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Vaal Riv

Vaal River
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Vaal River
RT	Mpumalanga South Africa
	Transvaal region
	Cape Province region
	Northern Cape Province South Africa
	Guateng South Africa
	North-West Province South Africa
	Free State South Africa
SN	Forms boundary between Mpumalanga and Guateng provinces and Free State, and empties into Orange River in Northern Cape Province. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Vaca Muerta Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Tithonian
	......Vaca Muerta Formation
RT	Andes
	Argentina
	Neuquen Basin
SN	Lower and middle Tithonian, Mendoza Group, Neuquen Basin, Argentine Andes.

Vaca Muerta Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony irons
	..mesosiderite
	...Vaca Muerta Meteorite
RT	Chile
	Atacama Chile
SN	Impact in Atacama, central Chile. Before 1981, also search (Vaca Muerta or Atacama or Harvard University) AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Vacherie Dome
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Vacherie Dome
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
SN	Salt dome, Bienville and Webster parishes, NW Louisiana. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

vacuum extraction
SN	Use soil vapor extraction if applicable.

vacuum fusion analysis
RT	chemical analysis
	analysis

Vadito Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Vadito Group
RT	New Mexico
SN	Central New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

vadose zone
USE	unsaturated zone

vaesite
BT	sulfides
	.vaesite

Vah River valley
USE	Vah Valley

Vah Valley
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Vah Valley
UF	Vah River valley
SN	River valley in W Slovakia. Also search Vah; Vah River.

Vaigach Island
USE	Vaygach Island

Vail Pass
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Vail Pass
RT	Eagle County Colorado
	Summit County Colorado
	Gore Range
SN	In Summit and Eagle counties W of Denver. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Vakhsh River
BT	Asia
	.Tajikistan
	..Vakhsh River
UF	Vaksh River
RT	Amu Darya
SN	A tributary of the Amu Darya in SW Tajikistan. Also search Vakhsh. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vaksh River
USE	Vakhsh River

Val d'Aosta
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Valle d'Aosta Italy.

Val d'Or Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Abitibi County Quebec
	....Val d'Or Quebec
RT	Sigma Mine
SN	Town in SW Quebec.

Val Gardena Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Val Gardena Sandstone
RT	Italy
SN	NE Italy.

Val Verde Basin
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Val Verde Basin
SN	SW Texas. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Val Verde County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Val Verde County Texas
NT	Del Rio Texas
SN	SW Texas.

Val-d'Oise France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Val-d'Oise France
NT	Cormeilles-en-Parisis France
RT	Oise River valley
SN	Department just NNW of Paris.

Val-de-Marne France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Val-de-Marne France
RT	Marne Valley
SN	Department in N France.

Valais Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Valais Switzerland
NT	Binnental
	Zermatt Switzerland
RT	Aiguilles Rouges
	Pennine Alps
	Bernese Alps
	Lake Geneva
	Monte Rosa
SN	Canton in SW Switzerland.

Valanginian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Valanginian
RT	Neocomian
SN	Europe. Above Berriasian, below Hauterivian.

Valdai
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Valdai
BT	Europe
	.Valdai
UF	Valdai Hills
	Valdai Uplands
SN	Moraine region between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Valdai Hills
USE	Valdai

Valdai Uplands
USE	Valdai

Valdez Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Valdez Alaska
UF	Port Valdez Alaska
RT	Trans-Alaska Pipeline
SN	Town and port on Valdez Arm of Prince William Sound, S Alaska. Terminal point of Trans-Alaska Pipeline.

Valdez Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Valdez Group
RT	Alaska
SN	S central Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Valdres
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Valdres
SN	Mountainous region W and SW of Fagernes in S central Norway.

Vale of Glamorgan
RT	Glamorgan Wales
	Queensland Australia
	Wales
SN	In Brisbane area, SE Queensland; also in South Wales. Indexed with state or region as applicable.

Vale of Kashmir
USE	Kashmir Valley

Valence France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Drome France
	....Valence France
SN	City on left bank of Rhone River in NW Drome, SE France.

Valencia City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Valencia Spain
	......Valencia City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in SE Spain. Before 1993, also search Valencia Spain.

Valencia County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Valencia County New Mexico
NT	Grants New Mexico
RT	Rio Puerco
	Manzano Mountains
	Cibola County New Mexico
SN	W New Mexico. In 1981, W part was made into Cibola County.

Valencia Province
USE	Valencia Spain

Valencia region
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
NT	Alicante Spain
	Castellon Spain
	Valencia Spain
SN	An autonomous community of E Spain. Before 1981, search Valencia Spain. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Valencia Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Valencia Spain
NT	Bunol Spain
	Valencia City Spain
UF	Valencia Province
SN	Refers only to the province. From 1981-1992, also search Valencia Province and Spain. For the city, see Valencia City Spain.

Valencia Trough
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.West Mediterranean
	..Valencia Trough
RT	Leg 13
	DSDP Site 122
SN	Off E coast of Spain. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Valenciennes France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Nord France
	....Valenciennes France
SN	City near the Belgian frontier in central Nord Department, N France.

valency
RT	chemical properties
	geochemistry

Valentian
USE	Llandoverian

Valentine Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Valentine Formation
RT	Nebraska
	Kansas
	South Dakota
	Ogallala Formation
SN	In Ogallala Group. Composed largely of unconsolidated layers of greenish silty marl sand and very few local lenses of diatomaceous marl and light bluish-gray volcanic ash. In W Kansas, NW Nebraska, and SW South Dakota.

valentinite
BT	oxides
	.valentinite
UF	white antimony

Valhalla Complex
UF	Valhalla gneiss complex
RT	British Columbia
	Omineca Belt
SN	Omineca Belt, British Columbia. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Valhalla gneiss complex
USE	Valhalla Complex

Valladolid Province
USE	Valladolid Spain

Valladolid Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Valladolid Spain
UF	Valladolid Province
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in N Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Valladolid Province and Spain.

Valle d'Aosta Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Valle d'Aosta Italy
UF	Aosta Valley Italy
RT	Mont Blanc
	Graian Alps
SN	Autonomous region in extreme NW Italy.

Valle de la Estrella earthquake 1991
USE	Costa Rica earthquake 1991

Valle Grande Mountains
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Valle Grande Mountains
UF	Jemez Mountains
RT	Fenton Hill
SN	NW of Santa Fe in N New Mexico.

valleriite
BT	sulfides
	.valleriite
RT	tochilinite

Valles Caldera
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Valles Caldera
RT	Baca Field
	Fenton Hill
SN	Also search Valles AND New Mexico.

Valles Marineris
BT	Mars
	.Valles Marineris
SN	Large interconnected canyon feature on Mars extending from the Tharsis bulge to the Chryse Planitia-Margaritifer Sinus region. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Valles Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.San Luis Potosi Mexico
	..Valles Mexico
UF	Ciudad de Valles
SN	City in E central Mexico.

Vallesian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Vallesian
SN	Europe.

Valley and Ridge Province
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Valley and Ridge Province
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Alabama
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Georgia
	Tennessee
	New Jersey
	Great Appalachian Valley
SN	Folded mountain ridges and parallel valleys between the Appalachian Plateau on the W and the Older Appalachians on the E. Extends from along the Hudson River in the N into Alabama in the S. Indexed with states as applicable.

Valley County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Valley County Idaho
RT	Rainbow Mountain
	Sunnyside Mine
SN	Central Idaho.

Valley County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Valley County Montana
SN	NE Montana.

Valley County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Valley County Nebraska
SN	Central Nebraska.

Valley of Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Valley of Mexico
RT	Federal District Mexico
	Mexico state
	Mexico City Mexico
SN	Large oval basin 50 miles by 40 miles which is a subdivision of the plateau of Anahuac in central part of country. Indexed with Federal District Mexico and/or Mexico state as applicable.

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
RT	Alaska Peninsula
	Katmai
	Novarupta
	Katmai National Park
SN	Volcanic region in Katmai National Park W of Mount Katmai in SW Alaska.

valley, median
USE	median valley

valleys
NT	gorges
RT	buried valleys
	canyons
	drainage basins
	dry valleys
	erosion
	erosion features
	fluvial features
	furrows
	glacial features
	glacial geology
	landforms
	poljes
	rilles
	rivers and streams
	tributaries
	geomorphology

Valmeyeran
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Valmeyeran
RT	Lower Mississippian
	Upper Mississippian
	Meramecian
	Osagian
SN	Provincial series, Illinois. Lower and Upper Mississippian. Equivalent to Osagian and Meramecian elsewhere.

Valmy Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Valmy Formation
RT	Nevada
SN	Ordovician. Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Valpacos Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Vila Real Portugal
	.....Valpacos Portugal
SN	Town in Vila Real, N central Portugal.

Valparaiso Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Valparaiso Chile
NT	La Ligua Chile
	La Ligua River
UF	Aconcagua Chile
RT	Chile earthquake 1985
SN	Province including the city on the Pacific in central Chile. Also search Aconcagua Province which became part of this region in 1975.

Valsequillo Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cordoba Spain
	......Valsequillo Spain
SN	Village in NW Cordoba, SE central Spain.

Valsugana
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	....Valsugana
SN	Valley of upper Brenta River in SE Trentino-Alto Adige, N Italy.

Valtellina
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Valtellina
SN	Valley of upper Adda River in S Lombardy, N Italy.

valves
RT	morphology
SN	May be used with appropriate fossil group (list F).

Van Buren County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Van Buren County Arkansas

Van Buren County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Van Buren County Iowa

Van Buren County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Van Buren County Michigan

Van Buren County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Van Buren County Tennessee

Van Horn Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Culberson County Texas
	...Van Horn Texas
SN	Town in extreme W Texas.

VAN method
UF	Varotsos-Alexopoulos-Nomikos method
RT	seismology
	precursors
	electrical field
	earthquake prediction
	Kozani-Grevena earthquake 1995
SN	For earthquake epicenter and magnitude prediction using electrical field changes. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Van Wert County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Van Wert County Ohio

Van Zandt County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Van Zandt County Texas

vanadates
NT	carnotite
	descloizite
	vanadinite
	volborthite
RT	minerals

vanadinite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..vanadinite
BT	vanadates
	.vanadinite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

vanadium
BT	metals
	.vanadium
RT	vanadium ores
SN	Chemical element. Use vanadium ores for vanadium as a commodity.

vanadium garnet
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...garnet group
	....vanadium garnet
RT	grossular

vanadium ores
BT	metal ores
	.vanadium ores
RT	carnotite
	vanadium
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Vance County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Vance County North Carolina

Vanch Range
USE	Vanchskiy Range

Vanchskiy Range
BT	Asia
	.Tajikistan
	..Vanchskiy Range
UF	Vanch Range
SN	Mountains near Afghan border in S central Tajikistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vancouver
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, for city at mouth of Burrard Inlet in SW British Columbia, use Vancouver British Columbia. Before 1989, was also used for city in Washington. As of 1989, for city in SW Washington, use Vancouver Washington.

Vancouver British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Vancouver British Columbia
SN	City at mouth of Burrard Inlet in SW British Columbia.

Vancouver Island
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Vancouver Island
NT	Victoria British Columbia
RT	Bonanza Group
	Leg 146
	Coast Ranges
	Karmutsen Group
	Leech River Fault
	Leg 169S
	ODP Site 1033
	ODP Site 1034
	ODP Site 889
	ODP Site 890
	Queen Charlotte Sound
	Sicker Group
	Tofino Basin
SN	Large island off SW coast of mainland British Columbia.

Vancouver Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Clark County Washington
	...Vancouver Washington
SN	City on the Columbia River in SW Washington.

Vanderburgh County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Vanderburgh County Indiana

vane tests
RT	shear strength
	soil mechanics
	testing
	engineering geology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Vanimo Papua New Guinea
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Vanimo Papua New Guinea
SN	In NW Papua New Guinea. Before 1993, also search Vanimo region.

Vanoise
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Haute-Savoie France
	....Savoy Alps
	.....Vanoise
UF	Vanoise Massif
SN	High mountain group of the Savoy Alps in Savoie Department. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vanoise Massif
USE	Vanoise

Vanua Levu
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Fiji
	...Vanua Levu
SN	Second-largest island in Fiji group. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vanuatu
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Vanuatu
NT	Malekula
UF	New Hebrides
RT	Pacific Ocean
	Leg 30
	DSDP Site 286
	North Fiji Basin
	Leg 134
	ODP Site 827
	ODP Site 828
	ODP Site 829
	ODP Site 830
	ODP Site 831
	ODP Site 832
	ODP Site 833
SN	Formerly New Hebrides. Group of islands NE of New Caledonia and W of Fiji. Gained independence in 1984. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

vapor extraction, soil
USE	soil vapor extraction

vapor, water
USE	water vapor

vaporization
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use evaporation or sublimation if applicable. Also see volatilization, degassing for petrology and mantle studies OR degasification for coal and economic geology (Note added 1995.).

Vaqueros Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Vaqueros Formation
RT	Oligocene
	California
	lower Miocene
	Soda Lake Shale Member
SN	Oligocene? and lower Miocene. S California. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Var France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Var France
NT	Maures Massif
	Plan de la Tour France
	Rians France
	Toulon France
RT	Provence
	Provence Alps
	Esterel
	Sainte-Baume Massif
SN	Department in SE France.

Varanger Fjord
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Finnmark Norway
	.....Varanger Fjord
UF	Varangerfjord
SN	Inlet of the Barents Sea S of the Varanger Peninsula in extreme NE Norway.

Varanger Halvoy
USE	Varanger Peninsula

Varanger Peninsula
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Finnmark Norway
	.....Varanger Peninsula
UF	Varanger Halvoy
	Varangerhalvoeya
	Varangerhalvoya
SN	Extreme NE Norway jutting into the Barents Sea.

Varangerfjord
USE	Varanger Fjord

Varangerhalvoeya
USE	Varanger Peninsula

Varangerhalvoya
USE	Varanger Peninsula

Vard

Vardar River
BT	Europe
	.Vardar River
RT	Greece
	Yugoslav Macedonia
SN	Rises in Yugoslav Macedonia and flows into Gulf of Salonika. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Vardar Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Vardar Zone
RT	Bulgaria
	Greece
	Yugoslav Macedonia
SN	N Greece, Yugoslav Macedonia and S Bulgaria. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Varese Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Varese Italy
SN	Province and city in NW Lombardy, N Italy.

variance analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.variance analysis
NT	semivariograms
	variograms
UF	analysis of variance
	ANOVA
RT	analysis
	Bayesian analysis
	geostatistics
	cokriging
	kriging
	covariance analysis

variations
UF	perturbations
RT	magnetic field
	annual variations
	seasonal variations
	secular variations
	diurnal variations
	fluctuations
	variometers
	spatial variations
	time variations

Variegated Glacier
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Variegated Glacier
RT	Saint Elias Mountains
SN	SE Alaska, near the Saint Elias Mountains. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

varieties
RT	minerals
SN	Used as a general term.

variograms
BT	statistical analysis
	.variance analysis
	..variograms
RT	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	geostatistics
	semivariograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

variometers
RT	electromagnetic methods
	gravity methods
	instruments
	magnetic methods
	magnetotelluric methods
	variations
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Variscan
SN	A valid index term through 1976. After 1976, use Hercynian Orogeny.

Variscan Orogeny
USE	Hercynian Orogeny

Variscides
BT	Europe
	.Variscides
UF	Hercynides
RT	Hercynian Orogeny
	Rhenohercynian
	Saxothuringian
SN	Mountain system raised in the latter part of the Paleozoic era, particularly in central Europe; more or less equivalent to Hercynides.

variscite
BT	phosphates
	.variscite

Varmland Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Varmland Sweden
RT	Bergslagen
SN	County in SW Sweden.

Varna Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Varna Bulgaria
SN	Province and city along the Black Sea in NE Bulgaria. From 1949-1957, the city was named Stalin.

Varotsos-Alexopoulos-Nomikos method
USE	VAN method

Varpalota Hungary
BT	szprem Hungary
	.Varpalota Hungary
SN	Town N of E Lake Balaton in E Veszprem, W Hungary.

Varta River
USE	Warta River

varved clay
SN	A valid term through 1975. After 1975, use varves.

varves
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..varves
RT	geochronology
	relative age
	graded bedding
	glacial features
	glacial lakes
	glaciolacustrine sedimentation
SN	Before 1976, also search varved clay.

vascular taxa
RT	Lycopsida
	morphology
	Psilopsida
	Pteridophyta
	Pteropsida
	Sphenopsida
SN	Meaning includes division of plants with vascular systems including the Psilopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteropsida, and Lycopsida. Before 1993, also search vascular plants if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Vassalboro Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Vassalboro Formation
RT	Maine
SN	S Maine. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Vasterbotten Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Vasterbotten Sweden
NT	Boliden Sweden
	Nasliden Mine
RT	Lapland
	Skellefte mining district
SN	County in N Sweden.

Vastergotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Vastergotland
RT	Goteborg Sweden
SN	Region, SW Sweden. Includes Skaraborg, N Alvsborg and S Goteborg och Bohus counties. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vastervik Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Kalmar Sweden
	.....Vastervik Sweden
SN	City on Baltic Sea in NE Kalmar, SE Sweden.

vaterite
BT	carbonates
	.vaterite
SN	Artificial mineral.

Vatnajokull
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Iceland
	...Vatnajokull
RT	Grimsvotn
SN	Glacier region and snow field in SE Iceland.

Vatukoula Fiji
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Fiji
	...Viti Levu
	....Vatukoula Fiji
SN	Town on N coast of Viti Levu island in S Fiji.

Vaucluse France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vaucluse France
NT	Apt France
	Mormoiron France
RT	Provence
SN	Department in SE France.

Vaud Switzerland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Vaud Switzerland
RT	Jura Mountains
	Lake Geneva
SN	Canton in W Switzerland.

Vaudreuil County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Vaudreuil County Quebec

Vaygach Island
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
	...Nenets Russian Federation
	....Vaygach Island
UF	Vaigach Island
RT	Polar Urals
SN	Between NE Nenets National Okrug and island of Novaya Zemlya off N European Russian Federation. Also search Vaigach; Vaygach. This term has multiple hierarchies.

vegetation
UF	afforestation
RT	soils
	ecology
	remote sensing
	Plantae
	paleobotany
	floral studies
	wetlands
	riparian environment
	flowers
	leaves
	roots
	rain forests

vein systems
USE	veins

veins
NT	quartz veins
UF	vein systems
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	fractures
	intrusions
	bars
	host rocks
	wall rocks
SN	General term not restricted to ore deposits.

Vejer de la Frontera Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cadiz Spain
	......Vejer de la Frontera Spain
SN	City near the Atlantic Ocean in SW Cadiz Province, SW Spain.

Velay
BT	ute-Loire France
	.Velay
UF	Velay Massif
	Velay Plateau
RT	Central Massif
	Lac du Bouchet
SN	Region of the Central Massif in W and central Haute-Loire.

Velay Massif
USE	Velay

Velay Plateau
USE	Velay

Velebit Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Dinaric Alps
	...Velebit Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Croatia
	...Velebit Mountains
SN	Range of Dinaric Alps along Adriatic Sea opposite Pag Island in W Croatia. Also search Velebit. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Velez Rubio Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Velez Rubio Spain
SN	Town in Andalusia, N Almeria Province, SE Spain.

velocities
USE	velocity

velocity
UF	velocities
RT	acceleration
	transverse isotropy
	ray tracing
	flows
	vibration
	velocity structure
	Conrad discontinuity
	stacking
	settling
	kinetics
	group velocity
	vorticity
	half-space
	kinematics
	phase velocity
SN	Includes use as a general term.

velocity analysis
RT	common-depth-point method
	normal moveout
	seismic methods
	stacking
	analysis
SN	Calculation of stacking or normal moveout velocity from measurements of normal moveout. Can involve common-midpoint data. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

velocity structure

Vema Channel
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Vema Channel
UF	Vema Gap
RT	Antarctic Bottom Water
	Brazil Basin
	Argentine Basin
	Leg 72
	DSDP Site 518
SN	Located between Sao Paulo Plateau and Rio Grande Rise, connecting the Argentine and Brazil basins. Main deep passageway for the northerly flowing Antarctic bottom water. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Vema fracture zone
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Vema fracture zone
RT	Leg 39
	Mid-Atlantic Ridge
	DSDP Site 26
	DSDP Site 353
SN	Crosses Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 11#DG N. Indexed with Mid-Atlantic Ridge as applicable.

Vema Gap
USE	Vema Channel

Venango County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Venango County Pennsylvania

Vendee France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vendee France
RT	Bay of Bourgneuf
	Poitou
SN	Department on Bay of Biscay in W France.

Vendian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Neoproterozoic
	....Vendian
NT	Ediacaran
RT	Eocambrian
	Infracambrian
SN	Europe.

Vendsyssel
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Denmark
	....Vendsyssel
RT	Jutland
SN	Region of Jutland Peninsula N of Lim Fjord on the Skagerrak.

Venediger Group
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Venediger Group
UF	Venediger Gruppe
	Venediger Massif
RT	Tyrol Austria
	Salzburg State Austria
SN	Mountain group in SE Tyrol and SW Salzburg State just S of W Hohe Tauern. Indexed with states as applicable.

Venediger Gruppe
USE	Venediger Group

Venediger Massif
USE	Venediger Group

Venera Program
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	Maxwell Montes
	planetology
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	Venus
SN	Before 1985, also search Venera. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Venerida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Venerida
NT	Calyptogena

Venetia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Venetia
RT	Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	Veneto Italy
	Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy
SN	Region E of Lombardy. Also a former autonomous region now known as Veneto. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.

Veneto Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
NT	Belluno Italy
	Cortina D'Ampezzo Italy
	Euganean Hills
	Monte Baldo
	Monti Berici
	Piave Valley
	Po Delta
	Possagno Italy
	Sappada Italy
	Venice Italy
	Verona Italy
	Vicenza Italy
UF	Venezia Euganea
RT	Carnic Alps
	Dolomites
	Marmolada Glacier
	Po River
	Po Valley
	Tagliamento Valley
	Venetia
	Lessini Mountains
SN	Autonomous region in NE Italy. Formerly Venetia autonomous region.

Venezia Euganea
USE	Veneto Italy

Venezia Italy
USE	Venice Italy

Venezia-Tridentina
USE	Trentino-Alto Adige Italy

Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
NT	Amazonas Venezuela
	Anzoategui Venezuela
	Apure Guarico Plain
	Aragua Venezuela
	Barinas Venezuela
	Bolivar Venezuela
	Carabobo Venezuela
	Cojedes Venezuela
	Eastern Venezuela
	Falcon Venezuela
	Federal District Venezuela
	Guarico Venezuela
	Lake Maracaibo
	Lara Venezuela
	Maracaibo Basin
	Maracaibo Falcon Plain
	Merida Venezuela
	Miranda Venezuela
	Monagas Venezuela
	Nueva Esparta Venezuela
	Orinoco Belt
	Orinoco Delta
	Southeastern Venezuela
	Sucre Venezuela
	Tachira Venezuela
	Trujillo Venezuela
	Venezuelan Andes
	Venezuelan Islands
	Yaracuy Venezuela
	Zulia Venezuela
RT	Andes
	Amazon Basin
	Orinoco River
	Caribbean region
	Caracas Group
	Carapita Formation
	Freites Formation
	Oficina Formation
	Cerro Negro
	Cordillera de la Costa
	Guajira Peninsula
	La Luna Formation
	Llanos
	La Quinta Formation
	Mirador Formation
	Misoa Formation
	Orin

Venezuela Basin
USE	Venezuelan Basin

Venezuelan Andes
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Venezuelan Andes
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Venezuelan Andes
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Venezuelan Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
	...Venezuelan Basin
UF	Venezuela Basin
RT	Leg 15
	DSDP Site 29
SN	Marine basin between island of Hispaniola to the N and Venezuela to the S.

Venezuelan Islands
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Venezuelan Islands
NT	Aves Island
	Los Testigos
	Margarita Island
RT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	Nueva Esparta Venezuela
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Venice Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Venice Italy
UF	Venezia Italy
SN	Province and city on Gulf of Venice off N Adriatic Sea in E Veneto, NE Italy.

vent stacks
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use soil venting or hydrothermal vents if applicable.

Ventersdorp South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...North-West Province South Africa
	....Ventersdorp South Africa
SN	Town in near Klerksdorp north-central South Africa.

Ventersdorp Supergroup
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Ventersdorp Supergroup
RT	Paleoproterozoic
	upper Archean
	South Africa
	Botswana
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

ventifacts
RT	abrasion
	pebbles
	wind transport
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

venting, soil
USE	soil venting

vents
UF	volcanic vents
RT	volcanology
	hydrothermal vents
	fumaroles
	volcanic features
	geothermal systems
	chimneys
	volcanic necks
	solfataras
SN	As of 1993, restricted to volcanic vents. Before 1993, also search vents or chimneys; and volcanic features. See hydrothermal vents and chimneys.

Ventura Basin
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura Basin
RT	Santa Barbara County California
	Ventura County California
SN	WNW of Los Angeles in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Ventura California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
	...Ventura California
UF	San Buenaventura California
SN	City NW of Los Angeles in S California.

Ventura County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
NT	Oxnard California
	Point Mugu
	Simi Hills
	Simi Valley California
	Ventura California
RT	Channel Islands
	San Nicolas Island
	San Emigdio Mountains
	Santa Clara Valley
	Ventura Basin
SN	S California.

Venus
NT	Alpha Regio
	Aphrodite Terra
	Beta Regio
	Eistla Regio
	Freyja Montes
	Guinevere Planitia
	Ishtar Terra
	Lavinia Planitia
	Maxwell Montes
RT	coronae
	Galileo Program
	landing sites
	Magellan Program
	Mariner 5
	Mariner 10
	Mariner Program
	Pioneer Program
	planetology
	planets
	solar system
	terrestrial planets
	tesserae
	Venera Program

Venus Radar Mapper
USE	Magellan Program

Veporides
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Slovakia
	...Veporides
RT	Choc Nappe
	Slovakian Carpathians
	Western Carpathians
SN	Mountain range, central Slovakia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

ver#Beringia#Cathaysia#Commonwealth of Independent States#Elbrus#Eurasia#Malay A

Veracruz Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Veracruz Mexico
NT	Papaloapan River basin
	Poza Rica Mexico
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
	Sierra Madre Oriental
	Pico de Orizaba
SN	State including city on the Gulf of Mexico in E Mexico.

Vercelli Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Vercelli Italy
NT	Biella Italy
SN	Province and city in E Piemonte, NW Italy.

Vercheres County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Vercheres County Quebec

Vercors
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Dauphine Alps
	....Vercors
UF	Vercors Massif
RT	Drome France
	Isere France
SN	Limestone massif of the Dauphine Alps SE France. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Vercors Massif
USE	Vercors

Verde Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Verde Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Arizona
SN	Pliocene (?) or Pleistocene. Unconformably overlies Hickey Formation in Jerome area. Central Arizona.

Verde Valley
RT	Arizona
SN	River valley in central Arizona. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Verdigris River valley
BT	United States
	.Verdigris River valley
RT	Oklahoma
	Kansas
SN	SE Kansas, and NE Oklahoma. Also search Verdigris River. Indexed with counties and states as applicable.

Verdon Valley
RT	Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
SN	River valley in SE France. Also search Verdon. Indexed with departement or region as applicable.

Verdun France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Meuse France
	....Verdun France
UF	Verdun-sur-Meuse
SN	City on the Meuse River in central Meuse, NE France.

Verdun-sur-Meuse
USE	Verdun France

Verkhovtsevo Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
	...Verkhovtsevo Ukraine
SN	Town in W central Dnepropetrovsk Oblast in S central. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Verkhoyansk Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Verkhoyansk Range
UF	Verkhoyanski Mountains
RT	Verkhoyansk region
SN	Mountain range extending along the E banks of the Lena River and the lower Aldan River in N central Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Verkhoyansk region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Verkhoyansk region
BT	Asia
	.Verkhoyansk region
RT	Yakutia Russian Federation
	Magadan Russian Federation
	Verkhoyansk Range
SN	Region of the Verkhoyansk and Cherski ranges. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Verkhoyansk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Verkhoyansk Russian Federation
SN	Town N of Arctic Circle on the Yana River in N central Yakutia in N central Siberia. Before 1993, Verkhoyansk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Verkhoyanski Mountains
USE	Verkhoyansk Range

Vermes
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
NT	Annelida
	Chaetognatha
	Echiurida
	Myzostomia
	Nematoida
	Nematomorpha
	Nemerta
	Oligochaetia
	Phoronida
	Pogonophora
	Polychaetia
	Priapulida
	scolecodonts
	Sipunculoida
RT	Arenicolites

vermiculite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...vermiculite
RT	clay mineralogy
	mica group
	vermiculite deposits
SN	As of 1981, use vermiculite deposits for vermiculite as a commodity.

vermiculite deposits
RT	clays
	mica deposits
	vermiculite
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Vermilion County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Vermilion County Illinois

Vermilion granitic complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Vermilion granitic complex
RT	Ontario
	Minnesota
SN	N Minnesota and NW Ontario. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Vermilion Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Vermilion Parish Louisiana
SN	On the Gulf of Mexico in S Louisiana.

Vermilion Range
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Vermilion Range
RT	Saint Louis County Minnesota
	Lake County Minnesota
SN	Iron mining area in Saint Louis and Lake counties in NE Minnesota. Also search Vermilion AND Minnesota. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Vermillion County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Vermillion County Indiana

Vermillion Creek coal bed
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Vermillion Creek coal bed
RT	Wyoming
	Wasatch Formation
SN	In Niland Tongue of Wasatch Formation. SW Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
NT	Addison County Vermont
	Bennington County Vermont
	Caledonia County Vermont
	Chittenden County Vermont
	Essex County Vermont
	Franklin County Vermont
	Grand Isle County Vermont
	Lamoille County Vermont
	Orange County Vermont
	Orleans County Vermont
	Rutland County Vermont
	Washington County Vermont
	Windham County Vermont
	Windsor County Vermont
RT	Ammonoosuc Volcanics
	Cheshire Formation
	Barre Granite
	Beekmantown Group
	Hazens Notch Formation
	Champlain Sea
	Champlain Valley
	Chazy Group
	Clough Formation
	Connecticut River
	Connecticut Valley
	Dunham Dolomite
	Gile Mountain Formation
	Green Mountains
	Hoosac

vernadite
BT	oxides
	.vernadite
RT	manganese minerals
	pyrolusite
	nsutite
	ramsdellite

Vernadskii, V. I.
USE	Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich

Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich
UF	Vernadskii, V. I.
	Vernadskyi, V. I.
	Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskiy
RT	biography
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Vernadskyi, V. I.
USE	Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich

Vernagt Glacier
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Tyrol Austria
	....Vernagt Glacier
RT	Otztal Alps
SN	In Otztal Alps S of the Wildspitze in S Tyrol, W Austria.

Vernon County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Vernon County Missouri

Vernon County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Vernon County Wisconsin

Vernon Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Vernon Parish Louisiana

Vernyi Kazakhstan
USE	Alma-Ata Kazakhstan

Verona Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Verona Italy
SN	Province and city in W Veneto, NE Italy.

Versailles
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1989, was also used for numerous cities in the U.S. As of 1989, use Versailles in combination with appropriate state term for those. As of 1993, also see Versailles France.

Versailles France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Yvelines France
	....Versailles France

Versailles Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Brown County Illinois
	...Versailles Illinois
SN	Town in W Illinois.

Versailles Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Ripley County Indiana
	..Versailles Indiana
SN	Town in SE Indiana.

Versailles Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Woodford County Kentucky
	...Versailles Kentucky
SN	City in central Kentucky.

Versailles Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Morgan County Missouri
	...Versailles Missouri
SN	City in central Missouri.

Versilian
BT	locene
	.Versilian
SN	Europe.

vertebrae
RT	anatomy
	bones
	morphology
	skeletons
	spinal column

Vertebrata
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
NT	Agnatha
	Pisces
	Tetrapoda
RT	affinities
	flight
	bones
	extremities
	jaws
	nervous system
	skeletons
	skulls
	spinal column
	teeth
	wings
	fossil man
	coprolites

Vertebrate Paleontology (category)
SN	Vertebrate paleontology, GeoRef category code 11, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.)

Vertes Hungary
BT	ngary
	.Vertes Hungary
SN	Town in E Hungary.

Vertes Mountains
BT	ngary
	.Vertes Mountains
SN	N central Hungary.

vertical
SN	A valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use vertical orientation for folds.

vertical discontinuities
BT	discontinuities
	.vertical discontinuities
RT	mantle
	seismology
	crust
SN	Used for a type of interface in seismology. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

vertical gradient methods
USE	vertical-gradient methods

vertical movements
UF	movements, vertical
RT	tectonics
	isostasy
	subsidence
	neotectonics
	uplifts
	horizontal movements

vertical orientation
RT	folds
	orientation
	upright folds
SN	Reference to folds defined on the basis of orientation in relation to the geographic horizontal plane. Before 1978, also search folds AND vertical.

vertical seismic profiles
BT	geophysical profiles
	.seismic profiles
	..vertical seismic profiles
RT	seismology
	seismic logging
	geophysical methods
	seismic methods
	seismograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

vertical tectonics
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use vertical movements.

vertical-component seismographs
BT	seismographs
	.vertical-component seismographs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

vertical-gradient methods
UF	vertical gradient methods
RT	geophysical methods
	remote sensing
	airborne methods
	magnetic methods
	methods
	high-resolution methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vertisols
BT	soils
	.Vertisols
RT	soil group

very long base interferometry
USE	very long baseline interferometry

very long baseline interferometry
UF	very long base interferometry
	VLBI
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	remote sensing
	geodesy
	satellite methods
	triangulation
	geodetic coordinates
	geodetic networks
	interferometry
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Vesdre Valley
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Belgium
	...Liege Belgium
	....Vesdre Valley
SN	River valley in central Liege, E Belgium.

vesicular

vesicular texture
BT	textures
	.vesicular texture
RT	lava
	igneous rocks
	bubbles
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Vest Agder Norway
USE	Vest-Agder Norway

Vest-Agder Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Vest-Agder Norway
UF	Vest Agder Norway
SN	County in extreme S Norway.

Vesta Asteroid
BT	asteroids
	.Vesta Asteroid
UF	4 Vesta Asteroid
RT	Galileo Program

Vesteraalen
USE	Vesteralen

Vesteralen
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Vesteralen
UF	Vesteraalen
RT	Arctic region
	Nordland Norway
	Troms Norway
SN	Island group N of the Lofoten Islands in the Norwegian Sea off NW mainland. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Vestfold Hills
BT	Antarctica
	.Vestfold Hills
SN	On Ingrid Christensen Coast bordering Prydz Bay. Near Davis research station (Australian). Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Vestfold Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Vestfold Norway
NT	Larvik Norway
UF	Jarlsberg
SN	County in SE Norway.

Vestman Islands
USE	Vestmannaeyjar

Vestmann Islands
USE	Vestmannaeyjar

Vestmannaeyjar
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Iceland
	...Vestmannaeyjar
NT	Heimaey
UF	Vestman Islands
	Vestmann Islands
	Westman Islands
RT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
SN	Small island group of volcanic origin S of Iceland.

Vestspitsbergen
USE	Spitsbergen Island

Vesuvian garnet
USE	leucite

vesuvian-type eruptions
USE	vulcanian-type eruptions

vesuvianite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...vesuvianite
UF	idocrase

Vesuvio
USE	Vesuvius

Vesuvius
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Vesuvius
UF	Vesuvio
	Vesuvius Volcano
RT	volcanoes
	Monte Somma
SN	Active volcano on E side of the Bay of Naples.

Vesuvius Volcano
USE	Vesuvius

Veszprem Hungary
BT	ngary
	.Veszprem Hungary
SN	County in W Hungary including the city N of Lake Balaton.

Vetluga Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Upper Permian
	.....Vetluga Series
RT	Russian Federation
SN	The Vetluga Horizon is composed of red spotted clay, and maroon and gray sandstone. NE of Moscow.

Vetrenyy Ridge
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
	...Vetrenyy Ridge
SN	S of Onega Bay in W Arkhangelsk Oblast in NW European Russian Federation. Also search Vetrenyy. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Viatka River
USE	Vyatka River

vibrating-string gravimeters
BT	gravimeters
	.vibrating-string gravimeters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

vibration
UF	vibrations
RT	seismology
	velocity
	earthquakes
	rock mechanics
	Brillouin spectra
	resonance
	oscillations
	vibrators

vibrational spectra
BT	spectra
	.vibrational spectra
RT	spectroscopy
	Brillouin spectra
	crystal structure
	bonding
	crystal chemistry
	infrared spectra
	Raman spectra
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

vibrations
USE	vibration

vibrators
RT	acoustical methods
	electrical methods
	instruments
	oscillations
	seismic methods
	seismic sources
	vibration
	geophysical methods
	seismology
	Vibroseis
	waveforms
SN	Also search seismic vibrators if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Vibroseis
RT	elastic waves
	seismic methods
	vibrators

Viburnum Trend
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Viburnum Trend
RT	metallogenic provinces
SN	Metallogenic province, SE Missouri. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

vicariance
RT	biogeography
	biologic evolution
	paleobotany
	paleoecology
	paleontology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vicecomodoro Marambio Island
USE	Seymour Island

Vicenza Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Vicenza Italy
NT	Berici Hills
SN	Province and city W of Venice, central Veneto, NE Italy.

Vich Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonia Spain
	.....Barcelona Spain
	......Vich Spain
SN	City NE of Barcelona City, NE Spain.

Vicksburg Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....middle Oligocene
	......Vicksburg Group
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Alabama
	Bucatunna Formation
	Byram Formation
	Florida
	Glendon Limestone
	Marianna Limestone
SN	Includes Marianna Limestone and Byram Formation. Gulf Coastal Plain.

Victoria
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef as of 1993. Use Victoria Australia if applicable. Used as in subfiles B and E. Also see Lake Victoria, Victoria British Columbia, Victoria Land, Victoria Island, or Victoria earthquake 1980.

Victoria Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Victoria Australia
NT	Gippsland Australia
	Gippsland Basin
	Green Gully
	Horsham Australia
	Melbourne Australia
	Mildura Australia
	Port Campbell Australia
RT	Delamerian Orogeny
	Sunnyside Mine
	Discovery Bay
	Gambier Embayment
	Latrobe Group
	Latrobe Valley
	Murray Basin
	Lachlan fold belt
	Lilydale Limestone
	Port Phillip Bay
	Murchison Meteorite
	Murray River
	Otway Basin
	Saint Kilda
	Philip Island
	Snowy Mountains
	Tasman

Victoria British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Vancouver Island
	....Victoria British Columbia
SN	City at S tip of Vancouver Island, SW British Columbia.

Victoria County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Victoria County New Brunswick
SN	NW New Brunswick.

Victoria County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Victoria County Nova Scotia
SN	NE Nova Scotia.

Victoria County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Victoria County Ontario
SN	S Ontario.

Victoria County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Victoria County Texas
SN	S Texas.

Victoria earthquake 1980
BT	earthquakes
	.Victoria earthquake 1980
RT	Mexico
SN	Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Victoria Island
RT	Arctic Archipelago
	Franklin District Northwest Territories
	Nigeria
	Northwest Territories
SN	Franklin District, Northwest Territories. Also in Lagos, SW Nigeria. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Victoria Land
BT	Antarctica
	.Victoria Land
NT	Allan Hills
	Lake Vanda
	Mount Melbourne
	Terra Nova Bay
	Wilson Terrane
	Yamato Mountains
UF	North Victoria Land
	South Victoria Land
RT	Allan Hills Meteorites
	ALHA 77005
	ALHA 81005
	Beacon Supergroup
	Beacon Valley
	Bowers Supergroup
	Sirius Group
	Don Juan Pond
	Ferrar Group
	Kirkpatrick Basalt
	Lake Bonney
	Taylor Valley
	Robertson Bay Group
	Ross Orogeny
	Victoria Land Basin
	Victoria Valley
	Wright
SN	W of Ross Sea and W of NW Ross Ice Shelf, primarily in Ross Dependency on the Pacific Ocean side S of New Zealand.

Victoria Land Basin
BT	Antarctica
	.Victoria Land Basin
RT	Victoria Land
	Ross Sea
SN	Sedimentary basin in Ross Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Victoria Valley
RT	Antarctica
	Northern Territory Australia
	Victoria Land
SN	River valley in S Victoria Land, Antarctica. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with state or region as applicable.

Vidda
USE	Hardangervidda

video methods
RT	borehole televiewers
	photogeology
	photography
	remote sensing
	well-logging
SN	General term relating to use of picture signals or television system technology. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Vidin Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Vidin Bulgaria
NT	Lom Depression
SN	Province in extreme NW Bulgaria. Including the city on the Danube River near the Serbian border.

Vienerwald
USE	Wiener Wald

Vienna Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Lower Austria
	....Vienna Austria
UF	Wien Austria
SN	Independent city on the Danube River inside E Lower Austria, NE Austria.

Vienna B

Vienna Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Vienna Basin
NT	Austrian Vienna Basin
RT	Austria
	Czech Republic
	Moravia
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Vienne France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vienne France
NT	Poitiers France
RT	Poitou
SN	Department in W central France.

Viet Nam
USE	Vietnam

Vietnam
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Vietnam
NT	Baoha Vietnam
	Dalat Vietnam
	Mekong Delta
	Nong-Son Vietnam
	Yenbay Vietnam
UF	North Vietnam
	South Vietnam
	Viet Nam
RT	Indochina
	Red River Fault
SN	North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) were combined to form a unified nation on June 24, 1976. This nation is known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Before 1977, also search Viet Nam.

Vigarano Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
	....CV chondrites
	.....Vigarano Meteorite
RT	Italy
	Emilia-Romagna Italy
SN	Impact near village of Vigarano in Ferrara Province, NE Emilia-Romagna. Before 1981, also search Vigarano AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Vigo County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Vigo County Indiana
SN	W Indiana.

Viking Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Viking Formation
RT	Alberta
SN	Consists of sandstone which grades eastward into siltstone and shale and into the marine shales of the Ashville Formation. In SW Alberta, the sandstones grade into dark marine shales and sandstones of the Bow Island Formation. Oil reservoirs in beds equiv

Viking Graben
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..North Sea
	...Viking Graben
SN	N North Sea. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Viking Program
RT	extraterrestrial geology
	landing sites
	Mars
	planetology
	remote sensing

Vila Real Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Vila Real Portugal
NT	Valpacos Portugal
	Vilarandelo Portugal
RT	Tras-os-Montes
SN	District in N Portugal.

Vilaine Bay
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bay of Biscay
	...Vilaine Bay
RT	Morbihan France
SN	At the mouth of the Vilaine River on the Bay of Biscay in SE Brittany. Also search Vilaine.

Vilarandelo Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Vila Real Portugal
	.....Vilarandelo Portugal
SN	Village in Vila Real, N Portugal.

Vilas County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Vilas County Wisconsin
SN	N Wisconsin.

Villa Clara Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Villa Clara Cuba
SN	Province, N central Cuba. Also search (Las Villas or Santa Clara) AND Cuba.

Villach Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Carinthia Austria
	....Villach Austria
UF	Beljak Austria
SN	City W of Klagenfurt on the Drava River in S Carinthia, S Austria.

Villafranca d'Asti Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Villafranca d'Asti Italy
SN	Village E of Turin in central Italy.

Villafranchian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lower Pleistocene
	......Villafranchian
RT	Tertiary
	Calabrian
SN	Europe.

Villany Mountains
BT	ngary
	.Villany Mountains
SN	In Baranya, S Hungary.

villiaumite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..villiaumite

Vilna Lithuania
BT	Europe
	.Baltic region
	..Lithuania
	...Vilna Lithuania
UF	Vilnius Lithuania
	Vilno Lithuania
	Vilnyus Lithuania
	Wilna Lithuania
	Wilno Lithuania
SN	City near the Belarus border in SE Lithuania.

Vilnius Lithuania
USE	Vilna Lithuania

Vilno Lithuania
USE	Vilna Lithuania

Vilnyus Lithuania
USE	Vilna Lithuania

Vilyui Basin
USE	Vilyuy River basin

Vilyui River
USE	Vilyuy River

Vilyui Syneclise
USE	Vilyuy Syneclise

Vilyuy Basin
USE	Vilyuy River basin

Vilyuy River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vilyuy River
BT	Asia
	.Vilyuy River
UF	Vilyui River
SN	Rises on the Central Siberian Plateau of E Evenk National Okrug and flows through W and W central Yakutia into the Lena River. Also search Vilyui; Vilyuy. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vilyuy River basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vilyuy River basin
BT	Asia
	.Vilyuy River basin
UF	Vilyui Basin
	Vilyuy Basin
SN	In E Evenk National Okrug and W and W central Yakutia in central Siberia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vilyuy Sineclise
USE	Vilyuy Syneclise

Vilyuy Syneclise
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Siberian Platform
	...Vilyuy Syneclise
UF	Vilyui Syneclise
	Vilyuy Sineclise
RT	Yakutia Russian Federation
	Mir Pipe
SN	The lower Vilyuy River basin in the area of the river's flow into Lena River in central Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

vimsite
BT	borates
	.vimsite

Vindhya Basin
USE	Vindhyan Basin

Vindhyan
UF	Vindhyan System
RT	Precambrian
	Cambrian
	India
	Bhander Group
	Semri Series
	Kaimur Sandstone
SN	Precambrian-Cambrian. Includes series of sandstones, shales, and limestones extensively exposed in the highlands of central India. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Vindhyan Basin
BT	Asia
	.Vindhyan Basin
UF	Vindhya Basin
RT	India
	Bangladesh
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Vindhyan System
USE	Vindhyan

Vindobonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Vindobonian
SN	Europe.

Vinini Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Vinini Formation
RT	Nevada
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Vinton Canyon
RT	El Paso County Texas
	Franklin Mountains
	Texas
SN	Franklin Mountains, El Paso County, W Texas. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Vinton County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Vinton County Ohio

Viola Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Viola Limestone
RT	Oklahoma
SN	Middle and Upper Ordovician. In Patterson Ranch Group. Overlies Bromide Formation and underlies Fernvale Formation. Central S and SW Oklahoma.

violarite
BT	sulfides
	.violarite

Virgilian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Virgilian
NT	Beil Limestone Member
	Douglas Group
	Ervine Creek Limestone
	Lawrence Formation
	Lecompton Limestone
	Oread Limestone
	Plattsmouth Limestone Member
	Shawnee Group
	Tonganoxie Sandstone
	Wabaunsee Group
UF	Virgilian Series
RT	Pine Shadow Member
	Wescogame Formation
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Missourian, below Wolfcampian (Permian).

Virgilian Series
USE	Virgilian

Virgin Islands
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Virgin Islands
NT	British Virgin Islands
	U. S. Virgin Islands
RT	Saint John Island
SN	Includes the British Virgin Islands and the U. S. Virgin Islands. From 1978-1980, term referred to only the U. S. Virgin Islands. Indexed with Leeward Islands.

Virgin River valley
BT	United States
	.Virgin River valley
RT	Utah
	Nevada
	Arizona
SN	Also search Virgin River. Indexed with states as applicable.

Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
NT	Accomack County Virginia
	Albemarle County Virginia
	Alleghany County Virginia
	Amelia County Virginia
	Amherst County Virginia
	Appomattox County Virginia
	Arlington County Virginia
	Augusta County Virginia
	Bath County Virginia
	Bedford County Virginia
	Bland County Virginia
	Botetourt County Virginia
	Brunswick County Virginia
	Buchanan County Virginia
	Buckingham County Virginia
	Campbell County Virginia
	Caroline County Virginia
	Carroll County Virginia
	Charles City County Virginia
	Charlotte County Virginia
	Chesterfield County Virginia
	Clarke County Virginia
	Craig County Virginia
	Culpeper County Virginia
	Cumberland County Virginia
	Danville Virginia
	Dickenson County Virginia
	Dinwiddie County Virginia
	Essex County Virginia
	Fairfax County Virginia
	Fauquier County Virginia
	Floyd County Virginia
	Fluvanna County Virginia
	Franklin County Virginia
	Frederick County Virginia
	Giles County Virginia
	Gloucester County Virginia
	Goochland County Virginia
	Grayson County Virginia
	Greene County Virginia
	Greensville County Virginia
	Halifax County Virginia
	Hanover County Virginia
	Henrico County Virginia
	Henry County Virginia
	Highland County Virginia
	Isle of Wight County Virginia
	James City County Virginia
	King and Queen County Virginia
	King George County Virginia
	King William County Virginia
	Lancaster County Virginia
	Lee County Virginia
	Loudoun County Virginia
	Louisa County Virginia
	Lunenburg County Virginia
	Madison County Virginia
	Mathews County Virginia
	Mecklenburg County Virginia
	Middlesex County Virginia
	Montgomery County Virginia
	Nelson County Virginia
	New Kent County Virginia
	Norfolk Virginia
	Northampton County Virginia
	Northumberland County Virginia
	Nottoway County Virginia
	Orange County Virginia
	Page County Virginia
	Pamunkey River
	Patrick County Virginia
	Petersburg Virginia
	Pittsylvania County Virginia
	Powhatan County Virginia
	Prince Edward County Virginia
	Prince George County Virginia
	Prince William County Virginia
	Pulaski County Virginia
	Rappahannock County Virginia
	Rappahannock River
	Richmond County Virginia
	Richmond Virginia
	Roanoke County Virginia
	Roanoke Virginia
	Rockbridge County Virginia
	Rockingham County Virginia
	Russell County Virginia
	Scott County Virginia
	Shenandoah County Virginia
	Smyth County Virginia
	Southampton County Virginia
	Spotsylvania County Virginia
	Stafford County Virginia
	Surry County Virginia
	Sussex County Virginia
	Tazewell County Virginia
	Virginia Beach Virginia
	Warren County Virginia
	Washington County Virginia
	Waynesboro Virginia
	Westmoreland County Virginia
	Wise County Virginia
	Wythe County Virginia
	York County Virginia
RT	Appalachian Basin
	Appalachian Plateau
	Allegheny Front
	Allegheny Mountains
	Allegheny Group
	Allegheny Plateau
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	Amelia
	Antietam Formation
	Aquia Formation
	Ashe Formation
	Baltimore Gneiss
	Beekmantown Group
	Bloo
SN	Independent cities are cited separately from their surrounding or adjacent counties.

Virginia Beach Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Virginia Beach Virginia
SN	City which now includes the former Princess Anne County, SE Virginia, on the Atlantic Ocean 18 miles E of Norfolk. Also search Princess Anne County Virginia.

Virginia Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Virginia Formation
RT	Minnesota
	Animikie Group
	Thomson Formation
SN	N Minnesota. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

viridine
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...viridine

Viruan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Viruan
SN	Europe.

Viruddhachalam India
USE	Vridhachalam India

Visagapatnam India
USE	Visakhapatnam India

Visakhapatnam India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Andhra Pradesh India
	....Visakhapatnam India
UF	Visagapatnam India
	Vishakhapatnam India
	Vizagapatam India
	Vizagapatnam India
SN	City on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal in NE Andhra Pradesh, central India.

viscoelastic materials
RT	elastic materials
	elasticity
	elastoviscoplastic materials
	materials
	engineering geology
	viscosity
	viscous materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

viscoelasticity
RT	deformation
	elastic limit
	elastic materials
	elastic strain
	elasticity
	elastoviscoplastic materials
	strain
	stress
	viscosity
	viscous materials

viscoplastic materials
RT	elastoviscoplastic materials
	materials
	plastic deformation
	plastic materials
	plasticity
	engineering geology
	viscosity
	viscous materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

viscosity
RT	deformation
	effusion
	elastoviscoplastic materials
	flow mechanism
	lava
	magmas
	plasticity
	rheology
	viscoelastic materials
	viscoelasticity
	viscoplastic materials
	viscous materials

viscous materials
RT	elastoviscoplastic materials
	materials
	viscoelastic materials
	viscoelasticity
	viscoplastic materials
	viscosity

viscous remanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..viscous remanent magnetization
RT	paleomagnetism

Visean
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Visean
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Dinantian
	.....Visean
NT	Great Scar Limestone
	upper Visean
SN	Europe. Above Tournaisian, below Namurian.

Viseu Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Viseu Portugal
UF	Vizeu Portugal
SN	District in N central Portugal. Also a city NE of Coimbra.

Vishakhapatnam India
USE	Visakhapatnam India

Visla River
USE	Vistula River

Vistula River
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Vistula River
UF	Visla River
	Weichsel River
	Wisla River
SN	Rises on the N slope of the Carpathian Mountains and flows into the Baltic Sea at Gdansk. Also search Vistula.

Vistula River valley
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Vistula River valley
UF	Vistula Valley
SN	S, E central, and N Poland. Also search Vistula.

Vistula Valley
USE	Vistula River valley

Vistulian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Vistulian
RT	Weichselian
	Wisconsinan
	Sartanian
	Wurm
SN	Term applied in Poland, Spitsbergen and the former European USSR to the last Pleistocene glacial stage. Considered by some authors to be equivalent to Wurm. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

visuali

visualization
RT	analog simulation
	computer animation
	digital simulation
	geographic information systems
	graphic display
	graphic methods
	image analysis
	imagery
	simulation
	spatial data
	three-dimensional models
	two-dimensional models
SN	Indexed with specific methods if applicable.

Viterbo Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Latium Italy
	....Viterbo Italy
SN	City and province in NW Latium, W central Italy.

Viti Levu
BT	Oceania
	.Melanesia
	..Fiji
	...Viti Levu
NT	Suva Fiji
	Tavua Fiji
	Vatukoula Fiji
SN	Largest island in Fiji group.

Vitim Plateau
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Buryat Russian Federation
	...Vitim Plateau
SN	Gold mining area between the Vitim and Barguzin rivers E of Lake Baikal in NE Buryat. Also search Vitim. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vitim River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vitim River
BT	Asia
	.Vitim River
RT	Irkutsk Russian Federation
	Buryat Russian Federation
	Mama River
SN	River which rises in central Buryatia and flows across NE Irkutsk Oblast into the Lena River on the SW border of Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with oblasts or regions as applicable.

Vitoria Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Espirito Santo Brazil
	...Vitoria Brazil
SN	City on the Atlantic Ocean 250 miles NE of Rio de Janeiro in Espirito Santo.

Vitoria Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
	.....Alava Spain
	......Vitoria Spain
SN	City in Alava in N Spain.

vitrain
BT	macerals
	.vitrain
BT	lithotypes
	.vitrain
UF	pure coal
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

vitrification
RT	devitrification
	glass materials
	glasses
	melts
	processes
	volcanic glass
	waste disposal

vitrinite
BT	macerals
	.vitrinite
NT	collinite
	telinite
RT	semifusinite

vitrinite reflectance
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use vitrinite and reflectance. See Rock-Eval for the method.

vitrophyre
BT	igneous rocks
	.vitrophyre
RT	porphyritic texture

Vivarais
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vivarais
RT	Ardeche France
SN	Ancient region now mostly in Ardeche department in SE France.

vivianite
BT	phosphates
	.vivianite

Viviparus
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Viviparus

Vizagapatam India
USE	Visakhapatnam India

Vizagapatnam India
USE	Visakhapatnam India

Vizcaino Peninsula
BT	Mexico
	.Baja California Sur Mexico
	..Vizcaino Peninsula
RT	Baja California
SN	NW Baja California Sur, Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vizcaya Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
	.....Vizcaya Spain
NT	Bilbao Spain
RT	Bay of Biscay
SN	One of the Basque Provinces in N Spain.

Vizeu Portugal
USE	Viseu Portugal

Vladeasa Massif
USE	Vladeasa Mountain

Vladeasa Mountain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bihor Mountains
	.....Vladeasa Mountain
UF	Vladeasa Massif
SN	In the Bihor Mountains of W central Transylvania. Also search Vladeasa.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskiy
USE	Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich

Vladimir Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vladimir Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Vladimir Russian Federation
SN	Oblast and city 110 miles NE of Moscow. Before 1993, Vladimir Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vladivostok Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Primorye Russian Federation
	...Vladivostok Russian Federation
SN	City on the southern tip of a peninsula extending into Peter the Great Bay on the Japan Sea in S Primorye Kray. Before 1993, Vladivostok Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

VLBI
USE	very long baseline interferometry

vo

VOC
SN	See volatile organic compounds.

Vocontian Trough
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vocontian Trough

Vodino
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Vodino Ukraine for village in 3 locations in the Ukraine; or Vodino Russian Federation for villages in Samara (formerly Kuybyshev) and Volgograd oblasts of the European area of the Russian Federation and

Vodino Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vodino Russian Federation
RT	Volgograd Russian Federation
	Novosibirsk Russian Federation
	Samara Russian Federation
SN	Villages in Samara and Volgograd oblasts of the European area of the Russian Federation, also a village in Novosibirsk Oblast of the Russian Federation in Siberia. Before 1993, Vodino Russian Republic was also used. Indexed with oblasts and (Europe or Asi

Vodino Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Vodino Ukraine
SN	Village in 3 locations in the Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with oblast or location as applicable.

Vogels Berg
USE	Vogelsberg

Vogelsberg
BT	sse Germany
	.Vogelsberg
UF	Vogels Berg
SN	Mountain range in central Hesse.

vogesite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
	...vogesite

Vogtland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Vogtland
RT	Saxony Germany
	Thuringia Germany
SN	Region NW of the W edge of the Erzgebirge around Plauen in E Germany. Indexed with states as applicable.

Voivodina Yugoslavia
USE	Vojvodina Yugoslavia

Vojvodina Yugoslavia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Yugoslavia
	...Serbia
	....Vojvodina Yugoslavia
UF	Voivodina Yugoslavia
	Voyvodina Yugoslavia
RT	Banat
	Tisza River
SN	Autonomous province on the Hungarian and Romanian borders in N Serbia.

volatile combustible
USE	volatiles

volatile elements
RT	chemical elements
	volatiles

volatile matter
USE	volatiles

volatile organic chemicals
USE	volatile organic compounds

volatile organic compounds
BT	organic compounds
	.volatile organic compounds
BT	volatiles
	.volatile organic compounds
UF	volatile organic chemicals
RT	compounds
	agrochemicals
	pollutants
	hydrocarbons
	solvents
	soil vapor extraction
	soil venting
	volatilization
	chlorinated hydrocarbons
	halogenated hydrocarbons
	pump-and-treat
	crude oil
	soil gases
SN	Hydrocarbon in combination with any other element in a compound which has a low vapor pressure or other reactive organic chemicals. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

volatiles
NT	volatile organic compounds
UF	volatile combustible
	volatile matter
RT	geochemistry
	organic compounds
	coal
	combustion
	methanol
	volatilization
	chloroform
	volatile elements
SN	For compounds.

volatilization
UF	devolatilization (volatilization)
RT	geochemistry
	processes
	soil vapor extraction
	degassing
	boiling
	gases
	volatile organic compounds
	volatiles
	degasification
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

volborthite
BT	vanadates
	.volborthite

volcanic
SN	A valid term through 1977.

volcanic arcs
USE	island arcs

volcanic ash
RT	amorphous materials
	ash falls
	ash flows
	ash-flow tuff
	atmospheric transport
	bentonite
	clastic sediments
	dust
	ejecta
	ignimbrite
	K-bentonite
	nuees ardentes
	pyroclastic flows
	pyroclastics
	sediments
	shirasu
	terrigenous materials
	tuff
	volcanic rocks
	volcanicla
SN	In GeoRef, ash is used for artifical ash. May be used as an igneous rock and a sediment. Also index pyroclastics; OR clastic sediments as applicable (See lists H or N).

volcanic belts
UF	belts, volcanic
RT	plate tectonics
	volcanoes

volcanic breccia
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..breccia
	...volcanic breccia
RT	pyroclastics
	volcaniclastics
	breccia pipes
	megabreccia
	peperite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

volcanic centers
BT	volcanic features
	.volcanic centers
RT	volcanism
	volcanoes
SN	Features on scale larger than volcanoes. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

volcanic clay
USE	bentonite

volcanic clouds
USE	ash clouds

volcanic earthquakes
BT	earthquakes
	.volcanic earthquakes
UF	volcanic tremors
RT	volcanism
	geologic hazards
	volcanic risk
	volcanoes
	volcanology
	eruptions
	tilt
	seismic quiescence
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

volcanic features
NT	calderas
	cauldrons
	cinder cones
	lava channels
	lava fields
	lava tubes
	volcanic centers
	volcanic necks
UF	features, volcanic
RT	lava
	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanoes
	volcanology
	craters
	lava flows
	black smokers
	diatremes
	crater lakes
	caves
	speleology
	caverns
	stalactites
	stalagmites
	underground cavities
	vents
	lava lakes
	maars

volcanic fields
RT	lava fields
	volcanic rocks
	volcanism
	volcanology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

volcanic glass
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..glasses
	...volcanic glass
UF	glass, volcanic
RT	shirasu
	ignimbrite
	perlite
	crystallites
	devitrification
	vitrification
	obsidian
	pitchstone
SN	For basalt glass, use volcanic glass and basaltic composition.

volcanic necks
BT	volcanic features
	.volcanic necks
UF	necks, volcanic
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanoes
	erosion features
	volcanology
	intrusions
	pipes
	diatremes
	plugs
	vents
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

volcanic processes
USE	volcanism

volcanic risk
RT	aircraft
	ash clouds
	effects
	eruptions
	geologic hazards
	public awareness
	safety
	volcanic earthquakes
	engineering geology
	volcanism
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

volcanic rocks
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
NT	andesites
	basalts
	benmoreite
	dacites
	glasses
	granophyre
	melilitite
	phonolites
	pyroclastics
	rhyodacites
	rhyolites
	trachyandesites
	trachytes
UF	eruptive rocks
	volcanics
RT	lava
	volcanism
	rocks
	volcanoes
	shirasu
	volcanic ash
	volcanology
	ash flows
	pyroclastic flows
	breccia pipes
	diorite porphyry
	volcanic fields
	metavolcanic rocks
SN	Before 1978, also search igneous rocks AND volcanic. From 1978-1980, diorite porphyry was a narrower term. From 1981-1993, vitrophyre was a narrower term. From 1981-1985, volcanic ash and ash flows were narrower terms.

volcanic tremors
USE	volcanic earthquakes

volcanic vents
USE	vents

volcanicity
USE	volcanism

volcanicla

volcaniclastic rocks
USE	volcaniclastics

volcaniclastics
UF	volcaniclastic rocks
RT	igneous rocks
	pyroclastics
	sedimentary rocks
	clastic sediments
	volcanic ash
	sediments
	tuff
	clastic rocks
	terrigenous materials
	ash falls
	pyroclastic flows
	volcanic breccia
	ejecta
	lapilli
SN	Used to indicate material, within sediments or sedimentary rocks, which originated from a volcano. Use pyroclastics for the igneous rock. Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

volcanics
USE	volcanic rocks

volcanism
UF	volcanic processes
	volcanicity
	vulcanism
	volcanogenic processes
RT	aa lava
	lava
	ash clouds
	hydrothermal alteration
	ash falls
	ash flows
	flow texture
	eruptions
	base surges
	fumaroles
	breccia pipes
	calderas
	cauldrons
	cinder cones
	heat sources
	maars
	explosive eruptions
	hawaiian-type eruptions
	intraplate processes
	lahars
	magma
SN	Indexed with mineral deposits, genesis if applicable.

Volcano Island
USE	Vulcano

volcanoes
NT	shield volcanoes
	stratovolcanoes
	submarine volcanoes
UF	volcanos
RT	Chokai
	Alae Crater
	Alba Patera
	domes
	Beerenberg
	Arenal
	Arsia Mons
	Asama
	Ascraeus Mons
	ash falls
	Aso
	Ata Caldera
	eruptions
	Augustine
	Avacha
	Bandai
	Bezymyannyy
	breccia pipes
	calderas
	Cerro Negro
	cinder cones
	Colima
	Creede Caldera
	Dogo
	El Chichon
	Fantale
	Fue
SN	Used when discussing specific volcanoes. Also see volcanic centers.

volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use massive sulfide deposits and volcanism.

volcanogenic processes
USE	volcanism

volcanology
UF	vulcanology
RT	lava
	igneous rocks
	magmas
	atmosphere
	ash clouds
	continental drift
	catalogs
	bibliography
	ash falls
	ash flows
	intrusions
	crust
	craters
	eruptions
	lava flows
	fumaroles
	calderas
	cauldrons
	extrusive rocks
	ejecta
	explosive eruptions
	hawaiian-type eruptions
	magma
SN	Used for the discipline as a whole.

volcanos
USE	volcanoes

Volga
SN	A valid term through 1976. See Volga River or Volga region.

Volga region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Volga region
RT	Europe
	Astrakhan Arch
	Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
SN	The middle and lower courses of the Volga River and its tributaries. It includes the Volga drainage basin with the exception of parts of the NE, NW, and SW. Also search Volga. Indexed with Europe if applicable.

Volga River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Volga River
BT	Europe
	.Volga River
RT	Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
SN	Longest river in Europe. It rises in the Valdai Hills NE of Moscow and flows SE and then S into the N Caspian Sea. Also search Volga. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volga-Don Interfluve
USE	Volga-Don region

Volga-Don region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Volga-Don region
BT	Europe
	.Volga-Don region
UF	Volga-Don Interfluve
RT	Volgograd Russian Federation
SN	Between the Don River and Volga River in the Volga-Don Canal area. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volga-Ural Basin
USE	Volga-Ural region

Volga-Ural Interfluve
USE	Volga-Ural region

Volga-Ural region
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Volga-Ural region
UF	Ural-Volga Interfluve
	Ural-Volga region
	Volga-Ural Basin
	Volga-Ural Interfluve
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
SN	Between the parallel courses of the lower Volga River and lower Ural River. Also search Ural-Volga. Indexed with former Soviet republics AND Asia and/or Europe as applicable. as applicable.

Volga-Urals
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Volga-Urals
BT	Europe
	.Volga-Urals
SN	Region between the middle course of the Volga River and the Urals. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volgian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Volgian
RT	Malm
SN	Europe.

Volgograd City Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Volgograd Russian Federation
	...Volgograd City Russian Federation
SN	City in S Volgograd Oblast on the right bank of the Volga River about 280 miles from its mouth. Before 1993, also search Volgograd Russian Republic. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volgograd Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Volgograd Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Volgograd Russian Federation
NT	Kamyshin Russian Federation
	Mikhailovka Russian Federation
	Volgograd City Russian Federation
UF	Stalingrad Russian Federation
	Tsaritsyn Russian Federation
RT	Vodino Russian Federation
	Tsarev Meteorite
	Volga-Don region
SN	Oblast, SW Russian Federation. Before 1993, Volgograd Russian Republic was also used. Before 1978, also search Stalingrad region. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volhynia
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Volhynia
UF	Volynia
RT	Volyn Ukraine
SN	Forested region with marshland and many lakes S and SW of the Pripet Marshes in NW Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vologda Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vologda Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Vologda Russian Federation
SN	Oblast and city on the Vologda River 330 miles E of Saint Petersburg. Before 1993, Vologda Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volta Basin
BT	Africa
	.Volta Basin
RT	Ghana
	Ivory Coast
	Burkina Faso
	Togo
SN	River basin including Lake Volta. Also search Volta. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Voltaic Republic
USE	Burkina Faso

voltaite
BT	sulfates
	.voltaite

voltammetry
RT	chemical analysis
	electrochemical properties
	electrolytic analysis
	trace-element analyses
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Voltri Group
UF	Voltri Massif
RT	Mesozoic
	Italy
	Ligurian Alps
SN	N Italy. Indexed with Ligurian Alps or area as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Voltri Massif
USE	Voltri Group

Voltzia Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Bunter
	......Voltzia Sandstone
RT	France
	Vosges France

volume
RT	isochores
	specific surface
SN	Used as a general term.

volume elasticity
USE	bulk modulus

volume susceptibility (magnetic)
USE	magnetic susceptibility

volumetric analysis
USE	titration

Volusia County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Volusia County Florida

Volyn Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Volyn Ukraine
UF	Wolyn Ukraine
RT	Lvov-Volyn Basin
	Volhynia
SN	Oblast in NW Ukraine. A province of Poland prior to WW II. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volyn-Podolia
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Volyn-Podolia
UF	Volyn-Podolian Platform
	Volyn-Podolian Upland
RT	Podolia
SN	An upland region between the Dniester River and Dnieper River in W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Volyn-Podolian Platform
USE	Volyn-Podolia

Volyn-Podolian Upland
USE	Volyn-Podolia

Volynia
USE	Volhynia

Volyno-Azov Massif
USE	Ukrainian Shield

vonsenite
BT	borates
	.vonsenite

Vorarlberg Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Vorarlberg Austria
RT	Lake Constance
SN	State in extreme W Austria.

Voring Plateau
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Norwegian Sea
	..Voring Plateau
RT	Leg 38
	DSDP Site 338
	DSDP Site 339
	DSDP Site 340
	DSDP Site 341
	DSDP Site 342
	DSDP Site 343
	Leg 104
	ODP Site 642
	ODP Site 643
	ODP Site 644
SN	Underwater feature S of the Lofoten Basin off the central Norwegian coast.

Vorkuta Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Komi Russian Federation
	...Vorkuta Russian Federation
SN	Town on the Vorkuta River in extreme NE Komi at N end of the Urals. Before 1993, Vorkuta Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Voronezh Anteclise
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Voronezh Russian Federation
	...Voronezh Anteclise
UF	Voronezh Anticline
	Voronezh Anticlise
	Voronezh Massif
RT	Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
SN	Near the Ukrainian border in SW Voronezh Oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Voronezh Anticline
USE	Voronezh Anteclise

Voronezh Anticlise
USE	Voronezh Anteclise

Voronezh Massif
USE	Voronezh Anteclise

Voronezh Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Voronezh Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Voronezh Russian Federation
NT	Golovanevsk Russian Federation
	Voronezh Anteclise
SN	Oblast including the city on the Voronezh River near its junction with the Don River. N of E Ukraine. Before 1993, Voronezh Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
BT	Europe
	.Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
BT	Russian Platform
	.Voronezh-Volga Anteclise
RT	Russian Federation
	Volga region
	Tsarev Meteorite
	Volga River
	Voronezh Anteclise
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Voroshilovsk (region)
USE	Stavropol region

vorticity
RT	deformation
	fluid dynamics
	geophysics
	mathematical geology
	shear
	strain
	turbulence
	velocity

Vosges France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vosges France
RT	Lorraine
	Vosges Mountains
	Voltzia Sandstone
SN	Department in NE France.

Vosges Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vosges Mountains
RT	Haut-Rhin France
	Vosges France
SN	Range extending from Belfort Gap to German border. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Vostok Station
BT	Antarctica
	.Vostok Station
SN	Two Soviet IGY stations. Vostok 1 Station is S of the Queen Mary Coast at about 72#DGS 097#DGE. Vostok 2 Station is midway between Queen Mary Coast and the South Pole near the South Geomagnetic Pole at about 78#DG30#PRS 107#DGE. Both stations are on the I

Vourinos
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Greek Macedonia
	....Vourinos
UF	Burono
	Vourinos Massif
SN	Mountain SW of Kozane in W Macedonia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vourinos Massif
USE	Vourinos

Voyager

Voyager 1
BT	Voyager Program
	.Voyager 1
RT	Jupiter
	remote sensing
	Saturn
	Voyager 2
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Voyager 2
BT	Voyager Program
	.Voyager 2
RT	Jupiter
	remote sensing
	Uranus
	Saturn
	Voyager 1
	Neptune
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Voyager Program
NT	Voyager 1
	Voyager 2
UF	Program Voyager
	Project Voyager
	Voyager Project
RT	Adrastea Satellite
	Jupiter
	Amalthea Satellite
	extraterrestrial geology
	Ariel Satellite
	Callisto Satellite
	Dione Satellite
	Enceladus Satellite
	Europa Satellite
	Ganymede Satellite
	Io Satellite
	Hyperion Satellite
	Iapetus Satellite
	Janus Satellite
	Mimas Satel
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Voyager Project
USE	Voyager Program

Voyvodina Yugoslavia
USE	Vojvodina Yugoslavia

Vraca
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Vratsa Bulgaria.

Vraconian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Vraconian
RT	Lower Cretaceous
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Europe.

Vrancea
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Vrancea
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Vrancea
UF	Vrancei Mountains
RT	Vrancea earthquake 1977
SN	Range of the Carpathians near their junction with the Transylvanian Alps. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vrancea earthquake 1977
BT	earthquakes
	.Vrancea earthquake 1977
RT	Romania
	Vrancea
SN	Epicenter in the Vrancea mountain range, Romania. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vrancei Mountains
USE	Vrancea

Vratsa Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Vratsa Bulgaria
SN	Province including the city in NW Bulgaria. Vraca or Vrattsa have also been used for the city name.

Vrattsa
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Vratsa Bulgaria.

vrbaite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..vrbaite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfarsenites
	..vrbaite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vredefort Dome
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Free State South Africa
	....Vredefort Dome
RT	impact features
SN	N Free State. Also search Vredefort.

Vridhachalam India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Tamil Nadu India
	....Vridhachalam India
UF	Viruddhachalam India
SN	Town SW of Cuddalore in NE Tamil Nadu, S India.

Vries Island
USE	Izu-Oshima

Vryheid Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Vryheid Formation
RT	Karroo Supergroup
	South Africa
	Ecca Group
SN	Permian. South Africa. In Ecca Group of the Karroo Supergroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

VSP
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See vertical seismic profiles.

vugs
RT	geodes
	textures
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Vulcan Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvanian Alps
	....Vulcan Mountains
SN	Section of the Transylvanian Alps in W central Romania.

vulcanian-type eruptio

vulcanian-type eruptions
UF	vesuvian-type eruptions
RT	volcanism
	volcanology
	eruptions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

vulcanism
USE	volcanism

Vulcano
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Lipari Islands
	.....Vulcano
UF	Volcano Island
	Vulcano Island
SN	Southernmost of the Lipari Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off NE Sicily.

Vulcano Island
USE	Vulcano

vulcanology
USE	volcanology

vulnerability, aquifer
USE	aquifer vulnerability

Vulture Mountain
UF	Monte Vulture
RT	volcanoes
	Apennines
	Basilicata Italy
	Southern Apennines
SN	Volcano in Basilicata, S Apennines. Before 1995, also search Mount Vulture in combination with Italy. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with county or region and mountains as applicable.

Vuori-Yarvi Russian Federation
USE	Vuoriyarvi Russian Federation

Vuoriyarvi Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Karelia Russian Federation
	...Vuoriyarvi Russian Federation
UF	Vuori-Yarvi Russian Federation
SN	Village near the Finnish border in NW Karelia. Before 1993, Vuoriyarvi Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vyatka River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vyatka River
BT	Europe
	.Vyatka River
UF	Viatka River
SN	Rises in W foothills of the Central Urals and flows into the Kama River in N Tatar. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vyatka Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vyatka Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Vyatka Russian Federation
UF	Kirov Russian Federation
RT	Orlov Russian Federation
SN	Oblast including the city in E central European Russian Federation. Before 1993, also search Kirov Russian Republic. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vyatka-Kama Interfluve
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vyatka-Kama Interfluve
BT	Europe
	.Vyatka-Kama Interfluve
RT	Kama River
SN	Region between the lower reaches of the Vyatka and Kama rivers in the Izhevsk area W of the Urals. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vychegda River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Vychegda River
BT	Europe
	.Vychegda River
SN	Rises in the Komi autonomous republic and flows W into the Northern Dvina at Kotlas in SE Arkhangelsk Oblast in N European Russian Federation. Before 1978, also search Vychegda. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vyernyi Kazakhstan
USE	Alma-Ata Kazakhstan

Vyshkovo Belarus
BT	Europe
	.Belarus
	..Vyshkovo Belarus
SN	Village N of Minsk in Belarus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Vyshkovo Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tver Russian Federation
	...Vyshkovo Russian Federation
SN	Village in Tver formerly Kalinin Oblast NW of Moscow. Before 1993, Vyshkovo Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.