Search SEDIS

Thesaurus

P

P-32
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..P-32
BT	phosphorus
	.P-32
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

P-T boundary (age)
USE	Permian-Triassic boundary

P-T conditions
UF	conditions, P-T
RT	P-T-t paths
	metasomatism
	metamorphism
	thermochronology
	phase equilibria
	inclusions
	pressure
	temperature
	geologic thermometry
	fluid inclusions
	isochores
	grade
	geologic barometry
	paleotemperature
	isotherms

P-T-t paths
UF	PTt paths
RT	age
	geochronology
	orogeny
	tectonics
	metasomatism
	metamorphism
	thermochronology
	phase equilibria
	inclusions
	pressure
	temperature
	geologic thermometry
	time factor
	geologic barometry
	P-T conditions
	paleotemperature
	thermal history
SN	Before 1995, also search P-T conditions AND (time factor or thermal history). Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

P-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...P-waves
UF	compressional waves
	dilatational wave
	irrotational wave
	longitudinal wave
	pressure wave
	primary wave
	push wave
	push-pull wave
RT	seismology
	waves
	spalling
	PcP-waves
	PKiKP-waves
	PKP-waves
	PKS-waves
	plane waves
	Pn-waves
	PP-waves
	PPP-waves
	PPS-waves
	PS-waves
	S-waves
	SKKS-waves
	SKP-waves
	SKS-waves

P/Halley
USE	Halley's Comet

P/T boundary (age)
USE	Permian-Triassic boundary

Pa
USE	protactinium

Pa-231
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pa-231
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..protactinium
	...Pa-231
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pacaya
BT	Central America
	.Guatemala
	..Pacaya
UF	Pacaya Volcano
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano in S central Guatemala.

Pacaya Volcano
USE	Pacaya

PACE
UF	Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	California
	Arizona
	programs
	geotraverses
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pachelma Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Pachelma Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Pachelma Russian Federation
SN	Town in Penza Oblast W of Kuibyshev in S central European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pachelma Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pachuca de Soto Mexico
USE	Pachuca Mexico

Pachuca Mexico
BT	dalgo Mexico
	.Pachuca Mexico
UF	Pachuca de Soto Mexico
SN	City NE of Mexico City in central Mexico.

Pachypteris
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Caytoniales
	....Pachypteris
RT	Cycadales

Pacific Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.Pacific Basin
RT	North Pacific
	South Pacific
	Leg 88
	Pacific Plate
SN	Generally the entire ocean floor of both the North and South Pacific up to the continental shelf.

Pacific Coast
RT	Alaska
	Australia
	California Current
	Canada
	Central America
	China
	Circum-Pacific region
	Hayfork Terrane
	Japan
	Mexico
	New Zealand
	North America
	Oregon
	California
	Pacific region
	Russian Federation
	Russian Pacific region
	South America
	Washington
	Western U.S.
SN	As of 1998, term is used anywhere in the Pacific region. From 1978-1997 term was used for the region comprising those conterminous U.S. states fronting on the Pacific Ocean. Search in combination with country. Indexed with states OR Western U.S. OR other

Pacific County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Pacific County Washington
NT	Willapa Bay
SN	On Pacific Ocean in SW Washington.

Pacific Islands
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1971. Used in subfiles G and N. Now use West Pacific Ocean Islands or East Pacific Ocean Islands as applicable. Also see Oceania; Malay Archipelago.

Pacific mobile belt
BT	Pacific region
	.Pacific mobile belt
RT	Asia
	North America
	New Zealand
	South America
	New Guinea
SN	Crustal regions of tectonic activity along the coastal fringes of continents and some entire islands of the Pacific. Indexed with continents and islands as applicable.

Pacific Ocean
NT	Central Pacific
	East Pacific
	Equatorial Pacific
	New Caledonia Basin
	North Pacific
	Pacific Basin
	South Pacific
	West Pacific
RT	Antarctic Bottom Water
	Antarctic Ocean
	Austral Islands
	Bay of Plenty
	California Current
	Campbell Island
	Caroline Islands
	Circum-Pacific region
	Cocos Plate
	Cook Islands
	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	Easter Island
	Easter Microplate
	El Nino
	Eltanin fracture zon
SN	Many islands, formerly included as narrower terms of Pacific Ocean, are now included under East Pacific Ocean Islands or West Pacific Ocean Islands. Also see Antarctic Ocean for S portion.

Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See East Pacific Ocean Islands (containing Easter Island and Galapagos Islands), West Pacific Ocean Islands, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippine Islands, Japan, New Zeal

Pacific Plate
RT	Farallon Plate
	Pacific Basin
	Pacific Ocean
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	Includes most of the Pacific Basin with the Eurasian Plate on the W and N; the American, Cocos, and Nazca Plates on the E; the Indian Plate on the SW; and the Antarctic Plate on the S. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Pacific region
NT	Circum-Pacific region
	Pacific mobile belt
RT	Far East
	Pacific Coast
	Pacific Ocean
	Russian Pacific region

Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment
USE	PACE

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
RT	Antarctic Ocean
	East Pacific Rise
	mid-ocean ridges
	Pacific Ocean
	South Pacific
	Southeast Pacific
	Southwest Pacific
SN	Mid-ocean ridge extending from the Balleny fracture zone S of Macquarie Island to the East Pacific Rise. Indexed with ocean areas as applicable.

packing
RT	atomic packing
	sedimentary rocks
	sedimentation
	textures
SN	Before 1978, also used for atomic packing under crystal structure.

packrat middens
BT	middens
	.packrat middens
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	diet
	Neotoma
SN	Before 1998, also search middens AND Neotoma.

packstone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..packstone

Pacoima Dam
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Pacoima Dam
SN	On Pacoima River in Los Angeles County NW of Los Angeles. Also search Pacoima.

Pacoota

Pacoota Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Pacoota Sandstone
RT	Lower Ordovician
	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
	Amadeus Basin
	Upper Cambrian
SN	Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician. Amadeus Basin, S Northern Territory, central Australia. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Paderborn Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Paderborn Germany
SN	City in E North Rhine-Westphalia, W central Germany.

Padre Island
RT	Laguna Madre
	Texas
SN	Narrow barrier island along Gulf of Mexico from SE of Corpus Christi to near the Mexican border. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Padstow England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cornwall England
	......Padstow England
SN	Town in SW England near N coast of Cornwall.

Padurea Craiului Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Padurea Craiului Mountains
RT	Apuseni Mountains
SN	Crai Forest range in W Apuseni Mountains in SW Transylvania. Also search Padurea Craiului OR Crai.

Paganzo Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..La Rioja Argentina
	...Paganzo Argentina
RT	Paganzo Basin
SN	Village in central La Rioja, NW Argentina.

Paganzo Basin
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Paganzo Basin
RT	Guandacol Formation
	San Juan Argentina
	La Rioja Argentina
	Paganzo Argentina
SN	NW Argentina. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Paganzo Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Paganzo Group
RT	Carboniferous
	Permian
	Argentina

Page County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Page County Iowa
SN	SW Iowa.

Page County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Page County Virginia
SN	N Virginia.

Page Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Page Sandstone
RT	Utah
	Wyoming
	Arizona
	San Rafael Group
SN	In San Rafael Group. Bajocian and Bathonian. Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pageland South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Chesterfield County South Carolina
	...Pageland South Carolina
SN	Town in N South Carolina.

Pagoda Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Pagoda Formation
RT	Montana
SN	Underlies Pentagon Shale; overlies Dearborn Limestone. NW Montana.

Pahang Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...West Malaysia
	....Pahang Malaysia
SN	State on the Malay Peninsula in West Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

pahoehoe
BT	lava
	.pahoehoe
RT	aa lava
	volcanism

Pahrump Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Pahrump Series
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

PAHs
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons if applicable.

Pahute Mesa
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Nye County Nevada
	...Pahute Mesa
UF	Paiute Mesa
SN	Tableland in Nye County in S Nevada.

Pai Khoi
USE	Pai-Khoi

Pai-Khoi
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Polar Urals
	...Pai-Khoi
UF	Pai Khoi
	Pay-Khoy
SN	Mountain range on Yugor Peninsula between Barents and Kara seas. N extension of Northern Urals. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Paibian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Furongian
	.....Paibian

Paintbrush Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Paintbrush Tuff
RT	Nevada
	Topopah Spring Member
SN	S Nevada. Includes Pah Canyon Member, Yucca Mountain Member, Tiva Canyon Member and Topopah Spring Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pais Vasco Spain
USE	Basque Provinces Spain

Paiute Mesa
USE	Pahute Mesa

Pajaro Valley
BT	United States
	.California
	..Pajaro Valley
SN	River valley S of San Jose in W California. Also search Pajaro River.

Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
NT	Baluchistan Pakistan
	North-West Frontier Pakistan
	Punjab Pakistan
	Sind Pakistan
	Sulaiman Range
UF	West Pakistan
RT	Hindu Kush
	Kohistan
	Anantnag
	Jammu and Kashmir
	Indo-Australian Plate
	Indian Plate
	Doda
	Nari Series
	Main Boundary Fault
	Main Central Thrust
	Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone
	Indus River
	Ladakh
	Jammu
	Karakoram
	Kishtwar
	Naubug
	Riasi
	Kashmir
	Kashmir Valley
	Siw
SN	Formerly consisted of East Pakistan and West Pakistan which were separated by about 1, 000 miles of Indian territory. After East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh in 1971, West Pakistan and Pakistan became coextensive.

Paktia Afghanistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Afghanistan
	...Paktia Afghanistan
SN	Use for the province in E Afghanistan.

pal

Palaeodictyoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Palaeoptera
	......Palaeodictyoptera
UF	Palaeodictyopteroida
SN	Order.

Palaeodictyopteroida
USE	Palaeodictyoptera

Palaeofavosites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Tabulata
	.....Favositidae
	......Palaeofavosites
RT	Favosites
SN	Genus.

Palaeoloxodon
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
	.......Elephantoidea
	........Elephantidae
	.........Palaeoloxodon
NT	Palaeoloxodon naumanni
SN	Genus.

Palaeoloxodon naumanni
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
	.......Elephantoidea
	........Elephantidae
	.........Palaeoloxodon
	..........Palaeoloxodon naumanni
SN	Species.

Palaeonisciformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Chondrostei
	......Palaeonisciformes
SN	Order.

Palaeophycus
BT	ichnofossils
	.Palaeophycus

Palaeoproterozoic
USE	Paleoproterozoic

Palaeoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Palaeoptera
NT	Ephemeroptera
	Odonata
	Palaeodictyoptera
SN	Infraclass.

palagonite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..glasses
	...palagonite
RT	palagonitization

palagonitization
BT	metasomatism
	.palagonitization
RT	processes
	alteration
	glasses
	palagonite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Palamau India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Palamau India
SN	District in coal mining area in W Bihar, E India.

Palatinate
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Palatinate
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	Hesse Germany
	Upper Palatinate
SN	Historical region in two parts. Lower or Rhine Palatinate on both sides of Rhine River S of the Main River; and the Upper Palatinate in E Bavaria. Indexed with states as applicable.

Palau
BT	Oceania
	.Micronesia
	..Caroline Islands
	...Palau
UF	Belau
	Pelew
SN	Island group, W Caroline Islands, Micronesia.

Palau-Kyushu Ridge
USE	Kyushu-Palau Ridge

Palawan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Palawan
UF	Paragua
SN	Long, narrow island between N Borneo and W Philippines.

pale

Palencia City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Palencia Spain
	......Palencia City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in S Palencia Province, N Spain. Before 1993, also search Palencia Spain.

Palencia Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Palencia Spain
NT	Palencia City Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in N Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Palencia Province and Spain. For the city, see Palencia City Spain.

paleo

paleo-indian
USE	paleoindian

paleo-oceanography
RT	bathymetry
	ocean basins
	ocean floors
	oceanography
	orbital forcing
	paleocirculation
	paleohydrology
	sea-floor spreading
	sea-level changes
	Southern Oscillation

Paleoarchean
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Paleoarchean

paleoatmosphere
RT	atmosphere
	climate
	Earth
	Gaia hypothesis
	geochemistry
	paleoclimatology
	paleoecology
	paleoenvironment
	paleotemperature
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

paleobathymetry
RT	bathymetry
	ocean floors
	paleocirculation
	paleorelief
	sea-floor spreading

paleobiochemistry
USE	biochemistry

paleobiogeography
USE	biogeography

paleobiology
RT	biochemistry
	biology
	fossils
	geomicrobiology
	paleontology

paleobotany
UF	botany, paleo-
RT	biologic evolution
	biogeography
	fossils
	catalogs
	bibliography
	floral provinces
	biodiversity
	cladistics
	geomicrobiology
	fossilization
	floral studies
	chemosynthesis
	miscellanea
	electron microscopy
	flowers
	leaves
	micropaleontology
	fossil record
	holotypes
	mod
SN	Used for general discussions of fossil Plantae and for the discipline as a whole. See names of major floral groups (list F).

Paleobotany (category)
SN	Paleobotany, GeoRef category code 09 is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

Paleocene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
NT	Danian
	Selandian
	Thanetian
	Beaufort Formation
	Bullion Creek Formation
	Clayton Formation
	Latrobe Group
	Lebo Member
	lower Paleocene
	Ludlow Member
	middle Paleocene
	Midway Group
	Montian
	Nacimiento Formation
	Naheola Formation
	Oak Hill Member
	Pinyon Conglomerate
	Porters Creek Formation
	Ravenscrag Formation
	Sentinel Butte Formation
	Tongue River Member
	Tullock Member
	upper Paleocene
RT	Brianconnais Zone
	Beaverhead Formation
	Imo Shale
	Fort Union Formation
	Claron Formation
	Laramide Orogeny
	Mardin Formation
	Ekofisk Formation
	Intertrappean Beds
	Denver Formation
	Flagstaff Formation
	Hanna Formation
	Huber Formation
	lower Paleogene
	Moreno Forma
SN	World. Lower Tertiary, above Gulfian (Cretaceous), below Eocene.

paleochannels
SN	Not a valid index term for GeoRef. See channels under sedimentary structures planar bedding structures (list K). See also buried channels.

paleocirculation
RT	circulation
	ocean circulation
	paleo-oceanography
	paleobathymetry

paleoclimate maps
BT	maps
	.paleoclimate maps
UF	paleoclimatologic maps
RT	photogeology
	paleoclimatology
	climatologic maps
SN	Before 1985, also search paleoclimatology AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleoclimatic controls
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See paleoclimatology.

paleoclimatic effects
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See paleoclimatology.

paleoclimatologic maps
USE	paleoclimate maps

paleoclimatology
UF	climatology, paleo-
RT	glacial geology
	glaciation
	atmosphere
	encrustations
	fossils
	climate
	arctic environment
	arid environment
	cycles
	boreal environment
	C-13/C-12
	general circulation models
	event stratigraphy
	climate change
	climatologic maps
	fluctuations
	humid environment
	indic
SN	Used for treatments of the climate of a given period of time in the geologic past (prehistory). Indexed with also age and area when possible.

Paleocopida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Paleocopida
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

paleocurrent maps
BT	maps
	.paleocurrent maps
RT	sedimentation
	paleogeography
	paleocurrents
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleocurrents
RT	currents
	ocean currents
	paleocurrent maps
	paleogeography
	paleohydrology
	paleoplacers
	provenance
	sedimentation

paleoe

paleoearthquakes
USE	paleoseismicity

paleoecology
RT	adaptation
	aerobic environment
	anaerobic environment
	anaerobic taxa
	aquatic environment
	archaeology
	arctic environment
	beaches
	behavior
	benthonic taxa
	biodiversity
	biogeography
	biologic evolution
	biostratigraphy
	biotopes
	biotypes
	boreal environment
	carniv
SN	Used for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments, the death of organisms, and their burial and postburial history in the geologic past (prehistoric), based on fossil fauna and flora and their stratigraphic position. For his

paleoenvironment
RT	biotopes
	historical geology
	paleoatmosphere
	paleoecology
	paleogeography
	paleotemperature
	sedimentation
SN	Distinguish from paleoecology.

paleofloods
RT	floods
	paleoecology
	paleohydrology
SN	Not to be used for modern floods. Before 1993, also search paleohydrology AND floods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Paleogene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Paleogene
NT	Paleocene
	Eocene
	Oligocene
	Barail Group
	Bracklesham Beds
	Chadron Formation
	Claron Formation
	Duchesne River Formation
	Ewekoro Formation
	Flagstaff Formation
	Ghost Rocks Formation
	Hanna Formation
	Huber Formation
	Ilerdian
	Imo Shale
	Kenai Group
	lower Paleogene
	Orca Group
	Renova Formation
	Santa Susana Formation
	Sespe Formation
	Sinjar Formation
	Tyonek Formation
	upper Paleogene
	Wasatch Formation
	White River Group
UF	Tertiary
	Eogene
RT	lower Tertiary
	San Lorenzo Formation
SN	An interval of geologic time incorporating the Oligocene, Eocene, and Paleocene of the Tertiary; the lower Tertiary.

paleogeographic controls
RT	controls
	mineral deposits, genesis
	paleogeography
	paleoplacers
SN	As of 1993, restricted to economic studies.

paleogeographic maps
BT	maps
	.paleogeographic maps
RT	paleogeography
	geotectonic maps
SN	Before 1978, also search maps AND paleogeographic.

paleogeography
RT	alluvial plains
	basins
	biogeography
	buried channels
	buried valleys
	Cathaysia
	continental drift
	exhumation
	geography
	geosynclines
	geotectonic maps
	lake-level changes
	land bridges
	Mesogaea
	ocean basins
	paleoclimatology
	paleocurrent maps
	paleocurrents
	paleoe
SN	Used for the study and description of the physical geography of the geologic past before the Holocene. For the geographic distribution of fossil and modern organisms, use biogeography.

paleohydrology
RT	hydrology
	paleo-oceanography
	paleocurrents
	paleofloods
	paleogeography
	paleolimnology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleoi

paleoindian
UF	paleo-indian
RT	biologic evolution
	biogeography
	anthropology
	ontogeny
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

paleokarst
RT	buried features
	hydrology
	karst
	karst hydrology
	geomorphology
	solution features
SN	Indexed with solution features for geomorphologic studies. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

paleolatitude
UF	latitude, paleo-
RT	paleomagnetism
	latitude
	apparent polar wandering
	polar wandering

paleolimnology
RT	glacial lakes
	limnology
	paleohydrology

Paleolithic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Stone Age
	....Paleolithic
NT	Acheulian
	Aurignacian
	Levalloisian
	Magdalenian
	Mousterian
	upper Paleolithic
UF	Old Stone Age
RT	Tertiary
	Pleistocene
	archaeology
	Quaternary
SN	Archaeological classification.

paleomagnetism
UF	magnetism, paleo-
RT	adiabatic demagnetization
	demagnetization
	alternating field demagnetization
	anhysteretic remanent magnetization
	apparent polar wandering
	continental drift
	crust
	Brunhes Chron
	chemical demagnetization
	chemical remanent magnetization
	coercivity
	Curie point
SN	Used for the study of natural remanent magnetization. Always include rock type and age as index terms, if possible.

paleontolo

paleontologic record
USE	fossil record

paleontology
RT	adaptation
	adaptive radiation
	anatomy
	bibliography
	biocenoses
	biochronology
	biodiversity
	biogeographic maps
	biogeography
	biologic evolution
	biometry
	biostratigraphy
	bipedalism
	bones
	casts
	catalogs
	chemical fossils
	cladistics
	collecting
	collections
	contine
SN	Used for discipline as a whole. Indexed with as a general term for studies of general paleontological principles.

Paleontology (category)
SN	Paleontology, GeoRef category codes 08-11, are a group of the thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A

paleopathology
RT	archaeology
	bones
	jaws
	morphology
	paleontology
	shells
	skeletons
	skulls
	taphonomy
	teeth
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleoplacers
RT	alluvium
	diagenesis
	diamonds
	gold ores
	heavy mineral deposits
	mineral exploration
	paleocurrents
	paleogeographic controls
	placers
	sedimentation
	uranium ores
	weathering
SN	Commodity. See List C. Also index type of placer [e.g. diamonds, gold ores, heavy mineral deposits, platinum ores, tin ores]. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

paleoproductivity
SN	As of 1995, not a valid term for GeoRef. Use productivity or biomass or growth rates; AND paleoecology.

Paleoproterozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
NT	Siderian
	Rhyacian
	Orosian
	Statherian
	Aphebian
	Birrimian
	Carpentarian
	Cobalt Group
	Hemlock Formation
	Karelian
	Marquette Range Supergroup
	Mazatzal Orogeny
	Michigamme Formation
	Svecofennian
	Svecofennian Orogeny
	Thomson Formation
	Torngat Orogeny
	Transamazonian Orogeny
	Virginia Formation
	Willyama Complex
	Wollaston Group
UF	lower Proterozoic
	Palaeoproterozoic
RT	Tyler Formation
	Ventersdorp Supergroup
	Fortescue Group
	Harney Peak Granite
	Levack Gneiss
	Little Falls Formation
	Rocknest Formation
	Twilight Gneiss
	Wopmay Orogeny
SN	IUGS approved (1990) chronometric era with ages from 2500 Ma to 1600 Ma.

paleorelief
UF	paleotopography
RT	geomorphology
	paleobathymetry
	landform evolution
	buried features
	exhumation
	buried channels
	buried valleys
	relief

paleosalinity
RT	brackish water
	fluid inclusions
	geochemistry
	salinity
	salt
	sea water

paleoseismicity
UF	paleoearthquakes
	paleoseismology
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	archaeology
	geologic hazards
	seismicity
	seismites
	seismotectonics
SN	Study of past, pre-instrumental earthquakes traceable by structural, geomorphologial or sedimentological features or by geophysical properties in rocks and sediments. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

paleoseismology
USE	paleoseismicity

paleoshorelines
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. For geomorphology, use shorelines; for stratigraphy, use sea-level changes or lake-level changes. Also see transgression or regression; or highstands or lowstands.

Paleosols
UF	fossil soils
RT	soils
	soil group
	buried features
SN	Indexed with soils if applicable.

paleotectonics
SN	A valid term through 1975. After 1975, see tectonics and paleogeography. See also neotectonics.

paleotemperature
RT	geologic thermometry
	lithogeochemistry
	P-T conditions
	P-T-t paths
	paleoatmosphere
	paleoclimatology
	paleoecology
	paleoenvironment
	geochemistry
	temperature
	thermal history
SN	Term reintroduced in 1982. Before 1982, also search temperature; paleotemperatures. Term was valid through 1973. From 1974-1981, temperature was used under paleoclimatology. See geologic thermometry. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

paleotemperatures
SN	Use temperature or geologic thermometry, paleotemperature, or paleoclimatology.

paleotopography
USE	paleorelief

Paleozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
NT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Silurian
	Devonian
	Carboniferous
	Permian
	Acadian Phase
	Alice Springs Orogeny
	Antler Orogeny
	Arbuckle Group
	Baralaba Coal Measures
	Bedford Shale
	Berea Sandstone
	Bird Spring Formation
	Bowers Supergroup
	Broken River Formation
	Bucksport Formation
	Caledonian Orogeny
	Cape Elizabeth Formation
	Casco Bay Group
	Casper Formation
	Catskill Formation
	Chattanooga Shale
	Collier Shale
	Cow Head Group
	Deadwood Formation
	Downtonian
	Dunkard Group
	Earn Group
	Ellesmerian Orogeny
	Ellis Bay Formation
	Endicott Group
	Exshaw Formation
	Geirud Formation
	Hanson Creek Formation
	Hartland Formation
	Hidden Valley Dolomite
	Honaker Trail Formation
	Horton Group
	Hunton Group
	Ishbel Group
	Itarare Subgroup
	Keyser Limestone
	Kittery Formation
	Knox Group
	Laborcita Formation
	Leinster Granite
	Lisburne Group
	lower Paleozoic
	Magdalena Group
	Manhattan Formation
	Maroon Formation
	Matapedia Group
	Merrimack Group
	middle Paleozoic
	Mikabu System
	Minnelusa Formation
	Oquirrh Formation
	Ouachita Orogeny
	Paganzo Group
	Peel Sound Formation
	Petersburg Granite
	Phuket Group
	Pilot Shale
	Rangeley Formation
	Read Bay Formation
	Ringerike Sandstone
	Road River Formation
	Rondout Formation
	Sambagawa Belt
	Shawangunk Formation
	Shoo Fly Complex
	Silvretta Group
	Taconic Orogeny
	Taiyuan Formation
	Talchir Formation
	Talladega Group
	Tensleep Sandstone
	Tippecanoe Sequence
	Tulghes Series
	upper Paleozoic
	Waits River Formation
	Weber Sandstone
	Wells Formation
	Wissahickon Formation
	Woodford Shale
RT	Phanerozoic
	Nubian Sandstone
	Moldanubian
	lower Gondwana System
	Catalina Schist
	Ceneri Zone
	Rhenohercynian
	Saxothuringian
	Klodzko Unit
	Shuswap Complex
	New England Orogeny
	Riggins Group
	Yellow Aster Complex

Palermo Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Palermo Italy
SN	City on Bay of Palermo in NW Sicily.

Palestine
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Palestine
RT	Israel
	Jordan
SN	Approximately coextensive with Israel and the W bank of the Jordan River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Paleudults
BT	soils
	.Ultisols
	..Paleudults
RT	soil group
SN	Great group in the suborder Udults.

palingenesis
RT	anatexis
	assimilation
	magma contamination
	magmas
	metasomatism
	petrology
SN	As of 1978, term is restricted to meaning in petrology. Term is not used in reference to paleontology.

palinspastic reconstruction
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use paleogeography and reconstruction. (Note added 1995.)

Palisades Sill
RT	Colfax County New Mexico
	New Jersey
	New Mexico
	New York
	Westchester County New York
SN	Located along the Hudson River in Paterson County, NE New Jersey and Westchester County, SE New York. Also located in Colfax County, N New Mexico. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

palladium
BT	metals
	.platinum group
	..palladium
UF	Pd
RT	palladium ores
SN	Chemical element. As of 1985, use palladium ores for palladium as a commodity.

palladium ores
BT	metal ores
	.palladium ores
RT	platinum ores
	palladium
SN	Before 1985, also search (palladium OR Pd) AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index. Commodity. See List C.

pallasite
BT	meteorites
	.stony irons
	..pallasite
NT	Eagle Station Meteorite
SN	As of 1978, used for the meteorite. Also used as an igneous rock before 1978. Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

Palliser Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Palliser Formation
RT	Alberta
	Canada

Palm Beach County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Palm Beach County Florida
RT	Biscayne Aquifer
SN	On the Atlantic Ocean in SE Florida.

Palm Springs California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Riverside County California
	...Palm Springs California
SN	City in S California.

Palma de Majorca
USE	Palma Spain

Palma Spain
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Balearic Islands
	..Majorca
	...Palma Spain
UF	Palma de Majorca
SN	City on Majorca. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Palmae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Monocotyledoneae
	....Palmae
UF	Palmales
SN	Family coextensive with order Palmales.

Palmales
USE	Palmae

Palmatolepis
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Palmatolepis
SN	Genus.

Palmdale Bulge
USE	Palmdale California

Palmdale California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Palmdale California
UF	Palmdale Bulge
	Palmdale region
SN	N Los Angeles County, California.

Palmdale region
USE	Palmdale California

Palmer Peninsula
USE	Antarctic Peninsula

Palmottu Project
RT	Finland
	Nummi-Pusula Finland
	programs
	radioactive waste
	waste disposal
	waste disposal sites
SN	At N60#DG27'N60#DG29' E023#DG47'E023#DG45', Nummi-Pusula, SW Finland. U-Th deposit used for waste disposal and other environmental studies. Also search Palmottu Deposit if applicable. Indexed with Nummi-Pusula Finland if applicable.

Palmyrides
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Syria
	...Palmyrides
SN	Mountain belt running SW to NE in Syria.

Palo Alto California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Clara County California
	...Palo Alto California
SN	City SSE of San Francisco in W California.

Palo Alto County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Palo Alto County Iowa

Palo Duro Basin
BT	United States
	.Palo Duro Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Great Plains
SN	E central New Mexico, Texas panhandle and SW Oklahoma. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Palo Pinto County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Palo Pinto County Texas

Palos Verdes Hills
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Palos Verdes Hills
UF	San Pedro Hills
RT	Palos Verdes Peninsula
SN	Occupy peninsula between Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay S of Los Angeles.

Palos Verdes Peninsula
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Palos Verdes Peninsula
RT	San Pedro Bay
	Palos Verdes Hills
SN	Located between Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay in S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

palsas
BT	periglacial features
	.palsas
RT	glacial geology
	taliks
	peat
	mires
	frost action
	frost heaving
	frozen ground
	ice lenses
	tundra
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paludal environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.paludal environment
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	paleoecology
	depositional environment
	mires
	marshes
	swamps
	paludal sedimentation
	muskegs
	tidal marshes
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

paludal sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.paludal sedimentation
RT	mires
	paludal environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Paluxy Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Paluxy Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Paluxy Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Trinity Group
	Arkansas
SN	In Trinity Group. SW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma, and E Texas. This term has multiple hierarchies.

palygorskite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...palygorskite
UF	attapulgite

palynology
RT	biogeography
	fossil record
	geochronology
	geomicrobiology
	micropaleontology
	paleobotany
	paleontology
	palynomorphs
	pollen
	pollen analysis
	pollen diagrams
	relative age
	sample preparation
	stratigraphy
SN	Used for the discipline which is concerned with the study of pollen of seed plants and spores of other embryophytic plants whether living or fossil, including their dispersal and applications. Indexed with only for general studies of the discipline.

palynomorphs
NT	acritarchs
	Chitinozoa
	Dinoflagellata
	megaspores
	miospores
	problematic palynomorphs
RT	Artemisia
	biostratigraphy
	Cladophlebis
	color alteration index
	Corylus
	Dryas
	exine
	floral studies
	monolete taxa
	palynology
	microfossils
	plankton
	Plantae
	pollen analysis
	pollen diagrams
	Pyrrhophyta
	spores
	Tasmanites
SN	Used for pollen of seed plants and spores of other embryophytic plants, whether living or fossil, including their dispersal and applications. Before 1998, microfossils was a broader term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Pambak Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Pambak Armenia
UF	Bambak Armenia
SN	NE section of city of Kirovakan in N central Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pamir Range
USE	Pamirs

Pamirs
BT	Asia
	.Central Asia
	..Pamirs
NT	Darvaz
UF	Pamir Range
RT	Afghanistan
	Tajikistan
	India
	Darvaza Range
	Zeravshan Range
	Uzbekistan
	Xinjiang China
SN	High altitude region, mostly in Tajikistan, Central Asia, but parts extend into Uzbekistan, China, India, and Afghanistan. This term was restricted to use in Central Asia (former Soviet territory) from 1981-1993. Indexed with countries and/or provinces as

Pamlico County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pamlico County North Carolina

Pamlico River
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pamlico River
RT	Beaufort County North Carolina
	Pungo River
SN	Bisects Beaufort County and flows into Pamlico Sound. Estuary of the Tar River.

Pamlico Sound
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pamlico Sound
SN	Between E North Carolina mainland and narrow islands off the coast. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Pampa
USE	Pampas

Pampas
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Pampas
UF	Pampa
RT	Pampean Mountains
SN	Vast, treeless, fertile plain extending N and S approximately 1000 miles from lower Parana River to Patagonia, and from the Atlantic to the Andean piedmont. The humid Pampas are in the E and the dry Pampas are in the W.

Pampean Mountains
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Pampean Mountains
UF	Sierras Pampeanas
RT	San Juan Argentina
	Catamarca Argentina
	Cordoba Argentina
	La Rioja Argentina
	Pampas
	Salta Argentina
	San Luis Argentina
	Tucuman Argentina
SN	NW Argentina.

Pamplona Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Navarra Spain
	.....Pamplona Spain
RT	Navarre
SN	City in central Navarra, N Spain.

Pamunkey River
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Pamunkey River
SN	E Virginia, about 15 miles NE of Richmond. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pan-African Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Pan-African Orogeny
UF	Eburnean Orogeny
RT	orogeny
	tectonics
	Africa
	Transamazonian Orogeny
	Delamerian Orogeny
	Mauritanides
	Ross Orogeny
SN	Before 1978, also search orogeny AND Pan-African or Pan African.

Panagyurishte Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Plovdiv Bulgaria
	....Panagyurishte Bulgaria
RT	Sredna Gora
SN	Plovdiv district, W Central Bulgaria in central Sredna Gora on Luda Yana River.

Panama
BT	Central America
	.Panama
NT	Darien
	Sansan Panama

Panama Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Panama Basin
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	ODP Site 896
SN	SW of Panama and W of Colombia.

Panama Canal Zone
BT	Central America
	.Panama Canal Zone
UF	Canal Zone (Panama)
SN	10 mile strip of territory across Panama in which canal is located.

Panamint Range
BT	United States
	.California
	..Inyo County California
	...Panamint Range
SN	W of Death Valley in Inyo County in E California.

Panasqueira Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Panasqueira Portugal
SN	Village in S Portugal.

Panay Island
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Panay Island
RT	Iloilo Basin
	Iloilo Philippine Islands
SN	One of the Visayan Islands midway between Luzon and Mindanao. Also search Panay.

Panch Mahals India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Panch Mahals India
UF	Panchmahal India
SN	District in Gujarat, W India.

Panchet Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Panchet Series
RT	India
	Bihar India
SN	Series of rocks overlying the Damuda Series in the Raniganj coal field.

Panchmahal India
USE	Panch Mahals India

PANDA
UF	Portable Array for Numerical Data Analysis
RT	seismic methods
	ground methods
	arrays
	seismic networks
	high-resolution methods
	three-component seismographs
SN	Acronym. Also index PANDA II if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Panderodus
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Panderodus

Pangaea
UF	Pangea
RT	Gondwana
	continental drift
	supercontinents
	Northern Hemisphere
	Laurasia
	Panthalassa
SN	Name proposed for the supercontinent comprising all the landmasses on earth which existed about 300 million years ago prior to continental drift.

Pangea
USE	Pangaea

Panhandle
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. An area or projection of land like the handle of a pan which occurs in a number of states. As of 1993, see Alaska Panhandle, Florida Panhandle, Idaho Panhandle, Oklahoma Panhandle, Texas Panhandle, or West Virginia Panha

panning
RT	mineral exploration
	placers
	sampling
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pannonia
BT	Europe
	.Pannonia
RT	Yugoslavia
	Serbia
	Austria
	Pannonian Basin
	Hungary
SN	Ancient Roman province S and W of the Danube. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Pannonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Pannonian
RT	Pliocene
	lower Pliocene
SN	Europe. Before 1993, this may have been used for lower Pliocene.

Pannonian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Pannonian Basin
NT	Romanian Pannonian Basin
	Slovakian Pannonian Basin
RT	Croatia
	Slovenia
	Serbia
	Austria
	Romania
	Pannonia
	Hungary
	Slovakia
	Moravia
SN	W Romania, SE Austria, Hungary W of the Danube, N Serbia, Slovenia, S Moravia, and S Slovakia. Also search Pannonia. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Panola County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Panola County Mississippi
SN	NW Mississippi.

Panola County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Panola County Texas
SN	E Texas.

Pantar
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Lesser Sunda Islands
	...Pantar
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Pantar
SN	Island of the Alor group 60 miles NW of Timor. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pantellaria
USE	Pantelleria

Pantelleria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Pantelleria
UF	Pantellaria
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcanic Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea between Sicily and Tunisia.

pantellerite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..rhyolites
	...pantellerite
RT	comendite

Panthalassa
RT	paleogeography
	Pangaea
	Tethys
SN	Ocean surrounding Pangaea. Indexed with continents as applicable.

Pantodonta
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Amblypoda
	.......Pantodonta
RT	Ungulata
SN	Suborder.

Pantotheria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Pantotheria
SN	Order.

Panxi Rift
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sichuan China
	....Panxi Rift
SN	SW China. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Papaloapan River basin
BT	Mexico
	.Veracruz Mexico
	..Papaloapan River basin
SN	In state of Veracruz, SE Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

paper chromatography
USE	chromatography

Papineau County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Papineau County Quebec

Papua
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Papua
SN	Former Australian territory. Denotes the southern half of new state of Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
NT	Bismarck Archipelago
	Bougainville
	Huon Peninsula
	Louisiade Archipelago
	New Britain
	New Ireland
	Papua
	Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
	Southern Highlands Papua New Guinea
	Vanimo Papua New Guinea
UF	Papua-New Guinea
RT	Rat Island
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Malay Archipelago
	New Guinea
	Solomon Islands
	Toro Formation
	Papuan Basin
	Papuan fold belt
	Woodlark Basin
SN	Eastern half of the island of New Guinea. Comprises Papua and the former Australian U.N. trusteeship of The Territory of New Guinea, plus the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bougainville, Buka and Green islands of the W Solomon Islands. Became an independent st

Papua-New Guinea
USE	Papua New Guinea

Papuan

Papuan Basin
RT	Coral Sea
	Irian Jaya Indonesia
	Papua New Guinea
SN	E New Guinea and adjacent offshore Gulf of Papua, Coral Sea. Indexed with Irian Jaya Indonesia and/or Papua New Guinea and/or Coral Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Papuan fold belt
RT	Coral Sea
	Irian Jaya Indonesia
	Papua New Guinea
SN	Papuan Basin, largely in E New Guinea (Papua New Guinea). Indexed with Irian Jaya Indonesia and/or Papua New Guinea and/or Coral Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Para Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Para Brazil
NT	Marajo
RT	Barreiras Formation
	Brazilian Shield
	Tocantins River region
SN	State in N Brazil.

para-amphibolite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.amphibolites
	..para-amphibolite

Parablastoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Parablastoidea

Paracel Islands
USE	Xisha Islands

paracelsian
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...barium feldspar
	....paracelsian
RT	celsian

Parachute Creek Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Parachute Creek Member
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Green River Formation
SN	Of Green River Formation. NW Colorado and NE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Paracrinoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Paracrinoidea

Paradox Basin
BT	United States
	.Paradox Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	Bluff Formation
	Desert Creek Zone
	Four Corners
	Gibson Dome
	Ismay Zone
	Uncompahgre Uplift
SN	In the Four Corners area of the SW U.S. where the boundaries of 4 states intersect. Indexed with states as applicable.

Paradox Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Paradox Member
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Hermosa Formation
SN	Of Hermosa Formation. W Colorado and SE Utah.

paraffins
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....paraffins
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paragenesis
UF	mineral sequence
	paragenetic sequence
RT	minerals
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	clay mineralogy
	sedimentary rocks
	rocks
	metasomatism
	mineral deposits, genesis
	economic geology
	metamorphism
	phase equilibria
	crystallography
	mineral assemblages
	genesis
SN	For detailed treatment of mineral sequences in metamorphosed or altered rocks and mineral deposits. Indexed with with type of material.

paragenetic sequence
USE	paragenesis

paragneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..paragneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasedimentary rocks
	..paragneiss
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

paragonite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...paragonite

Paragua
USE	Palawan

Paraguana Peninsula
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Falcon Venezuela
	...Paraguana Peninsula
SN	Between the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela in N Falcon, NW Venezuela.

Paraguay
BT	South America
	.Paraguay
NT	Chaco Paraguay
RT	Chaco
	Parana Basin
	Parana River
	Botucatu Formation
	Serra Geral Formation

Parahiba Brazil
USE	Paraiba Brazil

Parahyba Brazil
USE	Paraiba Brazil

Paraiba Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Paraiba Brazil
UF	Parahiba Brazil
	Parahyba Brazil
RT	Borborema
	Recife-Joao Pessoa
SN	State in NE Brazil.

parallel faults
BT	faults
	.parallel faults
SN	Before 1978, also search faults AND parallel.

parallel folds
USE	concentric folds

parallel processing
BT	data processing
	.parallel processing
RT	neural networks
	data retrieval
	data storage
	computers
	data handling
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

parameters
SN	A valid general term through 1978. See factors. Also included use for lattice parameters (crystal structure); see lattice parameters.

Paramushir
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Russian Pacific region
	...Kuril Islands
	....Paramushir
SN	Large island in the N Kuril Islands near S tip of Kamchatka Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Parana Ba

Parana Basin
BT	South America
	.Parana Basin
UF	Parana River basin
RT	Brazil
	Argentina
	San Gregorio Formation
	Paraguay
	Itarare Subgroup
SN	River basin. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Parana Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Parana Brazil
RT	Acungui Group
	Brazilian Shield
	Estrada Nova Formation
	Irati Formation
	Serra do Mar
SN	State in S Brazil.

Parana River
BT	South America
	.Parana River
RT	Brazil
	Argentina
	Paraguay
	Rio de la Plata
SN	Formed in S central Brazil by the confluence of the Rio Grande and the Paranaiba rivers. It flows SW and S into the Rio de la Plata. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Parana River basin
USE	Parana Basin

Paranthropus
BT	minidae
	.Paranthropus
SN	Genus.

pararammelsbergite
BT	arsenides
	.pararammelsbergite
RT	rammelsbergite

parasequences
RT	retrogradation
	sequence stratigraphy
	stratigraphy

parasites
RT	bacteria
	epibiotism
	fungi

paratacamite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..paratacamite
RT	atacamite

Paratethys
RT	continental drift
	Tethys

Paratunka Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kamchatka Russian Federation
	...Paratunka Russian Federation
SN	Village just W of Petropavlosk Kamchatskiy in S Kamchatka Oblast on Kamchatka Peninsula. Before 1993, Paratunka Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

paratypes
RT	fossils
	holotypes
	paleobotany
	paleontology
	taxonomy
	type specimens
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Parece Vela Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Philippine Sea
	....Parece Vela Basin
UF	West Mariana Basin
RT	Leg 6
	Leg 59
	DSDP Site 449
	DSDP Site 450
	DSDP Site 452
	DSDP Site 53
	DSDP Site 54
SN	Central Philippine Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pareiasauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
	......Pareiasauria

parent bodies
RT	asteroids
	comets
	meteorites
	meteoroids
	planetology
	protoliths
	relict materials
SN	As of 1993, restricted to use with meteorites and extraterrestrial bodies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

parent materials
RT	factors
	horizons
	materials
	pedogenesis
	soils
	weathering

parent rocks
USE	protoliths

pargasite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...clinoamphibole
	....pargasite

Paria Peninsula
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Sucre Venezuela
	...Paria Peninsula
SN	NE Venezuela. Along with island of Trinidad nearly encloses Gulf of Paria.

Paricutin
BT	Mexico
	.Michoacan Mexico
	..Paricutin
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano on site of former village of Paricutin in SW Mexico.

Paring Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Paring Mountains
RT	Carpathians
	Transylvanian Alps
SN	In the Transylvanian Alps.

Paris Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Paris Basin
RT	Paris France
SN	Chief depression of N and N central France. Bounded by English Channel on NW, Amorican Massif on W, Massif Central on S, and plateaus of Langres and Lorraine on E.

Paris France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Paris France
RT	Paris Basin
	Seine
	Seine-et-Oise
SN	Department in N central France. Includes the city of Paris. Before 1993, also search Paris region AND France.

Park City Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Park City Formation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
SN	NE Utah, NW Colorado, E Idaho, SW Montana, and central and E Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Park City Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Summit County Utah
	...Park City Utah
SN	City in N central Utah.

Park County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Park County Colorado
NT	Alma mining district
SN	Central Colorado.

Park County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Park County Montana
RT	Bridger Range
	Crazy Mountains
	Crazy Mountains Basin
	Gallatin Range
SN	S Montana.

Park County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Park County Wyoming
NT	Powell Wyoming
RT	Yellowstone National Park
	Gallatin Range
	Sunlight
	Wood River
SN	NW Wyoming.

Parke County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Parke County Indiana

Parker County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Parker County Texas
SN	N Texas.

Parkfield California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Parkfield California
RT	Parkfield earthquakes
	Kettleman Hills earthquake 1985
	Parkfield earthquake 1966
SN	Village near Fresno County line in W California. Location of earthquakes. Also site of Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment.

Parkfield earthquake 1966
BT	earthquakes
	.Parkfield earthquake 1966
RT	California
	Parkfield California
SN	Epicenter near Parkfield, California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Parkfield earthquakes
BT	earthquakes
	.Parkfield earthquakes
RT	California
	San Andreas Fault
	earthquake prediction
	induced earthquakes
	Parkfield California
SN	Series of earthquakes with epicenters near Parkfield, Central California. Associated with earthquake prediction experiment. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Parkman Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Parkman Sandstone
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Montana Group
	Judith River Formation
SN	In Montana Group. N Wyoming and S Montana.

Parkwood Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Parkwood Formation
RT	Alabama
SN	N Alabama. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Parma Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Emilia-Romagna Italy
	....Parma Italy
SN	City in NW Emilia-Romagna, N central Italy.

Parmer County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Parmer County Texas

Parnaiba Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Parnaiba Basin
RT	Maranhao Brazil
	Piaui Brazil
SN	River basin. NE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.

Parnalee
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Parnallee Meteorite for the LL chondrite which landed in India.

Parnassos
USE	Parnassus

Parnassus
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Sterea Ellas
	....Parnassus
UF	Parnassos
SN	One of highest massifs in central Greece. N of Gulf of Corinth.

Parras Basin
BT	Mexico
	.Coahuila Mexico
	..Parras Basin
UF	Parras de la Fuente
SN	S Coahuila in NE central Mexico. Also search Parras.

Parras de la Fuente
USE	Parras Basin

Parry Sound District Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Parry Sound District Ontario
NT	Parry Sound Ontario
SN	SE Ontario.

Parry Sound Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Parry Sound District Ontario
	....Parry Sound Ontario
SN	Town in SE Ontario on E shore of Georgian Bay.

parsimony
RT	biologic evolution
	cladistics
	models
	phylogeny
	statistical analysis
SN	Principle or criterion that the most efficient or simplest assumption or explanation is the most likely.

partial melting
RT	magma transport
	magmas
	magmatic differentiation
	mantle
	melting
	melts
	phase equilibria
	plate tectonics

partial pressure
RT	fugacity
	Henry's law
	pressure

partial thermoremanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..partial thermoremanent magnetization
RT	paleomagnetism
	thermoremanent magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

particle precipitation
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ionosphere.

particle radiation
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with astrophysics and solar physics.

particle tracks
UF	cosmic-ray tracks
RT	particles
	cosmic rays
	radioactivity
	fission-track dating
	fission tracks
	particle-track dating
	radiation damage
SN	Used for the phenomenon. For dating method, use particle-track dating. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

particle-induced X-ray emission
BT	spectroscopy
	.emission spectroscopy
	..particle-induced X-ray emission
BT	spectroscopy
	.X-ray spectroscopy
	..particle-induced X-ray emission
UF	PIXE method
	proton-induced X-ray emission
RT	chemical analysis
	alpha-ray spectroscopy
	X-ray analysis
	protons
	trace-element analyses
	neon
	PIXE spectra
SN	Used for multi-element analysis of solid samples which are excited with a beam of nuclear particles, usually protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), or sometimes alpha particles or neon ions. The abbreviation PIXE may also be used for proton-induced X-ray emi

particle-track dating
UF	dating, particle-track
RT	geochronology
	relative age
	cosmic rays
	fission-track dating
	fission tracks
	particle tracks
	radiation damage
SN	Cosmic-ray tracks.

particles
RT	activation energy
	aerosols
	agglutinates
	cosmic dust
	cosmic rays
	electromagnetic radiation
	electrons
	fines
	fission
	fragments
	grains
	granulometry
	intensity
	interplanetary dust
	interplanetary space
	ions
	meteorology
	Moon
	neutrons
	particle tracks
	precipitation
SN	General term.

particulate materials
RT	atmospheric transport
	Born approximation
	clastic sediments
	coarse-grained materials
	fine-grained materials
	fines
	granular materials
	materials
	unconsolidated materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

parting lineation
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..parting lineation
UF	current lineations
	current partings
RT	lineation

partition coefficients
UF	coefficients, partition
	distribution coefficients
RT	crystal chemistry
	partitioning
	chemical ratios
	high-field-strength elements

partitioning
RT	chemical fractionation
	crystal chemistry
	Henry's law
	lithogeochemistry
	partition coefficients
	geochemistry
	phase equilibria

Partridge Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Partridge Formation
RT	Vermont
	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

partridgeite
USE	bixbyite

Pas-de-Calais France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pas-de-Calais France
NT	Boulogne France
	Boulonnais
RT	Nord-Pas-de-Calais Basin
SN	Department in extreme N France.

Pasadena California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Pasadena California
SN	City in S California.

Pasamonte Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...eucrite
	....Pasamonte Meteorite
RT	New Mexico
	Union County New Mexico
SN	Impact near village of Pasamonte in Union County, New Mexico. Before 1981, also search Pasamonte AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pasayten Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Pasayten Group
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	Stratigraphically above Dewdney Creek Formation. S British Columbia and Central N Washington.

Pascagoula River basin
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Pascagoula River basin
SN	SE Mississippi.

Pascal
RT	computer languages
	computer programs
	data bases
	data processing
	information systems
SN	Computer language. Also PASCAL, a French geological data base. Indexed with computer languages or data bases as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pasco Basin
RT	Channeled Scabland
	Hanford Reservation
	Washington
SN	S central Washington. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Pasco County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Pasco County Florida
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in W central Florida.

Paskapoo Formation
RT	Alberta
	Canada
	Cretaceous
	Eocene
	K-T boundary
	Paleocene
	Saskatchewan
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable.

Pasquotank County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pasquotank County North Carolina

Passa Dois Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Passa Dois Group
RT	Brazil
	Irati Formation

Passaic County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Passaic County New Jersey
SN	N New Jersey.

Passaic Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Passaic Formation
RT	Triassic
	Jurassic
	Upper Triassic
	Lower Jurassic
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	New Jersey
	Brunswick Formation
	Newark Supergroup
	Newark Basin
SN	Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic. SE Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. In Newark Supergroup. Conformably overlies Lockatong Formation; underlies Orange Mountain Basalt. Formerly lower part of Brunswick Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Ad

Passaic River
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Passaic River
RT	Passaic River basin
SN	NE New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Passaic River basin
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Passaic River basin
RT	Passaic River
SN	River basin in NE New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Passau Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Passau Germany
SN	City on the Danube River at the Austrian border in E Bavaria, SE Germany.

passband filters
UF	band-pass filters
RT	filters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

PASSCAL
UF	Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere
RT	seismic methods
	arrays
	seismic networks
	lithosphere
	programs
	IRIS network
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Passeriformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Aves
	....Neornithes
	.....Passeriformes
SN	Order.

passive

passive margins
UF	Atlantic-type margins
RT	rift zones
	plate boundaries
	plate tectonics
	rifting
	accreting plate boundary
	plate divergence
	continental margin
	aseismic margins
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

passive methods
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	methods
	remote sensing
	seismic methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Patagonia
BT	South America
	.Patagonia
NT	Patagonian Andes
RT	Argentina
	Chile
	Patagonian Batholith
	Santa Cruz Argentina
	Chubut Argentina
	Magallanes Chile
	Rio Negro Argentina
SN	Region. A barren tableland S of the Pampas, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Andes. Indexed with provinces or countries as applicable.

Patagonia Cordillera
USE	Patagonian Andes

Patagonian Andes
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Patagonian Andes
BT	South America
	.Patagonia
	..Patagonian Andes
UF	Patagonia Cordillera
RT	Argentina
	Chile
	Patagonian Batholith
SN	Mountain range extending the length of Patagonia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Patagonian Batholith
BT	South America
	.Patagonian Batholith
RT	Argentina
	Chile
	Patagonia
	Patagonian Andes
SN	Indexed with provinces or countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

patch reefs
BT	reefs
	.patch reefs
RT	platform reefs

paternoite
USE	kaliborite

pathfinder elements
USE	pathfinders

Pathfinder Program, Mars
USE	Mars Pathfinder Program

pathfinders
UF	pathfinder elements
RT	geochemical methods
	mineral exploration
	chemical elements
	exploration
SN	Used in geochemical exploration. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Patom Plateau
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Patom Plateau
BT	Asia
	.Patom Plateau
RT	Irkutsk Russian Federation
SN	Between Lena and Vitim rivers in NE Irkutsk Oblast N of Lake Baikal. Also search Patom. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Patrick County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Patrick County Virginia

pattern recognition
RT	analysis
	data processing
	identification
	imagery
	mathematical geology
	neural networks
	patterns
	statistical analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

patterned ground
UF	ground, patterned
RT	glacial geology
	geomorphology
	congelifraction
	cryoturbation
	frost action
	frost heaving
	periglacial features
	polygons

patterns
RT	dispersion patterns
	drainage patterns
	dynamos
	interference patterns
	pattern recognition
	preferential flow
	regional patterns
	Rietveld refinement
	self-organization
	self-similarity

Patuxent River
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Patuxent River
SN	Rises in central Maryland and flows S and SE into Chesapeake Bay.

Pau France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
	....Pau France
SN	City in extreme SW part of country.

Paucituberculata
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Paucituberculata

Paulding County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Paulding County Georgia

Paulding County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Paulding County Ohio

Pauni India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Pauni India
SN	Town in central Madhya Pradesh.

pavements
SN	This term used in the engineering sense is usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. As of 1993, see aggregate, asphalt, cement materials, construction materials, gravel deposits, highways, road materials, or desert pavement if applicable.

Pavia Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Pavia Italy
UF	Oltrepo Pavese Italy
SN	City and province S of Milan.

Pavlodar Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Pavlodar Kazakhstan
NT	Boshchekul Kazakhstan
	Ekibastuz Kazakhstan
SN	Oblast and town in NE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pavlof
UF	Pavlof Volcano
RT	volcanoes
	Alaska Peninsula
	Southwestern Alaska
SN	Volcano. Alaska Peninsula, SW Alaska. Indexed with Southwestern Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pavlof Volcano
USE	Pavlof

Pavlograd Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
	...Pavlograd Ukraine
SN	City in Dnepropetrovsk Oblast in E central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pawhuska Rock Plain
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Osage County Oklahoma
	...Pawhuska Rock Plain
SN	Osage County in N Oklahoma.

Pawnee County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Pawnee County Kansas
SN	SW central Kansas.

Pawnee County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Pawnee County Nebraska
SN	SE Nebraska.

Pawnee County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Pawnee County Oklahoma
SN	N Oklahoma.

Pay-Khoy
USE	Pai-Khoi

Payette County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Payette County Idaho

Payne County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Payne County Oklahoma
NT	Stillwater Oklahoma
SN	N central Oklahoma.

Payson Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Utah County Utah
	...Payson Utah
SN	City in central Utah.

Payun Matru
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Mendoza Argentina
	...Payun Matru
UF	Payun Matru Volcano
	Payun-Matru
	Payun-Matru Volcano
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano on Payun Plateau in SW Mendoza.

Payun Matru Volcano
USE	Payun Matru

Payun-Matru
USE	Payun Matru

Payun-Matru Volcano
USE	Payun Matru

Pb
USE	lead

Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pb-204
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-204
RT	Pb-206/Pb-204
	U-238/Pb-204
	Pb-207/Pb-204
	Pb-208/Pb-204
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-204/Pb-206
USE	Pb-206/Pb-204

Pb-204/Pb-208
USE	Pb-208/Pb-204

Pb-206
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-206
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-206
RT	Pb-206/Pb-204
	Pb-207/Pb-206
	Pb-208/Pb-206
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-206 Pb-207
USE	Pb-207/Pb-206

Pb-206/Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pb-206/Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-206/Pb-204
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-206/Pb-204
UF	Pb-204/Pb-206
RT	isotope ratios
	HIMU
	Pb-204
	Pb-206
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-206/Pb-207
USE	Pb-207/Pb-206

Pb-207
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-207
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-207
RT	Pb-207/Pb-204
	Pb-207/Pb-206
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-207/Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pb-207/Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-207/Pb-204
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-207/Pb-204
RT	isotope ratios
	Pb-204
	Pb-207
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-207/Pb-206
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-207/Pb-206
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-207/Pb-206
UF	Pb-206 Pb-207
	Pb-206/Pb-207
RT	isotope ratios
	Pb-206
	Pb-207
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-208
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-208
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-208
RT	Pb-208/Pb-204
	Pb-208/Pb-206
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-208/Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pb-208/Pb-204
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-208/Pb-204
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-208/Pb-204
UF	Pb-204/Pb-208
RT	isotope ratios
	Pb-204
	Pb-208
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-208/Pb-206
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Pb-208/Pb-206
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-208/Pb-206
RT	isotope ratios
	Pb-206
	Pb-208
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb-210
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pb-210
BT	metals
	.lead
	..Pb-210
RT	absolute age
	Pb/Pb
	Pb/Th
	U/Pb
SN	Isotope used in age determination. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pb/Pb
UF	lead-lead
RT	absolute age
	Pb-210
	Pb/Th
	isotope ratios
	lead
	U/Pb
SN	Isotopic ratio used in age determination.

Pb/Th
UF	thorium-lead
RT	absolute age
	Pb-210
	Pb/Pb
	isotope ratios
	lead
	thorium
	U/Pb
SN	Isotopic ratio used in age determination.

PCB
USE	PCBs

PCB's
USE	PCBs

PCBs
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...PCBs
UF	PCB
	PCB's
	polychlorinated biphenyls
	polychlorobiphenyls
RT	pollution
	pollutants
	toxic materials
	industrial waste
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

PCE
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Sometimes used for perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene). May also be used for pseudocholinesterase.

PCP
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use pentachlorophenol if applicable.

PcP waves
USE	PcP-waves

PcP-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PcP-waves
UF	PcP waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

PCs
SN	As of 1993, use microcomputers if applicable. Also see minicomputers.

Pd
USE	palladium

Peace

Peace River
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
	Florida
	Western Canada
SN	Flows from E British Columbia into the Snake River just N of Lake Athabasca, N Alberta. Also a river in W Florida. Indexed with U. S. counties or Canadian provinces as applicable.

Peace River Arch
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Peace River Arch
SN	W Alberta. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Peace River Formation
RT	Alberta
	Albian
	British Columbia
	Cretaceous
	Florida
	Hawthorn Formation
	Neogene
SN	Albian. Alberta and British Columbia. Also Neogene in Florida; in Hawthorn Formation? For Western Canada, also search Peace River oil sands. Indexed with ages and locations as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Peace Valley Beds
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....middle Pliocene
	......Peace Valley Beds
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Peach County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Peach County Georgia

Peach Springs Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Peach Springs Tuff
RT	California
	Arizona
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Peak District
RT	Derbyshire England
	Pennines
SN	Plateau region in N central England at S end of Pennine Chain. Indexed with Derbyshire England as applicable.

pearceite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfarsenites
	..pearceite

Pearl Harbor
BT	United States
	.Hawaii
	..Honolulu County Hawaii
	...Oahu
	....Pearl Harbor
SN	Inlet on S coast of Oahu 6 miles W of Honolulu. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pearl River
RT	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	United States
	Zhujiang River
SN	Central and S Mississippi and SE Louisiana. For Pearl River in China, use Zhujiang River. Indexed with states or regions as applicable. Not for use in China. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pearl River County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Pearl River County Mississippi

Pearl River, China
USE	Zhujiang River

Pearlette Volcanic Ash
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Pearlette Volcanic Ash
SN	SW Kansas.

pearlite
USE	perlite

pearls
RT	aragonite
	gems
	Mollusca

Pearsall Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Pearsall Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Pearsall Formation
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Trinity Group
SN	In Trinity Group. S Texas and Louisiana. Includes Cow Creek Member. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Peary Land
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Peary Land
SN	Region in extreme N Greenland on Arctic Ocean.

peat
BT	sediments
	.peat
NT	fuel peat
	horticultural peat
RT	organic compounds
	lignite
	biogenic structures
	ash content
	coal
	Bog soils
	Histosols
	mires
	peatlands
	inventory
	coal exploration
	palsas
	humification
	humus
SN	See List C for use as a commodity term.

peat bogs
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use bogs AND peat; see peatlands.

peatlands
BT	mires
	.peatlands
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	horticultural peat
	peat
	bogs
	swamps
	fuel peat
	Sphagnum
	muskegs
SN	Mainly used for economic studies. Before 1998, also search peat bogs. See mires for other types. Indexed with type of peatlands e.g. bogs (See mires.). Also index fuel peat and/or horticultural peat if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Pebble Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Pebble Shale
RT	Alaska
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

pebbles
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..pebbles
RT	ventifacts
	amygdules
	gravel
	terrigenous materials
	cobbles
	shingle
	rounding

Pechenga
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Murmansk Russian Federation
	...Pechenga
UF	Petsamo
SN	Territory, formerly in N Finland, which was called Petsamo. Now it is part of Murmansk Oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pechora Basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Pechora Basin
BT	Europe
	.Pechora Basin
RT	coal fields
	Moscow-Pechora Syneclise
	Komi Russian Federation
	Timan-Pechora region
SN	Coal basin mainly in basin of Usa River in NE Komi Autonomous Republic in NE European Russian Federation. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pechora River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Pechora River
BT	Europe
	.Pechora River
RT	Nenets Russian Federation
	Moscow-Pechora Syneclise
	Komi Russian Federation
SN	Rises in the Central Urals of N Perm Oblast and flows N through the Komi Autonomous Republic, and the Nenets National Okrug into Pechora Bay. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pechora Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Komi Russian Federation
	...Pechora Russian Federation
SN	City in Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on left bank of Pechora River in NE European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pechora Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pecopteris
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Filicopsida
	...Pecopteris
RT	Gymnospermae
	Pteridospermae
	Glossopteris
SN	Genus.

Pecos County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Pecos County Texas
RT	Central Basin Platform
	Glass Mountains
SN	Extreme W Texas.

Pecos River
BT	United States
	.Pecos River
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	E New Mexico and SW Texas. Joins Rio Grande at Armistad Reservoir. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pecos River valley
BT	United States
	.Pecos River valley
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Also search Pecos River. Indexed with states as applicable.

Pectinacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Pteriina
	....Pectinacea
NT	Daonella
	Halobia
	Monotis
	Pectinidae
SN	Superfamily.

Pectinidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Pteriina
	....Pectinacea
	.....Pectinidae
SN	Family.

pectolite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pectolite

pediments
BT	erosion features
	.pediments
RT	geomorphology
	erosion surfaces

pediplains
BT	erosion features
	.erosion surfaces
	..pediplains
UF	desert pediplains
	desert plains
	pediplanes
RT	plains
	geomorphology
	peneplains

pediplanes
USE	pediplains

pedogenesis
RT	chronosequences
	climate
	factors
	genesis
	horizon differentiation
	humification
	leaching
	parent materials
	salinization
	soils
	time factor
	toposequences
SN	Before 1982, search soils AND genesis. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

pedons
RT	humus
	soil profiles
	soil sampling
	soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pedregosa Basin
BT	North America
	.Pedregosa Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Chihuahua Mexico
	Arizona
	Sonora Mexico
SN	Indexed with Mexican and U.S. states as applicable.

Peedee Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Peedee Formation
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	Variable gray to green argillaceous sands and impure limestones. E North Carolina and E South Carolina.

Peekskill New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Westchester County New York
	...Peekskill New York
SN	City in SE New York.

Peel River
RT	New South Wales Australia
	Northwest Territories
	Yukon Territory
SN	Flows into Mackenzie River, NW Canada. Also in other locations. Indexed with territories or regions as applicable.

Peel Sound Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Peel Sound Formation
RT	Silurian
	Devonian
	Canada
	Franklin District Northwest Territories
	Northwest Territories
SN	Franklin District.

pegmatite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...pegmatite
RT	graphic granite
	micropegmatite
	Plotina Deposit
SN	See List C for use as a commodity term.

Peichang
USE	Peikang Taiwan

Peikang Taiwan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Peikang Taiwan
UF	Peichang
SN	Town in W central Taiwan.

Peking
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Beijing China.

pelag

Pelagian Sea
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.Pelagian Sea
NT	Gulf of Gabes
RT	East Mediterranean
SN	Mediterranean Sea, W of Malta, E of Tunisia and S of Sicily. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

pelagic environment
RT	deep-water environment
	depositional environment
	hemipelagic environment
	lacustrine environment
	marine environment
	oceanography
	pelagic sedimentation
	sedimentation
SN	Before 1978, search pelagic. Indexed with marine environment or lacustrine environment if applicable.

pelagic sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.pelagic sedimentation
RT	pelagic environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pelecypoda
USE	Bivalvia

Pelew
USE	Palau

pelite
USE	shale

pelitic gneiss
SN	A valid metamorphic rock term through 1977. Use gneisses and pelitic texture.

pelitic rocks
USE	pelitic texture

pelitic schist
USE	slates

pelitic texture
BT	textures
	.pelitic texture
UF	pelitic rocks
RT	metamorphic rocks
	sedimentary rocks
SN	Before 1978, search pelitic AND texture.

pelletization
RT	production
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pellets
RT	oolite
	pisoliths

Pelmatozoa
USE	Crinozoa

Pelomedusidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Chelonia
	......Pelomedusidae
SN	Family.

Pelona Schist
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Pelona Schist
RT	California
SN	Precambrian(?). S California.

Peloponnese
USE	Peloponnesus Greece

Peloponnesos
USE	Peloponnesus Greece

Peloponnesus Greece
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Peloponnesus Greece
NT	Argolis Greece
	Corinth Greece
	Gavrovo Zone
	Megalopolis Basin
	Tripolis Greece
UF	Peloponnese
	Peloponnesos
RT	Kalamata earthquake 1986
	Hellenides
	Gulf of Corinth
	Hellenic Arc
SN	Administrative region and peninsula forming S Greece.

Peloritani Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Peloritani Mountains
RT	Calabrian Arc
SN	NE Sicily.

Pelotas Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Pelotas Basin
RT	Santa Catarina Brazil
	Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
SN	River basin. Indexed with states as applicable.

pelves
USE	pelvises

pelvic cavity
USE	pelvises

pelvis
USE	pelvises

pelvises
UF	pelves
	pelvic cavity
	pelvis
RT	paleontology
	morphology
	anatomy
	bones
	skeletons
	locomotion

Pelvoux Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Dauphine Alps
	....Pelvoux Massif
UF	Ecrins-Pelvoux Massif
RT	Hautes-Alpes France
	Isere France
SN	Mountain group which contains Barre das Ecrins, the highest peak in the Dauphine Alps. Also search Pelvoux. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Pelycosauria
BT	Synapsida
	.Pelycosauria
SN	Order.

Pembina County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Pembina County North Dakota

Pembroke
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Pembroke Wales for the town or Pembrokeshire Wales for the Welsh county. Also refers to places in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts.

Pembroke Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Pembrokeshire Wales
	.......Pembroke Wales
SN	Town in Dyfed in SW Wales. Before 1978, Pembroke was also used as the Welsh County.

Pembrokeshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Pembrokeshire Wales
NT	Pembroke Wales
	Skomer Island
SN	Former county in SW Wales. Part of Dyfed.

Pemiscot County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Pemiscot County Missouri

Pench Valley
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Pench Valley
SN	River valley in central Madhya Pradesh. Also search Pench.

Pend Oreille County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Pend Oreille County Washington
NT	Metaline Falls Washington
SN	Extreme NE Washington.

Pender County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pender County North Carolina

Pendleton County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Pendleton County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Pendleton County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Pendleton County West Virginia
SN	E West Virginia.

pendulum gravimeters
BT	gravimeters
	.pendulum gravimeters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

peneplains
BT	erosion features
	.peneplains
UF	base-level peneplain
	peneplanes
RT	plains
	geomorphology
	erosion cycle
	erosion surfaces
	pediplains

peneplanes
USE	peneplains

penetration
RT	engineering geology
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
SN	Not to be used for crystal growth.

penetration tests
NT	cone penetration tests
RT	California bearing ratio
	engineering geology
	penetrometers
	soil mechanics
	testing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

penetrometers
RT	instruments
	penetration tests
	soil mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Penghu Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Penghu Islands
UF	Hoko Gunto
	Hoko Shoto
	Pescadores
RT	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Taiwan Strait
SN	Group of about 48 islands in Taiwan Strait between Taiwan and the mainland of China.

Peninsular Gneiss
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Peninsular Gneiss
RT	India
	Closepet Granite
SN	S India. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Peninsular Ranges
RT	Coast Ranges
	California
	Peninsular Ranges Batholith
SN	Part of the Coast Ranges S of Los Angeles. Indexed with Coast Ranges and county or regions as applicable.

Peninsular Ranges Batholith
BT	North America
	.Peninsular Ranges Batholith
RT	Mexico
	Baja California
	California
	Baja California Norte Mexico
	Coast Ranges
	Peninsular Ranges
SN	S California and N Baja California, Mexico. Indexed with counties and/or states or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Peninsular Shield
USE	Indian Shield

Pennine Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Central Alps
	...Pennine Alps
RT	Piemonte Italy
	Valais Switzerland
	Argentiere Glacier
	Piedmont Alps
	Monte Rosa
SN	SW division of Central Alps extending from Great Saint Bernard Pass to Simplon Pass. Also search Pennine. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Pennine Chain
USE	Pennines

Pennine Hills
USE	Pennines

Pennine Range
USE	Pennines

Pennines
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Pennines
UF	Pennine Chain
	Pennine Hills
	Pennine Range
RT	Midlands
	Peak District
SN	Long hill range extending from the Cheviot Hills in the N of England to the S Midlands.

Pennington County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Pennington County Minnesota
SN	NW Minnesota.

Pennington County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Pennington County South Dakota
NT	Rapid City South Dakota
RT	Badlands National Park
	Black Hills
SN	SW South Dakota.

Pennington Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Pennington Formation
RT	Virginia
	Kentucky
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	Comprises Stony Gap Sandstone, Avis Limestone, Falls Mills Sandstone members. N Alabama, NW Georgia, E Kentucky, E Tennessee, and SW Virginia.

Penninic Zone
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Penninic Zone
RT	Eastern Alps
	Hohe Tauern
SN	S Austria. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

penninite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..penninite

Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
NT	Adams County Pennsylvania
	Allegheny County Pennsylvania
	Armstrong County Pennsylvania
	Beaver County Pennsylvania
	Bedford County Pennsylvania
	Berks County Pennsylvania
	Blair County Pennsylvania
	Bradford County Pennsylvania
	Bucks County Pennsylvania
	Butler County Pennsylvania
	Cambria County Pennsylvania
	Cameron County Pennsylvania
	Carbon County Pennsylvania
	Centre County Pennsylvania
	Chester County Pennsylvania
	Clarion County Pennsylvania
	Clearfield County Pennsylvania
	Clinton County Pennsylvania
	Columbia County Pennsylvania
	Conemaugh River
	Crawford County Pennsylvania
	Cumberland County Pennsylvania
	Dauphin County Pennsylvania
	Delaware County Pennsylvania
	Elk County Pennsylvania
	Erie County Pennsylvania
	Fayette County Pennsylvania
	Forest County Pennsylvania
	Franklin County Pennsylvania
	Fulton County Pennsylvania
	Greene County Pennsylvania
	Huntingdon County Pennsylvania
	Indiana County Pennsylvania
	Jefferson County Pennsylvania
	Juniata County Pennsylvania
	Lackawanna County Pennsylvania
	Lancaster County Pennsylvania
	Lawrence County Pennsylvania
	Lebanon County Pennsylvania
	Lehigh County Pennsylvania
	Luzerne County Pennsylvania
	Lycoming County Pennsylvania
	McKean County Pennsylvania
	Mercer County Pennsylvania
	Mifflin County Pennsylvania
	Monroe County Pennsylvania
	Montgomery County Pennsylvania
	Montour County Pennsylvania
	Nittany Valley
	Northampton County Pennsylvania
	Northumberland County Pennsylvania
	Perry County Pennsylvania
	Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
	Pike County Pennsylvania
	Pittsburgh coal basin
	Potter County Pennsylvania
	Schuylkill County Pennsylvania
	Snyder County Pennsylvania
	Somerset County Pennsylvania
	Sullivan County Pennsylvania
	Susquehanna County Pennsylvania
	Tioga County Pennsylvania
	Union County Pennsylvania
	Venango County Pennsylvania
	Warren County Pennsylvania
	Washington County Pennsylvania
	Wayne County Pennsylvania
	Westmoreland County Pennsylvania
	Wyoming County Pennsylvania
	York County Pennsylvania
RT	Appalachian Basin
	Appalachian Plateau
	Allegheny Front
	Allegheny Mountains
	Allegheny Group
	Allegheny Plateau
	Ames Limestone
	Antietam Formation
	Baltimore Gneiss
	Bass Islands Dolomite
	Bedford Shale
	Beekmantown Group
	Berea Sandstone
	Big Injun Sandstone
	Black

Pennsylvania State University
RT	academic institutions
	Pennsylvania
SN	University Park, Centre County.

Pennsylvanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
NT	Bashkirian
	Moscovian
	Gzhelian
	Kasimovian
	Bevier Coal
	Conemaugh Group
	Cumberland Group
	Excello Shale
	Francis Creek Shale
	Freeport Formation
	Herrin Coal Member
	Kittanning Formation
	La Salle Limestone
	Lower Pennsylvanian
	Madera Formation
	Mansfield Formation
	Marble Falls Group
	Mary Lee Coal
	Mattoon Formation
	Middle Pennsylvanian
	Minturn Formation
	Monongahela Group
	Morien Group
	Morrow Formation
	Pittsburgh Coal
	Pottsville Group
	Red Fork Sandstone
	Saginaw Formation
	Sharon Conglomerate
	Smithwick Shale
	Springfield Coal Member
	Strawn Series
	Upper Pennsylvanian
	Wapanucka Limestone
	Watahomigi Formation
	Westerly Granite
RT	Alleghany Orogeny
	Amsden Formation
	Bartlesville Sand
	Bird Spring Formation
	Cache Creek Group
	Casper Formation
	Dunkard Group
	Ely Limestone
	Fountain Formation
	Honaker Trail Formation
	Magdalena Group
	Johns Valley Formation
	Maroon Formation
	Minnelusa Formatio

Penobscot Bay
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Penobscot Bay
SN	Large inlet of Atlantic Ocean in S Maine.

Penobscot County Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Penobscot County Maine
SN	S and central Maine.

Penobscot Formati

Penobscot Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Penobscot Formation
RT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Maine
SN	S central Maine. Cambrian? Later was considered Ordovician. Above Battio Quartzite; below Rockland Formation or Bucksport Formation. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Penokean Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Penokean Orogeny
RT	Mesoproterozoic
	orogeny
	Minnesota
	Michigan
	Hudsonian Orogeny
SN	A time of deformation and granite emplacement during the Precambrian. Before 1978, also search Penokean AND orogeny. Indexed with age as applicable.

Penrhyn Slate
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Penrhyn Slate
RT	United Kingdom
	Wales

Pensacola Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Escambia County Florida
	...Pensacola Florida
SN	City on Pensacola Bay in extreme NW Florida.

Pensacola Mountains
BT	Antarctica
	.Pensacola Mountains
RT	Dufek Intrusion
SN	In the Horlick Mountains area SE of Ross Ice Shelf on the Pacific Ocean side.

pentachlorophenol
BT	organic compounds
	.chlorophenols
	..pentachlorophenol
RT	fungicides
	herbicides
	pesticides
	pollutants
	toxic materials
	phenols
SN	Fungicide, bactericide, algicide, herbicide, and wood preservative. Before 1998, also search PCP not waves.

Pentameracea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Pentamerida
	....Pentameracea
SN	Superfamily.

Pentamerida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Brachiopoda
	..Articulata
	...Pentamerida
NT	Pentameracea

pentane
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....pentane
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

pentlandite
BT	sulfides
	.pentlandite
UF	nicopyrite
RT	nickel ores
	nickel

Pentoxylales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Pentoxylales

Penzhina Bay
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Penzhina Bay
BT	Asia
	.Penzhina Bay
UF	Penzhinskaya Bay
RT	Magadan Russian Federation
	Kamchatka Russian Federation
SN	NE extension of the Shelikhov Gulf of the Okhotsk Sea in NE Siberia. Also search Penzhina. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Penzhinskaya Bay
USE	Penzhina Bay

People's Republic of the Congo
USE	Congo

Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen
USE	Yemen

Peoria County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Peoria County Illinois

Peoria Loess
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Peoria Loess
UF	Peorian Loess
RT	Iowa
	Illinois
	Nebraska
	Kansas
SN	Underlies Bignell Formation.

Peorian Loess
USE	Peoria Loess

peperite
BT	igneous rocks
	.peperite
RT	lava
	magmas
	sedimentary rocks
	textures
	tuff
	intrusions
	volcanic breccia
SN	Breccialike material in sedimentary rock, which may be considered intrusions of magma into wet sediment.

Pepin County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Pepin County Wisconsin

peptides
BT	organic compounds
	.peptides
RT	amino acids
	proteins
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pequop Mountains
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Elko County Nevada
	...Pequop Mountains
SN	In Elko County in NE Nevada.

per-aluminous composition
USE	peraluminous composition

Perak Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...West Malaysia
	....Perak Malaysia
NT	Kinta Valley
SN	State on W coast of Malay Peninsula in West Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

peralkalic composition
UF	peralkaline composition
RT	igneous rocks
	composition
	metaluminous composition
	peraluminous composition
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

peralkaline composition
USE	peralkalic composition

peraluminous composition
UF	per-aluminous composition
RT	igneous rocks
	composition
	metaluminous composition
	peralkalic composition
	S-type granites
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Perch Lake
RT	Iron County Michigan
	Michigan
	Ontario
	Renfrew County Ontario
SN	Lake near Chalk River in Renfrew County, SE Ontario. Also a lake in Michigan Upper Peninsula, N Michigan. Indexed with Ontario; or Michigan and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

perched aquifers
BT	aquifers
	.perched aquifers
RT	ground water
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

perchlorobenzene
USE	hexachlorobenzene

perchloroethylene
USE	tetrachloroethylene

perchloromethane
USE	carbon tetrachloride

Perciformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Teleostei
	......Perciformes
SN	Order.

percolation
RT	ground water
	hydrology
	imbibition
	infiltration
	leaching
	seepage
	water

Peredovoy Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Northern Caucasus
	...Peredovoy Range
RT	Kabardin-Balkar Russian Federation
SN	In former Kabardin-Balkar ASSR in Northern Caucasus. Before 1978, also search Peredovoy. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Peremyshl Poland
USE	Przemysl Poland

Peri-Caspian Depression
USE	Caspian Basin

Peribaltic Syneclise
BT	Europe
	.Peribaltic Syneclise
UF	Baltic Syneclise
RT	Baltic region
SN	A depressed structure of the continental platform in the Baltic Sea area produced by slow crustal downwarp.

periclase
BT	oxides
	.periclase

Peridinium
BT	palynomorphs
	.Dinoflagellata
	..Peridinium
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

peridot
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...olivine group
	....peridot
UF	peridote
	peridote (olivine)
RT	gems
	tourmaline

peridote
USE	peridot

peridote (olivine)
USE	peridot

peridotites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...peridotites
NT	dunite
	garnet lherzolite
	garnet peridotite
	harzburgite
	lherzolite
	spinel lherzolite
	spinel peridotite
RT	alpine-type features
	pyrolite
	eulysite
	metaperidotite
	wehrlite

periglacial environment
RT	depositional environment
	frost action
	glacial environment
	glacial geology
	glaciers
	glaciolacustrine environment
	interstadial environment
	late-glacial environment
	sedimentation
	subglacial environment
SN	Before 1978, search periglacial.

periglacial features
NT	ice wedges
	palsas
	pingos
UF	features, periglacial
	periglacial phenomena
RT	glacial geology
	glaciers
	glacial features
	glacial lakes
	congelifraction
	cryoturbation
	lakes
	cryopedology
	moraines
	extinct lakes
	firn
	fossil ice wedges
	frozen ground
	gelifluction
	ice
	glacial lobes
	ice fields
	ice lenses
	hummocks
	ice-marginal features
	outwas

periglacial phenomena
USE	periglacial features

Perigord
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Dordogne France
	....Perigord
SN	Region, central Dordogne, France. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

periodicity
RT	cyclic processes
	cyclostratigraphy
	earthquakes
	extrapolation
	floods
	frequency
	geologic hazards
	Milankovitch theory
	orbital forcing
	orogeny
	recurrence interval
	sedimentation
	seismology
	volcanology
SN	Before 1998, also search frequency in combination with phenomena of interest.

peripheral faults
BT	faults
	.peripheral faults
UF	border faults
RT	arcuate faults
	boundary faults
SN	Before 1978, also search faults AND peripheral.

Perisphinctida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Perisphinctida
UF	Perisphinctidae

Perisphinctidae
USE	Perisphinctida

Perissodactyla
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Perissodactyla
NT	Ceratomorpha
	Hippomorpha
RT	Ungulata
SN	Order.

peristerite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...plagioclase
	....peristerite
RT	gems
	albite
	moonstone
SN	Gem variety of albite.

Perkins County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Perkins County Nebraska

Perkins County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Perkins County South Dakota

Perlaria
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Exopterygota
	.......Perlaria
UF	Plecoptera
SN	Order.

perlite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..glasses
	...perlite
UF	pearlite
RT	lava
	construction materials
	volcanic glass
SN	May be used as an igneous rock with pyroclastics. May also be used as a commodity term with construction materials.

Perm Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Perm Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Perm Russian Federation
NT	Kizel coal basin
	Molotov Russian Federation
	Solikamsk Russian Federation
RT	Ural region
SN	Oblast and city W the Urals in W Russian Federation. Oblast was also called Molotov in the 1940s. Before 1993, Perm Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

permafrost
RT	active layer
	creep
	cryopedology
	engineering geology
	engineering properties
	freezing
	frost action
	frost heaving
	frozen ground
	glacial geology
	ground ice
	hummocks
	ice
	ice cores
	ice lenses
	ice wedges
	periglacial features
	geomorphology
	pingos
	relict materials
SN	Used for geotechnical studies of permafrost as well as geomorphological and glacial studies.

permeability
RT	aquitards
	circulation
	confining beds
	connectivity
	Darcy's law
	deep aquifers
	diffusion
	disposal barriers
	engineering geology
	formation damage
	Green-Ampt model
	ground water
	hydraulic conductivity
	imbibition
	permeameters
	porosity
	preferential flow
	rock mecha

permeability coefficient
USE	hydraulic conductivity

permeameters
NT	minipermeameters
RT	engineering geology
	flowmeters
	hydrogeology
	instruments
	permeability
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Permian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
NT	Cisuralian
	Guadalupian
	Lopingian
	Akiyoshi Limestone
	Americus Limestone Member
	Appalachian Phase
	Blaine Formation
	Buckley Formation
	Bulli Seam
	Castile Formation
	Chase Group
	Coconino Sandstone
	Cottonwood Limestone
	Council Grove Group
	Culebra Dolomite Member
	Cutler Formation
	Damuda Series
	Ecca Group
	Eskridge Shale
	Esplanade Sandstone Member
	Fort Riley Limestone
	Glorieta Sandstone
	Hennessey Formation
	Hughes Creek Shale
	Hutchinson Salt Member
	Illawarra Coal Measures
	Irati Formation
	Kaibab Formation
	Kamthi Formation
	Khuff Formation
	Kungurian
	Lower Permian
	Lyons Sandstone
	Maokou Formation
	McCloud Limestone
	Meade Peak Member
	Middle Permian
	Newcastle Coal Measures
	Park City Formation
	Passa Dois Group
	Phosphoria Formation
	Ranger Canyon Formation
	Red Eagle Limestone
	Retort Phosphatic Shale Member
	Rio Bonito Formation
	Rotliegendes
	Rustler Formation
	Saalian Phase
	Saxonian
	Stearns Shale
	Stone Corral Formation
	Thuringian
	Toroweap Formation
	Upper Permian
	Val Gardena Sandstone
	Vryheid Formation
	Wellington Formation
	Werra Series
	Wreford Limestone
	Yates Formation
	Yeso Formation
RT	Dwyka Formation
	Alleghany Orogeny
	Brianconnais Zone
	Beacon Supergroup
	Baralaba Coal Measures
	Baskunchak Series
	Beaufort Group
	Botucatu Formation
	Cache Creek Group
	Calaveras Formation
	Casper Formation
	Chugwater Formation
	Dunkard Group
	Estrada Nova Formatio
SN	Above Carboniferous, below Triassic (Mesozoic).

Permian Basin
BT	United States
	.Permian Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Central Basin Platform
	Brushy Canyon Formation
	Delaware Basin
	Marfa Basin
	Midland Basin
SN	Structural basin in W Texas and SE New Mexico. Includes Midland, Delaware, and Marfa basins. Indexed with states or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Permian-Triassic boundary
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Permian-Triassic boundary
BT	stratigraphic boundary
	.Permian-Triassic boundary
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Upper Permian
	.....Permian-Triassic boundary
UF	P-T boundary (age)
	P/T boundary (age)
RT	Karroo Supergroup
	Beacon Supergroup
	Baskunchak Series
	Beaufort Group
	Botucatu Formation
	Estrada Nova Formation
	Cache Creek Group
	Chugwater Formation
	Korenevskaya Formation
	Eagle Mills Formation
	Gondwana System
	Goose Egg Formation
	Ivishak Formation
	Louann
SN	Before 1998, also search Permian-Triassic; (Permian AND Triassic AND (stratigraphic boundary or boundary)). This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Pernambuco Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Pernambuco Brazil
RT	Sao Francisco Basin
	Araripe Basin
	Barreiras Formation
	Recife-Joao Pessoa
SN	State in NE Brazil.

Pernik coal basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Pernik coal basin
UF	Dimitrovo coal basin
RT	coal fields
SN	15 miles SW of Sofia. Also search Pernik.

perofskite
USE	perovskite

perovskite
BT	oxides
	.perovskite
UF	perofskite
RT	titanium oxides
	perovskite structure

perovskite structure
RT	crystal structure
	magnesian silicates
	perovskite

peroxide
USE	hydrogen peroxide

Perquimans County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Perquimans County North Carolina

perrierite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...perrierite

Perris California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Riverside County California
	...Perris California
SN	City in S California.

Perry County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Perry County Alabama
SN	W central Alabama.

Perry County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Perry County Arkansas
SN	Central Arkansas.

Perry County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Perry County Illinois
SN	SW Illinois.

Perry County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Perry County Indiana
SN	S Indiana.

Perry County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Perry County Kentucky
SN	SE Kentucky.

Perry County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Perry County Mississippi
RT	Richton Dome
SN	SE Mississippi.

Perry County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Perry County Missouri
SN	E Missouri.

Perry County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Perry County Ohio
SN	Central Ohio.

Perry County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Perry County Pennsylvania
SN	S central Pennsylvania.

Perry County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Perry County Tennessee
SN	W central Tennessee.

Perry Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Perry Formation
RT	Pennsylvania
SN	Consists of thick sequence of coarse clastic sediments containing interbedded basalt flows. Central Pennsylvania.

Perry Mountain Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Perry Mountain Formation
RT	New Hampshire
	Maine
SN	W Maine and SE New Hampshire. Underlies Parmachenee Formation; overlies Johns Pond Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Persani Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Persani Mountains
SN	SE Transylvania.

Pershing County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Pershing County Nevada
NT	Humboldt Range
	Lovelock Nevada
RT	Black Rock Desert
SN	NW central Nevada.

Persia
USE	Iran

Persian Gulf
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Arabian Sea
	..Persian Gulf
NT	Khor al Bazam
UF	Arabian Gulf
RT	Khuff Formation
	Shuaiba Formation
SN	Between Arabian Peninsula on the W and S, and Iran on E.

Person County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Person County North Carolina

personal computers
SN	As of 1993, use microcomputers if applicable. Also see minicomputers.

Perth
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. In various locations. As of 1993, see Perth Australia, Perth Ontario, and Perth Scotland.

Perth abyssal plain
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Perth abyssal plain
RT	DSDP Site 259
	Leg 27
SN	Off SW Australia.

Perth Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Perth Australia
RT	Western Australia
	Tasmania Australia
	Perth Basin
SN	City in Western Australia. Also a town in NE central Tasmania. Search with Australian state. Indexed with Western Australia or Tasmania Australia as applicable.

Perth Basin
RT	Perth Australia
SN	Along the Indian Ocean in Western Australia from the Perth area on the S to the Carnarvon Basin in the N. Indexed with states and/or ocean areas or regions as applicable.

Perth County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Perth County Ontario

Perth Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Lanark County Ontario
	....Perth Ontario
SN	Town in Lanark County Ontario.

Perth Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Perthshire Scotland
	......Perth Scotland
SN	Town in Perthshire, Tayside region Scotland.

Perth Stade
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Weichselian
	.......Perth Stade
SN	Europe.

perthite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...alkali feldspar
	....perthite
RT	antiperthite
	cryptoperthite
	microperthite

Perthshire Scotland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Scotland
	.....Perthshire Scotland
NT	Aberfeldy
	Perth Scotland
RT	Ballachulish Complex
	Central region Scotland
SN	Former county in central Scotland. As of 1975, became part of the Tayside and Central administrative regions.

perturbations
USE	variations

Peru
BT	South America
	.Peru
NT	Amazonas Peru
	Arequipa Peru
	Ayacucho Peru
	Cerro de Pasco Peru
	Junin Peru
	Lima Peru
	Puno Peru
RT	Altiplano
	Andes
	Amazon Basin
	Amazon River
	Central Cordillera
	Eastern Cordillera
	Cordillera de la Costa
	El Nino
	Pucara Group
	Sandia Formation

Peru Trench
USE	Peru-Chile Trench

Peru-Chile Trench
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Peru-Chile Trench
UF	Chile Trench
	Peru Trench
RT	Northeast Pacific
	Southeast Pacific
	Chile earthquake 1960
	Leg 141
	ODP Site 859
	ODP Site 860
	ODP Site 861
	ODP Site 863
	ODP Site 682
SN	Just off Peruvian and Chilean coasts.

Perugia Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Umbria Italy
	....Perugia Italy
NT	Gubbio Italy
	Spoleto Italy
SN	City and province in central Umbria, central Italy.

Pervomaisk Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Pervomaisk Ukraine
SN	City in Nikolayev Oblast in S Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

pes-de-Haute Provence France
NT	Castellane France
	Digne France

Pesaro Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Marches Italy
	....Pesaro Italy
SN	City on Adriatic Sea in N Marches, E central Italy.

Pescadores
USE	Penghu Islands

Peschany Island
USE	Peschanyy

Peschanyy
UF	Peschany Island
RT	Azerbaijan
	Apsheron Peninsula
	Caspian Sea
SN	Island in Caspian Sea off S shore of Apsheron Peninsula. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Azerbaijan or regions as applicable.

Peshawar Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...North-West Frontier Pakistan
	....Peshawar Pakistan
SN	City, district and division near the Khyber Pass.

pesticides
NT	aldicarb
	DDT
	fungicides
	herbicides
	insecticides
RT	agrochemicals
	chlorobenzene
	chloroform
	chlorophenols
	environmental geology
	GLEAMS
	methylmercury
	pentachlorophenol
	pollutants
	waste disposal

petalite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..nepheline group
	...petalite
RT	aluminosilicates
	lithium ores

Peterborough County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Peterborough County Ontario

Petersburg Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Petersburg Formation
RT	Indiana
SN	SW Indiana. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Petersburg Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Petersburg Granite
RT	Virginia
SN	Late Paleozoic. Underlies Triassic sediments. E Virginia.

Petersburg Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Petersburg Virginia
RT	Dinwiddie County Virginia
SN	City S of Richmond. In but independent of Dinwiddie County, SE Virginia. Indexed with Dinwiddie County Virginia for adjacent areas if applicable.

Petrified Forest Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Petrified Forest Member
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Nevada
	Arizona
	Chinle Formation
SN	Upper Triassic. In Chinle Formation. N Arizona, SE Nevada, west-central New Mexico, S Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Petrified Forest National Park
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Petrified Forest National Park
RT	Apache County Arizona
	national parks
	Navajo County Arizona
SN	In Painted Desert area in E Arizona.

petrified moss
USE	tufa

petrified wood
USE	fossil wood

petrofabrics
RT	deformation
	fabric
	interference patterns
	orientation
	planar deformation features
	preferred orientation
	structural analysis

petrogenesis
SN	A valid term through 1973. Use igneous rocks and genesis; metamorphic rocks and genesis.

petrogeometry
USE	structural analysis

petrogl

petroglyphs
UF	carvings, rock
	engraving, rock
	rock carvings
RT	archaeology
	artifacts
	art
SN	Not to be used for paintings.

petrographic norms
UF	norms, petrographic
RT	petrography
	mineral composition
	modal analysis
SN	Also search CIPW norm or CIPW norms if applicable.

petrography
RT	crystal zoning
	flow texture
	goniometry
	igneous rocks
	image analysis
	macerals
	metamorphic rocks
	microfacies
	microscope methods
	petrographic norms
	petrology
	reaction rims
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	thin sections
	ultrastructure

petroleum
NT	natural gas
UF	oil and gas
	oil (petroleum)
RT	hydrocarbons
	cap rocks
	bitumens
	Darcy's law
	aromatization
	energy sources
	fluidization
	benzene
	migration
	kerogen
	blowouts
	drilling
	geopressure
	inventory
	clathrates
	degasification
	diwa-type deposits
	condensates
	heavy oil
	depletion
	crude oil
	giant fields
	nat
SN	Scope of petroleum in GeoRef indexing is generally restricted to economic studies of oil and gas before recovery. Also search petroleum-gas; petroleum-natural gas. As of 1993, use hydrocarbons, crude oil, oil spills, or petroleum products for pollution st

petroleum accumulation
UF	accumulation, petroleum
RT	petroleum
	migration
	stratigraphic wedges
	stratigraphic traps
	structural traps
	traps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Petroleum County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Petroleum County Montana

petroleum economics
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use economics and petroleum.

petroleum engineering
UF	engineering, petroleum
RT	abandoned oil wells
	fluid injection
	engineering geology
	acidification
	Archie's law
	formation evaluation
	blowouts
	drilling
	borehole breakouts
	drilling muds
	Formation MicroScanner
	formation damage
	drill stem tests
	enhanced recovery
	gas injection
	gas storage
SN	Used for petroleum and natural gas.

petroleum exploration
RT	basin analysis
	bottom-simulating reflectors
	Exclusive Economic Zone
	exploration
	hydrocarbon indicators
	migration
	natural gas
	oil and gas fields
	petroleum
	source rocks
	stratigraphic traps
	stratigraphic wedges
	structural traps
	subsalt strata
SN	A valid GeoRef index term through 1970. Reintroduced as a valid term in 1993. From 1971-1992, also search petroleum AND exploration. Includes natural gas. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

petroleum geology
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. See petroleum; petroleum engineering.

petroleum maps
BT	maps
	.petroleum maps
UF	fuel resources maps
RT	petroleum
	natural gas
	economic geology maps
SN	Used for maps indicating location of natural gas and oil. Before 1982, also search maps AND petroleum. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

petroleum products
NT	gasoline
RT	hydrocarbons
	leaking underground storage tanks
	light nonaqueous phase liquids
	methanol
	natural gas
	organic compounds
	petroleum
	pollutants
	pollution
	pyrene
	soil vapor extraction
	soil venting
	underground storage tanks
	water treatment
SN	Used for the processed product often for pollution studies. Also search [hydrocarbons or gasoline or petroleum] with [pollution or water quality] as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

petroleum reserves
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See petroleum; reserves.

petroleum resources
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See petroleum; resources.

petroleum seepage
USE	oil seeps

petrologen
USE	kerogen

petrology
RT	accessory minerals
	banded structures
	bibliography
	catalogs
	crystallography
	education
	fluid inclusions
	homogenization
	igneous rocks
	image analysis
	inclusions
	interlaboratory comparison
	intrusions
	lava
	lexicons
	magmas
	melts
	metamorphic rocks
	metamorphism
	me
SN	Used for the discipline as a whole. Primarily for studies on igneous, metamorphic, or metasomatic rocks.

petromorphology
USE	structural analysis

petrophysics
SN	As of 1989, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use physical properties in combination with type of rock.

Petrosani Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Petrosani Basin
UF	Petroseni Basin
RT	coal fields
SN	Coal basin in Hunedoara County in the Transylvanian Alps. Also search Petrosani.

Petroseni Basin
USE	Petrosani Basin

petrostratigraphy
USE	lithostratigraphy

Petrovsk
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Makhachkala Russian Federation for the city in Dagestan.

Petsamo
USE	Pechenga

Pettis County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Pettis County Missouri

PGE
USE	platinum group

pH
UF	acidity
RT	geochemistry
	acids
	acid rain
	critical load
	acidic composition
	physical properties
	reactivity
	alkalinity
	buffers
	sea water

Phacopida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Phacopida
NT	Phacopina
SN	Order.

Phacopina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Phacopida
	.....Phacopina
NT	Phacops
SN	Suborder or genus.

Phacops
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Phacopida
	.....Phacopina
	......Phacops
SN	Genus.

Phaeodarina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Radiolaria
	...Osculosida
	....Phaeodarina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Phaeophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Phaeophyta
UF	brown algae
	seaweed
RT	microfossils
SN	Including brown algae and seaweed. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Phanerozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
NT	Mesozoic
	Cenozoic
	Paleozoic
RT	Mesozoic
	Cenozoic
	Paleozoic

pharmacolite
BT	arsenates
	.pharmacolite

pharmacosiderite
BT	arsenates
	.pharmacosiderite

phase distortion
RT	distortion
	elastic waves
	seismology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

phase equilibria
RT	anvil cells
	carbon dioxide
	crystal chemistry
	crystal growth
	crystal zoning
	crystallography
	entropy
	equations of state
	equilibrium
	free energy
	gases
	grain boundaries
	high pressure
	high temperature
	Hugoniot analysis
	hydrothermal conditions
	igneous rocks
	imm
SN	Primarily used for laboratory studies in petrology and mineralogy. May be used for theoretical or field studies of specific rocks, minerals or localities. For the Earth as a whole, crust, mantle or core, including experimental laboratory studies involving

phase rule
UF	Gibbs phase rule
RT	phase equilibria

phase transitions
RT	anvil cells
	core
	crust
	Earth
	magnesian silicates
	mantle
	phase equilibria
	seismology
	transformations
	transition zones
SN	For phase changes within the Earth and laboratory studies applied to them. For other laboratory studies, see phase equilibria. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

phase velocity
RT	elastic waves
	seismology
	velocity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

phase, gaseous
USE	gaseous phase

phase, solid
USE	solid phase

phases
SN	A valid general term through 1978. After 1978, see specific terms, e.g. liquid phase, solid phase, gaseous phase, etc.

Phelps County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Phelps County Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Phelps County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Phelps County Nebraska
SN	S Nebraska.

phenacite
USE	phenakite

phenakite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...phenakite
UF	phenacite

phenanthrene
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aromatic hydrocarbons
	...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	....phenanthrene
SN	Crystalline tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

phengite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...phengite
RT	muscovite

phenocrysts
RT	crystals
	igneous rocks
	matrix
	minerals
	porphyritic texture

phenols
BT	organic compounds
	.phenols
RT	chlorophenols
	alcohols
	pentachlorophenol

phenomena, electrical
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as electrical phenomena with meteorology.

phenomena, surface
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as surface phenomena with astrophysics and solar physics.

phenomena, transient
USE	transient phenomena

phenotypes
RT	ecology
	ontogeny
	paleoecology
	taxonomy
	type specimens
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

phenylethane
USE	ethylbenzene

phi grade scale
USE	phi scale

phi scale
BT	statistical analysis
	.phi scale
UF	phi grade scale
RT	sedimentary rocks
	sediments

Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
NT	Philadelphia Pennsylvania
SN	SE Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
	...Philadelphia Pennsylvania
SN	City on the Delaware River. Coextensive with Philadelphia County, SE Pennsylvania.

Philip Island
RT	Victoria Australia
SN	In Indian Ocean E of Mornington Peninsula S of Melbourne. Indexed with Victoria Australia if applicable.

Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
NT	Cebu Philippine Islands
	Iloilo Basin
	Iloilo Philippine Islands
	Luzon
	Marinduque Philippine Islands
	Mindanao
	Mindoro
	Palawan
	Panay Island
	Samar
	Surigao del Norte Philippine Islands
UF	Philippines
RT	Central Cordillera
	ASEAN
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Kuroshio
	Luzon earthquake 1990
	Zambales Ophiolite
	Mansalay Formation

Philippine Islands earthquake 1990
USE	Luzon earthquake 1990

Philippine Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Philippine Sea
NT	Daito Ridge
	Kyushu-Palau Ridge
	Parece Vela Basin
	Ryukyu Trench
	West Philippine Basin
RT	Izu-Bonin Arc
	Leg 31
	DSDP Site 292
	DSDP Site 293
	DSDP Site 297
	Nankai Trough
	Leg 6
	DSDP Site 442
	Leg 58
	DSDP Site 446
	Leg 59
	Leg 60
	DSDP Site 453
	DSDP Site 454
	DSDP Site 455
	DSDP Site 456
	DSDP Site 457
	DSDP Site 60
	Leg 126
	Leg 124E
	Leg 132
	ODP Site 787
	OD
SN	That part of the W Pacific Ocean with the Philippines Islands on the W, Taiwan and the Ryukyus on the NW, and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on the E and SE. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Philippine Sea Plate
RT	Philippine Sea
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	A tectonic plate roughly covering the same area as the Philippine Sea and virtually surrounded by the SE edge of the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Philippines
USE	Philippine Islands

philippinite
BT	tektites
	.philippinite

Phillipines earthquake 1990
USE	Luzon earthquake 1990

Phillips County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Phillips County Arkansas
SN	E Arkansas.

Phillips County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Phillips County Colorado
SN	NE Colorado.

Phillips County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Phillips County Kansas
NT	Kirwin Kansas
SN	N Kansas.

Phillips County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Phillips County Montana
SN	N Montana.

phillipsite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...phillipsite

philosophy
RT	creationism
SN	Use term with discipline.

Phlegraean Fields
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Phlegraean Fields
UF	Campi Flegrei
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcanic region W of Naples in S Italy.

phlogopite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...phlogopite
UF	amber mica
	brown mica
RT	fluor-phlogopite

Phobos Satellite
RT	Mars
	satellites
SN	One of satellites of Mars. Before 1989, also search Phobos. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Phocidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Pinnipedia
	........Phocidae
SN	Family.

Phoebe Satellite
RT	satellites
	Saturn
SN	One of the satellites of Saturn. Before 1989, also search Phoebe AND Saturn. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Phoenix Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Maricopa County Arizona
	...Phoenix Arizona
SN	City in S central Arizona.

Pholadomyida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Pholadomyida

Pholidophoriformes
USE	Halecostomi

Pholidota
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Pholidota
SN	Order.

phonolites
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..phonolites
NT	tinguaite
SN	Before 1981, search trachyte-phonolite family.

Phoronida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Phoronida

phos

phosgenite
BT	carbonates
	.phosgenite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..phosgenite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

phosphate
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use phosphate deposits for the commodity, phosphates for the mineral group, or phosphate rocks. See also phosphate composition.

phosphate composition
RT	composition
	nodules
SN	Before 1978, also search nodules AND phosphate.

phosphate deposits
UF	apatite ores
RT	apatite
	Lee Creek Mine
SN	Before 1981, also search phosphate AND deposits. Commodity. See List C.

phosphate ion
RT	ions
	geochemistry
	phosphates
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

phosphate rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..phosphate rocks
UF	phosphorite
RT	bone beds
SN	Refers to any rock containing phosphate.

phosphates
NT	amblygonite
	apatite
	autunite
	barbosalite
	beraunite
	britholite
	brushite
	cacoxenite
	carbonate apatite
	chlorapatite
	crandallite
	dahllite
	eosphorite
	florencite
	fluorapatite
	francolite
	goyazite
	graftonite
	herderite
	hinsdalite
	hureaulite
	hydroxylapatite
	lazulite
	lithiophilite
	minyulite
	monazite
	monetite
	montebrasite
	newberyite
	plumbogummite
	pyromorphite
	rhabdophane
	rockbridgeite
	sarcopside
	scholzite
	strengite
	struvite
	torbernite
	triphylite
	triplite
	turquoise
	variscite
	vivianite
	wavellite
	whitlockite
	xenotime
RT	minerals
	phosphate ion

phosphatization
RT	diagenesis

phosphides
BT	alloys
	.phosphides
NT	schreibersite

phosphorescence
USE	luminescence

Phosphoria Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Phosphoria Formation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Meade Peak Member
	Retort Phosphatic Shale Member
SN	Includes Sybille tongue (new), Forelle tongue, and Ervay tongue (new).

phosphorite
USE	phosphate rocks

phosphorous
USE	phosphorus

phosphorus
NT	P-32
UF	phosphorous
RT	soils
	fertilizers
	chemical elements
	siderophile elements
	high-field-strength elements
	KREEP

photochemistry
NT	photolysis
	photosynthesis
RT	atmosphere
	fluorescence
	luminescence
	oxidation
	geochemistry
	polymerization
SN	Before 1998, also search photolysis and/or photosynthesis if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

photogeologic maps
BT	maps
	.photogeologic maps
RT	mosaics
	remote sensing
SN	Before 1978, also search maps AND photogeologic.

photogeologic methods
USE	photogeology

photogeology
UF	photogeologic methods
RT	engineering geology
	aerial photography
	cartography
	maps
	mosaics
	photogrammetry
	photography
	remote sensing
	space photography
	airborne methods
	methods
	satellite methods
	mineral exploration
	video methods
	paleoclimate maps
	exploration
SN	Search with geophysical surveys for surveys. Also index remote sensing, geophysical surveys as applicable.

photogrammetry
RT	aerial photography
	cartography
	definition
	engineering geology
	Magellan Program
	mosaics
	photogeology
	photography
	remote sensing
	space photography
	stereographic projection
SN	Before 1975, also search photogrammetric studies.

photographs
USE	photography

photography
UF	photographs
	photomicroscopy
RT	aerial photography
	mosaics
	photogeology
	photogrammetry
	remote sensing
	space photography
	video methods

photolysis
BT	photochemistry
	.photolysis
RT	degradation

photometric
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, see photometry.

photometry
RT	chemical analysis
	flame photometry
	spectroscopy

photomicroscopy
USE	photography

photomosaics
USE	mosaics

photosynthesis
BT	photochemistry
	.photosynthesis
RT	geochemistry
	processes
	paleobotany
	respiration

phreatic zone
USE	saturated zone

phreatomagmatic eruptions
USE	phreatomagmatism

phreatomagmatism
UF	phreatomagmatic eruptions
RT	lava
	volcanism
	magmas
	volcanology
	thermal waters
	magmatism
	maars
	explosive eruptions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

PHREEQE
BT	computer programs
	.PHREEQE
RT	geochemistry
	data processing
	mathematical models
	numerical models
SN	Geochemical simulation program applicable to hydrogeology and engineering geology. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Phuket Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Phuket Group
RT	Cambrian
	Permian
	Asia
	middle Paleozoic
	Thailand
	Burma
SN	May be the equivalent of the Megui Series, at least in part, of Burma. W side of peninsular Thailand, including island of Phuket, and lower Burma. The Phuket Series was considered Cambrian. After 1974, this group has been considered middle Paleozoic or Pe

phyletic gradualism
USE	gradualism

phyllites
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.phyllites

Phylloceratida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Phylloceratida

phyllonites
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.phyllonites
RT	phyllonitization

phyllonitization
BT	metamorphism
	.phyllonitization
RT	processes
	recrystallization
	mylonitization
	phyllonites

phyllosilicates
USE	sheet silicates

phylogeny
RT	adaptive radiation
	biologic evolution
	cladistics
	gradualism
	molecular biology
	ontogeny
	paleontology
	parsimony
	punctuated equilibria
	speciation

physical
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use physical properties or physical weathering.

physical geography
USE	geography

physical geology
RT	geology
	historical geology

physical methods
RT	centrifuge methods
	methods
	soils

physical models
RT	flume studies
	laboratory studies
	models
	sandbox models

physical processes
SN	As of 1993, use geophysical methods, geophysics, physical models, or physical properties as applicable.

physical properties
RT	acoustical properties
	b-values
	bearing capacity
	compactness
	compressibility
	connectivity
	constitutive equations
	friction
	hardness
	mechanical properties
	microhardness
	pH
	physicochemical properties
	porosity
	properties
	secondary porosity
	soils
	specific gravi
SN	See also appropriate entries under material name.

physical weathering
BT	weathering
	.physical weathering
RT	mechanical weathering
SN	Before 1978, search weathering AND physical.

physico-chemical properties
USE	physicochemical properties

physicochemical properties
UF	physico-chemical properties
	physiochemical properties
RT	geochemistry
	physical properties
	properties
	surfactants
	chemical properties
	specific surface
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

physiochemical properties
USE	physicochemical properties

physiographic geology
SN	No longer a valid GeoRef index term. Used in subfiles E and N. See geomorphology; sedimentation; hydrology.

physiographic maps
BT	maps
	.physiographic maps
RT	geomorphology
	geomorphologic maps
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

physiographic provinces
UF	provinces, physiographic
RT	geomorphology
	topography

physiography
SN	A valid term through 1975. After 1975, see geomorphology.

physiology
RT	anatomy
	morphology
	muscles
SN	Restricted to paleontology. For environmental analysis, use bioaccumulation, or bioavailability. Indexed with with appropriate fossil term (list F).

phytane
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....phytane
RT	isoprenoids
SN	2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylhexadecane. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

phytogeography
USE	biogeography

phytoliths
RT	fossilization
	paleobotany
	Plantae
SN	Term reintroduced in 1985. Not a valid term from 1969-1984. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

phytoplankton
BT	plankton
	.phytoplankton
RT	algae
	diatoms

Piacenza Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Emilia-Romagna Italy
	....Piacenza Italy
SN	City and province in NW Emilia-Romagna, N Italy.

Piacenzian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Piacenzian

Piatra-Neamt Romania
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Piatra-Neamt Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Piatra-Neamt Romania
SN	City in Neamt County in NE Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Piatt County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Piatt County Illinois

Piaui Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Piaui Brazil
RT	Parnaiba Basin

Piave Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Piave Valley
SN	River valley in N and NE Veneto. Also search Piave River.

Picacho Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Pinal County Arizona
	...Picacho Arizona
SN	Town in S central Arizona.

Picardy
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Picardy
SN	Historical region in extreme N France. Abuts on English Channel between Calais in N and Treport on S, and extends E along Somme River and upper Oise River to Belgian border.

Picatinny Arsenal
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Morris County New Jersey
	...Picatinny Arsenal
SN	N New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Picea
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Picea
NT	Picea glauca
SN	Genus.

Picea glauca
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Picea
	.....Picea glauca
SN	Species.

Piceance Basin
USE	Piceance Creek basin

Piceance Creek basin
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Piceance Creek basin
UF	Piceance Basin
SN	In NW Colorado.

Picher Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Ottawa County Oklahoma
	...Picher Oklahoma
SN	City in Ottawa County, NE Oklahoma.

Pickaway County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Pickaway County Ohio

Pickens County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Pickens County Alabama
SN	W Alabama.

Pickens County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Pickens County Georgia
SN	N Georgia.

Pickens County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Pickens County South Carolina
RT	Lake Jocassee
SN	NW South Carolina.

pickeringite
BT	sulfates
	.pickeringite

Pickett County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Pickett County Tennessee

Pico de Orizaba
BT	Mexico
	.Pico de Orizaba
UF	Citlaltapetl
	Orizaba, Pico de
RT	volcanoes
	Puebla Mexico
	Veracruz Mexico
SN	Volcano in Pico de Orizaba National Park which is chiefly in Veracruz state, but borders Puebla state, SE Mexico. Indexed with Veracruz Mexico or Puebla Mexico as applicable.

Pico de Teide
USE	Teide

Pico Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Pico Formation
RT	California
SN	Consists of three members: lower Pico marine, middle Pliocene; upper Pico marine, upper Pliocene; and continental upper Pliocene Sunshine Ranch member.

picotite
USE	chrome spinel

picrite
BT	igneous rocks
	.picrite
RT	basalts
	ultramafics

picrite porphyry
BT	igneous rocks
	.picrite porphyry
RT	basalts
	ultramafics
	porphyry

Pictou County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Pictou County Nova Scotia
SN	N Nova Scotia on Northumberland Strait.

Pictou Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Pictou Group
RT	Pennsylvanian
	Lower Permian
	New Brunswick
	Nova Scotia
	Prince Edward Island
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

picture elements
USE	pixels

Picture Gorge Basalt
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Picture Gorge Basalt
RT	Oregon
	middle Miocene
	Columbia Plateau
	Columbia River Basalt Group
	Grande Ronde Basalt
SN	Miocene. NE Oregon. In Columbia River Basalt Group. May be considered part of Grande Ronde Basalt. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Pictured Cliffs Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Pictured Cliffs Sandstone
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
SN	NW New Mexico and SW Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Picuris Range
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Picuris Range
SN	Mountains in N New Mexico.

Piedmont
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Piedmont
UF	Piedmont Province
RT	South Carolina
	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Alabama
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Georgia
	Charlotte Belt
	Fall Line
	New Jersey
	Blue Ridge Province
	Kings Mountain Belt
	Kiokee Belt
	Raleigh Belt
SN	An upland belt in the U. S. lying E of the Blue Ridge and Appalachian mountains and W of the coastal plain. For region in Italy, use Piemonte Italy.

Piedmont Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Piedmont Alps
NT	Dora Maira Massif
RT	Piemonte Italy
	Maritime Alps
	Pennine Alps
	Cottian Alps
	Graian Alps
	Lepontine Alps
SN	Those alpine ranges such as the Maritime Alps, Cottian Alps, Graian Alps, Pennine Alps, and Lepontine Alps, which lie within or on the borders of Piemonte.

Piedmont Italy
USE	Piemonte Italy

Piedmont Province
USE	Piedmont

piedmontite
USE	piemontite

piedmonts
RT	geomorphology
SN	Generic term. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Piemonte Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
NT	Acceglio Italy
	Acqui Italy
	Alessandria Italy
	Argentera Italy
	Argentera Massif
	Asti Italy
	Dora Maira Massif
	Ivrea Italy
	Lanzo Massif
	Novara Italy
	Sesia Zone
	Turin Italy
	Vercelli Italy
	Villafranca d'Asti Italy
UF	Piedmont Italy
RT	Maritime Alps
	Sesia-Lanzo Zone
	Pennine Alps
	Canavese Zone
	Piedmont Alps
	Po River
	Po Valley
	Graian Alps
	Lepontine Alps
	Ivrea-Verbano Zone
	Lago Maggiore
	Ticino River
	Langhe
	Monte Rosa
	Sesia Valley
	Simplon region
	Strona Valley
SN	Region in NW Italy.

piemontite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...epidote group
	....piemontite
UF	piedmontite
RT	manganese minerals

Pieniny Klippen Belt
BT	Europe
	.Pieniny Klippen Belt
UF	Klippen Belt
RT	Poland
	Ukraine
	Slovakia
	Carpathians
	Pieniny Mountains
SN	Central and E Europe. Also search Pieniny. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Pieniny Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Pieniny Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Beskid Mountains
	...Pieniny Mountains
RT	Pieniny Klippen Belt
SN	Range of the Beskids in S Poland. Also search Pieniny. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pierce County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Pierce County Georgia
SN	SE Georgia.

Pierce County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Pierce County Nebraska
SN	NE Nebraska.

Pierce County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Pierce County North Dakota
SN	N central North Dakota.

Pierce County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Pierce County Washington
NT	Mount Rainier
	Nisqually Glacier
RT	Mount Rainier National Park
SN	W central Washington.

Pierce County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Pierce County Wisconsin
SN	W Wisconsin.

piercement
USE	diapirs

piercing fold
USE	diapirs

Pierre Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Pierre Shale
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	North Dakota
	Minnesota
	South Dakota
	Montana Group
	Gammon Ferruginous Member
	Sharon Springs Member
SN	In Montana Group. E Colorado, W Minnesota, E Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and E Wyoming.

Pierre South Dakota
BT	ghes County South Dakota
	.Pierre South Dakota
SN	City on the Missouri River in central South Dakota.

piers
BT	marine installations
	.piers

piezoelectric properties
UF	piezoelectricity
RT	properties
	crystal chemistry
	crystals
	electrical properties
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

piezoelectricity
USE	piezoelectric properties

piezometers
USE	pressuremeters

piezometric surface
USE	potentiometric surface

piezometry
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See potentiometric surface. Use ground water and surveys, or pressuremeters and instruments for method studies as applicable.

piezoremanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..piezoremanent magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pigafetta Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Pigafetta Basin
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	Leg 129
	Leg 144
	ODP Site 800
	ODP Site 801
SN	N of Caroline Islands, NW Equatorial Pacific. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

pigeonite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....pigeonite

piggy-back basins
USE	piggyback basins

piggyback basins
BT	basins
	.piggyback basins
UF	piggy-back basins
RT	paleogeography
	sedimentary basins
	imbricate tectonics
	thrust sheets
SN	Sedimentary basins which form and are carried on thrust sheets. Also index sedimentary basins for paleogeography.

pigments
BT	organic compounds
	.pigments
NT	carotenoids
	chlorophyll
	porphyrins

Pigmy Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Pigmy Basin
RT	Leg 96
	DSDP Site 619
SN	Off the coast of Louisiana in Gulf of Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pike County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Pike County Alabama
SN	SE Alabama.

Pike County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Pike County Arkansas
SN	SW Arkansas.

Pike County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Pike County Georgia
SN	W central Georgia.

Pike County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Pike County Illinois
SN	W Illinois.

Pike County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Pike County Indiana
SN	SW Indiana.

Pike County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Pike County Kentucky
SN	E Kentucky.

Pike County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Pike County Mississippi
SN	SW Mississippi.

Pike County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Pike County Missouri
SN	E Missouri.

Pike County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Pike County Ohio
SN	S Ohio.

Pike County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Pike County Pennsylvania
SN	NE Pennsylvania.

Pikes Peak
RT	Colorado Springs Colorado
	El Paso County Colorado
	Front Range
	Pikes Peak Batholith
	U. S. Rocky Mountains
SN	Mountain W of Colorado Springs in El Paso County in central Colorado. Before 1978, also included use for Pikes Peak Batholith. Indexed with county and Front Range and U. S. Rocky Mountains as applicable.

Pikes Peak Batholith
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Pikes Peak Batholith
RT	Pikes Peak
SN	Before 1978, also search Pikes Peak for the batholith.

Pilbara Block
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Pilbara Block
UF	Pilbara Craton
RT	Warrawoona Group
SN	Structural unit, N Western Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pilbara Craton
USE	Pilbara Block

Pilbara gold field
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Pilbara gold field
UF	Pilbara Goldfield
RT	mines
	gold ores
SN	NW Western Australia. Also search Pilbara.

Pilbara Goldfield
USE	Pilbara gold field

piles
RT	foundations

Pilgrim Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Upper Cambrian
	.....Pilgrim Formation
RT	Montana
SN	Threefold subdivision. Underlies Maywood or Red Lion Formation.

Pilica Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Cracow Poland
	....Pilica Poland
SN	Village in N Cracow, S Poland.

Pilica River basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Pilica River basin
SN	E central Poland. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pillars
RT	methods
	mining geology
SN	Includes use as a general term.

pillow lava
BT	lava
	.pillow lava
RT	basalts
	pillow structure
	spilite

pillow structure
RT	ball-and-pillow
	lava
	pillow lava
SN	Included use under sedimentary structures, soft sediment deformation until 1976; now use ball-and-pillow.

pilot plants
RT	economics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pilot Range
BT	United States
	.Pilot Range
RT	Utah
	Nevada
	Basin and Range Province
	Box Elder County Utah
	Elko County Nevada
SN	NE Nevada and NW Utah. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pilot Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Pilot Shale
RT	Upper Devonian
	Utah
	Nevada
	Lower Mississippian
SN	E Nevada and Utah. Underlies Joana Limestone; overlies Guilmette Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pilsen Basin
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Pilsen Basin
UF	Plzen Basin
SN	Valley in W Czech Republic in which city of Pilsen is located. Also search Pilsen.

Piltdown England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Sussex England
	......Piltdown England
RT	Piltdown man
SN	Locality in East Sussex in SE England.

Piltdown man
RT	fossil man
	paleontology
	Piltdown England
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Pima County Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Pima County Arizona
NT	Tucson Arizona
	Tucson Mountains
RT	Rincon Mountains
	Coronado National Forest
	Santa Catalina Mountains
	Santa Cruz River
	Santa Rita Mountains
	Sierrita Mountains
SN	S Arizona.

Pinaceae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Pinaceae
NT	Abies
	Larix
	Pinus
RT	Taxodiaceae
SN	Family.

Pinal County Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Pinal County Arizona
NT	Picacho Arizona
	San Manuel Arizona
RT	Santa Cruz River
	Superstition Mountains
SN	S central Arizona.

Pinal Creek basin
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Gila County Arizona
	...Pinal Creek basin
RT	Globe Arizona
SN	Near Globe, SE Arizona. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pinar del Rio Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Pinar del Rio Cuba
NT	Sierra de los Organos
SN	Province and city of W Cuba.

Pinatubo
USE	Mount Pinatubo

Pinawa Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Pinawa Manitoba
RT	Underground Research Laboratory
SN	NW of Whiteshell Provincial Park, SE Manitoba. The Underground Research Laboratory is nearby.

pinch-outs
USE	stratigraphic wedges

Pinchi Lake
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Pinchi Lake
SN	Central British Columbia.

pinchouts
USE	stratigraphic wedges

Pindus Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Pindus Mountains
RT	Sterea Ellas
	Hellenides
	Epirus Greece
	Thessaly Greece
SN	W central and NW Greece. Also search Pindus. Indexed with administrative regions as applicable.

Pine Barrens
RT	Atlantic County New Jersey
	Burlington County New Jersey
	Camden County New Jersey
	Cumberland County New Jersey
	Long Island
	New Jersey
	Ocean County New Jersey
	Suffolk County New York
SN	Region of coastal plain of S and SE New Jersey. Also used in Suffolk County New York on Long Island. Search in combination with New York or New Jersey as applicable. Also index counties or regions as applicable.

Pine County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Pine County Minnesota

Pine Creek Geosyncline
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Northern Territory Australia
	...Pine Creek Geosyncline
RT	Alligator Rivers Field
SN	N and central Northern Territory, Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pine Mountain Window
BT	United States
	.Pine Mountain Window
RT	Virginia
	Kentucky
	Appalachian Plateau
	Tennessee
	Cumberland Plateau
SN	W Virginia, SE Kentucky and NE Tennessee. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pine Point District
USE	Pine Point mining district

Pine Point mining district
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
	...Pine Point mining district
UF	Pine Point District
RT	mines
	lead-zinc deposits
	mississippi valley-type deposits
SN	S central Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories. Mississippi valley-type lead-zinc deposits. Before 1993, also search Pine Point. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Pine Shadow Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Pine Shadow Member
RT	New Mexico
	Virgilian
	Wild Cow Formation
SN	In Wild Cow Formation. New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pine Valley Mountains
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Washington County Utah
	...Pine Valley Mountains
SN	Washington County in SW Utah.

Pinecrest Beds
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pinecrest Beds
RT	Pliocene
	Florida
	upper Miocene
	Tamiami Formation
SN	Upper Miocene and Pliocene, S Florida. May be considered part of Tamiami Formation. Not to be confused with the Lower Triassic Pinecrest Formation of Utah. Indexed with upper Miocene or Pliocene as applicable.

Pinedale Anticline
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Sublette County Wyoming
	...Pinedale Anticline
RT	Green River basin
SN	In Green River basin, W Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pinedale Glaciation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....upper Quaternary
	.....Pinedale Glaciation
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Bull Lake Glaciation
SN	Before 1981, also search Pinedale. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pinellas County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Pinellas County Florida
RT	Tampa Bay
SN	W Florida.

Piney Point Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Piney Point Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Delaware
	New Jersey
SN	Above Nanjemoy Formation and below Calvert Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

pingos
BT	periglacial features
	.pingos
RT	glacial geology
	permafrost
	taliks
	frost action

Pinnacle Formation
RT	Lower Cambrian
	Neoproterozoic
	Precambrian
	Quebec
	Vermont
SN	In Camels Hump Group. S Quebec and NW Vermont. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

pinnacle reefs
BT	reefs
	.pinnacle reefs
UF	coral pinnacle
	reef pinnacle
RT	platform reefs

Pinnacles National Monument
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Benito County California
	...Pinnacles National Monument
RT	national monuments
SN	W California.

Pinney Hollow Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lower Cambrian
	.....Pinney Hollow Formation
RT	Vermont
SN	In Camels Hump Group. Lower Cambrian and/or Proterozoic. Includes Hancock Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pinnipedia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Pinnipedia
NT	Phocidae
SN	Suborder.

Pinon Range
RT	Nevada
SN	Also search Pinon. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

pinquite
USE	nontronite

Pinus
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Pinaceae
	.....Pinus
SN	Genus.

Pinyon Conglomerate
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Pinyon Conglomerate
RT	Wyoming
SN	Unconformably overlies Harebell Formation and unconformably underlies Colter Formation. Yellowstone National Park in NW Wyoming.

Pinzgau
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Salzburg State Austria
	....Pinzgau
RT	Salzach River
SN	Valley of the upper Salzach River in state of Salzburg. W central Austria. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pioche Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Pioche Shale
RT	Utah
	California
	Nevada
	Arizona
SN	Lower and Middle Cambrian. NW Arizona, E California, Nevada and W Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pioneer 10
BT	Pioneer Program
	.Pioneer 10
RT	Jupiter
	remote sensing

Pioneer 11
BT	Pioneer Program
	.Pioneer 11
RT	Jupiter
	remote sensing
	Saturn
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pioneer Mountains
RT	Beaverhead County Montana
	Blaine County Idaho
	Custer County Idaho
	Idaho
	U. S. Rocky Mountains
SN	Custer and Blaine counties in S central Idaho. Also in Beaverhead County, SW Montana. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Pioneer Program
NT	Pioneer 10
	Pioneer 11
RT	Aphrodite Terra
	extraterrestrial geology
	Ishtar Terra
	Jupiter
	planetology
	remote sensing
	Saturn
	Venus
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pipelines
RT	culverts
	foundations
	horizontal drilling
	marine installations
	natural gas
	petroleum
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	transportation
	trenching
	underground installations

pipes
BT	intrusions
	.pipes
NT	breccia pipes
RT	igneous rocks
	volcanoes
	diatremes
	plugs
	chimneys
	volcanic necks

Pipestone County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Pipestone County Minnesota

piping
UF	tunnel erosion
RT	erosion
	soil erosion
	water erosion
SN	Used for the erosion process. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pirabas Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Pirabas Formation
RT	Miocene
	Brazil
	upper Oligocene
SN	Indexed with age as applicable.

piracy
USE	stream capture

Pisa Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Tuscany Italy
	....Pisa Italy
SN	City and province in NW Tuscany, W Italy.

Piscataquis County Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Piscataquis County Maine
NT	Mount Katahdin
SN	Central Maine.

Pisces
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
NT	Acanthodii
	Chondrichthyes
	Osteichthyes
	Placodermi
RT	Agnatha
	fish scales
	eggs
	ichthyoliths
	gastroliths
	Heterostraci
	otoliths
SN	Before 1981, Agnatha and Heterostraci were included as narrower terms.

Pisgah Crater
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Pisgah Crater
SN	Central San Bernardino County, S California.

Pishpek Kyrgyzstan
USE	Bishkek Kyrgyzstan

Pismo Basin
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
	...Pismo Basin
SN	SW California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

pisolites
RT	limestone
	pisoliths
	pisolitic texture
	sedimentary rocks

pisoliths
RT	pellets
	pisolites
	pisolitic texture
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments

pisolitic texture
BT	textures
	.pisolitic texture
RT	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	pisolites
	pisoliths
SN	Before 1978, also search pisolitic AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rocks.

pistacite
USE	epidote

pit sections
RT	cross sections
	mineral exploration
	soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pitchblende
BT	oxides
	.pitchblende
UF	nasturan
RT	uranium ores
	uraninite

pitching folds
USE	plunging folds

pitchstone
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..glasses
	...pitchstone
RT	volcanic glass

Pitesti Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Pitesti Romania
SN	City in Arges County in S central Romania.

Pithecanthropus
BT	minidae
	.Pithecanthropus
SN	Genus.

Pitkin County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Pitkin County Colorado
SN	W central Colorado.

Pitkin Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Pitkin Limestone
RT	Oklahoma
	Arkansas
SN	In Arkansas, underlies Cane Hill Member of Hale Formation. N Arkansas, and E Oklahoma.

Piton de la Fournaise
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Mascarene Islands
	..Reunion
	...Piton de la Fournaise
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcanic peak on Reunion Island.

Piton des Neiges
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Mascarene Islands
	..Reunion
	...Piton des Neiges
SN	Highest peak on Reunion Island.

pits
RT	chemical weathering
	corrosion
	etching
	fission tracks
	furrows
	mining
	open-pit mining
	quarries
	solution
	solution features
	waste disposal
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Pitt County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pitt County North Carolina

Pittsburg County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Pittsburg County Oklahoma
SN	SE Oklahoma.

Pittsburgh Coal
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Pittsburgh Coal
RT	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	West Virginia
	Monongahela Group
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pittsburgh coal basin
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Pittsburgh coal basin
RT	coal fields
SN	Bituminous coal and steel producing region in the Pittsburgh area.

Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Allegheny County Pennsylvania
	...Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
SN	City in SW Pennsylvania.

Pittsylvania County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Pittsylvania County Virginia
RT	Danville Virginia
SN	S Virginia. Also search Danville Virginia if applicable.

Piute County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Piute County Utah
NT	Marysvale Utah
RT	Tushar Mountains
SN	SW central Utah.

PIXE method
USE	particle-induced X-ray emission

PIXE spectra
BT	spectra
	.X-ray spectra
	..PIXE spectra
BT	spectra
	.emission spectra
	..PIXE spectra
RT	particle-induced X-ray emission
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

pixels
UF	picture elements
RT	aerial photography
	remote sensing
	data processing
	imagery
	digital simulation
SN	Smallest part of an electronically coded picture element. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

PKiKP-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PKiKP-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves

PKP-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PKP-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

PKS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PKS-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Placentalia
USE	Eutheria

Placer County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Placer County California
RT	Lake Tahoe
SN	Central and E California.

placers
NT	beach placers
	stream placers
UF	ore of sedimentation
RT	diamonds
	heavy minerals
	mineral deposits, genesis
	gold ores
	alluvium
	paleoplacers
	metal ores
	sediments
	mineral exploration
	tin ores
	monazite deposits
	discoveries
	sampling
	mining
	heavy mineral deposits
	stream sediments
	platinum ores
	nuggets
	panning
	weather
SN	Used for a surficial mineral deposit formed by mechanical concentration of mineral particles from weathered debris. Commodity. See List C. Also index type of placer [e.g. diamonds, gold ores, heavy mineral deposits, platinum ores, tin ores].

Placodermi
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Placodermi
NT	Arthrodira
RT	Acanthodii
SN	Class. Before 1981, Acanthodii was included as a narrower term.

Placodontia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Placodontia
SN	Order.

plagioclase
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...plagioclase
NT	albite
	analbite
	andesine
	anorthite
	bytownite
	labradorite
	myrmekite
	oligoclase
	peristerite
RT	maskelynite

plagioclasite
USE	anorthosite

plagiogranite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..diorites
	...plagiogranite
RT	quartz diorites
	trondhjemite

plagionite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..plagionite

plains
NT	chenier plains
UF	lowlands
RT	abyssal plains
	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	alluvial plains
	floodplains
	topography
	erosion features
	shore features
	playas
	coastal plains
	peneplains
	prairies
	savannas
	steppes
	plateaus
	landforms
	tundra
	outwash plains
	pediplains
SN	Before 1993, also search lowlands.

Plaisancian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....lower Pliocene
	......Plaisancian
UF	Plaisanzian
SN	Europe. Above Pontian (Miocene), below Astian.

Plaisanzian
USE	Plaisancian

Plan de la Tour France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Var France
	....Plan de la Tour France
SN	Village in SE France.

Plana
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1995, used for the town in W Bohemia in Czechoslovakia; now use Plana Czech Republic. Also used in reference to Plana Mountains and Plana Pluton in Bulgaria. Search in combination with country as applicable.

planar bedding structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
NT	bedding
	cross-bedding
	cross-laminations
	cross-stratification
	cut and fill
	cyclothems
	flaser bedding
	hummocky cross-stratification
	imbrication
	laminations
	massive bedding
	rhythmic bedding
	rhythmite
	ripple drift-cross laminations
	sand bodies
	varves
UF	bedding structures, planar
RT	bars
	graded bedding
	stratification
	channels
	buried channels
	laminite

planar deformation features
UF	shock lamellae
RT	meteorites
	structural analysis
	deformation
	impact features
	crystal structure
	cleavage
	schistosity
	bedding
	cryptoexplosion features
	shock metamorphism
	fabric
	petrofabrics
	ultrastructure
SN	Also search planar elements. Before 1978, also search deformation and planar.

planar elements
SN	Use planar deformation features for the shock feature. See also cleavage, bedding, schistosity.

planation
BT	erosion
	.planation
RT	abrasion
	geomorphology
	erosion surfaces

planation surfaces
USE	erosion surfaces

plancheite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..plancheite

plane waves
BT	elastic waves
	.plane waves
RT	waves
	P-waves
SN	Wavefronts have a planar character which implies a very remote source. Indexed with P-waves if applicable.

planes, fault
USE	fault planes

planetary interiors
RT	interior
	lunar interior
	planetology
	planets
SN	Before 1981, search planet name AND interior. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

planetary orbits
USE	orbits

planetary rings
UF	rings, planetary
RT	planetology
	extraterrestrial geology
	Uranus
	Saturn
SN	Before 1985, also search rings AND name of planet or planetology. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

planetesimals
UF	protoplanets
RT	accretion
	planetology
	planets
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

planetoids
SN	As of 1993, use planetesimals or asteroids if applicable.

planetology
RT	accretion
	Apollo Program
	Apollo-Soyuz Program
	asteroids
	atmosphere
	Clementine Program
	comae
	condensation
	cosmic dust
	cosmochemistry
	cosmochronology
	Earth
	Earth-Moon couple
	exobiology
	Explorer Program
	extraterrestrial geology
	Gaia hypothesis
	Galileo Progra
SN	Used for studies of more than one planet, the relationship between planets, or the solar system as a whole. See also names of planets.

planets
RT	asteroids
	condensation
	Earth
	extraterrestrial geology
	interplanetary comparison
	Jupiter
	Mars
	Mercury Planet
	meteoroids
	Moon
	Neptune
	outer planets
	planetary interiors
	planetesimals
	planetology
	Pluto
	Saturn
	solar system
	Sun
	surface features
	terrestrial comp

plankton
NT	nannoplankton
	phytoplankton
	zooplankton
UF	microplankton
RT	palynomorphs
	Dinoflagellata
	algae
	Protista
	Foraminifera
	Ostracoda
	diatoms
	planktonic taxa
	Radiolaria

planktonic
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use planktonic taxa.

planktonic taxa
UF	taxa, planktonic
RT	plankton
	Foraminifera
SN	Before 1978, also search planktonic.

planning
RT	associations
	highways
	land use
	mitigation
	programs
	public awareness
	railroads
	regional planning
	urban planning

Planolites
BT	ichnofossils
	.Planolites
SN	Genus.

Planorbis
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Pulmonata
	....Basommatophora
	.....Planorbis

Planosols
BT	soils
	.Planosols
RT	soil group
	Intrazonal soils

Plantae
NT	algae
	Bryophyta
	Pteridophyta
	Pteropsida
	Spermatophyta
RT	affinities
	carnivorous taxa
	cuticles
	eukaryotes
	floral studies
	flowers
	fossil wood
	leaves
	lichens
	paleobotany
	palynomorphs
	phytoliths
	prokaryotes
	roots
	seeds
	thallophytes
	vegetation
SN	Before 1998, thallophytes was a narrower term. In indexing, may be used in a general sense when specific plants are unknown.

Plaquemines Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Plaquemines Parish Louisiana
RT	Barataria Bay
	East Bay
	South Pass
SN	Extreme SE Louisiana, bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

plasma
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Was not to be used for soil plasma. Used with interplanetary space and plasma emission spectroscopy.

plasma emission spectroscopy
RT	emission spectroscopy
	inductively coupled plasma methods
	spectroscopy
SN	Before 1985, also search emission spectroscopy AND plasma. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

plasma instabilities
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.

plasma motion
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.

plasmapause
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.

plasmasphere
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.

plaster of paris
USE	gypsum

plaster stone
USE	gypsum

plastic deformation
BT	deformation
	.plastic deformation
NT	dislocation creep
RT	engineering geology
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	plasticity
	rheology
	viscoplastic materials
	plastic flow
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

plastic flow
UF	plastic strain
RT	deformation
	plasticity
	plastic deformation
	flow lines
SN	Also search plastic.

plastic materials
RT	elastic materials
	elastoplastic materials
	elastoviscoplastic materials
	engineering geology
	materials
	plasticity
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	viscoplastic materials
SN	Before 1978, also search plastic AND materials.

plastic strain
USE	plastic flow

plasticity
RT	Atterberg limits
	compressibility
	constitutive equations
	deformation
	elasticity
	elastoplastic materials
	elastoviscoplastic materials
	mechanical properties
	plastic deformation
	plastic flow
	plastic materials
	rock mechanics
	viscoplastic materials
	viscosity

Platanus
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Platanus
SN	Genus.

plate boundaries
UF	plate margins
RT	accommodation zones
	plate tectonics
	rifting
	accreting plate boundary
	passive margins
	plate divergence
	active margins
	plate convergence
	plates
SN	Before 1981, also search margins; plate boundary. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

plate collision
RT	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	Before 1981, also search (collision OR collisions) AND plate tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

plate convergence
RT	active margins
	plate boundaries
	plate tectonics
SN	Before 1981, search convergence. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

plate divergence
UF	divergence, plate
RT	rift zones
	plate boundaries
	plate tectonics
	rifting
	accreting plate boundary
	passive margins
	sea-floor spreading
SN	Before 1993, also search divergence. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

plate geometry
RT	geometry
	plate tectonics
	plates
	triple junctions
SN	Before 1981, also search geometry AND plate tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

plate margins
USE	plate boundaries

plate motion
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use movement in conjunction with plate tectonics.

plate movement
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use movement in conjunction with plate tectonics.

plate rotation
RT	plate tectonics
	plates
	rotation
SN	Before 1982, search rotation AND plate tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

plate tectonics
RT	accommodation zones
	accreting plate boundary
	accretionary wedges
	active margins
	Adriatic Plate
	African Plate
	Anatolian Plate
	Antarctic Plate
	apparent polar wandering
	Arabian Plate
	aseismic margins
	asthenosphere
	Australian Plate
	Australian-Antarctic discor
SN	Used for global tectonics based on an Earth model characterized by a small number of large, broad, thick plates. Before 1976, articles discussing plate tectonics were included under tectonophysics. Used for extremely large-scale events, usually affecting

plate-bearing tests
RT	soil mechanics
	testing
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

plateau basalts
USE	flood basalts

plateaus
RT	highlands
	landforms
	mesas
	plains
	geomorphology
	topography
	uplands

plates
RT	active margins
	Adriatic Plate
	African Plate
	Anatolian Plate
	Antarctic Plate
	Arabian Plate
	Australian Plate
	Australian-Antarctic discordance
	Benioff zone
	Caribbean Plate
	Cocos Plate
	crust
	Easter Microplate
	Eurasian Plate
	Explorer Plate
	Farallon Plate
	Gorda

platform reefs
BT	reefs
	.platform reefs
RT	fringing reefs
	carbonate platforms
	patch reefs
	pinnacle reefs
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

platforms
RT	carbonate platforms
	engineering geology
	gravity platforms
	marine platforms
	tectonic platforms

platinum
BT	metals
	.platinum group
	..platinum
UF	Pt
RT	heavy metals
	siderophile elements
	platinum ores
	niggliite
	platinum minerals
SN	Chemical element. Use platinum ores for platinum as a commodity.

platinum group
BT	metals
	.platinum group
NT	iridium
	osmium
	palladium
	platinum
	rhodium
	ruthenium
UF	PGE
	platinum group elements
	platinum metals
RT	platinum minerals
SN	Six elements from group VIII of the periodic table. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

platinum group elements
USE	platinum group

platinum metals
USE	platinum group

platinum minerals
RT	minerals
	niggliite
	ore minerals
	platinum
	platinum group
	platinum ores
	sperrylite
SN	May be used indexed with commodities (list C).

platinum ores
BT	metal ores
	.platinum ores
RT	placers
	platinum
	iridium ores
	platinum minerals
	nuggets
	osmium ores
	palladium ores
	rhodium ores
	ruthenium ores
SN	Commodity. See List C.

Platte County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Platte County Missouri
SN	W Missouri.

Platte County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Platte County Nebraska
SN	E central Nebraska.

Platte County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Platte County Wyoming
SN	SE Wyoming.

Platte River
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Nebraska
	Platte River basin
	South Platte River
SN	Formed by confluence of the North Platte River and South Platte River in SW central Nebraska. Flows E into the Missouri River below Omaha. Indexed with counties or regions applicable.

Platte River basin
RT	Great Plains
	Nebraska
	Platte River
	Colorado
	United States
	Wyoming
SN	Indexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Platteville Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Platteville Formation
RT	Iowa
	Illinois
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Glenwood Shale
SN	Includes Mifflin Limestone Member, Quimbys Mill Member, Pecatonica Member, McGregor Member, and Carimona Member, Hidden Falls Member, Magnolia Member, Glenwood Shale. E Iowa, NW Illinois, S Minnesota, and SW Wisconsin.

Plattsburg Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Missourian
	.......Plattsburg Limestone
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Lansing Group
SN	In Lansing Group. Includes Merriam Limestone, Hickory Creek Shale and Spring Hill Limestone members. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and SE Nebraska.

Plattsmouth Limestone Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Virgilian
	.......Plattsmouth Limestone Member
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Oread Limestone
SN	Of Oread Limestone. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and SE Nebraska.

Platycarya
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Platycarya
SN	Genus.

Platycopida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Platycopida
NT	Cytherellidae
UF	Platycopina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Platycopina
USE	Platycopida

Platyrrhina
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
	........Platyrrhina
SN	Infraorder? Commonly referred to as the New World monkeys.

playas
RT	basins
	coastal environment
	deserts
	ephemeral lakes
	lacustrine features
	plains
	geomorphology
	sebkha environment

Pleasant Bayou
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brazoria County Texas
	...Pleasant Bayou
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
SN	SE Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pleasant Island
USE	Nauru Island

Pleasanton Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Missourian
	.......Pleasanton Group
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Kansas
SN	Comprises Warrensburg Channel Sandstone, Sni Mills Limestone, Dawson Coal Horizon, Wayside Sandstone, Exline Limestone, Knobtown Sandstone, Hepler Sandstone, Checkerboard Limestone, and Ovid Coal. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and NE Oklahoma.

Pleasants County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Pleasants County West Virginia

Plecoptera
USE	Perlaria

Plectoptera
USE	Ephemeroptera

Pleistocene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....Pleistocene
NT	Upper Pleistocene
	Middle Pleistocene
	Lower Pleistocene
	Bandelier Tuff
	Beaumont Clay
	Bishop Tuff
	Bootlegger Cove Clay
	Central Polish Glaciation
	Champlain Sea
	Crooked Creek Formation
	Glasford Formation
	Gubik Formation
	Gunz
	Irvingtonian
	Karewa Group
	Key Largo Limestone
	Kingsdown Formation
	Laetoli Beds
	Lake Agassiz
	Lake Algonquin
	Lake Chicago
	Lake Lahontan
	Lake Maumee
	Lake Missoula
	Loveland Loess
	McPherson Formation
	Miami Limestone
	Mindel
	Mindel/Riss Interglacial
	Nihewan Formation
	Pearlette Volcanic Ash
	Peoria Loess
	Presumpscot Formation
	Riss
	Riss/Wurm Interglacial
	Roxana Silt
	Ryukyu Group
	Semata Formation
	Shimosa Group
	Wedron Formation
	Wicomico Formation
RT	Aurignacian
	Levalloisian
	Blackwater Draw Formation
	Blancan
	Caloosahatchee Formation
	Chesapeake Group
	Croatan Formation
	Koobi Fora Formation
	Glenns Ferry Formation
	Kobiwako Group
	Loup Fork Gro
SN	Glacial epoch. World. Above Pliocene (Tertiary), below Holocene.

plenargyrite
USE	matildite

pleniglacial, last
USE	last glacial maximum

pleochroism
UF	polychroism
RT	crystallography
	optical properties

Plesiosauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Sauropterygia
	......Plesiosauria
SN	Suborder.

plessite
BT	alloys
	.plessite
RT	meteorites
	kamacite
	taenite

Plettenberg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Plettenberg Germany
SN	City NE of Cologne in W central Germany.

Pleven Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Pleven Bulgaria
NT	Teteven Bulgaria
SN	Province and city in N Bulgaria.

Pliensbachian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Pliensbachian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....middle Liassic
	......Pliensbachian
SN	Europe.

plinian-type eruptions
RT	eruptions
	explosive eruptions
	volcanism
	volcanology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Pliocene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
NT	Zanclean
	Piacenzian
	Gelasian
	Ash Hollow Formation
	Bakhtiari Formation
	Bidahochi Formation
	Cimmerian
	Citronelle Formation
	Dacian
	Gauss Chron
	Goliad Sand
	Hadar Formation
	lower Pliocene
	middle Pliocene
	Narita Formation
	Pico Formation
	Ringold Formation
	San Diego Formation
	Sirius Group
	upper Pliocene
	Uvalde Gravel
	Valentine Formation
	Yorktown Formation
RT	Aguacate Group
	Blancan
	Browns Park Formation
	Caloosahatchee Formation
	Chesapeake Group
	Cohansey Formation
	Columbia River Basalt Group
	Croatan Formation
	Cuddalore Series
	Deschutes Formation
	Etchegoin Formation
	Glenns Ferry Formation
	Hazeva Formation
	Imperi
SN	World. Above Miocene, below Pleistocene (Quaternary).

pliomagmatic zone
USE	eugeosynclines

Pliomys
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Myomorpha
	........Cricetidae
	.........Pliomys
SN	Genus.

Plock Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Plock Poland
NT	Leczyca Poland
UF	Plokz Poland
SN	Province and city in central Poland.

Ploesti Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Prahova Romania
	.....Ploesti Romania
UF	Ploiesti Romania
SN	City N of Bucharest.

Ploiesti Romania
USE	Ploesti Romania

Plokz Poland
USE	Plock Poland

Plotina Deposit
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Karelia Russian Federation
	...Plotina Deposit
RT	mica deposits
	pegmatite
	muscovite
SN	Loukhi Lake region. Also search Plotin Deposit. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Plovdiv Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Plovdiv Bulgaria
NT	Madan Bulgaria
	Panagyurishte Bulgaria
SN	Province including the city in S central Bulgaria.

plugs
BT	intrusions
	.plugs
RT	lava
	volcanoes
	breccia pipes
	pipes
	volcanic necks

Plum Island
RT	Essex County Massachusetts
	Massachusetts
	New York
	Suffolk County New York
SN	E Essex County, NE Massachusetts, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Also in Suffolk County, SE New York. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Plumas County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Plumas County California
RT	Lassen Volcanic National Park
SN	NE California.

plumbogummite
BT	phosphates
	.plumbogummite

plumes
UF	hydrothermal plumes
RT	volcanism
	diapirs
	hydrothermal vents
	upwelling
	mantle plumes
	hot spots
SN	After 1997, restricted to natural plumes. Use mantle plumes if applicable. For pollution, see contaminant plumes.

plunging folds
BT	folds
	.plunging folds
UF	pitching folds
RT	orientation
SN	Folds defined on the basis of orientation in relation to the geographic horizontal plane. Before 1978, also search folds AND plunging.

Pluto
RT	Charon Satellite
	outer planets
	planetology
	planets
	satellites
	solar system

plutonic
SN	A valid term through 1977.

plutonic rocks
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
NT	appinite
	carbonatites
	diabase
	diorites
	gabbros
	granites
	jotunite
	lamprophyres
	quartzolite
	syenites
	ultramafics
RT	rocks
	hypabyssal rocks
	magmatism
	metaplutonic rocks
	schlieren
SN	Before 1978, also search plutonic.

plutonism
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use magmatism or intrusions if applicable.

plutonium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..plutonium
NT	Pu-238
	Pu-239
	Pu-240
	Pu-240/Pu-239
	Pu-244
UF	Pu

plutons
BT	intrusions
	.plutons
RT	igneous rocks
	metasomatism
	emplacement
	batholiths

Plymouth County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Plymouth County Iowa
SN	NW Iowa.

Plymouth County Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Plymouth County Massachusetts
RT	Buzzards Bay
	Massachusetts Bay
	Boston Harbor
SN	SE Massachusetts.

Plzen Basin
USE	Pilsen Basin

Pm
USE	promethium

Pn-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...Pn-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	Sn-waves
	P-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

pneumatolysis
UF	pneumatolytic alteration
RT	magmas
	metasomatism
	mineral deposits, genesis
	magma transport
	contact metamorphism
	gases
SN	Also search pneumatolytic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pneumatolytic alteration
USE	pneumatolysis

Po (element)
USE	polonium

Po Delta
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Po Delta
UF	Po River delta
SN	On Adriatic Sea S of Venice.

Po Hai
USE	Bohai Bay

Po Hai Wan
USE	Bohai Bay

Po River
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Po River
RT	Piemonte Italy
	Lombardy Italy
	Veneto Italy
	Emilia-Romagna Italy
	Po Valley
SN	Rises in the Cottian Alps of W Piemonte and flows E into the Adriatic Sea. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.

Po River delta
USE	Po Delta

Po Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Po Valley
RT	Piemonte Italy
	Lombardy Italy
	Veneto Italy
	Emilia-Romagna Italy
	Po River
SN	River valley. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.

Po-210
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Po-210
BT	metals
	.polonium
	..Po-210
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Poas
BT	Central America
	.Costa Rica
	..Poas
UF	Poas Volcano
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano. Central Costa Rica. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Poas Volcano
USE	Poas

Pobla de Segur Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonia Spain
	.....Lerida Spain
	......Pobla de Segur Spain
SN	Town in W Lerida, NE Spain.

Pocahontas County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Pocahontas County Iowa
RT	Manson impact structure
SN	N central Iowa.

Pocahontas County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Pocahontas County West Virginia
SN	E West Virginia.

Pocahontas Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Lower Pennsylvanian
	......Pocahontas Formation
RT	Virginia
	West Virginia
	Pottsville Group
SN	In Pottsville Group. SW Virginia and S West Virginia.

Pocatello Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Pocatello Formation
RT	Idaho
SN	Divided into two series: lower tillite series and upper varved slate series. SE Idaho.

pocket calculators
USE	hand calculators

pockmarks
RT	bottom features
	ocean floors
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pocono Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Pocono Formation
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Big Injun Sandstone
SN	Includes Benezette Limestone, Patton Shale Member, Peters Mountain Sandstone, Second Mountain Member, Cove Mountain Member, Burgoon Sandstone Member. W Maryland, E Ohio, Pennsylvania, W Virginia, N West Virginia.

Pocos de Caldas Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Minas Gerais Brazil
	...Pocos de Caldas Brazil
SN	Resort city in SW Minas Gerais, E central Brazil.

Podhale
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Cracow Poland
	....Podhale
RT	Polish Carpathians
SN	Highland basin in the Carpathians.

podiform deposits
RT	chromite ores
	mineral deposits, genesis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Podkamennaya Tunguska
USE	Stony Tunguska River

Podocopida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
NT	Bairdiomorpha
	Cavellinidae
	Cypridocopina
	Cytherocopina
	Darwinula
	Healdiidae
	Platycopida
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Podolia
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Podolia
RT	Volyn-Podolia
SN	Region between the Dniester River and the Southern Bug River nearly coextensive with Khmelnitskiy Oblast in W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Podsols
USE	Podzols

podzolization
RT	genesis
	horizons
	Podzols
	soils
	Zonal soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Podzols
BT	soils
	.Podzols
UF	Podsols
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils
	podzolization
	Sod-podzolic soils

POGO
UF	Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	remote sensing
	magnetic methods
	magnetic anomalies
	satellite methods
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pogonip Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Pogonip Group
RT	Utah
	California
	Nevada
	Antelope Valley Limestone
	Fillmore Formation
SN	Lower and Middle Ordovician. Comprises House Limestone, Fillmore Formation, Wahwah Limestone, Juab Limestone, Kanosh Shale, Lehman Formation, Mazourka Formation, Goodwin Limestone, Ninemile Formation, Antelope Valley Limestone. SE California, E and S Neva

Pogonophora
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Pogonophora

Pohang South Korea
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Korea
	...South Korea
	....Pohang South Korea
SN	City NNE of Pusan in SE South Korea.

Poiana Rusca (Mountains)
USE	Poiana-Rusca Mountains

Poiana Rusca Massif
USE	Poiana-Rusca Mountains

Poiana-Rusca Massif
USE	Poiana-Rusca Mountains

Poiana-Rusca Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Poiana-Rusca Mountains
UF	Poiana Rusca (Mountains)
	Poiana Rusca Massif
	Poiana-Rusca Massif
SN	Hunedoara County in SW Transylvania. Also search Poiana Rusca.

Poinsett County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Poinsett County Arkansas

Point Arena
RT	Mendocino County California
SN	A promontory on the Pacific Ocean in NW California. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Point Arena California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Mendocino County California
	...Point Arena California
SN	City in NW California.

Point Barrow
RT	Barrow Alaska
	Northern Alaska
SN	Point of land, N Alaska. Also used for Eskimo village (Nuwuk) before 1993. Indexed with Northern Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Point Barrow Alaska
USE	Barrow Alaska

point bars
BT	fluvial features
	.point bars
BT	bars
	.point bars
RT	geomorphology
	meanders
	fluvial sedimentation
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Point Conception
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Barbara County California
	...Point Conception
RT	ODP Site 1016
SN	S coast of California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

point defects
RT	crystal dislocations
	crystal structure
	crystallography
	crystals
	defects
	deformation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Point Loma
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Diego County California
	...Point Loma
SN	Peninsula sheltering San Diego Bay.

Point Loma Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Point Loma Formation
RT	California
	Rosario Formation
SN	In Rosario Group. S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Point Lookout Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Point Lookout Sandstone
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	Mesaverde Group
SN	In Mesaverde Group. SW Colorado and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Point Mugu
BT	United States
	.California
	..Ventura County California
	...Point Mugu
SN	On the Pacific Ocean in Ventura County W of Los Angeles. Also site of Point Mugu Naval Missile center.

Point Reyes
BT	United States
	.California
	..Marin County California
	...Point Reyes
SN	On the Pacific Ocean N of San Francisco in Marin County. Part of Point Reyes National Seashore.

Point Sal
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Barbara County California
	...Point Sal
SN	On central California coast. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

point sources
UF	sources, point
RT	pollution
	nonpoint sources
SN	Used only in relation to pollution. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pointe Coupee Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Pointe Coupee Parish Louisiana

Poisson's ratio
BT	elastic constants
	.Poisson's ratio
RT	engineering geology
	elasticity
	mechanical properties
	stress
	strain
	tunnels

Poitiers France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Vienne France
	....Poitiers France
SN	City in central Vienne, W central France.

Poitou
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Poitou
RT	Vendee France
	Deux-Sevres France
	Vienne France
SN	Historical region of W central France. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Pokutye
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Pokutye
SN	Upland region between E Beskids on the S and the Dniester River on the N in SW. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
NT	Andrychow
	Belchatow Mine
	Belchatow Poland
	Bialowieza
	Bialystok Poland
	Bielsko Poland
	Boleslawiec Poland
	Borzeta
	Boza Wola
	Bydgoszcz Poland
	Cracow Poland
	Cracow-Czestochowa Jura
	Czestochowa Poland
	Czestochowa-Zawiercie Basin
	Dobrzyn Poland
	Dukla Poland
	Foresudetic Monocline
	Galezice
	Gdansk Poland
	Kampinos Forest
	Katowice Poland
	Kielce Poland
	Korytnica Basin
	Koszalin Poland
	Kujawy
	Leba Poland
	Lodz Poland
	Lower Lusatia
	Lower Silesia
	Lowicz Poland
	Lubin Legnicki
	Lubin Poland
	Lublin Poland
	Mirsk Poland
	Northeastern Polish Plain
	Northwestern Polish Plain
	Nowy Sacz Poland
	Olsztyn Poland
	Opole Poland
	Pieniny Mountains
	Pilica River basin
	Plock Poland
	Polish Carpathians
	Polish Lowland
	Polish Sudeten Mountains
	Polkowice Poland
	Poznan Poland
	Przemysl Poland
	Pultusk Poland
	Rzeszow Poland
	Siedlce Poland
	Silesian coal basin
	Southeastern Polish Hills
	Sowie Mountains
	Suwalki Poland
	Swiety Krzyz Mountains
	Szczecin Poland
	Tarnobrzeg Poland
	Tarnow Poland
	Tomaszow Lubelski Poland
	Tomaszow Mazowiecki Poland
	Torun Poland
	Upper Silesia
	Vistula River
	Vistula River valley
	Walbrzych Poland
	Warsaw Poland
	Warta River
	Widawka Basin
	Wielun Poland
	Wroclaw Poland
	Zielona Gora Poland
RT	Baltic Glaciation
	Bohemian Massif
	Baltica
	Brest Basin
	Bug region
	Bug River
	European Platform
	Beshchady Mountains
	Carpathians
	Izera Mountains
	Karkonosze Mountains
	Carpathian Foredeep
	Carpathian Foreland
	Central Polish Glaciation
	Galitsiya
	Klodzko Unit
	Kriz

polar caps
RT	Antarctic Polar Cap
	extraterrestrial geology
	Mars
	Moon
	North Pole
	polar regions
	South Pole
SN	As of 1993, term may be used for caps on Earth or on other bodies. From 1989-1992, it was restricted to polar caps of extraterrestrial bodies; North Pole, South Pole, Polar regions or Antarctic Polar Cap was used for the Earth. For Mars before 1993, also

Polar Continental Shelf
BT	polar regions
	.Polar Continental Shelf
RT	Asia
	Antarctica
	Europe
	North America
	continental shelf
SN	The continental shelf surrounding the Antarctic Continent. Might apply also to continental shelves of Europe, Asia, and North America facing the Arctic Ocean and lying within the Arctic Circle.

polar migration
USE	polar wandering

polar motion
USE	polar wandering

Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
USE	POGO

polar regions
NT	Polar Continental Shelf
RT	Antarctica
	Arctic region
	equatorial region
	Makarov Basin
	Mars
	North Pole
	planetology
	polar caps
	South Pole
SN	Used for the region surrounding both geographic poles. Before 1993, used with Earth. May now be used with Earth or other planets. After 1992, search in combination with planet or continent or region. Before 1978, also search Polar. Indexed with planet or

Polar Urals
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Polar Urals
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Urals
	..Polar Urals
NT	Pai-Khoi
RT	Kozhim River
	Northern Urals
	Vaygach Island
SN	Section of the Urals extending from approximately N65#DG to the Arctic Ocean, including Vaygach Island. This term has multiple hierarchies.

polar wandering
UF	polar migration
	polar motion
	pole shifting
	wandering, polar
RT	plate tectonics
	paleomagnetism
	apparent polar wandering
	continental drift
	paleolatitude
	pole positions

polarization
RT	birefringence
	induced polarization
	optical properties
SN	A general term used mostly for optical properties. Not used for magnetization.

polarographic analysis
USE	polarography

polarography
UF	polarographic analysis
RT	diffusion
	chemical analysis
	analysis
	electrolysis
	quantitative analysis
SN	For methods, see under chemical analysis. For data, see appropriate material.

polders
RT	coastal environment
	land loss
	land use
	reclamation
	shorelines
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

pole positions
UF	positions, pole
RT	paleomagnetism
	magnetic field
	apparent polar wandering
	polar wandering
	reversals

pole shifting
USE	polar wandering

Polesie
USE	Polesye

Polesye
BT	Europe
	.Polesye
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Polesye
UF	Polesie
RT	Ukraine
	Belarus
	Pripet Basin
SN	Lowland area, formerly in Poland, comprising the Pripet Marshes of the Pripet Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

polianite
USE	pyrolusite

policies
USE	policy

policy
UF	policies
RT	international cooperation
	legislation
	national parks
	programs
	regulations
	industrialized countries
	corporate policy
	decision-making
	public policy
	Exclusive Economic Zone
	strategic minerals
	United States Exclusive Economic Zone
	Indian reservations
	NSF
	NURE
SN	Used as a general term.

Polish Carpathians
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Polish Carpathians
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Polish Carpathians
RT	Beskid Mountains
	Nowy Sacz Poland
	Podhale
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Polish Lowland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Polish Lowland
RT	Northwestern Polish Plain
SN	Eastern extension of the North German Plain in NW and N Poland.

Polish Sudeten Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Polish Sudeten Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Sudeten Mountains
	...Polish Sudeten Mountains
RT	Walbrzych Poland
	Izera Mountains
	Klodzko Unit
	Sowie Mountains
	Mirsk Poland
	Opole Poland
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

polished sections
RT	cross sections
	microscope methods
	thin sections

polished surface
USE	slickensides

poljes
BT	solution features
	.poljes
RT	geomorphology
	drainage basins
	valleys
	gorges
	karst
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Polk County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Polk County Arkansas
SN	W Arkansas.

Polk County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Polk County Florida
SN	Central Florida.

Polk County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Polk County Georgia
SN	NW Georgia.

Polk County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Polk County Iowa
SN	Central Iowa.

Polk County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Polk County Minnesota
SN	NW Minnesota.

Polk County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Polk County Missouri
SN	SW central Missouri.

Polk County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Polk County Nebraska
RT	Big Blue River
SN	E central Nebraska.

Polk County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Polk County North Carolina
SN	SW North Carolina.

Polk County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Polk County Oregon
SN	NW Oregon.

Polk County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Polk County Tennessee
NT	Ducktown Tennessee
SN	SE Tennessee.

Polk County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Polk County Texas
SN	E Texas.

Polk County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Polk County Wisconsin
SN	NW Wisconsin.

Polkowice Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Polkowice Poland
RT	Lower Silesia
SN	Town in Lower Silesia in central Legnica, SW Poland.

poll

pollen
BT	palynomorphs
	.miospores
	..pollen
RT	microfossils
	microorganisms
	spores
	exine
	sporopollenin
	palynology
	pollen analysis
	pollen diagrams
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

pollen analysis
RT	analysis
	palynology
	palynomorphs
	pollen
	pollen diagrams

pollen diagrams
RT	palynology
	palynomorphs
	pollen
	pollen analysis

pollucite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..pollucite

pollutant transport
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. After 1994, search pollutants or specific pollutants with transport. Before 1995, also search (movement or transport) with pollutants, contaminants or specific pollutant. See transport for other types.

pollutants
UF	contaminants (pollution)
RT	agrochemicals
	alachlor
	aldicarb
	atrazine
	bentazon
	chemical waste
	chlorobenzene
	chlorophenols
	atmospheric transport
	anthracene
	BTEX
	bioaccumulation
	carcinogens
	carbon tetrachloride
	chlorinated hydrocarbons
	chloroform
	chlorofluorocarbons
	coliform bacteria
	c
SN	Also index specific pollutants if applicable.

polluted water
RT	bioreclamation
	bioremediation
	Clean Water Act
	decontamination
	desalinization
	dilution
	ground water
	hydrochemistry
	impurities
	leaking underground storage tanks
	pollution
	purification
	reclamation
	surface water
	waste water
	water
	water management
	water qualit
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pollution
RT	abandoned oil wells
	acid mine drainage
	acid rain
	agrochemicals
	air
	airports
	atmosphere
	background level
	bioaccumulation
	bioreclamation
	bioremediation
	case studies
	chemical waste
	Clean Air Act
	Clean Water Act
	conservation
	contaminant plumes
	creosote
	critic
SN	Used for geological studies on pollution of the environment.

polonium
BT	metals
	.polonium
NT	Po-210
UF	Po (element)
RT	chalcophile elements

Polousnyy
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Polousnyy
SN	A ridge in N Yakutia W of the Indigirka River. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Poltava Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Poltava Series
RT	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Russian Federation
	Ukraine
SN	In Donets Ridge, and W and NW Ukraine.

Poltava Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Poltava Ukraine
NT	Kremenchug Ukraine
UF	Pultova Ukraine
	Pultowa Ukraine
SN	Oblast and city in NE central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

polybasite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..polybasite

Polychaetia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Polychaetia
NT	Serpulidae
RT	Chaetopoda

polychlorinated biphenyls
USE	PCBs

polychlorobiphenyls
USE	PCBs

polychroism
USE	pleochroism

polycrystalline materials
RT	materials
	rock mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aromatic hydrocarbons
	...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
NT	anthracene
	naphthalene
	phenanthrene
	pyrene
SN	Abbreviated PAH. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

polydymite
BT	sulfides
	.polydymite
RT	linnaeite

Polygnathus
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Polygnathus
SN	Genus.

polygonal fractures
BT	fractures
	.polygonal fractures
SN	Before 1978, also search fractures AND polygonal.

polygons
RT	frost action
	glacial geology
	patterned ground
	periglacial features
	geomorphology

polyhalite
BT	sulfates
	.polyhalite

polyhedra
NT	tetrahedra
RT	crystal structure

polylithionite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...polylithionite

polymer grids
USE	geogrids

polymerization
RT	organic compounds
	photochemistry
	geochemistry
	polymers

polymers
RT	compounds
	geogrids
	organic compounds
	polymerization
SN	Natural or synthetic chemical compounds formed by polymerization. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

polymetallic ores
BT	metal ores
	.polymetallic ores
UF	ores, polymetallic
RT	Akenobe Mine
	Dachang Deposit
	Filizchay
	Henderson Mine
	San Antonio Mine
	Leadville mining district
	Hitachi Deposit
	Skellefte mining district
	Toyoha Mine
SN	Commodity. See List C.

polymetamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.polymetamorphism
UF	superimposed metamorphism
RT	prograde metamorphism
	retrograde metamorphism

polymorphism
UF	polymorphs
RT	minerals
	crystal structure
	polytypism
SN	Before 1981, also search dimorphism.

polymorphs
USE	polymorphism

Polynesia
BT	Oceania
	.Polynesia
NT	Cook Islands
	French Polynesia
	Hawaii
	Line Islands
	Samoa
	Tokelau
	Tonga
	Tuvalu
RT	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	New Zealand
	Pacific Ocean
	Ata Caldera
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Kiribati
SN	Collective name for islands of the central and SE Pacific Ocean. Indexed with islands and island groups as applicable.

Polynesian Pacific
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used from 1985-1994 for a region in the southeastern Pacific bounded on the east and south by the East Pacific Rise and the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, and on the west by a line extending from the southern end of Macquarie

polyphase processes
RT	deformation
	processes
	superposed folds
	tectonics
SN	Also search polyphase. As of 1985, restricted to structural geology. Also search superposed tectonics or superposed deformation as applicable (Note added in 1995.) Use polymetamorphism under metamorphism.

Polyplacophora
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Polyplacophora

Polyprotodontia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Metatheria
	......Marsupialia
	.......Polyprotodontia
NT	Didelphidae
SN	Suborder.

polysaccharides
BT	organic compounds
	.carbohydrates
	..polysaccharides
NT	cellulose
RT	chitin
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

polytypes
USE	polytypism

polytypism
UF	polytypes
RT	minerals
	crystal structure
	polymorphism

Polyzoa
USE	Bryozoa

Pomerania
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Pomerania
RT	Poland
	Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany
SN	Historical region on Baltic Sea extending from Stralsund, W of the Oder River, to the Vistula River on the E. Now primarily in Poland. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Ponce Puerto Rico
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Puerto Rico
	.....Ponce Puerto Rico
SN	City in S Puerto Rico on Caribbean Sea.

Pondera County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Pondera County Montana

Pondicherry India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Pondicherry India
RT	Coromandel Coast
SN	A centrally administered territory known as an Union Territory composed of the four scattered former French settlements of Karikal, Pondicherry, and Yanaon on the Bay of Bengal and Mahe on the Indian Ocean. The city of Pondicherry is the capital.

ponds
RT	ecology
	irrigation
	lakes
	limnology
	paleoecology
	geomorphology
	reservoirs
	surface water
	water resources
	water supply

Pongidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
	........Pongidae
NT	Dryopithecus
	Gigantopithecus
	Proconsul
	Sivapithecus
RT	Ramapithecus
SN	Family.

Pongola Supergroup
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Pongola Supergroup
RT	South Africa
	Swaziland
	Namibia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pontevedra City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....Pontevedra Spain
	......Pontevedra City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in NW Spain Before 1993, also search Pontevedra Spain.

Pontevedra Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....Pontevedra Spain
NT	Pontevedra City Spain
RT	Arosa Bay
SN	Refers only to the province in NW Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Pontevedra Province and Spain. For the city, see Pontevedra City Spain.

Pontiac County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Pontiac County Quebec

Pontiac Subprovince
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Superior Province
	...Pontiac Subprovince
RT	Abitibi Belt
	Grenville Front
SN	SW Superior Province, SW Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pontian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Pontian
SN	Europe. Above Sarmatian, below Plaisancian (Pliocene).

Pontic Mountains
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Turkey
	...Pontic Mountains
SN	In N Turkey.

Pontnewydd Cave
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Pontnewydd Cave
SN	Pleistocene hominid site in Clwyd, N Wales. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pontotoc County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Pontotoc County Mississippi
SN	N Mississippi.

Pontotoc County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Pontotoc County Oklahoma
SN	S central Oklahoma.

Poona India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Maharashtra India
	....Poona India
UF	Pune India

Pope County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Pope County Arkansas
SN	N central Arkansas.

Pope County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Pope County Illinois
SN	Extreme SE Illinois.

Pope County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Pope County Minnesota
SN	W Minnesota.

Popigai Crater
USE	Popigay Structure

Popigay Structure
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Popigay Structure
BT	Asia
	.Popigay Structure
UF	Popigai Crater
RT	Yakutia Russian Federation
	impact features
	Siberia
	Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
SN	Popigay River basin, central Siberia. Also search Popigai or Popigay. Sometimes considered an astrobleme or meteor crater. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with okrug or autonomous region as applicable.

Popocatepetl
BT	Mexico
	.Popocatepetl
RT	volcanoes
	Mexico state
	Puebla Mexico
SN	Volcano on the Puebla-Mexico state border, S Mexico. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

popular and elementary geology
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, use terms separately, i.e. elementary geology.

popular geology
RT	Atlantis
	collecting
	education
	educational resources
	elementary geology
	fossil localities
	geology
	mineral localities
	natural curiosities
	news
	public awareness
SN	Used for discussions written for the hobbyist or collector. Before 1978, search popular and elementary geology.

populations
BT	statistical analysis
	.populations
SN	As of 1981, restricted to statistics. Before 1981, used as a general term.

porcelanite
USE	porcellanite

porcellanite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.clastic rocks
	..porcellanite
UF	porcelanite

Porcupine Mountains
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Porcupine Mountains
RT	Gogebic County Michigan
	Ontonagon County Michigan
SN	Range in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties in NW extremity of Michigan Upper Peninsula, NW Michigan. Indexed with counties as applicable.

pore pressure
UF	neutral stress
	pore-water pressure
RT	engineering geology
	soil mechanics
	high pressure
	pressure
	stress
	porous materials
	overpressure
	underpressure

pore space
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use porosity for the open spaces in a rock or soil.

pore spaces
USE	porosity

pore structure
USE	porosity

pore water
UF	interstitial water
RT	ground water
	water
	sediments
	connate waters
	fossil waters
	meteoric water
	porous materials
	desiccation
	water content

pore-water pressure
USE	pore pressure

Porifera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Porifera
NT	Calcispongea
	Demospongea
	Hexactinellida
	Silicispongiae
UF	Spongiae
RT	reef builders
	Stromatoporoidea
	spicules
	Receptaculitaceae

Porites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Scleractinia
	.....Porites
SN	Genus.

porosimetry
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use porosimeters and instruments for the instrument if applicable. Methods or measurement may also be used with porosity or porous materials.

porosity
NT	secondary porosity
UF	pore spaces
	pore structure
RT	wettability
	physical properties
	ground water
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	Darcy's law
	permeability
	Archie's law
	decompaction
	compaction
	imbibition
	compactness
	connectivity
	porous materials
	Green-Ampt model

porosity traps
USE	stratigraphic traps

porous materials
UF	porous media
RT	materials
	porosity
	preferential flow
	pore water
	connectivity
	pore pressure
	secondary porosity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

porous media
USE	porous materials

porphyrins
BT	organic compounds
	.pigments
	..porphyrins
RT	biomarkers
	organic minerals
	organo-metallics

porphyrite
USE	porphyry

porphyritic texture
BT	textures
	.porphyritic texture
RT	igneous rocks
	porphyry
	phenocrysts
	vitrophyre
SN	Before 1978, search porphyritic AND texture.

porphyroblastic texture
BT	textures
	.porphyroblastic texture
UF	porphyroblasts
RT	metamorphic rocks
SN	Before 1978, search porphyroblastic AND texture.

porphyroblasts
USE	porphyroblastic texture

porphyroclastic texture
BT	textures
	.porphyroclastic texture
UF	porphyroclasts
RT	metamorphic rocks
SN	Before 1989, also search porphyroclastic AND texture. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

porphyroclasts
USE	porphyroclastic texture

porphyry
BT	igneous rocks
	.porphyry
UF	porphyrite
RT	andesite porphyry
	picrite porphyry
	quartz porphyry
	dacite porphyry
	diabase porphyry
	diorite porphyry
	granite porphyry
	granodiorite porphyry
	liparite porphyry
	melaphyre
	porphyritic texture
	rhyolite porphyry
	syenite porphyry

porphyry copper
RT	copper
	copper ores
	mineral deposits, genesis

porphyry molybdenum
UF	molybdenite porphyry
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	molybdenum ores
	molybdenum
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Porsang Fjord
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Finnmark Norway
	.....Porsang Fjord
UF	Porsangen Fjord
	Porsangerfjord
SN	Inlet of Arctic Ocean on N coast.

Porsangen Fjord
USE	Porsang Fjord

Porsanger Dolomite Formation
RT	Finnmark Norway
	Lower Cambrian
	Norway
	upper Precambrian
SN	Uppermost Precambrian or lowermost Cambrian. Porsanger Dolomite found in upper part of Porsanger Series. Indexed with age as applicable.

Porsangerfjord
USE	Porsang Fjord

Port au Port Peninsula
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Newfoundland Island
	....Port au Port Peninsula
SN	On the Gulf of Saint Lawrence between Port au Port Bay and Saint George Bay.

Port Campbell Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Victoria Australia
	...Port Campbell Australia
SN	Town on Indian Ocean in SW Victoria.

Port Elizabeth South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	....Port Elizabeth South Africa
RT	Cape Province region
SN	City on Indian Ocean in SE South Africa.

Port Jervis New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Orange County New York
	...Port Jervis New York
SN	Resort city on the Delaware River at meeting of borders with New Jersey and Pennsylvania in SE New York.

Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
SN	City on Coral Sea in SE Papua New Guinea.

Port Phillip Bay
RT	Melbourne Australia
	Victoria Australia
SN	Harbor of Melbourne. Indexed with Victoria Australia if applicable.

Port Royal Sound
RT	Beaufort County South Carolina
SN	Inlet of Atlantic Ocean between islands of Saint Helena and Hilton Head in Beaufort County, S South Carolina. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Port Valdez Alaska
USE	Valdez Alaska

Portable Array for Numerical Data Analysis
USE	PANDA

portable arrays
RT	arrays
	networks
	seismic networks

Portage County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Portage County Ohio
SN	NE Ohio.

Portage County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Portage County Wisconsin
SN	Central Wisconsin.

Portage Lake Lava Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Keweenawan
	....Portage Lake Lava Series
RT	Michigan
SN	Tops of conglomerate beds used for stratigraphic reference include: Saint Louis Conglomerate, The Old Colony and Wolverine sandstones, and the Kingston, Calumet and Hecla, Houghton, Allouez, Pewabic West, and Hancock conglomerates. Upper Peninsula of Mich

Portel France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Aude France
	....Portel France
SN	Village in S France.

Porter County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Porter County Indiana
SN	NW Indiana.

Porters Creek Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Porters Creek Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Tennessee
	Midway Group
SN	In Midway Group. SW Alabama, SW Illinois, W Kentucky, E Mississippi, SE Missouri and W Tennessee. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Portland Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Portland Formation
RT	Massachusetts
	Connecticut
	Newark Supergroup
SN	In Newark Supergroup. Previously thought to be Upper Triassic in age. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Portland Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Cumberland County Maine
	...Portland Maine
SN	City on peninsula near S end of Casco Bay in S Maine.

Portland Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Multnomah County Oregon
	...Portland Oregon
SN	City on the Willamette River in NW Oregon.

Portlandian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Upper Jurassic
	.....Portlandian
NT	Tithonian
RT	Malm
SN	Europe. Above Kimmeridgian, below Berriasian (Cretaceous).

portlandite
BT	oxides
	.portlandite

Portneuf County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Portneuf County Quebec

Porto Santo Island
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Madeira
	..Porto Santo Island
SN	One of two inhabited islands of Portuguese island group. Also search Porto Santo.

Portola Valley California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Mateo County California
	...Portola Valley California
SN	City S of San Francisco in W California.

Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
NT	Alentejo
	Algarve
	Alto Alentejo
	Baixo Alentejo
	Beira Baixa
	Braganca Portugal
	Coimbra Portugal
	Elvas Portugal
	Estremadura Portugal
	Evora Portugal
	Leiria Portugal
	Lisbon Portugal
	Panasqueira Portugal
	Setubal Portugal
	Tomar Portugal
	Tras-os-Montes
	Vila Real Portugal
	Viseu Portugal
RT	Iberian pyrite belt
	Central Cordillera
	Timor
	Duero Basin
	Duero River
	Iberian Plate
	Tagus Basin
	Ossa-Morena Zone
	Tagus River

Portuguese East Africa
USE	Mozambique

Portuguese Guinea
USE	Guinea-Bissau

Portuguese Timor
USE	Timor

Portuguese West Africa
USE	Angola

Porulosida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Radiolaria
	...Porulosida
NT	Acantharina
RT	microfossils
SN	Order. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Posen
USE	Poznan Poland

Posey County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Posey County Indiana
SN	SW Indiana.

Posidonia Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Posidonia Shale
RT	Germany

positions, pole
USE	pole positions

posnjakite
BT	sulfates
	.posnjakite

Possagno Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Possagno Italy
SN	Village in central Veneto, NE Italy.

possibilities
RT	economics
	future
	mineral deposits, genesis
	mineral economics
	prediction maps
SN	As of 1981, restricted to economic geology, especially referring to the economic potential of a mineral deposit. Before 1981, included use as a general term.

Post-glacial
USE	Holocene

post-glacial rebound
USE	glacial rebound

post-tectonic processes
RT	processes
	syntectonic processes
	tectonics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Postglacial
USE	Holocene

postglacial environment
RT	depositional environment
	glacial environment
	glacial geology
	glaciers
	sedimentation
SN	Before 1978, search postglacial.

Postmasburg South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Northern Cape Province South Africa
	....Postmasburg South Africa
RT	Cape Province region
SN	Village in E central South Africa.

poststack migration
BT	seismic migration
	.poststack migration
UF	poststack seismic migration
RT	seismic methods
	migration
	stacking
	prestack migration
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

poststack seismic migration
USE	poststack migration

pot

potability
RT	bottling
	decontamination
	desalinization
	drinking water
	fresh water
	ground water
	hydrochemistry
	impurities
	pollution
	purification
	salinization
	surface water
	water
	water management
	water quality
	water resources
	water supply
	water treatment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

potash
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..evaporites
	...potash
RT	alunite
	Searles Lake
SN	See List C for use as a commodity term.

potash alum
USE	alum

potash bentonite
USE	K-bentonite

potash feldspar
USE	K-feldspar

potash mica
USE	muscovite

potassic composition
RT	composition
	potassium
	ultrapotassic composition
SN	Before 1978, search potassic.

potassium
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..potassium
NT	K-40
	potassium ion
UF	kalium
RT	isotopes
	K/Ar
	lithophile elements
	K/Rb
	KREEP
	potassic composition

potassium alum
USE	alum

potassium bentonite
USE	K-bentonite

potassium chloride
RT	chlorides
	halides
	geochemistry
	salt
	sylvite
SN	Use sylvite for the mineral. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

potassium feldspar
USE	K-feldspar

potassium ion
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
	..potassium
	...potassium ion
RT	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

potassium-argon
USE	K/Ar

potential deposi

potential deposits
RT	economic geology
	energy sources
	exploration
	mineral deposits, genesis
	mineral exploration
	mineral resources
	petroleum
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

potential field
RT	electrical field
	electromagnetic field
	geophysical methods
	magnetic field
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

potentiometric surface
UF	piezometric surface
RT	water wells
	ground water
	levels
	water table
	drawdown
	hydrogeologic maps
SN	Also search (piezometry OR piezometers) AND ground water. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

potentiometry
RT	chemical analysis
	dipole-dipole methods
	direct-current methods
	electrical methods
	electrochemical properties
	geophysical methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Potenza Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Basilicata Italy
	....Potenza Italy
SN	City and province in W central Basilicata, S Italy.

potholes
RT	erosion features
	kettles
	geomorphology
	sinkholes
SN	General term.

Potiguar Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
	...Potiguar Basin
SN	Basin in Rio Grande do Norte, NE Brazil. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Potomac Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Potomac Group
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Delaware
SN	Consists of Patuxent, Arundel, and Patapsco formations.

Potomac River
BT	United States
	.Potomac River
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	District of Columbia
SN	Formed by the confluence of the North and South branches of the Potomac River SE of Cumberland, Maryland. It flows SE into Chesapeake Bay. Indexed with District of Columbia and states as applicable.

Potomac River basin
BT	United States
	.Potomac River basin
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	District of Columbia
SN	Indexed with states and District of Columbia as applicable.

Potsdam Bezirk
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. District in central East Germany.

Potsdam Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Brandenburg Germany
	....Potsdam Germany
SN	City NE Germany. As of 1981, Potsdam refers to only the city. Before 1981, it also included the East German district.

Potsdam Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Upper Cambrian
	.....Potsdam Sandstone
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	Little Falls Formation
SN	Underlies Ticonderoga Formation. Central and E New York, Vermont, E Ontario and S Quebec.

Pottawatomie County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Pottawatomie County Kansas
SN	NE Kansas.

Pottawatomie County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Pottawatomie County Oklahoma
SN	Central Oklahoma.

Pottawattamie County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Pottawattamie County Iowa

Potter County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Potter County Pennsylvania
RT	Genesee River
SN	N Pennsylvania.

Potter County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Potter County South Dakota
SN	N central South Dakota.

Potter County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Potter County Texas
NT	Amarillo Texas
SN	Extreme N Texas.

pottery
USE	artifacts

Pottsville Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Pottsville Group
RT	Virginia
	Kentucky
	Illinois
	Mississippi
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	Alabama
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Tennessee
	Mary Lee Coal
	Breathitt Formation
	New River Formation
	Pocahontas Formation
	Sharon Conglomerate
SN	Includes Lee Formation, Norton Formation, Gladeville Sandstone, Wise Formation, Harlan Sandstone, Lookout Sandstone, Walden Sandstone, Tumbling Run Formation, Schuylkill Formation, Sharp Mountain Formation. Alabama, S Ohio, S Illinois, S Indiana, Kentucky

Potwar Plateau
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Potwar Plateau
RT	India
	Jammu and Kashmir
	Punjab Pakistan
SN	Lies between Indus River and Jhelum River in N Punjab Province, Pakistan. May also occur in India. Also search Potwar. Indexed with Punjab Pakistan and/or India as applicable.

Pouilly-en-Auxois France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cote-d'Or France
	....Pouilly-en-Auxois France
SN	Village in E central France.

Poway Conglomerate
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Poway Conglomerate
RT	California
SN	Nearly horizontal, and in most places lies unconformably on Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges Batholith and accompanying metamorphic rocks. S California.

powder method
RT	methods
	single-crystal method
	X-ray analysis
	X-ray diffraction analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Powder River basin
BT	United States
	.Powder River basin
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Oregon
	Hartzog Draw Field
	Walker Creek Field

Powder River County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Powder River County Montana
RT	Bell Creek Field
SN	SE Montana.

Powell County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Powell County Kentucky
SN	E central Kentucky.

Powell County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Powell County Montana
SN	W central Montana.

Powell Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Park County Wyoming
	...Powell Wyoming
SN	Town in NW Wyoming.

powellite
BT	molybdates
	.powellite

Power County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Power County Idaho
SN	SE Idaho.

power law
RT	distribution
	fractals
	mathematical geology
	mathematical models
	scale factor
	scale models
	size distribution
	spatial distribution
	statistical analysis
	statistical distribution
SN	Sometimes used synonymously with fractals. Also index type of distribution e.g. size distribution if applicable.

power plant

power plants
RT	energy sources
	hydroelectric energy
	nuclear facilities

Poweshiek County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Poweshiek County Iowa

Powhatan County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Powhatan County Virginia

Powys Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Powys Wales
NT	Brecknockshire Wales
	Radnorshire Wales
SN	County in central Wales. Formed from Brecknockshire, Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire in April 1974.

Poza Rica de Hidalgo
USE	Poza Rica Mexico

Poza Rica Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Veracruz Mexico
	..Poza Rica Mexico
UF	Poza Rica de Hidalgo
SN	City in N Veracruz.

Poznan Clays
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....upper Tertiary
	.....Poznan Clays
RT	Germany
	Poland
SN	E Germany and Poland.

Poznan Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Poznan Poland
NT	Adamow Mine
	Klodawa Poland
	Konin Poland
	Ksiaz Poland
UF	Posen
SN	Province and city in W central Poland.

Pozzuoli Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Pozzuoli Italy
SN	City on inlet of Gulf of Naples.

PP-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PP-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

ppomorpha
NT	Equidae

ppopotamidae
NT	Hippopotamus

PPP-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PPP-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

PPS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PPS-waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pr
USE	praseodymium

practice
RT	curation
	employment
	ethics
	forensic geology
	geologists
	licensing
	minorities
	registration
	technical writing
	women
SN	Before 1975, also search geology as a profession.

Praecardiida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Praecardiida

Pragian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Lower Devonian
	.....Pragian
SN	Europe. Lower Devonian, above Lochkovian and below Zlichovian. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Prague Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Prague Czech Republic
UF	Praha Czech Republic
SN	City in central Bohemia. Before 1995, Prague Czechoslovakia was also used.

Praha Czech Republic
USE	Prague Czech Republic

Prahova Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Walachia
	....Prahova Romania
NT	Ploesti Romania
	Sinaia Romania
	Slanic Romania
RT	Teleajen Valley
SN	County in NE Walachia, S central Romania.

Prairie Bluff Chalk
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Gulfian
	......Prairie Bluff Chalk
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Selma Group
SN	In Selma Group. SW Mississippi and Alabama. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Prairie County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Prairie County Arkansas
SN	E central Arkansas.

Prairie County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Prairie County Montana
SN	E Montana.

Prairie du Chien Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Prairie du Chien Group
RT	Iowa
	Illinois
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Oneota Dolomite
	Shakopee Formation
SN	SW Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and S Minnesota. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Prairie Evaporite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Middle Devonian
	.....Prairie Evaporite
RT	Saskatchewan
	Montana
	North Dakota
	Manitoba
	Elk Point Group
SN	Salt and anhydrite beds that form upper unit of Elk Point Group. Subsurface. Also search Prairie Formation NOT Louisiana. For Pleistocene formation in Louisiana, search Prairie Formation AND Louisiana.

prairies
RT	ecology
	grasslands
	plains
	revegetation
	steppes
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Prakasam India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Andhra Pradesh India
	....Prakasam India
RT	heavy mineral deposits
SN	Andhra Pradesh, India. Heavy mineral deposits.

Pranhita-Godavari Valley
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Pranhita-Godavari Valley
RT	Andhra Pradesh India
	Godavari Valley
	Maharashtra India
SN	Combined valleys of the Pranhita and Godavari river systems. Indexed with states as applicable.

praseodymium
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..praseodymium
UF	Pr

prasinite
USE	greenschist

Pratt County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Pratt County Kansas
SN	S Kansas.

Prbram Czech Republic
USE	Pribram Czech Republic

Pre-Cambrian
USE	Precambrian

pre-Neanderthal
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Hominidae.

Prealps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Prealps
UF	Alpine Foreland
RT	Italy
SN	Mostly in Italy.

Prebetic Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Prebetic Zone
RT	Betic Cordillera
	Subbetic Zone
SN	A geographic term with stratigraphic-tectonic connotations.

Preble County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Preble County Ohio

Preboreal
BT	locene
	.Preboreal
UF	Subarctic
RT	Boreal
SN	Europe. An interval of postglacial time following the Younger Dryas of the late-glacial Arctic interval and preceding the Boreal.

Precambrian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
NT	Archean
	Proterozoic
	Acungui Group
	Adirondack Anorthosite
	Animikie Group
	Anshan Group
	Assyntic Orogeny
	Avalonian Orogeny
	Baltimore Gneiss
	Bijawar System
	Biwabik Iron Formation
	Brockman Iron Formation
	Carrizo Mountain Formation
	Catoctin Formation
	Central Rand Group
	Changcheng System
	Changzhougou Formation
	Chelmsford Formation
	Chuanlinggou Formation
	Chuar Group
	Cuddapah System
	Delhi Supergroup
	Eocambrian
	Espanola Formation
	Fig Tree Series
	Flinton Group
	Fortescue Group
	Great Smoky Group
	Grenvillian Orogeny
	Gunflint Iron Formation
	Hamersley Group
	Harbour Main Group
	Hazel Formation
	Hecla Hoek Formation
	Hudsonian Orogeny
	Idaho Springs Formation
	Johnnie Formation
	Jupiter Member
	Kaladgi System
	Katangan Orogeny
	Kenoran Orogeny
	Kingston Peak Formation
	Kisseynew Complex
	Knife Lake Group
	Ladoga Series
	Laramie anorthosite complex
	Levack Gneiss
	Lewisian Complex
	Luoquan Formation
	middle Precambrian
	Minas Series
	Missi Group
	Nipissing Diabase
	Nokomis Group
	Nonesuch Shale
	Noonday Dolomite
	North Shore Volcanics
	Onverwacht Group
	Osler Series
	Pahrump Series
	Pelona Schist
	Penokean Orogeny
	Penrhyn Slate
	Pongola Supergroup
	Prichard Formation
	Prince Albert Group
	Purcell System
	Roan Supergroup
	Sandia Granite
	Sherridon Group
	Sioux Quartzite
	Sokoman Formation
	Stillwater Complex
	Stirling Quartzite
	Sveconorwegian Orogeny
	Swaziland Sequence
	Swaziland System
	Transvaal Supergroup
	Twilight Gneiss
	Uinta Mountain Group
	Unkar Group
	upper Precambrian
	Vadito Group
	Ventersdorp Supergroup
	Wasekwan Group
	Waterberg System
	Wilcox Formation
	Witwatersrand Supergroup
	Wyman Formation
	Yellowjacket Formation
UF	Pre-Cambrian
RT	Kurnool System
	Ballachulish Complex
	Cadomian Orogeny
	Baikalian Phase
	Dalradian
	Bhander Group
	Limpopo Belt
	Deer Lake Group
	Dore Lake Complex
	Duluth Complex
	Hector Formation
	Highland Complex
	Jacobsville Sandstone
	Kaimur Sandstone
	Lardeau Group
	Middle Run Fo
SN	As of 1981, Archean is used for lower Precambrian.

Precambrian Shield
USE	Canadian Shield

precession
RT	Milankovitch theory
	motions
	obliquity of the ecliptic
	processes
SN	Used as a general term.

precious metals
BT	metals
	.precious metals
RT	geochemistry
	base metals
	alkali metals
	metal ores
	heavy metals
	chemical elements
	electrum
SN	Includes gold, silver, platinum group.

precipitation
RT	atmospheric precipitation
	chemically precipitated rocks
	crystallization
	evaporite deposits
	evaporites
	hydrology
	particles
	geochemistry
	rivers and streams
	runoff
	sedimentation
	storms
	water
SN	As of 1978, term refers to geochemistry. For meteorology, use atmospheric precipitation.

precision
RT	accuracy
	errors
	instruments
	measurement
	methods
	quality control
	reliability
	techniques
SN	Use restricted to occurrences where it is a major concept. Also see accuracy. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Precordillera
BT	South America
	.Precordillera
RT	Argentina
	Chile
SN	Indexed with countries and regions as applicable.

precursors
RT	acoustical emissions
	earthquake prediction
	radon emanometry
	seismology
	stress drops
	VAN method

predation
RT	bioerosion
	carnivorous taxa
	diet
	feeding
	nutrition
	paleontology
	trophic analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

predators
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Predazzo Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	....Predazzo Italy
SN	City and resort in Dolomites in S Trento-Alto Adige, NE Italy.

prediction
RT	chaos
	extrapolation
	maximum likelihood
SN	As of 1993, use earthquake prediction if applicable.

prediction maps
BT	maps
	.prediction maps
RT	economics
	possibilities
	reserves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

preferential flow
RT	breakthrough curves
	connectivity
	fractured materials
	ground water
	hydraulics
	hydrodynamics
	layered materials
	leaching
	movement
	patterns
	permeability
	porous materials
	saturated zone
	solute transport
	transmissivity
	unsaturated zone
SN	Also search double porosity if applicable. See transport. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

preferred orientation
RT	fabric
	lineation
	orientation
	petrofabrics
	structural analysis
	tectonite

prehistory
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. See archaeology; anthropology.

prehnite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..prehnite
RT	aluminosilicates

prehnite-pumpellyite facies
BT	facies
	.prehnite-pumpellyite facies
RT	metamorphic rocks

premonitory phenomena
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use precursors.

Prentiss County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Prentiss County Mississippi

preobrazhenskite
BT	borates
	.preobrazhenskite

preparation
RT	sample preparation
SN	Use sample preparation where applicable.

pres

Prescott County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Prescott County Ontario

preservation
RT	curation
	geologic sites
	Lagerstatten
	land use
	regulations
	soft parts
	taphonomy

Presidente Vargas
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See Itabira Brazil.

Presidio County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Presidio County Texas
SN	Extreme W Texas.

Presque Isle
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Erie County Pennsylvania
	...Presque Isle
SN	As of 1989, used only for the small peninsula in Lake Erie in NW Pennsylvania. For the city in Aroostook County, Maine, use Presque Isle Maine. For the county in NE Michigan, use Presque Isle County Michigan.

Presque Isle County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Presque Isle County Michigan
SN	NE Michigan.

Presque Isle Maine
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Aroostook County Maine
	...Presque Isle Maine
SN	City in N Maine.

pressure
NT	high pressure
	low pressure
RT	atmospheric pressure
	capillary pressure
	compression
	confining pressure
	decompaction
	decompression
	deformation
	earth pressure
	fluid inclusions
	fluid pressure
	geopressure
	hydraulic pressure
	hydrostatic pressure
	isochores
	lithostatic pressure
	load pressure
	P

pressure meters
USE	pressuremeters

pressure solution
RT	diagenesis
	solution

pressure wave
USE	P-waves

pressuremeter tests
RT	instruments
	pressuremeters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

pressuremeters
UF	piezometers
	pressure meters
RT	instruments
	hydrophones
	pressure
	surface tension
	minipermeameters
	pressuremeter tests
	transducers
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

prestack migration
BT	seismic migration
	.prestack migration
UF	prestack seismic migration
RT	seismic methods
	dip moveout
	migration
	stacking
	poststack migration
	three-dimensional methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

prestack seismic migration
USE	prestack migration

Preston County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Preston County West Virginia
SN	N West Virginia.

Preston Peak
RT	Klamath Mountains
	Siskiyou County California
SN	In Siskiyou Mountains in Siskiyou County in extreme N California. Indexed with county and Klamath Mountains as applicable.

Presumpscot Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Presumpscot Formation
RT	New Hampshire
	Maine
SN	Maine and SE New Hampshire. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pretoria Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Pretoria Group
RT	South Africa
	Botswana
	Transvaal Supergroup
SN	Proterozoic. South Africa and Botswana. In Transvaal Supergroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Pretoria South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Guateng South Africa
	....Pretoria South Africa
RT	impact features
SN	NE South Africa.

prevention
SN	A valid general term through mid-1978.

preventive measures
RT	aquifer vulnerability
	beach nourishment
	environmental geology
	mitigation
	public awareness
	safety
SN	Before 1998, also search mitigation if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Priabonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Priabonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Priabonian
RT	Bartonian
	Auversian
	Ludian
SN	Europe.

Priapulida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Priapulida

Pribram Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Pribram Czech Republic
UF	Prbram Czech Republic
SN	City SW of Prague in central Bohemia. Before 1995, Pribram Czechoslovakia was also used.

price
RT	cost
	economics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Price County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Price County Wisconsin

Price Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Price Formation
RT	Virginia
SN	Includes Cloyd Conglomerate Member. SW Virginia.

Price River basin
RT	Colorado Plateau
	Utah
SN	Central Utah. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties and/or Utah or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Price River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Price River Formation
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Mesaverde Group
	Castlegate Sandstone
SN	In Mesaverde Group. Central and E central Utah and W central Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Prichard Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Prichard Formation
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Belt Supergroup
SN	Belt Supergroup. NE Idaho and NW Montana.

Pride Mountain Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Pride Mountain Formation
RT	Mississippi
	Alabama
SN	Warrior Basin, N Alabama and NE Mississippi.

priderite
BT	oxides
	.priderite
RT	iron oxides

Pridolian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Upper Silurian
	.....Pridolian
SN	Europe.

Priduli
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Priduli

Prikumsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Stavropol Russian Federation
	...Prikumsk Russian Federation
UF	Budennovsk Russian Federation
SN	City in Stavropol Kray in the Northern Caucasus. Before 1993, Prikumsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

primary dispersion
RT	dispersion patterns
	mineral exploration
	secondary dispersion
SN	Before 1978, search primary AND dispersion.

primary magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.primary magnetization
RT	characteristic remanent magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

primary migration
RT	migration
	petroleum
SN	For migration of elastic waves use seismic migration. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

primary structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.primary structures
RT	secondary structures
	ball-and-pillow
	bedding
	ripple marks

primary wave
USE	P-waves

Primates
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
NT	Hominidae
	Prosimii
	simians
RT	fossil man
SN	Order.

Primorski Krai
USE	Primorye Russian Federation

Primorye Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Primorye Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Primorye Russian Federation
NT	Kavalerovo Russian Federation
	Tetyukhe Russian Federation
	Vladivostok Russian Federation
UF	Maritime Kray
	Primorski Krai
RT	Russian Far East
	Barabash Suite
	Tatar Strait
	Sikhote-Alin Range
	Suchan Basin
SN	Primorye Kray (territory). New name for Primorski Krai which is the SE section of the Russian Far East between NE China and the Japan Sea. Before 1993, Primorye Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Prince Albert Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Prince Albert Group
RT	Canada
	Saskatchewan

Prince Charles Mountains
BT	Antarctica
	.Prince Charles Mountains
SN	In Mac-Robertson Land near the Amery Ice Shelf on Indian Ocean side.

Prince County Prince Edward Island
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Prince Edward Island
	....Prince County Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Prince Edward County Ontario

Prince Edward County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Prince Edward County Virginia

Prince Edward Island
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Prince Edward Island
NT	Kings County Prince Edward Island
	Prince County Prince Edward Island
	Queens County Prince Edward Island
RT	Cumberland Basin
	Cardigan Bay
	Northumberland Strait
	Pictou Group
SN	As of 1993, restricted to the island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence constituting a Canadian province. For the island in the Indian Ocean, see Prince Edward Island Group.

Prince Edward Island Group
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Prince Edward Island Group
UF	Prince Edward Islands
SN	SE Indian Ocean. Territory of South Africa. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Prince Edward Islands
USE	Prince Edward Island Group

Prince George County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Prince George County Virginia

Prince Georges County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Prince Georges County Maryland
SN	Central Maryland.

Prince of Wales Island
RT	Alaska
	Alexander Archipelago
	Franklin District Northwest Territories
	Northwest Territories
	Southern Alaska
SN	Largest island of Alexander Archipelago in SE Alaska, W of Ketchikan; and an island between Victoria and Somerset islands in Franklin District, Northwest Territories. Indexed with Southeastern Alaska and/or Northwest Territories as applicable.

Prince Olaf Coast
USE	Prince Olav Coast

Prince Olav Coast
BT	Antarctica
	.Enderby Land
	..Prince Olav Coast
UF	Prince Olaf Coast
RT	Queen Maud Land
	Lutzow-Holm Bay
	Syowa Station
SN	Coast of Enderby Land, Antarctica, bordering the Indian Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Prince Rupert British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Prince Rupert British Columbia
SN	City in W British Columbia on Kaien Island in Chatham Sound near extreme SE Alaska.

Prince William County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Prince William County Virginia
SN	N Virginia. Also search Manassas Virginia and/or Manassas Park Virginia if applicable.

Prince William Sound
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Prince William Sound
RT	Exxon Valdez oil spill
	Montague Island
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Alaska E of Kenai Peninsula.

Prince William Terrane
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Prince William Terrane
RT	Coast Belt
SN	S Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Princess Anne County Virginia
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Now included in the independent city of Virginia Beach Virginia.

Princeton
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, use Princeton British Columbia for the village in S British Columbia, in the Cascade Range. As of 1989, use Princeton New Jersey for the borough in New Jersey.

Princeton British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Princeton British Columbia
SN	Village in S British Columbia, in the Cascade Range.

Princeton New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Mercer County New Jersey
	...Princeton New Jersey
SN	Borough in W central New Jersey.

principal components analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.principal components analysis
RT	components
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Principe
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Sao Tome e Principe
	..Principe
RT	Sao Tome
SN	Island in Gulf of Guinea. Formerly Portuguese territory, now part of independent nation Sao Tome e Principe. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

principles
RT	geology

Pripet Basin
BT	Europe
	.Pripet Basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Pripet Basin
UF	Pripet Depression
	Pripyat Basin
RT	Ukraine
	Belarus
	Polesye
SN	River basin most of which comprises the Pripet or Pinsk Marshes which is the largest tract of swamp in Europe. Largely coextensive with Polesye Lowland. Also search Pripet. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applic

Pripet Depression
USE	Pripet Basin

Pripyat Basin
USE	Pripet Basin

prismatine
USE	kornerupine

pristane
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....pristane
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Privas France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Ardeche France
	....Privas France
SN	Town in E Ardeche, SE central France.

probability
BT	statistical analysis
	.probability
RT	reliability
	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	chaos
	stochastic processes
	sampling
	maximum likelihood
	uncertainty
	extrapolation

probe permeameters
USE	minipermeameters

probe, electron
USE	electron probe

probe, ion
USE	ion probe

probe, laser
USE	laser methods

probe, neutron
USE	neutron probe

problematic
SN	A valid index term through 1977 used in combination with fossils (i.e. fossils, problematic). After 1977, use problematic fossils.

problematic fossils
NT	Calcisphaerulidae
	Dacryoconarida
	problematic microfossils
UF	problematical fossils
RT	paleontology
	fossils
	Stromatoporoidea
	chemical fossils
	fossilization
	nannofossils
	miscellanea
	Receptaculitaceae
	Hyolithes
	Tentaculites
	Tentaculitida
	Tentaculitidae
SN	Before 1978, also search fossils AND (problematical OR problematic OR problematic organisms). Before 1981, Hyolithidae was included as a narrower term, now see Hyolithes. Before 1981 Receptaculitaceae was included as a narrower term.

problematic microfossils
BT	microfossils
	.problematic microfossils
BT	problematic fossils
	.problematic microfossils
NT	Bolboforma
	Tubiphytes
RT	miscellanea
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

problematic palynomorphs
BT	palynomorphs
	.problematic palynomorphs
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with problematic microfossils if applicable.

problematical fossils
USE	problematic fossils

problems
SN	A valid general term through mid-1978.

Proboscidea
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
NT	Barytherioidea
	Deinotherioidea
	Elephantoidea
	Gomphotheriidae
	Mastodontoidea
	Moeritherioidea
SN	Order.

procaryotes
USE	prokaryotes

processes
RT	adsorption
	advection
	aggradation
	albitization
	alteration
	alunitization
	amphibolitization
	argillization
	aromatization
	atectonic processes
	autometamorphism
	bauxitization
	bioerosion
	biomineralization
	brecciation
	burial
	calcification
	calcitization
	carbonatiza

Proconsul
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......simians
	........Pongidae
	.........Proconsul
RT	Dryopithecus
	Sivapithecus
SN	Genus.

production
RT	aromatization
	beneficiation
	economics
	exploitation
	offshore
	onshore
	optimization
	ore grade
	pelletization
	production control
	production value
	productive capacity
	pumping
	smelters
	tonnage
	water wells
SN	When referring to mining geology before May 1978, also search extraction. See tonnage if applicable. May be used with commodity terms, e.g. petroleum.

production control
UF	control, production
RT	mining geology
	production
	technology

production value
RT	economics
	production
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

productive capacity
RT	economics
	evaluation
	exploitation
	mineral economics
	ore grade
	production
	resources
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

productivity
RT	biomass
	ecology
	economics
	paleoecology
SN	Before 1995, also search paleoproductivity if applicable.

products
SN	A valid general term through mid-1978.

Proetidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Ptychopariida
	.....Proetidae
SN	Family.

professional registration
USE	registration

profiles
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See cross sections; geophysical profiles; soil profiles; geochemical profiles; beach profiles.

profitability
RT	cutoff grade
	economics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Proganosauria
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef.

progradation
RT	littoral drift
	sedimentation
	shore features

prograde metamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.prograde metamorphism
RT	Barrovian-type deposits
	retrograde metamorphism
	epizonal metamorphism
	polymetamorphism
SN	Before 1978, also search metamorphism AND prograde.

Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere
USE	PASSCAL

Program Voyager
USE	Voyager Program

programming languages
USE	computer languages

programs
UF	projects
RT	associations
	education
	computer programs
	KTB
	mineral exploration
	IGBP
	BRIM
	computers
	Continental Scientific Drilling Program
	CUSMAP
	Dry Valley Drilling Project
	European Geotraverse
	INDEPTH
	GISP2
	GRIP
	GLIMPCE
	International Lithosphere Program
	IRIS network

progress report
BT	report
	.progress report
RT	associations
	annual report
	current research
	survey organizations
	symposia
	research

Project Voyager
USE	Voyager Program

projects
USE	programs

prokaryotes
UF	Monera
	procaryotes
RT	biologic evolution
	Plantae
	cyanobacteria
	Protista
	thallophytes
	bacteria
	paleobotany
	eukaryotes
SN	Member of group of organisms which have no vesicular nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles. Groups included are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and bacteria.

Prokopyevsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kemerovo Russian Federation
	...Prokopyevsk Russian Federation
SN	City at S end of Kuznetsk Basin in Kemerovo Oblast in S Siberia. Before 1993, Prokopyevsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Prolecanitida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Prolecanitida

proluvium
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..proluvium

prometheum
USE	promethium

promethium
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..promethium
UF	Pm
	prometheum

propagation
RT	eikonal equation
	elastic waves
	electromagnetic waves
	ocean waves
	seismic coherency
	seismology
	shock waves
	wave splitting
	waves
SN	As of 1993, use emplacement with intrusions.

propane
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....propane
RT	dibromochloropropane
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

properties
RT	acoustical properties
	behavior
	bioavailability
	brightness
	bulk density
	chemical properties
	connectivity
	constitutive equations
	dielectric properties
	dispersivity
	dynamic properties
	elastic properties
	elastodynamic properties
	electrical properties
	electroc

Propria Geosyncline
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Sergipe Brazil
	...Propria Geosyncline
RT	geosynclines
SN	In Propria region of Sergipe State, on the lower Sao Francisco River near the Atlantic Ocean.

propylite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasomatic rocks
	..propylite
RT	andesites
	propylitization

propylitization
BT	metasomatism
	.propylitization
RT	processes
	hydrothermal alteration
	propylite

Prosimii
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Primates
	.......Prosimii
NT	Adapidae
	Omomyidae

Prosobranchia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Prosobranchia

prosopite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..prosopite

Prospect Mountain Quartzite
USE	Stirling Quartzite

prospecting
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use exploration or mineral exploration as applicable. After 1992, also see coal exploration or petroleum exploration.

PROSPECTOR
RT	expert systems
	geographic information systems
	mineral exploration
SN	Computer-based consultation system for mineral exploration. Search in conjunction with data AND processing. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

protactinium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..protactinium
NT	Pa-231
UF	Pa

protection
RT	aquifer vulnerability
	beach nourishment
	conservation
	environmental geology
	geologic sites
	pollution
	reclamation
	regulations
	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
	water quality
	wellhead protection
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

proteins
BT	organic compounds
	.proteins
NT	collagen
	conchiolin
	enzymes
	purines
RT	amino acids
	RNA
	peptides

Proterozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..upper Precambrian
	...Proterozoic
NT	Paleoproterozoic
	Mesoproterozoic
	Neoproterozoic
	Adelaidean
	Algonkian
	Athabasca Formation
	Badami Series
	Bambui Group
	Banded Gneissic Complex
	Baraga Group
	Bitter Springs Formation
	Cahill Formation
	Coldbrook Group
	Damara System
	Dedham Granodiorite
	Huronian
	Hutuo Group
	Karelian Orogeny
	Keweenawan
	Kibaran Orogeny
	Kombolgie Formation
	Kunyang Group
	Kursk Series
	Lewisian
	Lorrain Formation
	Malmani Subgroup
	Miette Group
	Negaunee Iron Formation
	Oronto Group
	Ortega Group
	Ovruch Series
	Pan-African Orogeny
	Pocatello Formation
	Pretoria Group
	Sinian
	Tapley Hill Formation
	Udokan Series
	Umberatana Group
	Windermere System
	Wolkberg Group
	Wopmay Orogeny
UF	Agnotozoic
RT	Yudomian
	Lewisian Complex
	Hoosac Formation
	Krol Formation
	New York City Group
	Harney Peak Granite
	Klodzko Unit
	Shuswap Complex
	Tallulah Falls Formation
	Middle Run Formation
	Yellow Aster Complex
	Sveconorwegian Orogeny

Proteutheria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Insectivora
	.......Proteutheria
NT	Anagalida
	Scandentia
SN	Suborder.

Protista
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
NT	ebridians
	Foraminifera
	Radiolaria
	Silicoflagellata
	Thecamoeba
	Tintinnidae
RT	microfossils
	algae
	microorganisms
	plankton
	bacteria
	prokaryotes
	Metazoa
	zooxanthellae
SN	Before 1976, also search Protozoa. Before 1998, microfossils was a broader term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Proto-Atlantic Ocean
USE	Iapetus

Protochordata
BT	Chordata
	.Protochordata

protodolomite
BT	carbonates
	.protodolomite

protoenstatite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...orthopyroxene
	....protoenstatite
RT	enstatite
SN	Artificial mineral.

protoliths
UF	parent rocks
RT	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	metamorphism
	parent bodies

proton-induced X-ray emission
USE	particle-induced X-ray emission

protons
RT	cosmic rays
	electrons
	particle-induced X-ray emission
SN	Used as a general term.

Protopivskaya Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Protopivskaya Formation
RT	Russian Federation
	Ukraine
	Donets Basin
SN	Central Ukraine and NW Donets Basin.

protoplanets
USE	planetesimals

protoquartzite
USE	sublitharenite

Protorthoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Exopterygota
	.......Protorthoptera
SN	Order.

Protozoa
SN	After 1976, use Protista.

proustite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfarsenites
	..proustite

provenance
UF	source areas
	source regions
	source terrains
	source terranes
	sourceland
RT	sedimentation
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	genesis
	paleocurrents
	relict materials

Provence
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Provence
RT	Bouches-du-Rhone France
	Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
	Provence Alps
	Alpes-Maritimes France
	Vaucluse France
	Var France
	Sainte-Baume Massif
SN	Historical region in SE France. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Provence Alps
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Provence Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Western Alps
	...Provence Alps
RT	Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
	Provence
	Alpes-Maritimes France
	Maritime Alps
	Var France
	Sainte-Baume Massif
SN	In SE Provence. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with departments as applicable.

Providence County Rhode Island
BT	United States
	.Rhode Island
	..Providence County Rhode Island
NT	Cumberland Rhode Island
SN	N Rhode Island.

provinces
SN	A valid general term through 1976. See specific term, e.g. metallogenic provinces, physiographic provinces, etc.

provinces, faunal
USE	faunal provinces

provinces, floral
USE	floral provinces

provinces, ground-water
USE	ground-water provinces

provinces, metallogenic
USE	metallogenic provinces

provinces, physiographic
USE	physiographic provinces

provincialism
USE	provinciality

provinciality
UF	provincialism
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	fossils
SN	Used mostly for fossils.

Provo Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Utah County Utah
	...Provo Utah
SN	City on Provo River and SSE of Salt Lake City in N central Utah.

Prowers County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Prowers County Colorado

Prudhoe Bay
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Northern Alaska
	...Prudhoe Bay
RT	North Slope
	Prudhoe Bay Field
SN	Inlet of the Arctic Ocean on the North Slope.

Prudhoe Bay Field
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Northern Alaska
	...Prudhoe Bay Field
RT	oil and gas fields
	North Slope
	Ivishak Formation
	Prudhoe Bay
SN	North Slope of Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Prut River
BT	Europe
	.Prut River
UF	Pruth River
RT	Romania
	Ukraine
	Moldavia
	Moldova
	Dniester-Prut Interfluve
SN	Rises in W central Carpathians and flows into Danube River below Galati. Also search Prut. Indexed with Romania and former Soviet republics as applicable.

Pruth River
USE	Prut River

Prydz Bay
BT	Antarctic Ocean
	.Prydz Bay
RT	Leg 119
	ODP Site 739
	ODP Site 740
	ODP Site 741
	ODP Site 742
	ODP Site 743
SN	Off Amery ice shelf, Antarctic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Przemsyl Poland
USE	Przemysl Poland

Przemysl Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Przemysl Poland
UF	Peremyshl Poland
	Przemsyl Poland
RT	Galitsiya
SN	Province and city near Ukrainian border in SE Poland.

Ps

PS waves
USE	PS-waves

PS-waves
BT	elastic waves
	.seismic waves
	..body waves
	...PS-waves
UF	PS waves
RT	seismology
	waves
	P-waves
	S-waves
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

psammite
USE	sandstone

psammitic texture
USE	arenaceous texture

pseudo-karst
USE	pseudokarst

pseudo-single domains
BT	magnetic domains
	.pseudo-single domains
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pseudobrookite
BT	oxides
	.pseudobrookite
RT	armalcolite
	ferropseudobrookite

pseudogalena
USE	sphalerite

Pseudogleys
BT	soils
	.Pseudogleys
RT	soil group
	Gleys

pseudokarst
UF	pseudo-karst
RT	geomorphology
	topography
	karst
	thermokarst
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

pseudoleucite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..pseudoleucite

Pseudomonas
BT	bacteria
	.Pseudomonas
RT	microfossils
	biodegradation
	bioremediation
SN	Species. For paleontologic studies, index microfossils.

pseudomorphism
UF	pseudomorphs
RT	minerals
SN	Before 1976, also search replacement.

pseudomorphs
USE	pseudomorphism

pseudotachylite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.mylonites
	..pseudotachylite

Pseudotsuga
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Pseudotsuga
SN	Genus.

Psiloceratida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Cephalopoda
	...Tetrabranchiata
	....Ammonoidea
	.....Psiloceratida

psilomelane
BT	oxides
	.psilomelane
RT	manganese minerals
	manganese oxides

Psilophytales
USE	Psilopsida

Psilopsida
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Psilopsida
UF	Psilophytales
RT	vascular taxa
SN	Including Psilophytales.

Pskem Rang

Pskem Range
BT	Asia
	.Pskem Range
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Pskem Range
RT	Kazakhstan
	Kyrgyzstan
SN	Outlier of Kirghiz Range. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Pskov Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Pskov Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Pskov Russian Federation
SN	Oblast including city 155 miles SW of Saint Petersburg in W Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pskov Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Psocoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Exopterygota
	.......Psocoptera
UF	Psocopteroida
SN	Order.

Psocopteroida
USE	Psocoptera

Pt
USE	platinum

Pteranodon
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Pterosauria
	.......Pteranodon
SN	Genus.

Pteridophyllen
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Pteridophyllen

Pteridophyta
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
NT	Filicopsida
	Lycopsida
	Noeggerathiales
	Psilopsida
	Pteridophyllen
	Sphenopsida
RT	Pteropsida
	sporangia
	Callipteris
	spores
	Juglans
	vascular taxa
	Neuropteris
SN	Before 1981, Callipteris was included as a narrower term.

Pteridospermae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Pteridospermae
NT	Callipteris
	Neuropteris
RT	Sphenopteris
	Ptilophyllum
	Taeniopteris
	Dicroidium
	Pecopteris

Pteriina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Pteriina
NT	Anthraconaia
	Anthraconauta
	Inocerami
	Pectinacea

Pterobranchia
NT	Cephalodiscida
	Rhabdopleurida
RT	Hemichordata
	Invertebrata
SN	Indexed with Hemichordata or Invertebrata as applicable.

Pterocarya
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Pterocarya
SN	Genus.

Pteropoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Pteropoda

Pteropsida
BT	Plantae
	.Pteropsida
RT	thallophytes
	Angiospermae
	Gymnospermae
	Pteridophyta
	vascular taxa
SN	Used as a general term.

Pterosauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Pterosauria
NT	Pteranodon
SN	Order.

Pterygota
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
NT	Neoptera
	Palaeoptera
SN	Subclass.

ptilolite
USE	mordenite

Ptilophyllum
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Cycadales
	....Ptilophyllum
RT	Bennettitales
	Pteridospermae

PTt paths
USE	P-T-t paths

Ptychopariida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Trilobitomorpha
	...Trilobita
	....Ptychopariida
NT	Asaphidae
	Cryptolithus
	Dechenellidae
	Olenidae
	Proetidae
	Scutelluidae

ptygma
USE	ptygmatic folds

ptygmatic folds
BT	folds
	.ptygmatic folds
UF	ptygma
RT	migmatites
SN	Before 1978, also search folds AND ptygmatic.

Pu
USE	plutonium

Pu'u O'o
USE	Puu Oo

Pu-238
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pu-238
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..plutonium
	...Pu-238
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pu-239
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pu-239
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..plutonium
	...Pu-239
RT	Pu-240/Pu-239
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pu-240
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pu-240
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..plutonium
	...Pu-240
RT	Pu-240/Pu-239
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pu-240/Pu-239
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pu-240/Pu-239
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..plutonium
	...Pu-240/Pu-239
RT	isotope ratios
	Pu-239
	Pu-240
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pu-244
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pu-244
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..plutonium
	...Pu-244
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

public awaren

public awareness
UF	awareness, public
RT	education
	geologic hazards
	safety
	volcanic risk
	preventive measures
	risk assessment
	geology
	popular geology
	public policy
	planning
	seismic risk

public lands
NT	national forests
	national monuments
	national parks
	RARE II regions
	wilderness areas
UF	federal lands
RT	land management
	land use
	conservation
	government agencies
	public policy
	natural resources
	U. S. Bureau of Land Management
SN	Indexed with specific type if known e.g. national parks.

public policy
UF	national policy
RT	waste disposal
	land management
	land use
	legislation
	conservation
	government agencies
	regulations
	policy
	decision-making
	strategic minerals
	public lands
	public awareness
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

publication lists
USE	publications

publications
UF	geologic publications
	publication lists
RT	associations
	maps
	survey organizations
	catalogs
	dictionaries
	glossaries
	lexicons
	bibliography
	guidebook
	atlas
	monographs
	book reviews
	textbooks
	directory
	manuals
	theses
SN	Used as a general term.

Pucangan Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quaternary
	....Pucangan Formation
RT	Indonesia
	Java
SN	Central Java. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pucara Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Pucara Group
RT	Jurassic
	Upper Triassic
	Peru
	Lima Peru
	Junin Peru
SN	Includes Paria Formation. W Peru. Upper Triassic and Jurassic. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Puck Bay
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Gdansk Poland
	....Puck Bay
SN	Inlet of the Gulf of Danzig on the Baltic Sea. Also search Puck.

Puebla de Guzman Spain
BT	elva Spain
	.Puebla de Guzman Spain
SN	Town in SW part of country.

Puebla Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Puebla Mexico
NT	Los Humeros
RT	Sierra Madre Oriental
	Mexican volcanic belt
	Popocatepetl
	Pico de Orizaba
SN	State and city SE of Mexico City in SE Mexico.

Pueblo Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Pueblo County Colorado
	...Pueblo Colorado
SN	City in SE central Colorado.

Pueblo County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Pueblo County Colorado
NT	Pueblo Colorado
RT	Wet Mountains
SN	S central Colorado.

Puente Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Puente Formation
RT	California
SN	Includes Papel Blanco Shale, Blanco Sandstone, Cubierto Shale, Hunter Sandstone and Conglomerate, Peculiar Shale, Mahala Sandstone and Conglomerate, Sycamore Canyon Member, La Vida Member, Soquel Member, Yorba Member. S California.

Puente Hills
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Puente Hills
SN	S part of Los Angeles County.

Puercan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....lower Paleocene
	......Puercan
SN	North American continental stage. Above Cretaceous and below Dragonian. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Puerco River
USE	Rio Puerco

Puerto Cabello Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Carabobo Venezuela
	...Puerto Cabello Venezuela
SN	City W of Caracas on the Caribbean Sea in N Venezuela.

Puerto Deseado
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Santa Cruz Argentina
	...Puerto Deseado
SN	Bay in S Argentina. As of 1993, use Puerto Deseado Argentina for the town, in Santa Cruz province.

Puerto Rico
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Puerto Rico
NT	Anasco Bay
	Arecibo Puerto Rico
	Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
	Mayaguez Bay
	Ponce Puerto Rico
	San Juan Puerto Rico
RT	Caribbean Mountain Range
	Central Cordillera
	San Juan Formation
	Maravillas Formation
	Robles Formation
SN	Before 1932, also search Porto Rico.

Puerto Rico Trench
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Puerto Rico Trench
UF	Puerto Rico Trough
SN	NNE of Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico Trough
USE	Puerto Rico Trench

Puget Lowland
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Puget Lowland
SN	Area surrounding Puget Sound and the broad trough extending S.

Puget Sound
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Puget Sound
RT	Juan de Fuca Strait
	Deschutes River
SN	Arm of Pacific Ocean extending S from E end of Juan de Fuca Strait.

Puglia Italy
USE	Apulia Italy

Pulaski County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Pulaski County Arkansas
SN	Central Arkansas.

Pulaski County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Pulaski County Georgia
SN	S central Georgia.

Pulaski County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Pulaski County Illinois
SN	Extreme S Illinois.

Pulaski County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Pulaski County Indiana
SN	NW Indiana.

Pulaski County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Pulaski County Kentucky
SN	S Kentucky.

Pulaski County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Pulaski County Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Pulaski County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Pulaski County Virginia
SN	SW Virginia.

Pulaski Fault
RT	Tennessee
	Virginia
SN	SW Virginia and Tennessee. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.

Pulaski thrust sheet
BT	United States
	.Pulaski thrust sheet
RT	Appalachians
	Virginia
	Tennessee
SN	SW Virginia and NE Tennessee. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

pulaskite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...pulaskite

pull apart structures
USE	boudinage

pull-apart basins
BT	basins
	.pull-apart basins
RT	tectonics
	extension tectonics
	en echelon faults
	fault zones
	strike-slip faults
SN	Basins associated with strike-slip fault zones. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pulmonata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Pulmonata
NT	Basommatophora
	Stylommatophora
SN	Subclass.

pulsating spring
USE	geysers

pulsations
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere and magnetic field.

Pultova Ukraine
USE	Poltava Ukraine

Pultowa Ukraine
USE	Poltava Ukraine

Pultusk Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Pultusk Poland
SN	City in SE Ciechanow, E central Poland.

pumice
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..pyroclastics
	...pumice
RT	pumice deposits
	shirasu
	scoria
SN	As of 1981, use pumice deposits for pumice as a commodity.

pumice deposits
RT	abrasives
	aggregate
	pumice
SN	Commodity. See List C.

pump and treat
USE	pump-and-treat

pump tests
UF	pumping tests
RT	water wells
	ground water
	hydrology
	pumping
	slug tests
SN	Before 1978, also search pumping.

pump-and-treat
UF	pump and treat
RT	reclamation
	pollution
	ground water
	pollutants
	remediation
	water treatment
	water quality
	volatile organic compounds
	contaminant plumes
	nonaqueous phase liquids
SN	Also index remediation and/or water treatment.

pumpellyite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...pumpellyite
RT	aluminosilicates

pumping
RT	drawdown
	economic geology
	engineering geology
	ground water
	hydrogeology
	petroleum engineering
	production
	pump tests
	suction
	water recovery
	water resources
	water use
	water wells
	well screens
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

pumping tests
USE	pump tests

Puna
RT	Altiplano
	Andes
	Argentina
	Atacama Desert
	Central Andes
	Chile
	Southern Andes
SN	High Andean intermontane plateaus, especially in the S Andes. Also used in other locations; search in combination with Andes or with country as applicable. Indexed with regions and mountain ranges as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

punch cards
UF	punched cards
RT	data processing

Punchbowl Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Punchbowl Formation
RT	California
SN	Described in Valyermo Quadrangle as consisting of two facies. S California.

punched cards
USE	punch cards

Puncoviscana Formation
RT	Argentina
	Cambrian
	Lower Cambrian
	Precambrian
	upper Precambrian
SN	Upper Precambrian and Lower Cambrian. NW Argentina. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

punctuated aggradational cycles
RT	cycles
	cyclic processes
	ecology
	paleoecology
	sedimentation
	stratigraphy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

punctuated equilibria
RT	biologic evolution
	gradualism
	paleontology
	phylogeny
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pune India
USE	Poona India

Pungo River
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pungo River
RT	Pamlico River
SN	Tidal estuary near the Pamlico River off Pamlico Sound.

Pungo River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Pungo River Formation
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
SN	Middle Miocene. E North Carolina and Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Punjab
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef as of 1981. Use Punjab India or Punjab Pakistan as applicable. Before 1981, referred to both the state in India and the province in Pakistan.

Punjab India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Punjab India
NT	Chandigarh India
	Spiti
RT	Chinji Formation
	Beas River
SN	State. NW India. Before 1993, also search Punjab State.

Punjab Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Punjab Pakistan
NT	Attock Pakistan
	Khewra Pakistan
	Mangla Dam
	Mansehra Pakistan
	Mianwali Pakistan
	Ramnagar Pakistan
	Salt Range
RT	Chinji Formation
	Potwar Plateau
SN	Province. E central Pakistan. Before 1993, also search Punjab Province.

Puno Peru
BT	South America
	.Peru
	..Puno Peru
RT	Lake Titicaca
SN	Department in SE Peru.

Punta Mosquito Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Punta Mosquito Formation
RT	Venezuela

Pupillidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Gastropoda
	...Pupillidae

Purbeckian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Purbeckian
SN	Europe.

Purcell Mountains
BT	North America
	.Purcell Mountains
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	British Columbia
	Boundary County Idaho
	Lincoln County Montana
SN	Mountain range in SE British Columbia; Boundary County, N Idaho and Lincoln County, NW Montana. Indexed with British Columbia and/or states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Purcell System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Purcell System
RT	Alberta
	Idaho
	Montana
	British Columbia

purchases
RT	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

pure coal
USE	vitrain

purification
RT	beneficiation
	dechlorination
	decontamination
	drinking water
	ground water
	hydrology
	impurities
	polluted water
	pollution
	potability
	water
	water quality
	water resources
	water treatment

purines
BT	organic compounds
	.proteins
	..purines

Purisima Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Purisima Formation
RT	Pliocene
	Miocene
	California
	San Gregorio Formation
SN	Miocene-Pliocene. W California. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

purple copper ore
USE	bornite

Purulia India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Purulia India
SN	City in W West Bengal, E India.

push wave
USE	P-waves

push-pull wave
USE	P-waves

Pushmataha County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Pushmataha County Oklahoma

Putnam County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Putnam County Florida
SN	N Florida.

Putnam County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Putnam County Georgia
SN	Central Georgia.

Putnam County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Putnam County Illinois
SN	N central Illinois.

Putnam County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Putnam County Indiana
SN	W central Indiana.

Putnam County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Putnam County Missouri
SN	N Missouri.

Putnam County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Putnam County New York
SN	SE New York.

Putnam County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Putnam County Ohio
SN	NW Ohio.

Putnam County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Putnam County Tennessee
SN	Central Tennessee.

Putnam County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Putnam County West Virginia
SN	W West Virginia.

Putrid Sea
USE	Sivash

Puu Oo
BT	United States
	.Hawaii
	..Hawaii County Hawaii
	...Hawaii Island
	....Puu Oo
UF	Pu'u O'o
RT	Kilauea
	volcanoes
	East Rift Zone
SN	Extensively studied eruptive activity site on East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano. Site is just inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Activity began in 1983 and continued for several years. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Puy-de-Dome France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Puy-de-Dome France
NT	Chaine des Puys
	Clermont-Ferrand France
	Mont-Dore France
RT	Limagne
SN	Department in S central France.

Pyramid Lake
RT	Washoe County Nevada
SN	Lake in Washoe County, NW Nevada. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with county or regions as applicable.

pyrargyrite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..pyrargyrite

pyrene
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aromatic hydrocarbons
	...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	....pyrene
RT	pollutants
	toxic materials
	benzene
	petroleum products

Pyrenean Orogenic Phase
USE	Pyrenean Orogeny

Pyrenean Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Pyrenean Orogeny
UF	Pyrenean Orogenic Phase
RT	orogeny
	France
	Spain
	Andorra
	Pyrenees
SN	One of the 30 or more short-lived orogenies during Phanerozoic time identified by Stille, in this case during the late Eocene, between the Bartonian and Ludian stages. Before 1978, search Pyrenean AND orogeny.

Pyrenees
BT	Europe
	.Pyrenees
NT	Castillon Massif
	French Pyrenees
	Querigut Massif
	Spanish Pyrenees
RT	France
	Spain
	Andorra
	Pyrenean Orogeny
	North Pyrenean Fault
SN	Mountain range extending from the Bay of Biscay to the SW coast of the Gulf of Lion. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
NT	Biarritz France
	Pau France
UF	Basses-Pyrenees France
RT	Navarre
SN	Department in SW France.

Pyrenees-Orientales France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pyrenees-Orientales France
NT	Agly Massif
RT	Roussillon
SN	Department in E Pyrenees.

pyrite
BT	sulfides
	.pyrite
RT	iron ores
	bravoite
	framboidal texture
	iron minerals
	pyrite ores
SN	As of 1981, use pyrite ores for pyrite as a commodity.

pyrite ores
BT	metal ores
	.pyrite ores
RT	iron ores
	pyrite
	sulfur deposits
SN	Commodity. See List C.

pyritization
BT	metasomatism
	.pyritization
RT	diagenesis
	hydrothermal alteration

pyroaurite
BT	carbonates
	.pyroaurite
RT	hydrotalcite

pyrochlore
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..pyrochlore
BT	oxides
	.niobates
	..niobotantalates
	...pyrochlore
RT	betafite
	niobium ores
	microlite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

pyroclastic flows
RT	ash flows
	ash-flow tuff
	base surges
	clastic sediments
	flow texture
	igneous rocks
	ignimbrite
	nuees ardentes
	pyroclastics
	sediments
	shirasu
	tuff
	volcanic ash
	volcanic rocks
	volcaniclastics
	volcanism
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

pyroclastic surges
RT	base surges
	flows
	nuees ardentes
	pyroclastics
	surges
	volcanology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

pyroclastics
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..pyroclastics
NT	andesite tuff
	ash-flow tuff
	green tuff
	hyaloclastite
	ignimbrite
	pumice
	rhyolite tuff
	scoria
	tuff
	tuffite
	welded tuff
UF	tephra
RT	agglomerate
	sedimentary rocks
	clastic sediments
	glasses
	shirasu
	volcanic ash
	sediments
	clastic rocks
	ash falls
	volcaniclastics
	ash flows
	pyroclastic flows
	eruptions
	pyroclastic surges
	bentonite
	volcanic breccia
	ejecta
	lapilli
SN	As of 1984, not to be used as sediments or sedimentary rocks. Use volcaniclastics when sediments or sedimentary rocks are made up partially of material originating from a volcano. Before 1981, also search pyroclastics and glasses.

pyroclastics and glasses
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use pyroclastics or glasses as applicable. See also volcaniclastics.

pyrolite
BT	igneous rocks
	.pyrolite
RT	upper mantle
	basalts
	magmas
	peridotites
SN	According to the model proposed by Ringwood, a 3:1 mixture of peridotite to basalt which represents upper mantle composition.

pyrolusite
BT	oxides
	.pyrolusite
UF	polianite
RT	manganese minerals
	vernadite

pyrolysates
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use pyrolysis with specific materials.

pyrolysis
RT	incineration
	geochemistry
	Rock-Eval

pyrometasomatism
BT	metasomatism
	.pyrometasomatism
RT	hydrothermal alteration

pyromorphite
BT	phosphates
	.pyromorphite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..pyromorphite
RT	apatite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

pyrope
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...garnet group
	....pyrope

pyrophanite
BT	oxides
	.pyrophanite
RT	titanium oxides

pyrophyllite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..pyrophyllite

Pyrotheria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Amblypoda
	.......Pyrotheria
RT	Ungulata
SN	Suborder.

pyroxene
USE	pyroxene group

pyroxene andesite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..andesites
	...pyroxene andesite

pyroxene granulite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.granulites
	..pyroxene granulite

pyroxene group
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
NT	alkalic pyroxene
	clinopyroxene
	orthopyroxene
UF	pyroxene
	pyroxenes
RT	jade
SN	Before 1981, jade was included as a narrower term.

pyroxenes
USE	pyroxene group

pyroxenite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...pyroxenite
RT	websterite
	bronzitite
	clinopyroxenite
	garnet pyroxenite
	metapyroxenite
	orthopyroxenite

pyroxferroite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxferroite

pyroxmangite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxmangite

Pyrrhophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Pyrrhophyta
RT	microfossils
	palynomorphs
	Dinoflagellata
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

pyrrhotine
USE	pyrrhotite

pyrrhotite
BT	sulfides
	.pyrrhotite
UF	dipyrite
	pyrrhotine
RT	iron ores
	iron minerals
	troilite

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