo Basin
	Limpopo Belt
	Pretoria Group
	Ventersdorp Supergroup
SN	Before 1966 was British protectorate of Bechuanaland. Before 1972, Bechuanaland was used.

Bottineau County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Bottineau County North Dakota

bottling
RT	drinking water
	potability
	water
	water quality
	water resources
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

bottom currents
BT	currents
	.bottom currents
RT	ocean circulation
SN	Papers are usually out-of-scope for GeoRef.

bottom features
UF	features, bottom
	submarine features
RT	abyssal hills
	deep-sea environment
	abyssal plains
	ocean floors
	oceanography
	marine geology
	microcontinents
	mid-ocean ridges
	sand ridges
	benthonic taxa
	black smokers
	hydrothermal vents
	furrows
	gravity flows
	marginal basins
	pockmarks
	seamounts
	submarine can

bottom load
USE	bedload

bottom water
RT	Antarctic Bottom Water
	North Atlantic Deep Water
	oceanography
	water

bottom-simulating reflectors
BT	geophysical methods
	.seismic methods
	..bottom-simulating reflectors
RT	reflection methods
	simulation
	hydrocarbon indicators
	petroleum exploration
	gas hydrates
	marine methods
SN	The reflection roughly parallels the sea-floor reflection. Caused by gas hydrate deposits overlying gas-saturated sediments. For surveys, also index geophysical surveys. Index hydrocarbon indicators if applicable.

Botucatu Formation
RT	Brazil
	Mato Grosso Brazil
	Paraguay
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Sao Paulo Brazil
	South America
	Triassic
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable.

Bou Azzer
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Morocco
	...Bou Azzer
UF	Bou-Azzer
SN	Locality in Marrakesh region in W central Morocco.

Bou-Azzer
USE	Bou Azzer

Bouches-du-Rhone France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bouches-du-Rhone France
NT	Aix-en-Provence France
	Carry-le-Rouet
	Marseilles France
	Rhone Delta
	Sainte-Victoire Mountain
RT	Provence

Bouchet Lake
USE	Lac du Bouchet

boudinage
UF	boudins
	pull apart structures
	sausage structure
RT	tectonics
	structural analysis
	metamorphism
	deformation
	soft sediment deformation
	lineation
	sedimentary structures
	melange
SN	As of 1995, it may be used for metamorphic and tectonic concepts as well. Indexed with soft sediment deformation as applicable.

boudins
USE	boudinage

Bougainville
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Solomon Islands
	...Bougainville
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Bougainville
RT	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Largest of the Solomon Islands. ESE of the Bismarck Archipelago in the SW Pacific. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bouguer
SN	A valid term through 1976. After 1976, use Bouguer anomalies.

Bouguer anomalies
BT	gravity anomalies
	.Bouguer anomalies
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	anomalies
	free-air anomalies
	gravity methods
SN	Also search Bouguer.

boulangerite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..boulangerite

Boulder Batholith
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Boulder Batholith

boulder clay
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..boulder clay
RT	glacial geology
	till
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Boulder Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Boulder County Colorado
	...Boulder Colorado
SN	City in N central Colorado.

Boulder County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Boulder County Colorado
NT	Boulder Colorado
RT	Rocky Flats Plant
	Rocky Mountain National Park
SN	N central Colorado.

boulder trains
BT	glacial features
	.boulder trains
RT	glacial geology
	geomorphology
	mineral exploration
	till
	boulders
	glaciated terrains
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

boulders
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..boulders
RT	glacial geology
	geomorphology
	sedimentary rocks
	gravel
	terrigenous materials
	erosion features
	boulder trains
	glacial features
	cobbles
	erratics
	rock glaciers
SN	Included use as sedimentary rock until 1977.

Bouleiceras
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Bouleiceras
SN	Genus.

Boulogne France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pas-de-Calais France
	....Boulogne France
UF	Boulogne-sur-Mer France
SN	City on the English Channel, N France.

Boulogne-sur-Mer France
USE	Boulogne France

Boulonnais
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pas-de-Calais France
	....Boulonnais
SN	Old district in extreme N France.

Bouma cycle
USE	Bouma sequence

Bouma sequence
BT	sedimentary structures
	.turbidity current structures
	..Bouma sequence
UF	Bouma cycle
RT	graded bedding
	laminations
	bioturbation
	flow structures
	ripple marks
	turbidite
SN	A succession consisting of five intervals, each characterized by a particular sedimentary structure, which forms a turbidite. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

boundaries, stratigraphic
USE	stratigraphic boundary

boundary
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used for stratigraphic boundaries only after 1978. See stratigraphic boundary or plate boundaries.

boundary conditions
RT	boundary interactions
	convection
	deformation
	delamination
	ground water
	heat flow
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
SN	Use as a general term. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Boundary County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Boundary County Idaho
RT	Idaho Panhandle
	Selkirk Mountains
	Purcell Mountains
SN	On Canadian border in N Idaho.

boundary element a

boundary element analysis
UF	boundary value problems
RT	analysis
	mathematical models
	finite element analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

boundary faults
BT	faults
	.boundary faults
UF	marginal faults
RT	decollement
	arcuate faults
	peripheral faults
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

boundary interactions
UF	interactions, boundary
RT	air-sea interface
	atmosphere
	meteorology
	boundary conditions

boundary layer
UF	boundary layer processes
	layer, boundary
RT	oceanography
	ocean circulation
	HEBBLE
	turbulence

boundary layer processes
USE	boundary layer

boundary value problems
USE	boundary element analysis

boundstone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..boundstone
NT	bafflestone
RT	rudstone

Bourbon County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Bourbon County Kansas

Bourbon County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Bourbon County Kentucky

Bourges France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cher France
	....Bourges France
SN	City in central France.

Bourgogne
USE	Burgundy

bournonite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..bournonite
UF	berthonite
	endellionite
	wheel ore

Boussinesq equation
RT	compaction
	elasticity
	equations
	loading
	soil mechanics
	stress
SN	Applied to calculate stress due to concentrated loading on a surface. Not to be confused with Boussinesq approximation of an incompressible fluid which is used in fluid mechanics and convection studies.

Bouvet Island
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Bouvet Island
SN	Norwegian island 1600 miles SSW of Cape of Good Hope.

Bouxwiller France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bas-Rhin France
	....Bouxwiller France
SN	Town in extreme NE France.

Bovidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
NT	Bison
	Bos
SN	Family.

Bow River valley
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Bow River valley
SN	In S Alberta.

bow shock waves
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term. Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Used with magnetosphere. Before 1976, also search bow shock.

Bowen Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Bowen Australia
SN	Town on the Coral Sea in the S Great Barrier Reef area, E Queensland, NE Australia.

Bowen Basin
RT	Queensland Australia
	Springsure Australia
SN	In E Queensland. Indexed with state or region as applicable.

Bowers Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Bering Sea
	...Bowers Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Bowers Ridge
RT	DSDP Site 188
SN	N of the Aleutian Islands. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bowers Supergroup
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Bowers Supergroup
RT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Antarctica
	Victoria Land
SN	Cambrian to Ordovician. N Victoria Land. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bowie County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Bowie County Texas

Bowie Seamount
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Bowie Seamount
SN	Just W of the Queen Charlotte Islands off central British Columbia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bowman County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Bowman County North Dakota

Bowser Basin
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Bowser Basin
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bowser Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Bowser Formation
RT	Alaska
SN	In Tuxedni Group, Middle(?) and Upper Jurassic. Central S Alaska.

Bowser Lake Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Bowser Lake Group
RT	British Columbia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Box Butte County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Box Butte County Nebraska

Box Elder County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Box Elder County Utah
RT	Pilot Range
	Great Salt Lake
	Moxa Arch
SN	Extreme NW Utah.

box models (sand)
USE	sandbox models

Boyd County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Boyd County Kentucky

Boyd County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Boyd County Nebraska

Boyle County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Boyle County Kentucky

Boyle Dolomite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Boyle Dolomite
RT	Kentucky
SN	Central Kentucky. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Boza Wola
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Boza Wola
SN	Region in S Poland.

Br
USE	bromine

Braarudosphaeridae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..nannofossils
	...Braarudosphaeridae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Brabant Belgium
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
	...Brabant Belgium
NT	Brussels Belgium
	Louvain Belgium
SN	Province in central Belgium.

Brabant Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
	...Brabant Massif

Brachiopoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
NT	Articulata
	Inarticulata
RT	reef builders

Brachiopterygii
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Brachiopterygii

Brachyura
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Malacostraca
	.....Brachyura
SN	Suborder.

Bracken County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Bracken County Kentucky

brackish water
RT	brackish-water environment
	ecology
	hydrochemistry
	paleosalinity
	salinity
	salt lakes
	salt water
	sea water
	water
SN	Before 1978, also search brackish.

brackish-water environment
RT	aquatic environment
	brackish water
	deep-water environment
	depositional environment
	ecology
	fresh-water environment
	salinity
	salt marshes
	swamps
	tidal flats
SN	Before 1978, also search brackish or brackish water.

Bracklesham Beds
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Bracklesham Beds
RT	England
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brad Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Brad Romania
SN	Town in Hunedoara County in W Romania.

Bradford County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Bradford County Florida
SN	N Florida.

Bradford County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Bradford County Pennsylvania
RT	Chemung River
SN	NE Pennsylvania.

Bradley County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Bradley County Arkansas

Bradley County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Bradley County Tennessee

Bradyodonti
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Chondrichthyes
	....Elasmobranchii
	.....Bradyodonti

Braganca Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Braganca Portugal
RT	Tras-os-Montes
SN	District in NE Portugal. Also a city.

Brahmaputra River
BT	Asia
	.Brahmaputra River
RT	Indian Peninsula
	India
	China
	Bangladesh
	Xizang China
SN	Rises in the Kailas Range of SW Xizang; it flows E across S Xizang, then S, SW, and again S through Bangladesh where it becomes the Jamuna River which merges with the Ganges River in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta on the Bay of Bengal. Indexed with Xizang C

braided channels
USE	braided streams

braided streams
BT	streams
	.braided streams
UF	anastomosing streams
	braided channels
RT	sedimentation
	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	gravel-bed streams
	channels
SN	Indexed with fluvial features as applicable.

Braila Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Braila Romania
SN	City and county in NE Walachia.

brain cases
USE	craniums

braincases
USE	craniums

brains
USE	skulls

Brallier Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Brallier Shale
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	West Virginia
SN	In Susquehanna Group. Central Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bramsche Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Lower Saxony Germany
	....Bramsche Germany
SN	Town in SW Lower Saxony.

Branch County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Branch County Michigan

Branchiopoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Branchiopoda
NT	Cladocera
UF	Conchostraca

Brandenburg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Brandenburg Germany
NT	Berlin Germany
	Cottbus Germany
	Doberlug Germany
	Potsdam Germany
RT	North German Plain
	Frankfurt Germany
	Oder Valley
SN	State in NE Germany. Before 1993, used as region. Includes the town on the Havel River.

Brandenburg Stade
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Weichselian
	.......Brandenburg Stade
SN	Europe. Before 1978, also search Brandenburg.

Brandon
RT	England
	Warwickshire England
SN	Region in Warwickshire, central England. After 1992, see Brandon Manitoba for city in SW Manitoba. Before 1989, also included use for the town in Vermont; now use specific city-state term when applicable. Indexed with Warwickshire England or regions as ap

Brandon Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Brandon Manitoba
SN	City in SW Manitoba.

Brandon Stade
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Weichselian
	.......Brandon Stade
SN	Europe. Before 1978, also search Brandon.

Brandon Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Rutland County Vermont
	...Brandon Vermont
SN	Town in W Vermont.

brannerite
BT	oxides
	.brannerite
RT	uranium ores

Bransfield Strait
BT	Antarctic Ocean
	.Bransfield Strait
RT	Bellingshausen Sea
	Weddell Sea
SN	Antarctic Ocean between South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. Connects Weddell Sea on the Atlantic Ocean side with Bellingshausen Sea, Pacific Ocean side. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Brant County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Brant County Ontario

Brantley County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Brantley County Georgia

Brasov Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Brasov Romania
NT	Hoghiz Romania
SN	City and county in SE Transylvania. From 1950-1960, the city was named Stalin.

Brassfield Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Lower Silurian
	.....Brassfield Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Ohio
	Tennessee
	Arkansas
SN	Considered to consist of lower dolomitic limestone, including Whitfieldella bed, and Plum Creek Clay Member above. In central N Arkansas, S Indiana, SW Illinois, central Kentucky, SW Ohio, and S Tennessee.

Bratislava Slovakia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Bratislava Slovakia
SN	City and region on the Danube River in SW Slovakia. Before 1995, Bratislava Czechoslovakia was also used.

braunite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...braunite
RT	manganese ores

Braunschweig Germany
USE	Brunswick Germany

Bravais lattice
USE	lattice

bravoite
BT	sulfides
	.bravoite
RT	pyrite

Brawley Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..Imperial County California
	...Brawley Fault
UF	Brawley seismic zone
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brawley seismic zone
USE	Brawley Fault

Braxton County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Braxton County West Virginia

Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
NT	Acre Brazil
	Alagoas Brazil
	Amapa Brazil
	Amazonas Brazil
	Araripe Basin
	Bahia Brazil
	Borborema
	Brazilian Shield
	Ceara Brazil
	Espirito Santo Brazil
	Goias Brazil
	Maranhao Basin
	Maranhao Brazil
	Mato Grosso Brazil
	Minas Gerais Brazil
	Para Brazil
	Paraiba Brazil
	Parana Brazil
	Parnaiba Basin
	Pelotas Basin
	Pernambuco Brazil
	Piaui Brazil
	Recife-Joao Pessoa
	Rio de Janeiro Brazil
	Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
	Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
	Rondonia Brazil
	Roraima Brazil
	Santa Catarina Brazil
	Sao Francisco Basin
	Sao Francisco Craton
	Sao Paulo Brazil
	Sergipe Brazil
	Sergipe-Alagoas Basin
	Serra do Espinhaco
	Serra do Mar
	Tocantins River region
RT	Acungui Group
	Altiplano
	Amazon Basin
	Amazon River
	Areado Formation
	Colorado River
	Barreiras Formation
	Bambui Group
	Bauru Formation
	Botucatu Formation
	Estrada Nova Formation
	Guiana Basin
	Guyana Shield
	Irati Formation
	Itarare Subgroup
	Minas Series
	Parana Ba

Brazil Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Brazil Basin
RT	Antarctic Bottom Water
	DSDP Site 515
	Vema Channel
	Leg 39
	DSDP Site 19
	DSDP Site 20
	DSDP Site 21
	DSDP Site 23
	DSDP Site 24
	DSDP Site 355
	Leg 3
	Leg 72
SN	In SW Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brazilian Cycle
RT	cycles
	tectonics
SN	Tectonic cycle. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brazilian Shield
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Brazilian Shield
UF	Amazonian Shield
RT	Parana Brazil
	Sao Paulo Brazil
	Minas Gerais Brazil
	Bahia Brazil
	Para Brazil
	Maranhao Brazil
	Mato Grosso Brazil
	Goias Brazil
	Santa Catarina Brazil
SN	The Brazilian uplands of N central, E central, and S Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.

Brazoria County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brazoria County Texas
NT	Pleasant Bayou
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in SE Texas.

Brazos County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brazos County Texas
RT	Iola Field
SN	E central Texas.

Brazos River
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brazos River
SN	Central Texas.

Brazzaville Congo
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Congo
	...Brazzaville Congo
SN	City on the Congo River across from Kinshasa.

break (knickpoint)
USE	knickpoints

breakers
USE	breaking waves

breaking strength
USE	fracture strength

breaking waves
BT	ocean waves
	.breaking waves
UF	breakers
RT	waves
SN	Before 1978, also search waves AND breaking.

breakouts
USE	borehole breakouts

breakthrough curves
RT	concentration
	ground water
	preferential flow
	soils
	solute transport
	solutes
	tracers
SN	Measure solute concentration of fluids entering a soil column.

breakwaters
BT	marine installations
	.breakwaters
UF	water-break
RT	engineering geology
	shorelines
	tombolos

Breathitt County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Breathitt County Kentucky
SN	E central Kentucky.

Breathitt Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Breathitt Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Pottsville Group
SN	In Pottsville Group. In SE Kentucky.

breccia
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..breccia
NT	tectonic breccia
	volcanic breccia
UF	rubblerock
RT	tectonics
	faults
	agglomerate
	conglomerate
	gravel
	structural analysis
	sediments
	EET 87521
	terrigenous materials
	meteor craters
	breccia pipes
	brecciation
	gouge
	lunar breccia
	megabreccia
	microbreccia
	shear zones
	slickensides
	suevite
SN	As of 1981, use lunar breccia for breccia on the Moon.

breccia pipes
BT	intrusions
	.pipes
	..breccia pipes
RT	volcanism
	breccia
	volcanoes
	volcanic rocks
	diatremes
	plugs
	volcanic breccia

brecciation
RT	breccia
	processes

Breckinridge County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Breckinridge County Kentucky

Brecknock (shire)
USE	Brecknockshire Wales

Brecknockshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Powys Wales
	......Brecknockshire Wales
UF	Brecknock (shire)
	Breconshire Wales
SN	Former county SE Wales. As of April 1974, part of Powys. Before 1993, also search Brecon.

Breconshire Wales
USE	Brecknockshire Wales

Breidamerkurjokull
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Iceland
	...Breidamerkurjokull
SN	Glacier.

Bremen Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Lower Saxony Germany
	....Bremen Germany
RT	Weser River
SN	City state in NW Germany.

Bremer County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Bremer County Iowa

Brenham Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Washington County Texas
	...Brenham Texas
SN	City in SE central Texas.

Brent Crater
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Nipissing District Ontario
	....Brent Crater
RT	impact features
SN	Meteor crater at Brent in Algonquin Provincial Park E of Georgian Bay.

Brent Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Bajocian
	......Brent Group
RT	Broom Formation
	Etive Formation
	Rannoch Formation
	Ness Formation
	North Sea
	Tarbert Formation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brescia Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Brescia Italy
SN	City and province in E Lombardy.

Breslau Poland
USE	Wroclaw Poland

Brest Basin
BT	Europe
	.Brest Basin
RT	Poland
	Ukraine
	Belarus
SN	Named after city of Brest in SW Belarus. Indexed with Poland and former Soviet republics as applicable.

Brest Belarus
BT	Europe
	.Belarus
	..Brest Belarus
SN	City in SW Belarus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Brest France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Finistere France
	....Brest France
SN	City on the Atlantic in W France.

Brevard County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Brevard County Florida
NT	Cape Canaveral
SN	On the Atlantic Ocean in central Florida.

Brevard fault zone
USE	Brevard Zone

Brevard Zone
BT	United States
	.Brevard Zone
UF	Brevard fault zone
RT	South Carolina
	Appalachians
	Alabama
	North Carolina
	West Virginia
	Georgia
	Southern Appalachians
SN	S and Central Appalachians. Indexed with Appalachians and states as applicable.

Brewster County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brewster County Texas
NT	Big Bend National Park
	Mule Ear Diatreme
	Terlingua Texas
RT	Rattlesnake Mountain
	Christmas Mountains
	Davis Mountains
	Glass Mountains
SN	Extreme SW Texas.

Brezno Slovakia
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Brezno Slovakia
SN	Town in central Slovakia. Before 1995, Brezno Czechoslovakia was also used.

Briancon France
BT	utes-Alpes France
	.Briancon France
SN	Town in SE France.

Briancon Zone
USE	Brianconnais Zone

Brianconnais Zone
BT	Europe
	.Brianconnais Zone
UF	Briancon Zone
	Brianconnaise Zone
RT	Mesozoic
	Jurassic
	Cretaceous
	Tertiary
	Paleocene
	Eocene
	Permian
	Italy
	France
	Alps
SN	SE France and NW Italy. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Brianconnaise Zone
USE	Brianconnais Zone

briartite
BT	sulfides
	.briartite

brick clays
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use clays.

brides
NT	Inner Hebrides
	Outer Hebrides

Bridge Creek Limestone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Bridge Creek Limestone Member
RT	Colorado
	Kansas
	Greenhorn Limestone
SN	Of Greenhorn Limestone. SE Colorado and W Kansas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bridger Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Bridger Formation
RT	Utah
	Wyoming
	Colorado
SN	Middle and upper? Eocene. SW Wyoming, NW Colorado and NE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bridger Range
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Bridger Range
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Bridger Range
RT	Meagher County Montana
	Gallatin County Montana
	Park County Montana
SN	SW Montana. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bridgerian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Bridgerian
SN	North America.

bridges
RT	abutments
	engineering geology
	foundations
	geomorphology
	highways
	natural curiosities
SN	Restricted; used for the man-made structures. For the naturally occurring, archlike features, use natural curiosities.

brief report
USE	report

Brigham Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Brigham Group
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Washington
SN	Lower and Middle Cambrian. SE Idaho, NE Utah and NE Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bright Angel Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Bright Angel Shale
RT	California
	Nevada
	Arizona
SN	N Arizona, SE California and S Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

bright spots
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, use hydrocarbon indicators if applicable.

brightness
UF	luminance
RT	properties
	remote sensing
	albedo
	reflectance
	optical properties
	luminescence
	surface properties
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Brillouin spectra
BT	spectra
	.Brillouin spectra
RT	spectroscopy
	acoustical methods
	crystallography
	wave dispersion
	vibrational spectra
	thermal analysis data
	vibration
SN	Data from Brillouin spectroscopy. Also search Brillouin scattering if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

BRIM
UF	Black River-Matheson Program
RT	Ontario
	Cochrane District Ontario
	programs
SN	Acronym for program in Cochrane District, Ontario. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brindisi Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Apulia Italy
	....Brindisi Italy
SN	City and province on the S Adriatic Sea.

brine
USE	brines

brines
UF	brine
RT	hydrochemistry
	geothermal systems
	salt lakes
	salt water
	sea water
	bromine
	bromine deposits
	desalinization
	geothermal energy
	iodine
	iodine deposits
	mineral waters
	salt
	salt-water intrusion
	thermal waters

Brioverian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Neoproterozoic
	....Brioverian
SN	Europe.

Brisbane Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Brisbane Australia
SN	City in extreme SE Queensland.

Briscoe County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Briscoe County Texas

Bristol Bay
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Bering Sea
	...Bristol Bay
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Bristol Bay
SN	Between SW Alaskan mainland and Alaska Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bristol Channel
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Bristol Channel
RT	England
	Wales
	Swansea Bay
SN	Arm of Atlantic Ocean. Indexed with England and/or Wales.

Bristol County Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Bristol County Massachusetts

Bristol County Rhode Island
BT	United States
	.Rhode Island
	..Bristol County Rhode Island

Bristol England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Avon England
	......Bristol England
RT	Gloucestershire England
SN	City on the Bristol Channel in SW central England.

britholite
BT	phosphates
	.britholite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..britholite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
NT	Albert Canyon British Columbia
	Alice Arm British Columbia
	Atlin British Columbia
	Bowser Basin
	Cariboo Mountains
	Crowsnest Pass
	Dogtooth Mountains
	Endako British Columbia
	Esplanade Range
	Fernie Basin
	Fraser River delta
	Guichon Creek Batholith
	Hope British Columbia
	Kamloops British Columbia
	Kimberley British Columbia
	Kootenay Lake
	Manning Park
	Mount Meager
	Omineca Mountains
	Pinchi Lake
	Prince Rupert British Columbia
	Princeton British Columbia
	Queen Charlotte Islands
	Queen Charlotte Sound
	Revelstoke British Columbia
	Rossland British Columbia
	Saanich Inlet
	Salmo British Columbia
	Sifton Basin
	Skeena Mountains
	Slocan mining camp
	Smithers British Columbia
	Sustut Basin
	Tofino Basin
	Topley Intrusions
	Tulameen coal area
	Vancouver British Columbia
	Vancouver Island
	Ware British Columbia
RT	Alexander Terrane
	Altyn Limestone
	Banff Formation
	Aldridge Formation
	Belt Basin
	Belt Sup

British Geological Survey
BT	government agencies
	.survey organizations
	..British Geological Survey
RT	United Kingdom

British Guiana
USE	Guyana

British Honduras
USE	Belize

British Institutes Reflection Profiling Syndicate
USE	BIRPS

British Museum
UF	BM (NH)
	Natural History Museum of London
RT	England
	museums
SN	Includes the natural history museum. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

British North Borneo
USE	Sabah Malaysia

British Somaliland
USE	Somali Republic

British Virgin Islands
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Virgin Islands
	.....British Virgin Islands
NT	Anegada Island
RT	United Kingdom
SN	Virgin Islands excluding those of the United States. Before 1978, also search Virgin Islands for British Virgin Islands.

Brittany
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Brittany
RT	Finistere France
	Cotes-du-Nord France
	Morbihan France
SN	Region and former province occupying peninsula between English Channel and Bay of Biscay.

brittle deformation
BT	deformation
	.brittle deformation
UF	brittle fracture
RT	tectonics
	structural analysis
	anelasticity
	fractures
	brittle materials
	brittleness
	cataclasis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

brittle fracture
USE	brittle deformation

brittle materials
RT	brittle deformation
	brittleness
	deformation
	materials
	rock mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

brittleness
RT	brittle deformation
	brittle materials
	deformation
	mechanical properties
	rigidity
	rock mechanics
	strain
	stress
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brive Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Brive Basin
UF	Brive-la-Gaillarde Basin
RT	Correze France
SN	S central France. Also search Brive or Brive-la-Gaillarde if applicable. Indexed with Correze France if applicable.

Brive-la-Gaillarde Basin
USE	Brive Basin

Brno Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Moravia
	....Brno Czech Republic
SN	City in S central Moravia. Before 1995, Brno Czechoslovakia was also used.

Broach India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Broach India
UF	Bharuch India
SN	City and district in SE Gujarat, W India.

broad band spectra
USE	broad-band spectra

broad-band spectra
UF	broad band spectra
	broadband spectra
RT	TERRAscope
	spectra
	satellite methods
	electromagnetic methods
	frequency
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

broadband spectra
USE	broad-band spectra

Broadlands
RT	geothermal fields
	North Island
	New Zealand
	Taupo volcanic zone
	Wairakei
SN	Geothermal field. Central North Island, New Zealand. Indexed with North Island and New Zealand as applicable.

Broadwater County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Broadwater County Montana
RT	Big Belt Mountains
SN	W central Montana.

brochantite
BT	sulfates
	.brochantite

Brocken Massif
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Brocken Massif
RT	Saxony-Anhalt Germany
	Harz Mountains
SN	In Harz Mountains in central Germany.

Brockman Iron Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Brockman Iron Formation
RT	Australia
	Western Australia
	Wittenoom Gorge
SN	Wittenoom Gorge area in NW Western Australia.

Broegger Peninsula
USE	Brogger Peninsula

Brogger Peninsula
BT	Arctic region
	.Svalbard
	..Spitsbergen
	...Spitsbergen Island
	....Brogger Peninsula
UF	Broegger Peninsula
	Broggerhalvoya
SN	On the Island of Spitsbergen.

Broggerhalvoya
USE	Brogger Peninsula

Broken Bay
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Broken Bay
RT	Southwest Pacific
SN	Inlet of Pacific Ocean, N of Sydney, E New South Wales.

Broken Hill
RT	Broken Hill Block
	metal ores
	New South Wales Australia
SN	City and metals mining center in W New South Wales. As of 1993, use Broken Hill Australia for the city. Indexed with state or region as applicable.

Broken Hill Block
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Broken Hill Block
RT	South Australia
	New South Wales Australia
	Broken Hill
SN	Structural unit, W New South Wales and E South Australia. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Broken Hill Mine
RT	base metals
	Cape Province region
	lead-zinc deposits
	metal ores
	mines
	New South Wales Australia
	Northern Cape Province South Africa
	South Africa
	Zambia
SN	Metal ore mine in Broken Hill area, New South Wales. Also base metals mine in Aggeneys, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Also lead-zinc deposits in Kabwe, Zambia. Before 1993, also search Broken Hill and region and commodity. Indexed with countries a

Broken Ridge
RT	DSDP Site 255
	Indian Ocean
	Iron County Utah
	Leg 121
	Leg 26
	ODP Site 752
	ODP Site 753
	ODP Site 754
	ODP Site 755
	Wah Wah Mountains
SN	SE Indian Ocean. Also ridge in Wah Wah Mountains of Iron County Utah. Search in combination with Indian Ocean or Utah as applicable. Indexed with Indian Ocean or Iron County Utah if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Broken River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Broken River Formation
RT	Silurian
	Devonian
	Queensland Australia
	Australia
SN	Silurian and Devonian. NE Queensland. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Brome County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Brome County Quebec

bromellite
BT	oxides
	.bromellite

Bromide Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Bromide Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Simpson Group
SN	In Simpson Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

bromide ion
BT	halogens
	.bromine
	..bromide ion
RT	ions
	bromides
SN	Before 1978, search bromide. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

bromides
BT	halides
	.bromides
RT	bromide ion
SN	Before 1981, also search bromide.

bromine
BT	halogens
	.bromine
NT	bromide ion
UF	Br
RT	brines
	bromine deposits
	salt
SN	Chemical element. Use bromine deposits for bromine as a commodity.

bromine deposits
RT	brines
	bromine
	salt
SN	Commodity. See List C.

bromlite
USE	alstonite

Bronson Hill Anticlinorium
BT	United States
	.Bronson Hill Anticlinorium
RT	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
SN	In S New Hampshire and N central Massachusetts. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bronx County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Bronx County New York

Bronze Age
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Bronze Age
RT	Holocene
	archaeology
	Quaternary
SN	Archaeological classification. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

bronzite
USE	enstatite

bronzitite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...bronzitite
RT	pyroxenite

Brooke County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Brooke County West Virginia

Brookings County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Brookings County South Dakota

brookite
BT	oxides
	.brookite
RT	anatase
	rutile
	titanium oxides

Brooks County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Brooks County Georgia

Brooks County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brooks County Texas

Brooks Range
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Northern Alaska
	...Brooks Range
NT	De Long Mountains
	Endicott Mountains
	Sadlerochit Mountains
SN	Between Yukon River and Arctic Ocean in N central Alaska. At one time, was considered part of Rocky Mountains.

Broom Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Bajocian
	......Broom Formation
RT	Aalenian
	Brent Group
	North Sea
SN	At the base of the Brent Group. North Sea region. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Broome County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Broome County New York
NT	Binghamton New York
SN	S New York.

Brothers fault zone
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Brothers fault zone
RT	Cascade Range
SN	Cascade Range, central Oregon. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Broward County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Broward County Florida
RT	Biscayne Aquifer
SN	On the Atlantic Ocean in S Florida.

brown algae
USE	Phaeophyta

brown coal
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use lignite.

Brown County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Brown County Illinois
NT	Versailles Illinois
SN	W Illinois.

Brown County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Brown County Indiana
SN	S central Indiana.

Brown County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Brown County Kansas
SN	NE Kansas.

Brown County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Brown County Minnesota
NT	New Ulm Minnesota
SN	S Minnesota.

Brown County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Brown County Nebraska

Brown County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Brown County Ohio

Brown County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Brown County South Dakota

Brown County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brown County Texas

Brown County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Brown County Wisconsin
NT	Green Bay Wisconsin
SN	E Wisconsin.

Brown forest soils
BT	soils
	.Brown forest soils
RT	soil group
	Intrazonal soils

brown mica
USE	phlogopite

Brown soils
BT	soils
	.Brown soils
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils

Browns Park Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Browns Park Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Miocene
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Colorado
SN	Miocene? NE Utah, NW Colorado and S Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Browse Basin
RT	Indian Ocean
	Timor Sea
	Western Australia
SN	Continental shelf off N Western Australia. Indexed with land or ocean regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bruce County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Bruce County Ontario

Bruce Peninsula
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Bruce Peninsula
UF	Saugeen Peninsula
RT	Niagara Escarpment
SN	Peninsula of SE Ontario, Canada. Extends N between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

brucite
BT	oxides
	.brucite

brucite marble
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.marbles
	..brucite marble

Bruderheim Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...L chondrites
	....Bruderheim Meteorite
RT	Alberta
SN	Olivine-hypersthene chondrite named for village NE of Edmonton in central Alberta.

Bruederheim
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Bruderheim Meteorite.

Brule County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Brule County South Dakota

Brule Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Brule Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	South Dakota
	White River Group
	lower Oligocene
	middle Oligocene
SN	In White River Group. Lower and middle Oligocene. Previously considered lower Oligocene. In NE Colorado, W Nebraska, W South Dakota, and E Wyoming. Indexed with lower Oligocene and/or middle Oligocene as applicable.

Brunei
BT	Malay Archipelago
	.Borneo
	..Brunei
RT	ASEAN
	East Malaysia
SN	Sultanate formerly under British protection which gained independence and joined the Commonwealth in 1984. Found in NE part of Borneo. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Brunhes Chron
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....upper Quaternary
	.....Brunhes Chron
UF	Brunhes Epoch
	Brunhes Normal
RT	paleomagnetism
	reversals
SN	Geochronologic division based on magnetostratigraphic normal polarity unit. Extends to the present. Formerly designated the Brunhes Epoch. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Brunhes Epoch
USE	Brunhes Chron

Brunhes Normal
USE	Brunhes Chron

Brunswick
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Brunswick Germany for the city in Lower Saxony, Germany. As of 1989, for the city in Georgia, use Brunswick Georgia.

Brunswick County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Brunswick County North Carolina

Brunswick County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Brunswick County Virginia
SN	S Virginia.

Brunswick Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Brunswick Formation
RT	Upper Triassic
	Lower Jurassic
	Pennsylvania
	New Jersey
	Newark Supergroup
	Passaic Formation
SN	In Newark Supergroup. New Jersey and SE Pennsylvania. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Brunswick Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Glynn County Georgia
	...Brunswick Georgia
SN	City in SE Georgia.

Brunswick Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Lower Saxony Germany
	....Brunswick Germany
UF	Braunschweig Germany
SN	City in Lower Saxony, Germany.

brushite
BT	phosphates
	.brushite

Brushy Basin Shale Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Brushy Basin Shale Member
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	Morrison Formation
SN	Member of Morrison Formation. SE Utah, NE Arizona, SW Colorado and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Brushy Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Brushy Canyon Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Delaware Mountain Group
	Delaware Basin
	Permian Basin
SN	In the Delaware Mountain Group, Delaware Basin, W Texas and New Mexico. Not to be confused with the Upper Jurassic Brushy Canyon Member, Mariposa Formation of California.

Brussels Belgium
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
	...Brabant Belgium
	....Brussels Belgium
UF	Bruxelles Belgium
SN	City in central Belgium.

Bruxelles Belgium
USE	Brussels Belgium

Bryan County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bryan County Georgia
SN	SE Georgia.

Bryan County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Bryan County Oklahoma
SN	S Oklahoma.

Bryansk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Bryansk Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Bryansk Russian Federation
SN	City and oblast SW of Moscow in W Russian Federation. Before 1993, Bryansk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bryophyta
BT	Plantae
	.Bryophyta
NT	Hepaticae
	Musci
RT	thallophytes
	mud mounds

Bryozoa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Bryozoa
NT	Cheilostomata
	Cryptostomata
	Ctenostomata
	Cystoporata
	Trepostomata
UF	Ectoprocta
	Polyzoa
RT	acanthopores
	Cyclostomata
	reef builders
SN	Phylum.

BTEX
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aromatic hydrocarbons
	...BTEX
RT	pollutants
	benzene
	ethylbenzene
	toluene
	xylene
SN	Or BTX. Also search the individual compounds: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylene if their presence is known. Also index individual compounds if known. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

bubbles
RT	boiling
	gaseous phase
	gases
	vesicular texture
SN	See vesicular texture if applicable. Indexed with vesicular texture if applicable.

Bucatunna Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....middle Oligocene
	......Bucatunna Formation
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Byram Formation
	Florida
	Vicksburg Group
SN	In Byram Formation of Vicksburg Group. SW Alabama, Florida and SE Mississippi. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Buccaneer Field
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Buccaneer Field
RT	oil and gas fields
SN	In Gulf of Mexico, off Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bucegi Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bucegi Mountains
RT	Sinaia Romania
	Transylvanian Alps
SN	Group in the E Transylvanian Alps in S central Romania.

Buchanan County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Buchanan County Iowa
SN	E Iowa.

Buchanan County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Buchanan County Missouri
SN	NW Missouri.

Buchanan County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Buchanan County Virginia
SN	SW Virginia.

Buchans Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Buchans Group
RT	Newfoundland Island
	Arenigian
	Llanvirnian
SN	Lower and/or Middle Ordovician. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Buchans Newfoundland
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Buchans Newfoundland
UF	Buchans region
SN	Mining center. Central Newfoundland.

Buchans region
USE	Buchans Newfoundland

Bucharest Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Bucharest Romania
SN	City and administrative district in S central Walachia.

Buckingham County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Buckingham County Virginia
SN	Central Virginia.

Buckley Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Buckley Formation
RT	Antarctica
	Beacon Supergroup
	Ross Dependency
SN	In Beacon Supergroup. Occurs in Queen Maud Range, near Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Buckner Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Buckner Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Arkansas
SN	Subsurface. Overlies Smackover Limestone; underlies Cotton Valley Group.

Bucks County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Bucks County Pennsylvania
SN	SE Pennsylvania.

Buckskin Mountains
RT	La Paz County Arizona
	Yuma County Arizona
SN	W central Arizona. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bucksport Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Bucksport Formation
RT	Maine
SN	E Maine. Overlies Penobscot Formation; appears to be overlain and interbedded with unit referred to as Veazie Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Buda Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Buda Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Buda Limestone
RT	Mexico
	Texas
	Washita Group
SN	In Washita Group. S Texas and N Mexico. Also search Buda Formation in combination with appropriate state or country name. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Buda Marl
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Buda Marl
RT	Hungary
SN	Also search Buda Formation AND Hungary. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Budapest Hungary
BT	ngary
	.Budapest Hungary
UF	Budapest region
SN	City on both sides of the Danube River in N central Hungary. Capital of the county of Pest.

Budapest region
USE	Budapest Hungary

Budennovsk Russian Federation
USE	Prikumsk Russian Federation

Buena Vista County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Buena Vista County Iowa

Buenos Aires
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. For the city or province in Argentina, see Buenos Aires City Argentina or Buenos Aires Argentina.

Buenos Aires Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Buenos Aires Argentina
NT	Buenos Aires City Argentina
	Sauce Grande River valley
	Sierras Australes
UF	Buenos Aires Province
RT	False Bay
SN	Province.

Buenos Aires City Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Buenos Aires Argentina
	...Buenos Aires City Argentina
UF	Federal District Argentina
SN	City on the Rio de la Plata coextensive with the independent Federal District or Distrito Federal of Argentina within the province, Buenos Aires Argentina. Before 1981, also search Buenos Aires Argentina. Before 1993, also search Distrito Federal AND Arge

Buenos Aires Province
USE	Buenos Aires Argentina

buergerite
BT	silicates
	.ring silicates
	..buergerite
RT	schorl
	tourmaline

Buffalo County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Buffalo County Nebraska

Buffalo County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Buffalo County South Dakota

Buffalo County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Buffalo County Wisconsin

Buffalo River
RT	Minnesota
	Tennessee
	Wisconsin
SN	E of the Tennessee River in W central Tennessee. Also in other locations. Search in combination with state or region. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

buffering
USE	buffers

buffers
UF	buffering
	chemical buffers
RT	geochemistry
	pH
	alkalinity
	reagents
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bug region
BT	Europe
	.Bug region
RT	Poland
	Ukraine
	Belarus
SN	Area including both the Southern Bug and the Western Bug rivers in Ukraine, Belarus, and E Poland. Indexed with Poland and/or Ukraine and/or Belarus as applicable.

Bug River
BT	Europe
	.Bug River
RT	Poland
	Ukraine
	Belarus
SN	The Southern Bug River in S Ukraine and the Western Bug River of Ukraine, Belarus and E Poland. Indexed with Poland and/or Ukraine and/or Belarus as applicable.

building stone
BT	construction materials
	.building stone
UF	stone, building
RT	crushed stone
	weathering
	conservation
	dimension stone
	granite deposits
	limestone deposits
	marble deposits
	sandstone deposits
SN	Includes use both as a commodity term and an engineering material. See List C for use as a commodity.

buildings
RT	foundations
	raft foundations
	structures

Bukantau
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Bukantau
SN	Mountains SE of Aral Sea in N Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bukhara Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Bukhara Uzbekistan
NT	Kermine Uzbekistan
SN	Oblast and city near border of Turkmenia in S Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bukhara-Khiva
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Bukhara-Khiva
RT	Khiva Uzbekistan
SN	A region comprising neighboring former Khanates SE of the Aral Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bukk Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Hungary
	...Bukk Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Bukk Mountains
SN	Southern spur of the Carpathians in NE Hungary. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bukovina
BT	Europe
	.Bukovina
RT	Romania
	Ukraine
SN	Region in E central Europe. Indexed with Ukraine and/or Romania as applicable.

Bukusu
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Uganda
	...Bukusu
SN	Carbonatite complex.

Bulawayan Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Bulawayan Group
RT	Zimbabwe
SN	Strong unconformities separate it from the overlying and underlying systems (Shamvaian and Sebakwian).

Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
NT	Balkan Foreland
	Beli Izvor Bulgaria
	Bulgarian Dobruja
	Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains
	Burgas Bulgaria
	Central Bulgaria
	Glavatsi
	Isker River
	Khaskovo Bulgaria
	North Bulgarian Hills
	Pernik coal basin
	Pleven Bulgaria
	Plovdiv Bulgaria
	Rila Mountains
	Ruse Bulgaria
	Sakar Mountains
	Sofia Bulgaria
	Sredna Gora
	Varna Bulgaria
	Vidin Bulgaria
	Vratsa Bulgaria
	West Bulgarian Hills
RT	Balkan Peninsula
	Danube River
	Danube Valley
	Balkan Mountains
	Black Sea region
	Dobruja Basin
	Danube Plain
	Istranca Mountains
	Krajiste
	Macedonia
	Maritsa River
	Moesia
	Moesian Platform
	Osogovo Mountains
	Rhodope Mountains
	Struma River valley
	Vardar Zone

Bulgarian Dobruja
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Bulgarian Dobruja
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Dobruja Basin
	...Bulgarian Dobruja
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Rhodope Mountains
	...Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains
RT	Madan Bulgaria
	Rila Mountains
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Bulimina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Buliminacea
	.....Bulimina
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Buliminacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Buliminacea
NT	Bolivinitidae
	Bulimina
	Gabonella
	Uvigerinidae
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

bulk density
RT	density
	properties
	soil mechanics
	soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

bulk modulus
BT	elastic constants
	.bulk modulus
UF	incompressibility modulus
	modulus of incompressibility
	modulus, bulk
	volume elasticity
RT	deformation
	elasticity
	shear modulus

Bull Lake Glaciation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....upper Quaternary
	.....Bull Lake Glaciation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Neoglacial
	Pinedale Glaciation
SN	Defined from Bull Lake Drift, E Wind River Range, Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bulldog Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Bulldog Shale
RT	Queensland Australia
	South Australia
	Australia
	New South Wales Australia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bullfr

Bullfrog Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Bullfrog Member
RT	Nevada
	Crater Flat Tuff
SN	Member of Crater Flat Tuff. Found at the Nevada Test Site in Nye County, S Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bulli Seam
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Bulli Seam
RT	Australia
	New South Wales Australia
	Illawarra Coal Measures
SN	Top of the Illawarra Coal Measures is marked by the Bulli Seam. In Sydney Basin in E New South Wales.

Bullion Creek Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Bullion Creek Formation
RT	North Dakota
	Fort Union Formation
SN	In the upper Fort Union Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bullitt County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Bullitt County Kentucky

Bulloch County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bulloch County Georgia

Bullock County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Bullock County Alabama

Buncombe County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Buncombe County North Carolina
SN	W North Carolina.

Bundelkhand
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bundelkhand
RT	Uttar Pradesh India
	Madhya Pradesh India
SN	Region S of the Jumna River. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bundenbach
BT	sse Germany
	.Bundenbach
RT	Westerwald
SN	Area in Westerwald region in E central Germany.

Bundesrepublik Deutschland
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Germany and also Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany, Brandenburg Germany, Saxony-Anhalt Germany, Thuringia Germany, and Saxony Germany.

Bungonia Caves
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Bungonia Caves
SN	In SE New South Wales.

Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mine
USE	Bunker Hill Mine

Bunker Hill Mine
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Shoshone County Idaho
	...Bunker Hill Mine
UF	Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mine
RT	mines
	lead-zinc deposits
	zinc ores
	lead ores
	Coeur d'Alene mining district
SN	Mine in N Idaho. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Bunol Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Valencia Spain
	......Bunol Spain
SN	Town in E Spain.

Bunter
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Bunter
NT	Voltzia Sandstone
UF	Bunter Sandstone
	Buntsandstein
SN	Europe. Above Permian, below Muschelkalk.

Bunter Sandstone
USE	Bunter

Buntsandstein
USE	Bunter

buoyancy
RT	density
	flotation
	specific gravity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Burbank Sand
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Burbank Sand
RT	Oklahoma
	Kansas
SN	Subsurface. Osage and Kay counties in N Oklahoma.

Burdekin Delta
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Burdekin Delta
SN	On Upstart Bay on Pacific Ocean in Great Barrier Reef area in E Queensland.

Burdekin River
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Burdekin River
SN	Flows into Upstart Bay on Pacific Ocean in Great Barrier Reef area in E Queensland.

Burdigalian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Burdigalian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....lower Miocene
	......Burdigalian
SN	Europe.

Burdwan India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Burdwan India
SN	A city, district and division in central West Bengal, E India.

Bureau County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Bureau County Illinois
SN	N Illinois.

Bureau of Land Management
USE	U. S. Bureau of Land Management

Bureya Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Amur Russian Federation
	...Bureya Russian Federation
RT	Amur region
SN	Town near the NE Chinese border in SE Amur Oblast, SE Russian Federation. Before 1993, Bureya Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Burgas Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Burgas Bulgaria
SN	Province on the Black Sea in SE Bulgaria. Also a city.

Burgenland Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Burgenland Austria
RT	Lake Neusiedler
SN	State on the Hungarian border in E Austria.

Burgess Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Burgess Shale
RT	Canada
	British Columbia

Burgos City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Burgos Spain
	......Burgos City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in N central Spain. Before 1981, Also search Burgos Spain.

Burgos Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Burgos Spain
NT	Burgos City Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
	Sierra de la Demanda
SN	Refers only to the province in N central Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Burgos Province and Spain. For the city, see Burgos City Spain.

Burgundy
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Burgundy
UF	Bourgogne
SN	Region and former province of E central and E France.

Buriadia
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Buriadia

burial
RT	depth indicators
	exhumation
	processes
SN	Restricted to the natural process. See waste disposal or underground storage for other studies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

burial depth
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, see depth, depth indicators, diagenesis. As of 1993, also see burial diagenesis.

burial diagenesis
BT	diagenesis
	.burial diagenesis
RT	depth indicators
	late diagenesis
SN	Increasing temperature, fluid pressure, and confining pressure characterize the environment where physical compaction results in expulsion of trapped, geochemically evolved pore fluids. Variable processes include fluid mixing, recycling, and geochemical e

burial metamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.burial metamorphism
RT	geosynclines
	regional metamorphism
SN	Before 1978, also search metamorphism AND burial.

buried channels
BT	fluvial features
	.buried channels
RT	glacial geology
	geomorphology
	paleogeography
	planar bedding structures
	buried features
	channels
	buried valleys
	drift
	paleorelief

buried features
UF	features, buried
RT	blind faults
	exhumation
	buried channels
	buried valleys
	paleorelief
	paleokarst
	Paleosols
SN	Before 1978, search buried.

buried valleys
RT	buried channels
	buried features
	drift
	geomorphology
	glacial features
	glacial geology
	paleogeography
	paleorelief
	valleys

Burin Peninsula
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Burin Peninsula
SN	S Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Burke County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Burke County Georgia
NT	Waynesboro Georgia
SN	E Georgia.

Burke County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Burke County North Carolina
SN	W central North Carolina.

Burke County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Burke County North Dakota
SN	NW North Dakota.

Burkina Faso
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Burkina Faso
UF	Upper Volta
	Voltaic Republic
RT	Sahel
	Taoudenni Basin
	Volta Basin
SN	Formerly Upper Volta. Former French protectorate which achieved independence in 1960. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Burleigh County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Burleigh County North Dakota

Burleson County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Burleson County Texas
SN	S central Texas.

Burlington County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Burlington County New Jersey
RT	Pine Barrens
SN	W central New Jersey.

Burlington Limesto

Burlington Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Osagian
	.......Burlington Limestone
RT	Iowa
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
SN	From Iowa to Kentucky. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Burlington Peninsula
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Burlington Peninsula
SN	On N coast of Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Burma
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Burma
NT	Shan State Burma
UF	Myanmar
RT	Indochina
	Naga Hills
	Phuket Group
	Siwalik System

Burnet County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Burnet County Texas
SN	Central Texas.

Burnett County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Burnett County Wisconsin

Burnie Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Tasmania Australia
	...Burnie Australia
SN	Town on Bass Strait in N Tasmania.

Burono
USE	Vourinos

Burra Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Neoproterozoic
	....Burra Group
RT	South Australia
	Australia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Burro Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Burro Canyon Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
SN	SW Colorado, NE Arizona, NW New Mexico and SE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Burro Mountain
RT	California
	Santa Lucia Range
SN	Indexed with counties or regions and mountains as applicable.

burrows
RT	Arenicolites
	bioerosion
	biogenic structures
	bioturbation
	borings
	ichnofossils
	lebensspuren
	sedimentary structures
SN	Includes use as the sedimentary structure as well as the paleontologic feature. Also index ichnofossils OR lebensspuren if applicable. See lists F and K.

bursts, rock
USE	rock bursts

Burt County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Burt County Nebraska

Burundi
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Burundi
RT	Nile River
	East African Rift
	Lake Tanganyika
SN	Formerly Urundi which was part of Belgian trust territory of Uranda-Urundi.

Buryat Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Buryat Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Buryat Russian Federation
NT	Mukhor-Tala Russian Federation
	Vitim Plateau
UF	Buryat-Mongol Russian Federation
	Buryat-Mongolia Russian Federation
	Buryatia Russian Federation
RT	Baikal-Amur Railroad region
	Transbaikalia
	Baikal Mountains
	Baikal region
	Lake Baikal
	Baikal rift zone
	Dzhida River
	Khamar-Daban Range
	Olekma-Vitim Highlands
	Vitim River
SN	Former Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. S and SE of Lake Baikal. Before 1993, Buryat Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Buryat-Mongol Russian Federation
USE	Buryat Russian Federation

Buryat-Mongolia Russian Federation
USE	Buryat Russian Federation

Buryatia Russian Federation
USE	Buryat Russian Federation

buserite
BT	oxides
	.buserite
RT	manganese oxides
	todorokite
SN	Problematic mineral, which some consider to be variant of todorokite.

Bushveld Complex
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Bushveld Complex
RT	Mpumalanga South Africa
	Transvaal region
	Guateng South Africa
	Merensky Reef
	North-West Province South Africa
	Northern Province South Africa
SN	Igneous complex, NE South Africa. Also search Bushveld. Indexed with provinces.

bustamite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..bustamite

butane
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....butane
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Butler County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Butler County Alabama
SN	S Alabama.

Butler County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Butler County Iowa
SN	N central Iowa.

Butler County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Butler County Kansas
SN	SE Kansas.

Butler County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Butler County Kentucky
SN	W central Kentucky.

Butler County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Butler County Missouri
SN	SE Missouri.

Butler County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Butler County Nebraska
RT	Big Blue River
SN	E Nebraska.

Butler County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Butler County Ohio
NT	Oxford County Ohio
	Oxford Ohio
SN	Extreme SW Ohio.

Butler County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Butler County Pennsylvania
SN	W Pennsylvania.

Butte County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Butte County California
NT	Oroville California
	Oroville Dam
RT	Feather River
	Oroville earthquake 1975
SN	N central California.

Butte County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Butte County Idaho
RT	INEEL
	Craters of the Moon
	Lost River Range
	Lemhi Range
	Lost River Fault
SN	SE central Idaho.

Butte County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Butte County South Dakota
RT	Whitewood Creek
SN	W South Dakota.

Butte District
USE	Butte mining district

Butte mining district
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Butte mining district
UF	Butte District
RT	mines
SN	Mining district in the Butte area in SW Montana. Before 1978, also search Butte Montana. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Butte Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Silver Bow County Montana
	...Butte Montana
SN	City in SW Montana.

Butts County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Butts County Georgia

Buzachi Peninsula
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Buzachi Peninsula
SN	On E side of Caspian Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Buzau River
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Buzau River
SN	In NE Walachia.

Buzau Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Buzau Romania
SN	City and county in NE Walachia.

Buzzards Bay
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Buzzards Bay
RT	Barnstable County Massachusetts
	Plymouth County Massachusetts
SN	Inlet of Atlantic Ocean W of Cape Cod. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Bydgoszcz Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bydgoszcz Poland
NT	Inowroclaw Poland
	Mogilno Poland
RT	Dobrzyn Poland
	Grudziadz Poland
SN	Province in N central Poland. Also a city.

Byelorussia
USE	Belarus

Byelorussian Massif
BT	Europe
	.Belarus
	..Byelorussian Massif
SN	S part of Lithuanian-Byelorussian Upland. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Byram Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....middle Oligocene
	......Byram Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Bucatunna Formation
	Florida
	Vicksburg Group
	Glendon Limestone
SN	In Vicksburg Group. Mississippi, SW Alabama, NW Florida and Louisiana. Includes Bucatunna Formation and Glendon Limestone. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Byrd Station
BT	Antarctica
	.Byrd Station
RT	Marie Byrd Land
SN	In Marie Byrd Land SW of the Amundsen Sea on the Pacific Ocean side.

Bystrzyca
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Name of several towns and rivers in Poland. As of 1995, use Bystrzyca River or Bystrzyca Poland as applicable.

Bytkov Ukraine
USE	Bitkov Ukraine

Bytom Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Katowice Poland
	....Bytom Poland
SN	City in central Katowice, S Poland.

bytownite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...plagioclase
	....bytownite
RT	aluminosilicates

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