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Pa
USE	protactinium

Pa-231
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Pa-231
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..protactinium
	...Pa-231
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pacaya
BT	Central America
	.Guatemala
	..Pacaya
UF	Pacaya Volcano
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano in S central Guatemala.

Pacaya Volcano
USE	Pacaya

PACE
UF	Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	California
	Arizona
	programs
	geotraverses
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pachelma Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Pachelma Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Pachelma Russian Federation
SN	Town in Penza Oblast W of Kuibyshev in S central European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pachelma Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pachuca de Soto Mexico
USE	Pachuca Mexico

Pachuca Mexico
BT	dalgo Mexico
	.Pachuca Mexico
UF	Pachuca de Soto Mexico
SN	City NE of Mexico City in central Mexico.

Pachypteris
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Caytoniales
	....Pachypteris
RT	Cycadales

Pacific Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.Pacific Basin
RT	North Pacific
	South Pacific
	Leg 88
	Pacific Plate
SN	Generally the entire ocean floor of both the North and South Pacific up to the continental shelf.

Pacific Coast
RT	Alaska
	Australia
	California Current
	Canada
	Central America
	China
	Circum-Pacific region
	Hayfork Terrane
	Japan
	Mexico
	New Zealand
	North America
	Oregon
	California
	Pacific region
	Russian Federation
	Russian Pacific region
	South America
	Washington
	Western U.S.
SN	As of 1998, term is used anywhere in the Pacific region. From 1978-1997 term was used for the region comprising those conterminous U.S. states fronting on the Pacific Ocean. Search in combination with country. Indexed with states OR Western U.S. OR other

Pacific County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Pacific County Washington
NT	Willapa Bay
SN	On Pacific Ocean in SW Washington.

Pacific Islands
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1971. Used in subfiles G and N. Now use West Pacific Ocean Islands or East Pacific Ocean Islands as applicable. Also see Oceania; Malay Archipelago.

Pacific mobile belt
BT	Pacific region
	.Pacific mobile belt
RT	Asia
	North America
	New Zealand
	South America
	New Guinea
SN	Crustal regions of tectonic activity along the coastal fringes of continents and some entire islands of the Pacific. Indexed with continents and islands as applicable.

Pacific Ocean
NT	Central Pacific
	East Pacific
	Equatorial Pacific
	New Caledonia Basin
	North Pacific
	Pacific Basin
	South Pacific
	West Pacific
RT	Antarctic Bottom Water
	Antarctic Ocean
	Austral Islands
	Bay of Plenty
	California Current
	Campbell Island
	Caroline Islands
	Circum-Pacific region
	Cocos Plate
	Cook Islands
	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	Easter Island
	Easter Microplate
	El Nino
	Eltanin fracture zon
SN	Many islands, formerly included as narrower terms of Pacific Ocean, are now included under East Pacific Ocean Islands or West Pacific Ocean Islands. Also see Antarctic Ocean for S portion.

Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See East Pacific Ocean Islands (containing Easter Island and Galapagos Islands), West Pacific Ocean Islands, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippine Islands, Japan, New Zeal

Pacific Plate
RT	Farallon Plate
	Pacific Basin
	Pacific Ocean
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	Includes most of the Pacific Basin with the Eurasian Plate on the W and N; the American, Cocos, and Nazca Plates on the E; the Indian Plate on the SW; and the Antarctic Plate on the S. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Pacific region
NT	Circum-Pacific region
	Pacific mobile belt
RT	Far East
	Pacific Coast
	Pacific Ocean
	Russian Pacific region

Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment
USE	PACE

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
RT	Antarctic Ocean
	East Pacific Rise
	mid-ocean ridges
	Pacific Ocean
	South Pacific
	Southeast Pacific
	Southwest Pacific
SN	Mid-ocean ridge extending from the Balleny fracture zone S of Macquarie Island to the East Pacific Rise. Indexed with ocean areas as applicable.

packing
RT	atomic packing
	sedimentary rocks
	sedimentation
	textures
SN	Before 1978, also used for atomic packing under crystal structure.

packrat middens
BT	middens
	.packrat middens
RT	ecology
	paleoecology
	diet
	Neotoma
SN	Before 1998, also search middens AND Neotoma.

packstone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..packstone

Pacoima Dam
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Pacoima Dam
SN	On Pacoima River in Los Angeles County NW of Los Angeles. Also search Pacoima.

Pacoota

Pacoota Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Pacoota Sandstone
RT	Lower Ordovician
	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
	Amadeus Basin
	Upper Cambrian
SN	Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician. Amadeus Basin, S Northern Territory, central Australia. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Paderborn Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
	....Paderborn Germany
SN	City in E North Rhine-Westphalia, W central Germany.

Padre Island
RT	Laguna Madre
	Texas
SN	Narrow barrier island along Gulf of Mexico from SE of Corpus Christi to near the Mexican border. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Padstow England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cornwall England
	......Padstow England
SN	Town in SW England near N coast of Cornwall.

Padurea Craiului Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Padurea Craiului Mountains
RT	Apuseni Mountains
SN	Crai Forest range in W Apuseni Mountains in SW Transylvania. Also search Padurea Craiului OR Crai.

Paganzo Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..La Rioja Argentina
	...Paganzo Argentina
RT	Paganzo Basin
SN	Village in central La Rioja, NW Argentina.

Paganzo Basin
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Paganzo Basin
RT	Guandacol Formation
	San Juan Argentina
	La Rioja Argentina
	Paganzo Argentina
SN	NW Argentina. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Paganzo Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Paganzo Group
RT	Carboniferous
	Permian
	Argentina

Page County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Page County Iowa
SN	SW Iowa.

Page County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Page County Virginia
SN	N Virginia.

Page Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Page Sandstone
RT	Utah
	Wyoming
	Arizona
	San Rafael Group
SN	In San Rafael Group. Bajocian and Bathonian. Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Pageland South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Chesterfield County South Carolina
	...Pageland South Carolina
SN	Town in N South Carolina.

Pagoda Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Pagoda Formation
RT	Montana
SN	Underlies Pentagon Shale; overlies Dearborn Limestone. NW Montana.

Pahang Malaysia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...West Malaysia
	....Pahang Malaysia
SN	State on the Malay Peninsula in West Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

pahoehoe
BT	lava
	.pahoehoe
RT	aa lava
	volcanism

Pahrump Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Pahrump Series
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

PAHs
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons if applicable.

Pahute Mesa
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Nye County Nevada
	...Pahute Mesa
UF	Paiute Mesa
SN	Tableland in Nye County in S Nevada.

Pai Khoi
USE	Pai-Khoi

Pai-Khoi
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Polar Urals
	...Pai-Khoi
UF	Pai Khoi
	Pay-Khoy
SN	Mountain range on Yugor Peninsula between Barents and Kara seas. N extension of Northern Urals. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Paibian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Furongian
	.....Paibian

Paintbrush Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Paintbrush Tuff
RT	Nevada
	Topopah Spring Member
SN	S Nevada. Includes Pah Canyon Member, Yucca Mountain Member, Tiva Canyon Member and Topopah Spring Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pais Vasco Spain
USE	Basque Provinces Spain

Paiute Mesa
USE	Pahute Mesa

Pajaro Valley
BT	United States
	.California
	..Pajaro Valley
SN	River valley S of San Jose in W California. Also search Pajaro River.

Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
NT	Baluchistan Pakistan
	North-West Frontier Pakistan
	Punjab Pakistan
	Sind Pakistan
	Sulaiman Range
UF	West Pakistan
RT	Hindu Kush
	Kohistan
	Anantnag
	Jammu and Kashmir
	Indo-Australian Plate
	Indian Plate
	Doda
	Nari Series
	Main Boundary Fault
	Main Central Thrust
	Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone
	Indus River
	Ladakh
	Jammu
	Karakoram
	Kishtwar
	Naubug
	Riasi
	Kashmir
	Kashmir Valley
	Siw
SN	Formerly consisted of East Pakistan and West Pakistan which were separated by about 1, 000 miles of Indian territory. After East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh in 1971, West Pakistan and Pakistan became coextensive.

Paktia Afghanistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Afghanistan
	...Paktia Afghanistan
SN	Use for the province in E Afghanistan.

pal

Palaeodictyoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Palaeoptera
	......Palaeodictyoptera
UF	Palaeodictyopteroida
SN	Order.

Palaeodictyopteroida
USE	Palaeodictyoptera

Palaeofavosites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Tabulata
	.....Favositidae
	......Palaeofavosites
RT	Favosites
SN	Genus.

Palaeoloxodon
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
	.......Elephantoidea
	........Elephantidae
	.........Palaeoloxodon
NT	Palaeoloxodon naumanni
SN	Genus.

Palaeoloxodon naumanni
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Proboscidea
	.......Elephantoidea
	........Elephantidae
	.........Palaeoloxodon
	..........Palaeoloxodon naumanni
SN	Species.

Palaeonisciformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Chondrostei
	......Palaeonisciformes
SN	Order.

Palaeophycus
BT	ichnofossils
	.Palaeophycus

Palaeoproterozoic
USE	Paleoproterozoic

Palaeoptera
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Palaeoptera
NT	Ephemeroptera
	Odonata
	Palaeodictyoptera
SN	Infraclass.

palagonite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..glasses
	...palagonite
RT	palagonitization

palagonitization
BT	metasomatism
	.palagonitization
RT	processes
	alteration
	glasses
	palagonite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Palamau India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Palamau India
SN	District in coal mining area in W Bihar, E India.

Palatinate
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Palatinate
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	Hesse Germany
	Upper Palatinate
SN	Historical region in two parts. Lower or Rhine Palatinate on both sides of Rhine River S of the Main River; and the Upper Palatinate in E Bavaria. Indexed with states as applicable.

Palau
BT	Oceania
	.Micronesia
	..Caroline Islands
	...Palau
UF	Belau
	Pelew
SN	Island group, W Caroline Islands, Micronesia.

Palau-Kyushu Ridge
USE	Kyushu-Palau Ridge

Palawan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Palawan
UF	Paragua
SN	Long, narrow island between N Borneo and W Philippines.

pale

Palencia City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Palencia Spain
	......Palencia City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in S Palencia Province, N Spain. Before 1993, also search Palencia Spain.

Palencia Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
	.....Palencia Spain
NT	Palencia City Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in N Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Palencia Province and Spain. For the city, see Palencia City Spain.

paleo

paleo-indian
USE	paleoindian

paleo-oceanography
RT	bathymetry
	ocean basins
	ocean floors
	oceanography
	orbital forcing
	paleocirculation
	paleohydrology
	sea-floor spreading
	sea-level changes
	Southern Oscillation

Paleoarchean
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Archean
	...Paleoarchean

paleoatmosphere
RT	atmosphere
	climate
	Earth
	Gaia hypothesis
	geochemistry
	paleoclimatology
	paleoecology
	paleoenvironment
	paleotemperature
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

paleobathymetry
RT	bathymetry
	ocean floors
	paleocirculation
	paleorelief
	sea-floor spreading

paleobiochemistry
USE	biochemistry

paleobiogeography
USE	biogeography

paleobiology
RT	biochemistry
	biology
	fossils
	geomicrobiology
	paleontology

paleobotany
UF	botany, paleo-
RT	biologic evolution
	biogeography
	fossils
	catalogs
	bibliography
	floral provinces
	biodiversity
	cladistics
	geomicrobiology
	fossilization
	floral studies
	chemosynthesis
	miscellanea
	electron microscopy
	flowers
	leaves
	micropaleontology
	fossil record
	holotypes
	mod
SN	Used for general discussions of fossil Plantae and for the discipline as a whole. See names of major floral groups (list F).

Paleobotany (category)
SN	Paleobotany, GeoRef category code 09 is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).

Paleocene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
NT	Danian
	Selandian
	Thanetian
	Beaufort Formation
	Bullion Creek Formation
	Clayton Formation
	Latrobe Group
	Lebo Member
	lower Paleocene
	Ludlow Member
	middle Paleocene
	Midway Group
	Montian
	Nacimiento Formation
	Naheola Formation
	Oak Hill Member
	Pinyon Conglomerate
	Porters Creek Formation
	Ravenscrag Formation
	Sentinel Butte Formation
	Tongue River Member
	Tullock Member
	upper Paleocene
RT	Brianconnais Zone
	Beaverhead Formation
	Imo Shale
	Fort Union Formation
	Claron Formation
	Laramide Orogeny
	Mardin Formation
	Ekofisk Formation
	Intertrappean Beds
	Denver Formation
	Flagstaff Formation
	Hanna Formation
	Huber Formation
	lower Paleogene
	Moreno Forma
SN	World. Lower Tertiary, above Gulfian (Cretaceous), below Eocene.

paleochannels
SN	Not a valid index term for GeoRef. See channels under sedimentary structures planar bedding structures (list K). See also buried channels.

paleocirculation
RT	circulation
	ocean circulation
	paleo-oceanography
	paleobathymetry

paleoclimate maps
BT	maps
	.paleoclimate maps
UF	paleoclimatologic maps
RT	photogeology
	paleoclimatology
	climatologic maps
SN	Before 1985, also search paleoclimatology AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleoclimatic controls
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See paleoclimatology.

paleoclimatic effects
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See paleoclimatology.

paleoclimatologic maps
USE	paleoclimate maps

paleoclimatology
UF	climatology, paleo-
RT	glacial geology
	glaciation
	atmosphere
	encrustations
	fossils
	climate
	arctic environment
	arid environment
	cycles
	boreal environment
	C-13/C-12
	general circulation models
	event stratigraphy
	climate change
	climatologic maps
	fluctuations
	humid environment
	indic
SN	Used for treatments of the climate of a given period of time in the geologic past (prehistory). Indexed with also age and area when possible.

Paleocopida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Paleocopida
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

paleocurrent maps
BT	maps
	.paleocurrent maps
RT	sedimentation
	paleogeography
	paleocurrents
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleocurrents
RT	currents
	ocean currents
	paleocurrent maps
	paleogeography
	paleohydrology
	paleoplacers
	provenance
	sedimentation

paleoe

paleoearthquakes
USE	paleoseismicity

paleoecology
RT	adaptation
	aerobic environment
	anaerobic environment
	anaerobic taxa
	aquatic environment
	archaeology
	arctic environment
	beaches
	behavior
	benthonic taxa
	biodiversity
	biogeography
	biologic evolution
	biostratigraphy
	biotopes
	biotypes
	boreal environment
	carniv
SN	Used for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments, the death of organisms, and their burial and postburial history in the geologic past (prehistoric), based on fossil fauna and flora and their stratigraphic position. For his

paleoenvironment
RT	biotopes
	historical geology
	paleoatmosphere
	paleoecology
	paleogeography
	paleotemperature
	sedimentation
SN	Distinguish from paleoecology.

paleofloods
RT	floods
	paleoecology
	paleohydrology
SN	Not to be used for modern floods. Before 1993, also search paleohydrology AND floods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Paleogene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Paleogene
NT	Paleocene
	Eocene
	Oligocene
	Barail Group
	Bracklesham Beds
	Chadron Formation
	Claron Formation
	Duchesne River Formation
	Ewekoro Formation
	Flagstaff Formation
	Ghost Rocks Formation
	Hanna Formation
	Huber Formation
	Ilerdian
	Imo Shale
	Kenai Group
	lower Paleogene
	Orca Group
	Renova Formation
	Santa Susana Formation
	Sespe Formation
	Sinjar Formation
	Tyonek Formation
	upper Paleogene
	Wasatch Formation
	White River Group
UF	Tertiary
	Eogene
RT	lower Tertiary
	San Lorenzo Formation
SN	An interval of geologic time incorporating the Oligocene, Eocene, and Paleocene of the Tertiary; the lower Tertiary.

paleogeographic controls
RT	controls
	mineral deposits, genesis
	paleogeography
	paleoplacers
SN	As of 1993, restricted to economic studies.

paleogeographic maps
BT	maps
	.paleogeographic maps
RT	paleogeography
	geotectonic maps
SN	Before 1978, also search maps AND paleogeographic.

paleogeography
RT	alluvial plains
	basins
	biogeography
	buried channels
	buried valleys
	Cathaysia
	continental drift
	exhumation
	geography
	geosynclines
	geotectonic maps
	lake-level changes
	land bridges
	Mesogaea
	ocean basins
	paleoclimatology
	paleocurrent maps
	paleocurrents
	paleoe
SN	Used for the study and description of the physical geography of the geologic past before the Holocene. For the geographic distribution of fossil and modern organisms, use biogeography.

paleohydrology
RT	hydrology
	paleo-oceanography
	paleocurrents
	paleofloods
	paleogeography
	paleolimnology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleoi

paleoindian
UF	paleo-indian
RT	biologic evolution
	biogeography
	anthropology
	ontogeny
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

paleokarst
RT	buried features
	hydrology
	karst
	karst hydrology
	geomorphology
	solution features
SN	Indexed with solution features for geomorphologic studies. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

paleolatitude
UF	latitude, paleo-
RT	paleomagnetism
	latitude
	apparent polar wandering
	polar wandering

paleolimnology
RT	glacial lakes
	limnology
	paleohydrology

Paleolithic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Stone Age
	....Paleolithic
NT	Acheulian
	Aurignacian
	Levalloisian
	Magdalenian
	Mousterian
	upper Paleolithic
UF	Old Stone Age
RT	Tertiary
	Pleistocene
	archaeology
	Quaternary
SN	Archaeological classification.

paleomagnetism
UF	magnetism, paleo-
RT	adiabatic demagnetization
	demagnetization
	alternating field demagnetization
	anhysteretic remanent magnetization
	apparent polar wandering
	continental drift
	crust
	Brunhes Chron
	chemical demagnetization
	chemical remanent magnetization
	coercivity
	Curie point
SN	Used for the study of natural remanent magnetization. Always include rock type and age as index terms, if possible.

paleontolo

paleontologic record
USE	fossil record

paleontology
RT	adaptation
	adaptive radiation
	anatomy
	bibliography
	biocenoses
	biochronology
	biodiversity
	biogeographic maps
	biogeography
	biologic evolution
	biometry
	biostratigraphy
	bipedalism
	bones
	casts
	catalogs
	chemical fossils
	cladistics
	collecting
	collections
	contine
SN	Used for discipline as a whole. Indexed with as a general term for studies of general paleontological principles.

Paleontology (category)
SN	Paleontology, GeoRef category codes 08-11, are a group of the thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A

paleopathology
RT	archaeology
	bones
	jaws
	morphology
	paleontology
	shells
	skeletons
	skulls
	taphonomy
	teeth
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paleoplacers
RT	alluvium
	diagenesis
	diamonds
	gold ores
	heavy mineral deposits
	mineral exploration
	paleocurrents
	paleogeographic controls
	placers
	sedimentation
	uranium ores
	weathering
SN	Commodity. See List C. Also index type of placer [e.g. diamonds, gold ores, heavy mineral deposits, platinum ores, tin ores]. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

paleoproductivity
SN	As of 1995, not a valid term for GeoRef. Use productivity or biomass or growth rates; AND paleoecology.

Paleoproterozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
NT	Siderian
	Rhyacian
	Orosian
	Statherian
	Aphebian
	Birrimian
	Carpentarian
	Cobalt Group
	Hemlock Formation
	Karelian
	Marquette Range Supergroup
	Mazatzal Orogeny
	Michigamme Formation
	Svecofennian
	Svecofennian Orogeny
	Thomson Formation
	Torngat Orogeny
	Transamazonian Orogeny
	Virginia Formation
	Willyama Complex
	Wollaston Group
UF	lower Proterozoic
	Palaeoproterozoic
RT	Tyler Formation
	Ventersdorp Supergroup
	Fortescue Group
	Harney Peak Granite
	Levack Gneiss
	Little Falls Formation
	Rocknest Formation
	Twilight Gneiss
	Wopmay Orogeny
SN	IUGS approved (1990) chronometric era with ages from 2500 Ma to 1600 Ma.

paleorelief
UF	paleotopography
RT	geomorphology
	paleobathymetry
	landform evolution
	buried features
	exhumation
	buried channels
	buried valleys
	relief

paleosalinity
RT	brackish water
	fluid inclusions
	geochemistry
	salinity
	salt
	sea water

paleoseismicity
UF	paleoearthquakes
	paleoseismology
RT	seismology
	earthquakes
	archaeology
	geologic hazards
	seismicity
	seismites
	seismotectonics
SN	Study of past, pre-instrumental earthquakes traceable by structural, geomorphologial or sedimentological features or by geophysical properties in rocks and sediments. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

paleoseismology
USE	paleoseismicity

paleoshorelines
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. For geomorphology, use shorelines; for stratigraphy, use sea-level changes or lake-level changes. Also see transgression or regression; or highstands or lowstands.

Paleosols
UF	fossil soils
RT	soils
	soil group
	buried features
SN	Indexed with soils if applicable.

paleotectonics
SN	A valid term through 1975. After 1975, see tectonics and paleogeography. See also neotectonics.

paleotemperature
RT	geologic thermometry
	lithogeochemistry
	P-T conditions
	P-T-t paths
	paleoatmosphere
	paleoclimatology
	paleoecology
	paleoenvironment
	geochemistry
	temperature
	thermal history
SN	Term reintroduced in 1982. Before 1982, also search temperature; paleotemperatures. Term was valid through 1973. From 1974-1981, temperature was used under paleoclimatology. See geologic thermometry. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

paleotemperatures
SN	Use temperature or geologic thermometry, paleotemperature, or paleoclimatology.

paleotopography
USE	paleorelief

Paleozoic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
NT	Cambrian
	Ordovician
	Silurian
	Devonian
	Carboniferous
	Permian
	Acadian Phase
	Alice Springs Orogeny
	Antler Orogeny
	Arbuckle Group
	Baralaba Coal Measures
	Bedford Shale
	Berea Sandstone
	Bird Spring Formation
	Bowers Supergroup
	Broken River Formation
	Bucksport Formation
	Caledonian Orogeny
	Cape Elizabeth Formation
	Casco Bay Group
	Casper Formation
	Catskill Formation
	Chattanooga Shale
	Collier Shale
	Cow Head Group
	Deadwood Formation
	Downtonian
	Dunkard Group
	Earn Group
	Ellesmerian Orogeny
	Ellis Bay Formation
	Endicott Group
	Exshaw Formation
	Geirud Formation
	Hanson Creek Formation
	Hartland Formation
	Hidden Valley Dolomite
	Honaker Trail Formation
	Horton Group
	Hunton Group
	Ishbel Group
	Itarare Subgroup
	Keyser Limestone
	Kittery Formation
	Knox Group
	Laborcita Formation
	Leinster Granite
	Lisburne Group
	lower Paleozoic
	Magdalena Group
	Manhattan Formation
	Maroon Formation
	Matapedia Group
	Merrimack Group
	middle Paleozoic
	Mikabu System
	Minnelusa Formation
	Oquirrh Formation
	Ouachita Orogeny
	Paganzo Group
	Peel Sound Formation
	Petersburg Granite
	Phuket Group
	Pilot Shale
	Rangeley Formation
	Read Bay Formation
	Ringerike Sandstone
	Road River Formation
	Rondout Formation
	Sambagawa Belt
	Shawangunk Formation
	Shoo Fly Complex
	Silvretta Group
	Taconic Orogeny
	Taiyuan Formation
	Talchir Formation
	Talladega Group
	Tensleep Sandstone
	Tippecanoe Sequence
	Tulghes Series
	upper Paleozoic
	Waits River Formation
	Weber Sandstone
	Wells Formation
	Wissahickon Formation
	Woodford Shale
RT	Phanerozoic
	Nubian Sandstone
	Moldanubian
	lower Gondwana System
	Catalina Schist
	Ceneri Zone
	Rhenohercynian
	Saxothuringian
	Klodzko Unit
	Shuswap Complex
	New England Orogeny
	Riggins Group
	Yellow Aster Complex

Palermo Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Palermo Italy
SN	City on Bay of Palermo in NW Sicily.

Palestine
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Palestine
RT	Israel
	Jordan
SN	Approximately coextensive with Israel and the W bank of the Jordan River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Paleudults
BT	soils
	.Ultisols
	..Paleudults
RT	soil group
SN	Great group in the suborder Udults.

palingenesis
RT	anatexis
	assimilation
	magma contamination
	magmas
	metasomatism
	petrology
SN	As of 1978, term is restricted to meaning in petrology. Term is not used in reference to paleontology.

palinspastic reconstruction
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use paleogeography and reconstruction. (Note added 1995.)

Palisades Sill
RT	Colfax County New Mexico
	New Jersey
	New Mexico
	New York
	Westchester County New York
SN	Located along the Hudson River in Paterson County, NE New Jersey and Westchester County, SE New York. Also located in Colfax County, N New Mexico. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

palladium
BT	metals
	.platinum group
	..palladium
UF	Pd
RT	palladium ores
SN	Chemical element. As of 1985, use palladium ores for palladium as a commodity.

palladium ores
BT	metal ores
	.palladium ores
RT	platinum ores
	palladium
SN	Before 1985, also search (palladium OR Pd) AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index. Commodity. See List C.

pallasite
BT	meteorites
	.stony irons
	..pallasite
NT	Eagle Station Meteorite
SN	As of 1978, used for the meteorite. Also used as an igneous rock before 1978. Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

Palliser Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Palliser Formation
RT	Alberta
	Canada

Palm Beach County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Palm Beach County Florida
RT	Biscayne Aquifer
SN	On the Atlantic Ocean in SE Florida.

Palm Springs California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Riverside County California
	...Palm Springs California
SN	City in S California.

Palma de Majorca
USE	Palma Spain

Palma Spain
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Balearic Islands
	..Majorca
	...Palma Spain
UF	Palma de Majorca
SN	City on Majorca. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Palmae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Monocotyledoneae
	....Palmae
UF	Palmales
SN	Family coextensive with order Palmales.

Palmales
USE	Palmae

Palmatolepis
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Palmatolepis
SN	Genus.

Palmdale Bulge
USE	Palmdale California

Palmdale California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Palmdale California
UF	Palmdale Bulge
	Palmdale region
SN	N Los Angeles County, California.

Palmdale region
USE	Palmdale California

Palmer Peninsula
USE	Antarctic Peninsula

Palmottu Project
RT	Finland
	Nummi-Pusula Finland
	programs
	radioactive waste
	waste disposal
	waste disposal sites
SN	At N60#DG27'N60#DG29' E023#DG47'E023#DG45', Nummi-Pusula, SW Finland. U-Th deposit used for waste disposal and other environmental studies. Also search Palmottu Deposit if applicable. Indexed with Nummi-Pusula Finland if applicable.

Palmyrides
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Syria
	...Palmyrides
SN	Mountain belt running SW to NE in Syria.

Palo Alto California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Santa Clara County California
	...Palo Alto California
SN	City SSE of San Francisco in W California.

Palo Alto County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Palo Alto County Iowa

Palo Duro Basin
BT	United States
	.Palo Duro Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Great Plains
SN	E central New Mexico, Texas panhandle and SW Oklahoma. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Palo Pinto County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Palo Pinto County Texas

Palos Verdes Hills
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Palos Verdes Hills
UF	San Pedro Hills
RT	Palos Verdes Peninsula
SN	Occupy peninsula between Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay S of Los Angeles.

Palos Verdes Peninsula
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Palos Verdes Peninsula
RT	San Pedro Bay
	Palos Verdes Hills
SN	Located between Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay in S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

palsas
BT	periglacial features
	.palsas
RT	glacial geology
	taliks
	peat
	mires
	frost action
	frost heaving
	frozen ground
	ice lenses
	tundra
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paludal environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.paludal environment
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	paleoecology
	depositional environment
	mires
	marshes
	swamps
	paludal sedimentation
	muskegs
	tidal marshes
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

paludal sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.paludal sedimentation
RT	mires
	paludal environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Paluxy Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Paluxy Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Paluxy Formation
RT	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Trinity Group
	Arkansas
SN	In Trinity Group. SW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma, and E Texas. This term has multiple hierarchies.

palygorskite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...palygorskite
UF	attapulgite

palynology
RT	biogeography
	fossil record
	geochronology
	geomicrobiology
	micropaleontology
	paleobotany
	paleontology
	palynomorphs
	pollen
	pollen analysis
	pollen diagrams
	relative age
	sample preparation
	stratigraphy
SN	Used for the discipline which is concerned with the study of pollen of seed plants and spores of other embryophytic plants whether living or fossil, including their dispersal and applications. Indexed with only for general studies of the discipline.

palynomorphs
NT	acritarchs
	Chitinozoa
	Dinoflagellata
	megaspores
	miospores
	problematic palynomorphs
RT	Artemisia
	biostratigraphy
	Cladophlebis
	color alteration index
	Corylus
	Dryas
	exine
	floral studies
	monolete taxa
	palynology
	microfossils
	plankton
	Plantae
	pollen analysis
	pollen diagrams
	Pyrrhophyta
	spores
	Tasmanites
SN	Used for pollen of seed plants and spores of other embryophytic plants, whether living or fossil, including their dispersal and applications. Before 1998, microfossils was a broader term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Pambak Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Pambak Armenia
UF	Bambak Armenia
SN	NE section of city of Kirovakan in N central Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pamir Range
USE	Pamirs

Pamirs
BT	Asia
	.Central Asia
	..Pamirs
NT	Darvaz
UF	Pamir Range
RT	Afghanistan
	Tajikistan
	India
	Darvaza Range
	Zeravshan Range
	Uzbekistan
	Xinjiang China
SN	High altitude region, mostly in Tajikistan, Central Asia, but parts extend into Uzbekistan, China, India, and Afghanistan. This term was restricted to use in Central Asia (former Soviet territory) from 1981-1993. Indexed with countries and/or provinces as

Pamlico County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pamlico County North Carolina

Pamlico River
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pamlico River
RT	Beaufort County North Carolina
	Pungo River
SN	Bisects Beaufort County and flows into Pamlico Sound. Estuary of the Tar River.

Pamlico Sound
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pamlico Sound
SN	Between E North Carolina mainland and narrow islands off the coast. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Pampa
USE	Pampas

Pampas
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Pampas
UF	Pampa
RT	Pampean Mountains
SN	Vast, treeless, fertile plain extending N and S approximately 1000 miles from lower Parana River to Patagonia, and from the Atlantic to the Andean piedmont. The humid Pampas are in the E and the dry Pampas are in the W.

Pampean Mountains
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Pampean Mountains
UF	Sierras Pampeanas
RT	San Juan Argentina
	Catamarca Argentina
	Cordoba Argentina
	La Rioja Argentina
	Pampas
	Salta Argentina
	San Luis Argentina
	Tucuman Argentina
SN	NW Argentina.

Pamplona Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Navarra Spain
	.....Pamplona Spain
RT	Navarre
SN	City in central Navarra, N Spain.

Pamunkey River
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Pamunkey River
SN	E Virginia, about 15 miles NE of Richmond. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pan-African Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Pan-African Orogeny
UF	Eburnean Orogeny
RT	orogeny
	tectonics
	Africa
	Transamazonian Orogeny
	Delamerian Orogeny
	Mauritanides
	Ross Orogeny
SN	Before 1978, also search orogeny AND Pan-African or Pan African.

Panagyurishte Bulgaria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Bulgaria
	...Plovdiv Bulgaria
	....Panagyurishte Bulgaria
RT	Sredna Gora
SN	Plovdiv district, W Central Bulgaria in central Sredna Gora on Luda Yana River.

Panama
BT	Central America
	.Panama
NT	Darien
	Sansan Panama

Panama Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Panama Basin
RT	Equatorial Pacific
	ODP Site 896
SN	SW of Panama and W of Colombia.

Panama Canal Zone
BT	Central America
	.Panama Canal Zone
UF	Canal Zone (Panama)
SN	10 mile strip of territory across Panama in which canal is located.

Panamint Range
BT	United States
	.California
	..Inyo County California
	...Panamint Range
SN	W of Death Valley in Inyo County in E California.

Panasqueira Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Panasqueira Portugal
SN	Village in S Portugal.

Panay Island
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Panay Island
RT	Iloilo Basin
	Iloilo Philippine Islands
SN	One of the Visayan Islands midway between Luzon and Mindanao. Also search Panay.

Panch Mahals India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Panch Mahals India
UF	Panchmahal India
SN	District in Gujarat, W India.

Panchet Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Lower Triassic
	.....Panchet Series
RT	India
	Bihar India
SN	Series of rocks overlying the Damuda Series in the Raniganj coal field.

Panchmahal India
USE	Panch Mahals India

PANDA
UF	Portable Array for Numerical Data Analysis
RT	seismic methods
	ground methods
	arrays
	seismic networks
	high-resolution methods
	three-component seismographs
SN	Acronym. Also index PANDA II if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Panderodus
BT	microfossils
	.Conodonta
	..Panderodus

Pangaea
UF	Pangea
RT	Gondwana
	continental drift
	supercontinents
	Northern Hemisphere
	Laurasia
	Panthalassa
SN	Name proposed for the supercontinent comprising all the landmasses on earth which existed about 300 million years ago prior to continental drift.

Pangea
USE	Pangaea

Panhandle
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. An area or projection of land like the handle of a pan which occurs in a number of states. As of 1993, see Alaska Panhandle, Florida Panhandle, Idaho Panhandle, Oklahoma Panhandle, Texas Panhandle, or West Virginia Panha

panning
RT	mineral exploration
	placers
	sampling
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pannonia
BT	Europe
	.Pannonia
RT	Yugoslavia
	Serbia
	Austria
	Pannonian Basin
	Hungary
SN	Ancient Roman province S and W of the Danube. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Pannonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Pannonian
RT	Pliocene
	lower Pliocene
SN	Europe. Before 1993, this may have been used for lower Pliocene.

Pannonian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Pannonian Basin
NT	Romanian Pannonian Basin
	Slovakian Pannonian Basin
RT	Croatia
	Slovenia
	Serbia
	Austria
	Romania
	Pannonia
	Hungary
	Slovakia
	Moravia
SN	W Romania, SE Austria, Hungary W of the Danube, N Serbia, Slovenia, S Moravia, and S Slovakia. Also search Pannonia. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Panola County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Panola County Mississippi
SN	NW Mississippi.

Panola County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Panola County Texas
SN	E Texas.

Pantar
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Lesser Sunda Islands
	...Pantar
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Pantar
SN	Island of the Alor group 60 miles NW of Timor. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pantellaria
USE	Pantelleria

Pantelleria
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Pantelleria
UF	Pantellaria
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcanic Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea between Sicily and Tunisia.

pantellerite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..rhyolites
	...pantellerite
RT	comendite

Panthalassa
RT	paleogeography
	Pangaea
	Tethys
SN	Ocean surrounding Pangaea. Indexed with continents as applicable.

Pantodonta
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Amblypoda
	.......Pantodonta
RT	Ungulata
SN	Suborder.

Pantotheria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Pantotheria
SN	Order.

Panxi Rift
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Sichuan China
	....Panxi Rift
SN	SW China. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Papaloapan River basin
BT	Mexico
	.Veracruz Mexico
	..Papaloapan River basin
SN	In state of Veracruz, SE Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

paper chromatography
USE	chromatography

Papineau County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Papineau County Quebec

Papua
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Papua
SN	Former Australian territory. Denotes the southern half of new state of Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
NT	Bismarck Archipelago
	Bougainville
	Huon Peninsula
	Louisiade Archipelago
	New Britain
	New Ireland
	Papua
	Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
	Southern Highlands Papua New Guinea
	Vanimo Papua New Guinea
UF	Papua-New Guinea
RT	Rat Island
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Malay Archipelago
	New Guinea
	Solomon Islands
	Toro Formation
	Papuan Basin
	Papuan fold belt
	Woodlark Basin
SN	Eastern half of the island of New Guinea. Comprises Papua and the former Australian U.N. trusteeship of The Territory of New Guinea, plus the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bougainville, Buka and Green islands of the W Solomon Islands. Became an independent st

Papua-New Guinea
USE	Papua New Guinea

Papuan

Papuan Basin
RT	Coral Sea
	Irian Jaya Indonesia
	Papua New Guinea
SN	E New Guinea and adjacent offshore Gulf of Papua, Coral Sea. Indexed with Irian Jaya Indonesia and/or Papua New Guinea and/or Coral Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Papuan fold belt
RT	Coral Sea
	Irian Jaya Indonesia
	Papua New Guinea
SN	Papuan Basin, largely in E New Guinea (Papua New Guinea). Indexed with Irian Jaya Indonesia and/or Papua New Guinea and/or Coral Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Para Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Para Brazil
NT	Marajo
RT	Barreiras Formation
	Brazilian Shield
	Tocantins River region
SN	State in N Brazil.

para-amphibolite
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.amphibolites
	..para-amphibolite

Parablastoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Parablastoidea

Paracel Islands
USE	Xisha Islands

paracelsian
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...barium feldspar
	....paracelsian
RT	celsian

Parachute Creek Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Parachute Creek Member
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Green River Formation
SN	Of Green River Formation. NW Colorado and NE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Paracrinoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Crinozoa
	...Paracrinoidea

Paradox Basin
BT	United States
	.Paradox Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	Bluff Formation
	Desert Creek Zone
	Four Corners
	Gibson Dome
	Ismay Zone
	Uncompahgre Uplift
SN	In the Four Corners area of the SW U.S. where the boundaries of 4 states intersect. Indexed with states as applicable.

Paradox Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Paradox Member
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Hermosa Formation
SN	Of Hermosa Formation. W Colorado and SE Utah.

paraffins
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
	....paraffins
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

paragenesis
UF	mineral sequence
	paragenetic sequence
RT	minerals
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	clay mineralogy
	sedimentary rocks
	rocks
	metasomatism
	mineral deposits, genesis
	economic geology
	metamorphism
	phase equilibria
	crystallography
	mineral assemblages
	genesis
SN	For detailed treatment of mineral sequences in metamorphosed or altered rocks and mineral deposits. Indexed with with type of material.

paragenetic sequence
USE	paragenesis

paragneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..paragneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.metasedimentary rocks
	..paragneiss
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

paragonite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...paragonite

Paragua
USE	Palawan

Paraguana Peninsula
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Falcon Venezuela
	...Paraguana Peninsula
SN	Between the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela in N Falcon, NW Venezuela.

Paraguay
BT	South America
	.Paraguay
NT	Chaco Paraguay
RT	Chaco
	Parana Basin
	Parana River
	Botucatu Formation
	Serra Geral Formation

Parahiba Brazil
USE	Paraiba Brazil

Parahyba Brazil
USE	Paraiba Brazil

Paraiba Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Paraiba Brazil
UF	Parahiba Brazil
	Parahyba Brazil
RT	Borborema
	Recife-Joao Pessoa
SN	State in NE Brazil.

parallel faults
BT	faults
	.parallel faults
SN	Before 1978, also search faults AND parallel.

parallel folds
USE	concentric folds

parallel processing
BT	data processing
	.parallel processing
RT	neural networks
	data retrieval
	data storage
	computers
	data handling
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

parameters
SN	A valid general term through 1978. See factors. Also included use for lattice parameters (crystal structure); see lattice parameters.

Paramushir
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Russian Pacific region
	...Kuril Islands
	....Paramushir
SN	Large island in the N Kuril Islands near S tip of Kamchatka Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Parana Ba

Parana Basin
BT	South America
	.Parana Basin
UF	Parana River basin
RT	Brazil
	Argentina
	San Gregorio Formation
	Paraguay
	Itarare Subgroup
SN	River basin. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Parana Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Parana Brazil
RT	Acungui Group
	Brazilian Shield
	Estrada Nova Formation
	Irati Formation
	Serra do Mar
SN	State in S Brazil.

Parana River
BT	South America
	.Parana River
RT	Brazil
	Argentina
	Paraguay
	Rio de la Plata
SN	Formed in S central Brazil by the confluence of the Rio Grande and the Paranaiba rivers. It flows SW and S into the Rio de la Plata. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Parana River basin
USE	Parana Basin

Paranthropus
BT	minidae
	.Paranthropus
SN	Genus.

pararammelsbergite
BT	arsenides
	.pararammelsbergite
RT	rammelsbergite

parasequences
RT	retrogradation
	sequence stratigraphy
	stratigraphy

parasites
RT	bacteria
	epibiotism
	fungi

paratacamite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..paratacamite
RT	atacamite

Paratethys
RT	continental drift
	Tethys

Paratunka Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Kamchatka Russian Federation
	...Paratunka Russian Federation
SN	Village just W of Petropavlosk Kamchatskiy in S Kamchatka Oblast on Kamchatka Peninsula. Before 1993, Paratunka Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

paratypes
RT	fossils
	holotypes
	paleobotany
	paleontology
	taxonomy
	type specimens
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Parece Vela Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...Philippine Sea
	....Parece Vela Basin
UF	West Mariana Basin
RT	Leg 6
	Leg 59
	DSDP Site 449
	DSDP Site 450
	DSDP Site 452
	DSDP Site 53
	DSDP Site 54
SN	Central Philippine Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Pareiasauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
	......Pareiasauria

parent bodies
RT	asteroids
	comets
	meteorites
	meteoroids
	planetology
	protoliths
	relict materials
SN	As of 1993, restricted to use with meteorites and extraterrestrial bodies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

parent materials
RT	factors
	horizons
	materials
	pedogenesis
	soils
	weathering

parent rocks
USE	protoliths

pargasite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...clinoamphibole
	....pargasite

Paria Peninsula
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Sucre Venezuela
	...Paria Peninsula
SN	NE Venezuela. Along with island of Trinidad nearly encloses Gulf of Paria.

Paricutin
BT	Mexico
	.Michoacan Mexico
	..Paricutin
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano on site of former village of Paricutin in SW Mexico.

Paring Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Paring Mountains
RT	Carpathians
	Transylvanian Alps
SN	In the Transylvanian Alps.

Paris Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Paris Basin
RT	Paris France
SN	Chief depression of N and N central France. Bounded by English Channel on NW, Amorican Massif on W, Massif Central on S, and plateaus of Langres and Lorraine on E.

Paris France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Paris France
RT	Paris Basin
	Seine
	Seine-et-Oise
SN	Department in N central France. Includes the city of Paris. Before 1993, also search Paris region AND France.

Park City Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Park City Formation
RT	Idaho
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
SN	NE Utah, NW Colorado, E Idaho, SW Montana, and central and E Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Park City Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Summit County Utah
	...Park City Utah
SN	City in N central Utah.

Park County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Park County Colorado
NT	Alma mining district
SN	Central Colorado.

Park County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Park County Montana
RT	Bridger Range
	Crazy Mountains
	Crazy Mountains Basin
	Gallatin Range
SN	S Montana.

Park County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Park County Wyoming
NT	Powell Wyoming
RT	Yellowstone National Park
	Gallatin Range
	Sunlight
	Wood River
SN	NW Wyoming.

Parke County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Parke County Indiana

Parker County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Parker County Texas
SN	N Texas.

Parkfield California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Parkfield California
RT	Parkfield earthquakes
	Kettleman Hills earthquake 1985
	Parkfield earthquake 1966
SN	Village near Fresno County line in W California. Location of earthquakes. Also site of Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment.

Parkfield earthquake 1966
BT	earthquakes
	.Parkfield earthquake 1966
RT	California
	Parkfield California
SN	Epicenter near Parkfield, California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Parkfield earthquakes
BT	earthquakes
	.Parkfield earthquakes
RT	California
	San Andreas Fault
	earthquake prediction
	induced earthquakes
	Parkfield California
SN	Series of earthquakes with epicenters near Parkfield, Central California. Associated with earthquake prediction experiment. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Parkman Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Parkman Sandstone
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Montana Group
	Judith River Formation
SN	In Montana Group. N Wyoming and S Montana.

Parkwood Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Parkwood Formation
RT	Alabama
SN	N Alabama. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Parma Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Emilia-Romagna Italy
	....Parma Italy
SN	City in NW Emilia-Romagna, N central Italy.

Parmer County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Parmer County Texas

Parnaiba Basin
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Parnaiba Basin
RT	Maranhao Brazil
	Piaui Brazil
SN	River basin. NE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.

Parnalee
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Parnallee Meteorite for the LL chondrite which landed in India.

Parnassos
USE	Parnassus

Parnassus
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Sterea Ellas
	....Parnassus
UF	Parnassos
SN	One of highest massifs in central Greece. N of Gulf of Corinth.

Parras Basin
BT	Mexico
	.Coahuila Mexico
	..Parras Basin
UF	Parras de la Fuente
SN	S Coahuila in NE central Mexico. Also search Parras.

Parras de la Fuente
USE	Parras Basin

Parry Sound District Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Parry Sound District Ontario
NT	Parry Sound Ontario
SN	SE Ontario.

Parry Sound Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Parry Sound District Ontario
	....Parry Sound Ontario
SN	Town in SE Ontario on E shore of Georgian Bay.

parsimony
RT	biologic evolution
	cladistics
	models
	phylogeny
	statistical analysis
SN	Principle or criterion that the most efficient or simplest assumption or explanation is the most likely.

partial melting
RT	magma transport
	magmas
	magmatic differentiation
	mantle
	melting
	melts
	phase equilibria
	plate tectonics

partial pressure
RT	fugacity
	Henry's law
	pressure

partial thermoremanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..partial thermoremanent magnetization
RT	paleomagnetism
	thermoremanent magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

particle precipitation
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ionosphere.

particle radiation
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with astrophysics and solar physics.

particle tracks
UF	cosmic-ray tracks
RT	particles
	cosmic rays
	radioactivity
	fission-track dating
	fission tracks
	particle-track dating
	radiation damage
SN	Used for the phenomenon. For dating method, use particle-track dating. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

particle-induced X-ray emission
BT	spectroscopy
	.emission spectroscopy
	..particle-induced X-ray emission
BT	spectroscopy
	.X-ray spectroscopy
	..particle-induced X-ray emission
UF	PIXE method
	proton-induced X-ray emission
RT	chemical analysis
	alpha-ray spectroscopy
	X-ray analysis
	protons
	trace-element analyses
	neon
	PIXE spectra
SN	Used for multi-element analysis of solid samples which are excited with a beam of nuclear particles, usually protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), or sometimes alpha particles or neon ions. The abbreviation PIXE may also be used for proton-induced X-ray emi

particle-track dating
UF	dating, particle-track
RT	geochronology
	relative age
	cosmic rays
	fission-track dating
	fission tracks
	particle tracks
	radiation damage
SN	Cosmic-ray tracks.

particles
RT	activation energy
	aerosols
	agglutinates
	cosmic dust
	cosmic rays
	electromagnetic radiation
	electrons
	fines
	fission
	fragments
	grains
	granulometry
	intensity
	interplanetary dust
	interplanetary space
	ions
	meteorology
	Moon
	neutrons
	particle tracks
	precipitation
SN	General term.

particulate materials
RT	atmospheric transport
	Born approximation
	clastic sediments
	coarse-grained materials
	fine-grained materials
	fines
	granular materials
	materials
	unconsolidated materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

parting lineation
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..parting lineation
UF	current lineations
	current partings
RT	lineation

partition coefficients
UF	coefficients, partition
	distribution coefficients
RT	crystal chemistry
	partitioning
	chemical ratios
	high-field-strength elements

partitioning
RT	chemical fractionation
	crystal chemistry
	Henry's law
	lithogeochemistry
	partition coefficients
	geochemistry
	phase equilibria

Partridge Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Partridge Formation
RT	Vermont
	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

partridgeite
USE	bixbyite

Pas-de-Calais France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pas-de-Calais France
NT	Boulogne France
	Boulonnais
RT	Nord-Pas-de-Calais Basin
SN	Department in extreme N France.

Pasadena California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Los Angeles County California
	...Pasadena California
SN	City in S California.

Pasamonte Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...eucrite
	....Pasamonte Meteorite
RT	New Mexico
	Union County New Mexico
SN	Impact near village of Pasamonte in Union County, New Mexico. Before 1981, also search Pasamonte AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Pasayten Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Pasayten Group
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	Stratigraphically above Dewdney Creek Formation. S British Columbia and Central N Washington.

Pascagoula River basin
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Pascagoula River basin
SN	SE Mississippi.

Pascal
RT	computer languages
	computer programs
	data bases
	data processing
	information systems
SN	Computer language. Also PASCAL, a French geological data base. Indexed with computer languages or data bases as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pasco Basin
RT	Channeled Scabland
	Hanford Reservation
	Washington
SN	S central Washington. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Pasco County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Pasco County Florida
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in W central Florida.

Paskapoo Formation
RT	Alberta
	Canada
	Cretaceous
	Eocene
	K-T boundary
	Paleocene
	Saskatchewan
	Upper Cretaceous
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable.

Pasquotank County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Pasquotank County North Carolina

Passa Dois Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Passa Dois Group
RT	Brazil
	Irati Formation

Passaic County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Passaic County New Jersey
SN	N New Jersey.

Passaic Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Passaic Formation
RT	Triassic
	Jurassic
	Upper Triassic
	Lower Jurassic
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	New Jersey
	Brunswick Formation
	Newark Supergroup
	Newark Basin
SN	Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic. SE Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. In Newark Supergroup. Conformably overlies Lockatong Formation; underlies Orange Mountain Basalt. Formerly lower part of Brunswick Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Ad

Passaic River
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Passaic River
RT	Passaic River basin
SN	NE New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Passaic River basin
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Passaic River basin
RT	Passaic River
SN	River basin in NE New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Passau Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Bavaria Germany
	....Passau Germany
SN	City on the Danube River at the Austrian border in E Bavaria, SE Germany.

passband filters
UF	band-pass filters
RT	filters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

PASSCAL
UF	Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere
RT	seismic methods
	arrays
	seismic networks
	lithosphere
	programs
	IRIS network
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Passeriformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Aves
	....Neornithes
	.....Passeriformes
SN	Order.

passive

passive margins
UF	Atlantic-type margins
RT	rift zones
	plate boundaries
	plate tectonics
	rifting
	accreting plate boundary
	plate divergence
	continental margin
	aseismic margins
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

passive methods
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	methods
	remote sensing
	seismic methods
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Patagonia
BT	South America
	.Patagonia
NT	Patagonian Andes
RT	Argentina
	Chile
	Patagonian Batholith
	Santa Cruz Argentina
	Chubut Argentina
	Magallanes Chile
	Rio Negro Argentina
SN	Region. A barren tableland S of the Pampas, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Andes. Indexed with provinces or countries as applicable.

Patagonia Cordillera
USE	Patagonian Andes

Patagonian Andes
BT	South America
	.Andes
	..Patagonian Andes
BT	South America
	.Patagonia
	..Patagonian Andes
UF	Patagonia Cordillera
RT	Argentina
	Chile
	Patagonian Batholith
SN	Mountain range extending the length of Patagonia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Patagonian Batholith
BT	South America
	.Patagonian Batholith
RT	Argentina
	Chile
	Patagonia
	Patagonian Andes
SN	Indexed with provinces or countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

patch reefs
BT	reefs
	.patch reefs
RT	platform reefs

paternoite
USE	kaliborite

pathfinder elements
USE	pathfinders

Pathfinder Program, Mars
USE	Mars Pathfinder Program

pathfinders
UF	pathfinder elements
RT	geochemical methods
	mineral exploration
	chemical elements
	exploration
SN	Used in geochemical exploration. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Patom Plateau
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Patom Plateau
BT	Asia
	.Patom Plateau
RT	Irkutsk Russian Federation
SN	Between Lena and Vitim rivers in NE Irkutsk Oblast N of Lake Baikal. Also search Patom. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Patrick County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Patrick County Virginia

pattern recognition
RT	analysis
	data processing
	identification
	imagery
	mathematical geology
	neural networks
	patterns
	statistical analysis
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

patterned ground
UF	ground, patterned
RT	glacial geology
	geomorphology
	congelifraction
	cryoturbation
	frost action
	frost heaving
	periglacial features
	polygons

patterns
RT	dispersion patterns
	drainage patterns
	dynamos
	interference patterns
	pattern recognition
	preferential flow
	regional patterns
	Rietveld refinement
	self-organization
	self-similarity

Patuxent River
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Patuxent River
SN	Rises in central Maryland and flows S and SE into Chesapeake Bay.

Pau France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
	....Pau France
SN	City in extreme SW part of country.

Paucituberculata
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Paucituberculata

Paulding County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Paulding County Georgia

Paulding County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Paulding County Ohio

Pauni India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Pauni India
SN	Town in central Madhya Pradesh.

pavements
SN	This term used in the engineering sense is usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. As of 1993, see aggregate, asphalt, cement materials, construction materials, gravel deposits, highways, road materials, or desert pavement if applicable.

Pavia Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Lombardy Italy
	....Pavia Italy
UF	Oltrepo Pavese Italy
SN	City and province S of Milan.

Pavlodar Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Pavlodar Kazakhstan
NT	Boshchekul Kazakhstan
	Ekibastuz Kazakhstan
SN	Oblast and town in NE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pavlof
UF	Pavlof Volcano
RT	volcanoes
	Alaska Peninsula
	Southwestern Alaska
SN	Volcano. Alaska Peninsula, SW Alaska. Indexed with Southwestern Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Pavlof Volcano
USE	Pavlof

Pavlograd Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
	...Pavlograd Ukraine
SN	City in Dnepropetrovsk Oblast in E central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Pawhuska Rock Plain
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Osage County Oklahoma
	...Pawhuska Rock Plain
SN	Osage County in N Oklahoma.

Pawnee County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Pawnee County Kansas
SN	SW central Kansas.

Pawnee County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Pawnee County Nebraska
SN	SE Nebraska.

Pawnee County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Pawnee County Oklahoma
SN	N Oklahoma.

Pay-Khoy
USE	Pai-Khoi

Payette County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Payette County Idaho

Payne County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Payne County Oklahoma
NT	Stillwater Oklahoma
SN	N central Oklahoma.

Payson Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Utah County Utah
	...Payson Utah
SN	City in central Utah.

Payun Matru
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Mendoza Argentina
	...Payun Matru
UF	Payun Matru Volcano
	Payun-Matru
	Payun-Matru Volcano
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano on Payun Plateau in SW Mendoza.

Payun Matru Volcano
USE	Payun Matru

Payun-Matru
USE	Payun Matru

Payun-Matru Volcano
USE	Payun Matru