P  search
P-32  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..P-32
BTphosphorus
 .P-32
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
P-T boundary (age)  search
USEPermian-Triassic boundary
P-T conditions  search
UFconditions, P-T
RTP-T-t paths
 metasomatism
 metamorphism
 thermochronology
 phase equilibria
 inclusions
 pressure
 temperature
 geologic thermometry
 fluid inclusions
 isochores
 grade
 geologic barometry
 paleotemperature
 isotherms
P-T-t paths  search
UFPTt paths
RTage
 geochronology
 orogeny
 tectonics
 metasomatism
 metamorphism
 thermochronology
 phase equilibria
 inclusions
 pressure
 temperature
 geologic thermometry
 time factor
 geologic barometry
 P-T conditions
 paleotemperature
 thermal history
SNBefore 1995, also search P-T conditions AND (time factor or thermal history). Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
P-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...P-waves
UFcompressional waves
 dilatational wave
 irrotational wave
 longitudinal wave
 pressure wave
 primary wave
 push wave
 push-pull wave
RTseismology
 waves
 spalling
 PcP-waves
 PKiKP-waves
 PKP-waves
 PKS-waves
 plane waves
 Pn-waves
 PP-waves
 PPP-waves
 PPS-waves
 PS-waves
 S-waves
 SKKS-waves
 SKP-waves
 SKS-waves
P/Halley  search
USEHalley's Comet
P/T boundary (age)  search
USEPermian-Triassic boundary
Pa  search
USEprotactinium
Pa-231  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pa-231
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..protactinium
 ...Pa-231
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pacaya  search
BTCentral America
 .Guatemala
 ..Pacaya
UFPacaya Volcano
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcano in S central Guatemala.
Pacaya Volcano  search
USEPacaya
PACE  search
UFPacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment
RTgeophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 California
 Arizona
 programs
 geotraverses
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Pachelma Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Pachelma Russian Federation
BTEurope
 .Pachelma Russian Federation
SNTown in Penza Oblast W of Kuibyshev in S central European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pachelma Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pachuca de Soto Mexico  search
USEPachuca Mexico
Pachuca Mexico  search
BTdalgo Mexico
 .Pachuca Mexico
UFPachuca de Soto Mexico
SNCity NE of Mexico City in central Mexico.
Pachypteris  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Caytoniales
 ....Pachypteris
RTCycadales
Pacific Basin  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .Pacific Basin
RTNorth Pacific
 South Pacific
 Leg 88
 Pacific Plate
SNGenerally the entire ocean floor of both the North and South Pacific up to the continental shelf.
Pacific Coast  search
RTAlaska
 Australia
 California Current
 Canada
 Central America
 China
 Circum-Pacific region
 Hayfork Terrane
 Japan
 Mexico
 New Zealand
 North America
 Oregon
 California
 Pacific region
 Russian Federation
 Russian Pacific region
 South America
 Washington
 Western U.S.
SNAs of 1998, term is used anywhere in the Pacific region. From 1978-1997 term was used for the region comprising those conterminous U.S. states fronting on the Pacific Ocean. Search in combination with country. Indexed with states OR Western U.S. OR other
Pacific County Washington  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Pacific County Washington
NTWillapa Bay
SNOn Pacific Ocean in SW Washington.
Pacific Islands  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1971. Used in subfiles G and N. Now use West Pacific Ocean Islands or East Pacific Ocean Islands as applicable. Also see Oceania; Malay Archipelago.
Pacific mobile belt  search
BTPacific region
 .Pacific mobile belt
RTAsia
 North America
 New Zealand
 South America
 New Guinea
SNCrustal regions of tectonic activity along the coastal fringes of continents and some entire islands of the Pacific. Indexed with continents and islands as applicable.
Pacific Ocean  search
NTCentral Pacific
 East Pacific
 Equatorial Pacific
 New Caledonia Basin
 North Pacific
 Pacific Basin
 South Pacific
 West Pacific
RTAntarctic Bottom Water
 Antarctic Ocean
 Austral Islands
 Bay of Plenty
 California Current
 Campbell Island
 Caroline Islands
 Circum-Pacific region
 Cocos Plate
 Cook Islands
 East Pacific Ocean Islands
 Easter Island
 Easter Microplate
 El Nino
 Eltanin fracture zon
SNMany islands, formerly included as narrower terms of Pacific Ocean, are now included under East Pacific Ocean Islands or West Pacific Ocean Islands. Also see Antarctic Ocean for S portion.
Pacific Ocean Islands  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See East Pacific Ocean Islands (containing Easter Island and Galapagos Islands), West Pacific Ocean Islands, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippine Islands, Japan, New Zeal
Pacific Plate  search
RTFarallon Plate
 Pacific Basin
 Pacific Ocean
 plate tectonics
 plates
SNIncludes most of the Pacific Basin with the Eurasian Plate on the W and N; the American, Cocos, and Nazca Plates on the E; the Indian Plate on the SW; and the Antarctic Plate on the S. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
Pacific region  search
NTCircum-Pacific region
 Pacific mobile belt
RTFar East
 Pacific Coast
 Pacific Ocean
 Russian Pacific region
Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment  search
USEPACE
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge  search
RTAntarctic Ocean
 East Pacific Rise
 mid-ocean ridges
 Pacific Ocean
 South Pacific
 Southeast Pacific
 Southwest Pacific
SNMid-ocean ridge extending from the Balleny fracture zone S of Macquarie Island to the East Pacific Rise. Indexed with ocean areas as applicable.
packing  search
RTatomic packing
 sedimentary rocks
 sedimentation
 textures
SNBefore 1978, also used for atomic packing under crystal structure.
packrat middens  search
BTmiddens
 .packrat middens
RTecology
 paleoecology
 diet
 Neotoma
SNBefore 1998, also search middens AND Neotoma.
packstone  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .carbonate rocks
 ..packstone
Pacoima Dam  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Los Angeles County California
 ...Pacoima Dam
SNOn Pacoima River in Los Angeles County NW of Los Angeles. Also search Pacoima.
Pacoota  search
Pacoota Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...lower Paleozoic
 ....Pacoota Sandstone
RTLower Ordovician
 Australia
 Northern Territory Australia
 Amadeus Basin
 Upper Cambrian
SNUpper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician. Amadeus Basin, S Northern Territory, central Australia. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Paderborn Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
 ....Paderborn Germany
SNCity in E North Rhine-Westphalia, W central Germany.
Padre Island  search
RTLaguna Madre
 Texas
SNNarrow barrier island along Gulf of Mexico from SE of Corpus Christi to near the Mexican border. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.
Padstow England  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....England
 .....Cornwall England
 ......Padstow England
SNTown in SW England near N coast of Cornwall.
Padurea Craiului Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Padurea Craiului Mountains
RTApuseni Mountains
SNCrai Forest range in W Apuseni Mountains in SW Transylvania. Also search Padurea Craiului OR Crai.
Paganzo Argentina  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..La Rioja Argentina
 ...Paganzo Argentina
RTPaganzo Basin
SNVillage in central La Rioja, NW Argentina.
Paganzo Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..Paganzo Basin
RTGuandacol Formation
 San Juan Argentina
 La Rioja Argentina
 Paganzo Argentina
SNNW Argentina. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Paganzo Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Paganzo Group
RTCarboniferous
 Permian
 Argentina
Page County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Page County Iowa
SNSW Iowa.
Page County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Page County Virginia
SNN Virginia.
Page Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Middle Jurassic
 .....Page Sandstone
RTUtah
 Wyoming
 Arizona
 San Rafael Group
SNIn San Rafael Group. Bajocian and Bathonian. Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Pageland South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Chesterfield County South Carolina
 ...Pageland South Carolina
SNTown in N South Carolina.
Pagoda Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Middle Cambrian
 .....Pagoda Formation
RTMontana
SNUnderlies Pentagon Shale; overlies Dearborn Limestone. NW Montana.
Pahang Malaysia  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Malaysia
 ...West Malaysia
 ....Pahang Malaysia
SNState on the Malay Peninsula in West Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
pahoehoe  search
BTlava
 .pahoehoe
RTaa lava
 volcanism
Pahrump Series  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Pahrump Series
RTCalifornia
SNS California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
PAHs  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons if applicable.
Pahute Mesa  search
BTUnited States
 .Nevada
 ..Nye County Nevada
 ...Pahute Mesa
UFPaiute Mesa
SNTableland in Nye County in S Nevada.
Pai Khoi  search
USEPai-Khoi
Pai-Khoi  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Polar Urals
 ...Pai-Khoi
UFPai Khoi
 Pay-Khoy
SNMountain range on Yugor Peninsula between Barents and Kara seas. N extension of Northern Urals. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Paibian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Furongian
 .....Paibian
Paintbrush Tuff  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....Paintbrush Tuff
RTNevada
 Topopah Spring Member
SNS Nevada. Includes Pah Canyon Member, Yucca Mountain Member, Tiva Canyon Member and Topopah Spring Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pais Vasco Spain  search
USEBasque Provinces Spain
Paiute Mesa  search
USEPahute Mesa
Pajaro Valley  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Pajaro Valley
SNRiver valley S of San Jose in W California. Also search Pajaro River.
Pakistan  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Pakistan
NTBaluchistan Pakistan
 North-West Frontier Pakistan
 Punjab Pakistan
 Sind Pakistan
 Sulaiman Range
UFWest Pakistan
RTHindu Kush
 Kohistan
 Anantnag
 Jammu and Kashmir
 Indo-Australian Plate
 Indian Plate
 Doda
 Nari Series
 Main Boundary Fault
 Main Central Thrust
 Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone
 Indus River
 Ladakh
 Jammu
 Karakoram
 Kishtwar
 Naubug
 Riasi
 Kashmir
 Kashmir Valley
 Siw
SNFormerly consisted of East Pakistan and West Pakistan which were separated by about 1, 000 miles of Indian territory. After East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh in 1971, West Pakistan and Pakistan became coextensive.
Paktia Afghanistan  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Afghanistan
 ...Paktia Afghanistan
SNUse for the province in E Afghanistan.
pal  search
Palaeodictyoptera  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
 .....Palaeoptera
 ......Palaeodictyoptera
UFPalaeodictyopteroida
SNOrder.
Palaeodictyopteroida  search
USEPalaeodictyoptera
Palaeofavosites  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Anthozoa
 ...Zoantharia
 ....Tabulata
 .....Favositidae
 ......Palaeofavosites
RTFavosites
SNGenus.
Palaeoloxodon  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Proboscidea
 .......Elephantoidea
 ........Elephantidae
 .........Palaeoloxodon
NTPalaeoloxodon naumanni
SNGenus.
Palaeoloxodon naumanni  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Proboscidea
 .......Elephantoidea
 ........Elephantidae
 .........Palaeoloxodon
 ..........Palaeoloxodon naumanni
SNSpecies.
Palaeonisciformes  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Osteichthyes
 ....Actinopterygii
 .....Chondrostei
 ......Palaeonisciformes
SNOrder.
Palaeophycus  search
BTichnofossils
 .Palaeophycus
Palaeoproterozoic  search
USEPaleoproterozoic
Palaeoptera  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
 .....Palaeoptera
NTEphemeroptera
 Odonata
 Palaeodictyoptera
SNInfraclass.
palagonite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..glasses
 ...palagonite
RTpalagonitization
palagonitization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .palagonitization
RTprocesses
 alteration
 glasses
 palagonite
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Palamau India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Bihar India
 ....Palamau India
SNDistrict in coal mining area in W Bihar, E India.
Palatinate  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Palatinate
RTBavaria Germany
 Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
 Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
 Hesse Germany
 Upper Palatinate
SNHistorical region in two parts. Lower or Rhine Palatinate on both sides of Rhine River S of the Main River; and the Upper Palatinate in E Bavaria. Indexed with states as applicable.
Palau  search
BTOceania
 .Micronesia
 ..Caroline Islands
 ...Palau
UFBelau
 Pelew
SNIsland group, W Caroline Islands, Micronesia.
Palau-Kyushu Ridge  search
USEKyushu-Palau Ridge
Palawan  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Philippine Islands
 ...Palawan
UFParagua
SNLong, narrow island between N Borneo and W Philippines.
pale  search
Palencia City Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla y Leon Spain
 .....Palencia Spain
 ......Palencia City Spain
SNRefers to only the city in S Palencia Province, N Spain. Before 1993, also search Palencia Spain.
Palencia Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla y Leon Spain
 .....Palencia Spain
NTPalencia City Spain
RTCastile Spain
 Old Castile Spain
SNRefers only to the province in N Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Palencia Province and Spain. For the city, see Palencia City Spain.
paleo  search
paleo-indian  search
USEpaleoindian
paleo-oceanography  search
RTbathymetry
 ocean basins
 ocean floors
 oceanography
 orbital forcing
 paleocirculation
 paleohydrology
 sea-floor spreading
 sea-level changes
 Southern Oscillation
Paleoarchean  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...Paleoarchean
paleoatmosphere  search
RTatmosphere
 climate
 Earth
 Gaia hypothesis
 geochemistry
 paleoclimatology
 paleoecology
 paleoenvironment
 paleotemperature
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
paleobathymetry  search
RTbathymetry
 ocean floors
 paleocirculation
 paleorelief
 sea-floor spreading
paleobiochemistry  search
USEbiochemistry
paleobiogeography  search
USEbiogeography
paleobiology  search
RTbiochemistry
 biology
 fossils
 geomicrobiology
 paleontology
paleobotany  search
UFbotany, paleo-
RTbiologic evolution
 biogeography
 fossils
 catalogs
 bibliography
 floral provinces
 biodiversity
 cladistics
 geomicrobiology
 fossilization
 floral studies
 chemosynthesis
 miscellanea
 electron microscopy
 flowers
 leaves
 micropaleontology
 fossil record
 holotypes
 mod
SNUsed for general discussions of fossil Plantae and for the discipline as a whole. See names of major floral groups (list F).
Paleobotany (category)  search
SNPaleobotany, GeoRef category code 09 is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).
Paleocene  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Paleocene
NTDanian
 Selandian
 Thanetian
 Beaufort Formation
 Bullion Creek Formation
 Clayton Formation
 Latrobe Group
 Lebo Member
 lower Paleocene
 Ludlow Member
 middle Paleocene
 Midway Group
 Montian
 Nacimiento Formation
 Naheola Formation
 Oak Hill Member
 Pinyon Conglomerate
 Porters Creek Formation
 Ravenscrag Formation
 Sentinel Butte Formation
 Tongue River Member
 Tullock Member
 upper Paleocene
RTBrianconnais Zone
 Beaverhead Formation
 Imo Shale
 Fort Union Formation
 Claron Formation
 Laramide Orogeny
 Mardin Formation
 Ekofisk Formation
 Intertrappean Beds
 Denver Formation
 Flagstaff Formation
 Hanna Formation
 Huber Formation
 lower Paleogene
 Moreno Forma
SNWorld. Lower Tertiary, above Gulfian (Cretaceous), below Eocene.
paleochannels  search
SNNot a valid index term for GeoRef. See channels under sedimentary structures planar bedding structures (list K). See also buried channels.
paleocirculation  search
RTcirculation
 ocean circulation
 paleo-oceanography
 paleobathymetry
paleoclimate maps  search
BTmaps
 .paleoclimate maps
UFpaleoclimatologic maps
RTphotogeology
 paleoclimatology
 climatologic maps
SNBefore 1985, also search paleoclimatology AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
paleoclimatic controls  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See paleoclimatology.
paleoclimatic effects  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See paleoclimatology.
paleoclimatologic maps  search
USEpaleoclimate maps
paleoclimatology  search
UFclimatology, paleo-
RTglacial geology
 glaciation
 atmosphere
 encrustations
 fossils
 climate
 arctic environment
 arid environment
 cycles
 boreal environment
 C-13/C-12
 general circulation models
 event stratigraphy
 climate change
 climatologic maps
 fluctuations
 humid environment
 indic
SNUsed for treatments of the climate of a given period of time in the geologic past (prehistory). Indexed with also age and area when possible.
Paleocopida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Crustacea
 ....Ostracoda
 .....Paleocopida
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
paleocurrent maps  search
BTmaps
 .paleocurrent maps
RTsedimentation
 paleogeography
 paleocurrents
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
paleocurrents  search
RTcurrents
 ocean currents
 paleocurrent maps
 paleogeography
 paleohydrology
 paleoplacers
 provenance
 sedimentation
paleoe  search
paleoearthquakes  search
USEpaleoseismicity
paleoecology  search
RTadaptation
 aerobic environment
 anaerobic environment
 anaerobic taxa
 aquatic environment
 archaeology
 arctic environment
 beaches
 behavior
 benthonic taxa
 biodiversity
 biogeography
 biologic evolution
 biostratigraphy
 biotopes
 biotypes
 boreal environment
 carniv
SNUsed for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments, the death of organisms, and their burial and postburial history in the geologic past (prehistoric), based on fossil fauna and flora and their stratigraphic position. For his
paleoenvironment  search
RTbiotopes
 historical geology
 paleoatmosphere
 paleoecology
 paleogeography
 paleotemperature
 sedimentation
SNDistinguish from paleoecology.
paleofloods  search
RTfloods
 paleoecology
 paleohydrology
SNNot to be used for modern floods. Before 1993, also search paleohydrology AND floods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Paleogene  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Paleogene
NTPaleocene
 Eocene
 Oligocene
 Barail Group
 Bracklesham Beds
 Chadron Formation
 Claron Formation
 Duchesne River Formation
 Ewekoro Formation
 Flagstaff Formation
 Ghost Rocks Formation
 Hanna Formation
 Huber Formation
 Ilerdian
 Imo Shale
 Kenai Group
 lower Paleogene
 Orca Group
 Renova Formation
 Santa Susana Formation
 Sespe Formation
 Sinjar Formation
 Tyonek Formation
 upper Paleogene
 Wasatch Formation
 White River Group
UFTertiary
 Eogene
RTlower Tertiary
 San Lorenzo Formation
SNAn interval of geologic time incorporating the Oligocene, Eocene, and Paleocene of the Tertiary; the lower Tertiary.
paleogeographic controls  search
RTcontrols
 mineral deposits, genesis
 paleogeography
 paleoplacers
SNAs of 1993, restricted to economic studies.
paleogeographic maps  search
BTmaps
 .paleogeographic maps
RTpaleogeography
 geotectonic maps
SNBefore 1978, also search maps AND paleogeographic.
paleogeography  search
RTalluvial plains
 basins
 biogeography
 buried channels
 buried valleys
 Cathaysia
 continental drift
 exhumation
 geography
 geosynclines
 geotectonic maps
 lake-level changes
 land bridges
 Mesogaea
 ocean basins
 paleoclimatology
 paleocurrent maps
 paleocurrents
 paleoe
SNUsed for the study and description of the physical geography of the geologic past before the Holocene. For the geographic distribution of fossil and modern organisms, use biogeography.
paleohydrology  search
RThydrology
 paleo-oceanography
 paleocurrents
 paleofloods
 paleogeography
 paleolimnology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
paleoi  search
paleoindian  search
UFpaleo-indian
RTbiologic evolution
 biogeography
 anthropology
 ontogeny
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
paleokarst  search
RTburied features
 hydrology
 karst
 karst hydrology
 geomorphology
 solution features
SNIndexed with solution features for geomorphologic studies. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
paleolatitude  search
UFlatitude, paleo-
RTpaleomagnetism
 latitude
 apparent polar wandering
 polar wandering
paleolimnology  search
RTglacial lakes
 limnology
 paleohydrology
Paleolithic  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Stone Age
 ....Paleolithic
NTAcheulian
 Aurignacian
 Levalloisian
 Magdalenian
 Mousterian
 upper Paleolithic
UFOld Stone Age
RTTertiary
 Pleistocene
 archaeology
 Quaternary
SNArchaeological classification.
paleomagnetism  search
UFmagnetism, paleo-
RTadiabatic demagnetization
 demagnetization
 alternating field demagnetization
 anhysteretic remanent magnetization
 apparent polar wandering
 continental drift
 crust
 Brunhes Chron
 chemical demagnetization
 chemical remanent magnetization
 coercivity
 Curie point
SNUsed for the study of natural remanent magnetization. Always include rock type and age as index terms, if possible.
paleontolo  search
paleontologic record  search
USEfossil record
paleontology  search
RTadaptation
 adaptive radiation
 anatomy
 bibliography
 biocenoses
 biochronology
 biodiversity
 biogeographic maps
 biogeography
 biologic evolution
 biometry
 biostratigraphy
 bipedalism
 bones
 casts
 catalogs
 chemical fossils
 cladistics
 collecting
 collections
 contine
SNUsed for discipline as a whole. Indexed with as a general term for studies of general paleontological principles.
Paleontology (category)  search
SNPaleontology, GeoRef category codes 08-11, are a group of the thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A
paleopathology  search
RTarchaeology
 bones
 jaws
 morphology
 paleontology
 shells
 skeletons
 skulls
 taphonomy
 teeth
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
paleoplacers  search
RTalluvium
 diagenesis
 diamonds
 gold ores
 heavy mineral deposits
 mineral exploration
 paleocurrents
 paleogeographic controls
 placers
 sedimentation
 uranium ores
 weathering
SNCommodity. See List C. Also index type of placer [e.g. diamonds, gold ores, heavy mineral deposits, platinum ores, tin ores]. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
paleoproductivity  search
SNAs of 1995, not a valid term for GeoRef. Use productivity or biomass or growth rates; AND paleoecology.
Paleoproterozoic  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Paleoproterozoic
NTSiderian
 Rhyacian
 Orosian
 Statherian
 Aphebian
 Birrimian
 Carpentarian
 Cobalt Group
 Hemlock Formation
 Karelian
 Marquette Range Supergroup
 Mazatzal Orogeny
 Michigamme Formation
 Svecofennian
 Svecofennian Orogeny
 Thomson Formation
 Torngat Orogeny
 Transamazonian Orogeny
 Virginia Formation
 Willyama Complex
 Wollaston Group
UFlower Proterozoic
 Palaeoproterozoic
RTTyler Formation
 Ventersdorp Supergroup
 Fortescue Group
 Harney Peak Granite
 Levack Gneiss
 Little Falls Formation
 Rocknest Formation
 Twilight Gneiss
 Wopmay Orogeny
SNIUGS approved (1990) chronometric era with ages from 2500 Ma to 1600 Ma.
paleorelief  search
UFpaleotopography
RTgeomorphology
 paleobathymetry
 landform evolution
 buried features
 exhumation
 buried channels
 buried valleys
 relief
paleosalinity  search
RTbrackish water
 fluid inclusions
 geochemistry
 salinity
 salt
 sea water
paleoseismicity  search
UFpaleoearthquakes
 paleoseismology
RTseismology
 earthquakes
 archaeology
 geologic hazards
 seismicity
 seismites
 seismotectonics
SNStudy of past, pre-instrumental earthquakes traceable by structural, geomorphologial or sedimentological features or by geophysical properties in rocks and sediments. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
paleoseismology  search
USEpaleoseismicity
paleoshorelines  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. For geomorphology, use shorelines; for stratigraphy, use sea-level changes or lake-level changes. Also see transgression or regression; or highstands or lowstands.
Paleosols  search
UFfossil soils
RTsoils
 soil group
 buried features
SNIndexed with soils if applicable.
paleotectonics  search
SNA valid term through 1975. After 1975, see tectonics and paleogeography. See also neotectonics.
paleotemperature  search
RTgeologic thermometry
 lithogeochemistry
 P-T conditions
 P-T-t paths
 paleoatmosphere
 paleoclimatology
 paleoecology
 paleoenvironment
 geochemistry
 temperature
 thermal history
SNTerm reintroduced in 1982. Before 1982, also search temperature; paleotemperatures. Term was valid through 1973. From 1974-1981, temperature was used under paleoclimatology. See geologic thermometry. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
paleotemperatures  search
SNUse temperature or geologic thermometry, paleotemperature, or paleoclimatology.
paleotopography  search
USEpaleorelief
Paleozoic  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
NTCambrian
 Ordovician
 Silurian
 Devonian
 Carboniferous
 Permian
 Acadian Phase
 Alice Springs Orogeny
 Antler Orogeny
 Arbuckle Group
 Baralaba Coal Measures
 Bedford Shale
 Berea Sandstone
 Bird Spring Formation
 Bowers Supergroup
 Broken River Formation
 Bucksport Formation
 Caledonian Orogeny
 Cape Elizabeth Formation
 Casco Bay Group
 Casper Formation
 Catskill Formation
 Chattanooga Shale
 Collier Shale
 Cow Head Group
 Deadwood Formation
 Downtonian
 Dunkard Group
 Earn Group
 Ellesmerian Orogeny
 Ellis Bay Formation
 Endicott Group
 Exshaw Formation
 Geirud Formation
 Hanson Creek Formation
 Hartland Formation
 Hidden Valley Dolomite
 Honaker Trail Formation
 Horton Group
 Hunton Group
 Ishbel Group
 Itarare Subgroup
 Keyser Limestone
 Kittery Formation
 Knox Group
 Laborcita Formation
 Leinster Granite
 Lisburne Group
 lower Paleozoic
 Magdalena Group
 Manhattan Formation
 Maroon Formation
 Matapedia Group
 Merrimack Group
 middle Paleozoic
 Mikabu System
 Minnelusa Formation
 Oquirrh Formation
 Ouachita Orogeny
 Paganzo Group
 Peel Sound Formation
 Petersburg Granite
 Phuket Group
 Pilot Shale
 Rangeley Formation
 Read Bay Formation
 Ringerike Sandstone
 Road River Formation
 Rondout Formation
 Sambagawa Belt
 Shawangunk Formation
 Shoo Fly Complex
 Silvretta Group
 Taconic Orogeny
 Taiyuan Formation
 Talchir Formation
 Talladega Group
 Tensleep Sandstone
 Tippecanoe Sequence
 Tulghes Series
 upper Paleozoic
 Waits River Formation
 Weber Sandstone
 Wells Formation
 Wissahickon Formation
 Woodford Shale
RTPhanerozoic
 Nubian Sandstone
 Moldanubian
 lower Gondwana System
 Catalina Schist
 Ceneri Zone
 Rhenohercynian
 Saxothuringian
 Klodzko Unit
 Shuswap Complex
 New England Orogeny
 Riggins Group
 Yellow Aster Complex
Palermo Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Sicily Italy
 ....Palermo Italy
SNCity on Bay of Palermo in NW Sicily.
Palestine  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Palestine
RTIsrael
 Jordan
SNApproximately coextensive with Israel and the W bank of the Jordan River. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Paleudults  search
BTsoils
 .Ultisols
 ..Paleudults
RTsoil group
SNGreat group in the suborder Udults.
palingenesis  search
RTanatexis
 assimilation
 magma contamination
 magmas
 metasomatism
 petrology
SNAs of 1978, term is restricted to meaning in petrology. Term is not used in reference to paleontology.
palinspastic reconstruction  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use paleogeography and reconstruction. (Note added 1995.)
Palisades Sill  search
RTColfax County New Mexico
 New Jersey
 New Mexico
 New York
 Westchester County New York
SNLocated along the Hudson River in Paterson County, NE New Jersey and Westchester County, SE New York. Also located in Colfax County, N New Mexico. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
palladium  search
BTmetals
 .platinum group
 ..palladium
UFPd
RTpalladium ores
SNChemical element. As of 1985, use palladium ores for palladium as a commodity.
palladium ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .palladium ores
RTplatinum ores
 palladium
SNBefore 1985, also search (palladium OR Pd) AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index. Commodity. See List C.
pallasite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony irons
 ..pallasite
NTEagle Station Meteorite
SNAs of 1978, used for the meteorite. Also used as an igneous rock before 1978. Added to Thesaurus in 1984.
Palliser Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Upper Devonian
 .....Palliser Formation
RTAlberta
 Canada
Palm Beach County Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Palm Beach County Florida
RTBiscayne Aquifer
SNOn the Atlantic Ocean in SE Florida.
Palm Springs California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Riverside County California
 ...Palm Springs California
SNCity in S California.
Palma de Majorca  search
USEPalma Spain
Palma Spain  search
BTMediterranean region
 .Balearic Islands
 ..Majorca
 ...Palma Spain
UFPalma de Majorca
SNCity on Majorca. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Palmae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Monocotyledoneae
 ....Palmae
UFPalmales
SNFamily coextensive with order Palmales.
Palmales  search
USEPalmae
Palmatolepis  search
BTmicrofossils
 .Conodonta
 ..Palmatolepis
SNGenus.
Palmdale Bulge  search
USEPalmdale California
Palmdale California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Los Angeles County California
 ...Palmdale California
UFPalmdale Bulge
 Palmdale region
SNN Los Angeles County, California.
Palmdale region  search
USEPalmdale California
Palmer Peninsula  search
USEAntarctic Peninsula
Palmottu Project  search
RTFinland
 Nummi-Pusula Finland
 programs
 radioactive waste
 waste disposal
 waste disposal sites
SNAt N60#DG27'N60#DG29' E023#DG47'E023#DG45', Nummi-Pusula, SW Finland. U-Th deposit used for waste disposal and other environmental studies. Also search Palmottu Deposit if applicable. Indexed with Nummi-Pusula Finland if applicable.
Palmyrides  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Syria
 ...Palmyrides
SNMountain belt running SW to NE in Syria.
Palo Alto California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Santa Clara County California
 ...Palo Alto California
SNCity SSE of San Francisco in W California.
Palo Alto County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Palo Alto County Iowa
Palo Duro Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Palo Duro Basin
RTNew Mexico
 Oklahoma
 Texas
 Great Plains
SNE central New Mexico, Texas panhandle and SW Oklahoma. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Palo Pinto County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Palo Pinto County Texas
Palos Verdes Hills  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Los Angeles County California
 ...Palos Verdes Hills
UFSan Pedro Hills
RTPalos Verdes Peninsula
SNOccupy peninsula between Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay S of Los Angeles.
Palos Verdes Peninsula  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Los Angeles County California
 ...Palos Verdes Peninsula
RTSan Pedro Bay
 Palos Verdes Hills
SNLocated between Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay in S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
palsas  search
BTperiglacial features
 .palsas
RTglacial geology
 taliks
 peat
 mires
 frost action
 frost heaving
 frozen ground
 ice lenses
 tundra
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
paludal environment  search
BTterrestrial environment
 .paludal environment
RTsedimentation
 ecology
 paleoecology
 depositional environment
 mires
 marshes
 swamps
 paludal sedimentation
 muskegs
 tidal marshes
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
paludal sedimentation  search
BTsedimentation
 .paludal sedimentation
RTmires
 paludal environment
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Paluxy Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Paluxy Formation
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Comanchean
 .....Paluxy Formation
RTOklahoma
 Texas
 Trinity Group
 Arkansas
SNIn Trinity Group. SW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma, and E Texas. This term has multiple hierarchies.
palygorskite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..clay minerals
 ...palygorskite
UFattapulgite
palynology  search
RTbiogeography
 fossil record
 geochronology
 geomicrobiology
 micropaleontology
 paleobotany
 paleontology
 palynomorphs
 pollen
 pollen analysis
 pollen diagrams
 relative age
 sample preparation
 stratigraphy
SNUsed for the discipline which is concerned with the study of pollen of seed plants and spores of other embryophytic plants whether living or fossil, including their dispersal and applications. Indexed with only for general studies of the discipline.
palynomorphs  search
NTacritarchs
 Chitinozoa
 Dinoflagellata
 megaspores
 miospores
 problematic palynomorphs
RTArtemisia
 biostratigraphy
 Cladophlebis
 color alteration index
 Corylus
 Dryas
 exine
 floral studies
 monolete taxa
 palynology
 microfossils
 plankton
 Plantae
 pollen analysis
 pollen diagrams
 Pyrrhophyta
 spores
 Tasmanites
SNUsed for pollen of seed plants and spores of other embryophytic plants, whether living or fossil, including their dispersal and applications. Before 1998, microfossils was a broader term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Pambak Armenia  search
BTEurope
 .Armenia
 ..Pambak Armenia
UFBambak Armenia
SNNE section of city of Kirovakan in N central Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pamir Range  search
USEPamirs
Pamirs  search
BTAsia
 .Central Asia
 ..Pamirs
NTDarvaz
UFPamir Range
RTAfghanistan
 Tajikistan
 India
 Darvaza Range
 Zeravshan Range
 Uzbekistan
 Xinjiang China
SNHigh altitude region, mostly in Tajikistan, Central Asia, but parts extend into Uzbekistan, China, India, and Afghanistan. This term was restricted to use in Central Asia (former Soviet territory) from 1981-1993. Indexed with countries and/or provinces as
Pamlico County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pamlico County North Carolina
Pamlico River  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pamlico River
RTBeaufort County North Carolina
 Pungo River
SNBisects Beaufort County and flows into Pamlico Sound. Estuary of the Tar River.
Pamlico Sound  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pamlico Sound
SNBetween E North Carolina mainland and narrow islands off the coast. Indexed with counties as applicable.
Pampa  search
USEPampas
Pampas  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..Pampas
UFPampa
RTPampean Mountains
SNVast, treeless, fertile plain extending N and S approximately 1000 miles from lower Parana River to Patagonia, and from the Atlantic to the Andean piedmont. The humid Pampas are in the E and the dry Pampas are in the W.
Pampean Mountains  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..Pampean Mountains
UFSierras Pampeanas
RTSan Juan Argentina
 Catamarca Argentina
 Cordoba Argentina
 La Rioja Argentina
 Pampas
 Salta Argentina
 San Luis Argentina
 Tucuman Argentina
SNNW Argentina.
Pamplona Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Navarra Spain
 .....Pamplona Spain
RTNavarre
SNCity in central Navarra, N Spain.
Pamunkey River  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Pamunkey River
SNE Virginia, about 15 miles NE of Richmond. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pan-African Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Pan-African Orogeny
UFEburnean Orogeny
RTorogeny
 tectonics
 Africa
 Transamazonian Orogeny
 Delamerian Orogeny
 Mauritanides
 Ross Orogeny
SNBefore 1978, also search orogeny AND Pan-African or Pan African.
Panagyurishte Bulgaria  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Bulgaria
 ...Plovdiv Bulgaria
 ....Panagyurishte Bulgaria
RTSredna Gora
SNPlovdiv district, W Central Bulgaria in central Sredna Gora on Luda Yana River.
Panama  search
BTCentral America
 .Panama
NTDarien
 Sansan Panama
Panama Basin  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .East Pacific
 ..Panama Basin
RTEquatorial Pacific
 ODP Site 896
SNSW of Panama and W of Colombia.
Panama Canal Zone  search
BTCentral America
 .Panama Canal Zone
UFCanal Zone (Panama)
SN10 mile strip of territory across Panama in which canal is located.
Panamint Range  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Inyo County California
 ...Panamint Range
SNW of Death Valley in Inyo County in E California.
Panasqueira Portugal  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Portugal
 ....Panasqueira Portugal
SNVillage in S Portugal.
Panay Island  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Philippine Islands
 ...Panay Island
RTIloilo Basin
 Iloilo Philippine Islands
SNOne of the Visayan Islands midway between Luzon and Mindanao. Also search Panay.
Panch Mahals India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Gujarat India
 ....Panch Mahals India
UFPanchmahal India
SNDistrict in Gujarat, W India.
Panchet Series  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Lower Triassic
 .....Panchet Series
RTIndia
 Bihar India
SNSeries of rocks overlying the Damuda Series in the Raniganj coal field.
Panchmahal India  search
USEPanch Mahals India
PANDA  search
UFPortable Array for Numerical Data Analysis
RTseismic methods
 ground methods
 arrays
 seismic networks
 high-resolution methods
 three-component seismographs
SNAcronym. Also index PANDA II if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Panderodus  search
BTmicrofossils
 .Conodonta
 ..Panderodus
Pangaea  search
UFPangea
RTGondwana
 continental drift
 supercontinents
 Northern Hemisphere
 Laurasia
 Panthalassa
SNName proposed for the supercontinent comprising all the landmasses on earth which existed about 300 million years ago prior to continental drift.
Pangea  search
USEPangaea
Panhandle  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. An area or projection of land like the handle of a pan which occurs in a number of states. As of 1993, see Alaska Panhandle, Florida Panhandle, Idaho Panhandle, Oklahoma Panhandle, Texas Panhandle, or West Virginia Panha
panning  search
RTmineral exploration
 placers
 sampling
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pannonia  search
BTEurope
 .Pannonia
RTYugoslavia
 Serbia
 Austria
 Pannonian Basin
 Hungary
SNAncient Roman province S and W of the Danube. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.
Pannonian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....upper Miocene
 ......Pannonian
RTPliocene
 lower Pliocene
SNEurope. Before 1993, this may have been used for lower Pliocene.
Pannonian Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Pannonian Basin
NTRomanian Pannonian Basin
 Slovakian Pannonian Basin
RTCroatia
 Slovenia
 Serbia
 Austria
 Romania
 Pannonia
 Hungary
 Slovakia
 Moravia
SNW Romania, SE Austria, Hungary W of the Danube, N Serbia, Slovenia, S Moravia, and S Slovakia. Also search Pannonia. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.
Panola County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Panola County Mississippi
SNNW Mississippi.
Panola County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Panola County Texas
SNE Texas.
Pantar  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Lesser Sunda Islands
 ...Pantar
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Indonesia
 ...Pantar
SNIsland of the Alor group 60 miles NW of Timor. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pantellaria  search
USEPantelleria
Pantelleria  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Sicily Italy
 ....Pantelleria
UFPantellaria
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcanic Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea between Sicily and Tunisia.
pantellerite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..rhyolites
 ...pantellerite
RTcomendite
Panthalassa  search
RTpaleogeography
 Pangaea
 Tethys
SNOcean surrounding Pangaea. Indexed with continents as applicable.
Pantodonta  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Amblypoda
 .......Pantodonta
RTUngulata
SNSuborder.
Pantotheria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Pantotheria
SNOrder.
Panxi Rift  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..China
 ...Sichuan China
 ....Panxi Rift
SNSW China. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Papaloapan River basin  search
BTMexico
 .Veracruz Mexico
 ..Papaloapan River basin
SNIn state of Veracruz, SE Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
paper chromatography  search
USEchromatography
Papineau County Quebec  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Papineau County Quebec
Papua  search
BTAustralasia
 .Papua New Guinea
 ..Papua
SNFormer Australian territory. Denotes the southern half of new state of Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea.
Papua New Guinea  search
BTAustralasia
 .Papua New Guinea
NTBismarck Archipelago
 Bougainville
 Huon Peninsula
 Louisiade Archipelago
 New Britain
 New Ireland
 Papua
 Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
 Southern Highlands Papua New Guinea
 Vanimo Papua New Guinea
UFPapua-New Guinea
RTRat Island
 West Pacific Ocean Islands
 Malay Archipelago
 New Guinea
 Solomon Islands
 Toro Formation
 Papuan Basin
 Papuan fold belt
 Woodlark Basin
SNEastern half of the island of New Guinea. Comprises Papua and the former Australian U.N. trusteeship of The Territory of New Guinea, plus the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bougainville, Buka and Green islands of the W Solomon Islands. Became an independent st
Papua-New Guinea  search
USEPapua New Guinea
Papuan  search
Papuan Basin  search
RTCoral Sea
 Irian Jaya Indonesia
 Papua New Guinea
SNE New Guinea and adjacent offshore Gulf of Papua, Coral Sea. Indexed with Irian Jaya Indonesia and/or Papua New Guinea and/or Coral Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Papuan fold belt  search
RTCoral Sea
 Irian Jaya Indonesia
 Papua New Guinea
SNPapuan Basin, largely in E New Guinea (Papua New Guinea). Indexed with Irian Jaya Indonesia and/or Papua New Guinea and/or Coral Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Para Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Para Brazil
NTMarajo
RTBarreiras Formation
 Brazilian Shield
 Tocantins River region
SNState in N Brazil.
para-amphibolite  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .amphibolites
 ..para-amphibolite
Parablastoidea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Echinodermata
 ..Crinozoa
 ...Parablastoidea
Paracel Islands  search
USEXisha Islands
paracelsian  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...barium feldspar
 ....paracelsian
RTcelsian
Parachute Creek Member  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Parachute Creek Member
RTUtah
 Colorado
 Green River Formation
SNOf Green River Formation. NW Colorado and NE Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Paracrinoidea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Echinodermata
 ..Crinozoa
 ...Paracrinoidea
Paradox Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Paradox Basin
RTNew Mexico
 Utah
 Colorado
 Arizona
 Bluff Formation
 Desert Creek Zone
 Four Corners
 Gibson Dome
 Ismay Zone
 Uncompahgre Uplift
SNIn the Four Corners area of the SW U.S. where the boundaries of 4 states intersect. Indexed with states as applicable.
Paradox Member  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Middle Pennsylvanian
 ......Paradox Member
RTUtah
 Colorado
 Hermosa Formation
SNOf Hermosa Formation. W Colorado and SE Utah.
paraffins  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkanes
 ....paraffins
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
paragenesis  search
UFmineral sequence
 paragenetic sequence
RTminerals
 igneous rocks
 metamorphic rocks
 clay mineralogy
 sedimentary rocks
 rocks
 metasomatism
 mineral deposits, genesis
 economic geology
 metamorphism
 phase equilibria
 crystallography
 mineral assemblages
 genesis
SNFor detailed treatment of mineral sequences in metamorphosed or altered rocks and mineral deposits. Indexed with with type of material.
paragenetic sequence  search
USEparagenesis
paragneiss  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .gneisses
 ..paragneiss
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .metasedimentary rocks
 ..paragneiss
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
paragonite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..mica group
 ...paragonite
Paragua  search
USEPalawan
Paraguana Peninsula  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Falcon Venezuela
 ...Paraguana Peninsula
SNBetween the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela in N Falcon, NW Venezuela.
Paraguay  search
BTSouth America
 .Paraguay
NTChaco Paraguay
RTChaco
 Parana Basin
 Parana River
 Botucatu Formation
 Serra Geral Formation
Parahiba Brazil  search
USEParaiba Brazil
Parahyba Brazil  search
USEParaiba Brazil
Paraiba Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Paraiba Brazil
UFParahiba Brazil
 Parahyba Brazil
RTBorborema
 Recife-Joao Pessoa
SNState in NE Brazil.
parallel faults  search
BTfaults
 .parallel faults
SNBefore 1978, also search faults AND parallel.
parallel folds  search
USEconcentric folds
parallel processing  search
BTdata processing
 .parallel processing
RTneural networks
 data retrieval
 data storage
 computers
 data handling
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
parameters  search
SNA valid general term through 1978. See factors. Also included use for lattice parameters (crystal structure); see lattice parameters.
Paramushir  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Russian Pacific region
 ...Kuril Islands
 ....Paramushir
SNLarge island in the N Kuril Islands near S tip of Kamchatka Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Parana Ba  search
Parana Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Parana Basin
UFParana River basin
RTBrazil
 Argentina
 San Gregorio Formation
 Paraguay
 Itarare Subgroup
SNRiver basin. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Parana Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Parana Brazil
RTAcungui Group
 Brazilian Shield
 Estrada Nova Formation
 Irati Formation
 Serra do Mar
SNState in S Brazil.
Parana River  search
BTSouth America
 .Parana River
RTBrazil
 Argentina
 Paraguay
 Rio de la Plata
SNFormed in S central Brazil by the confluence of the Rio Grande and the Paranaiba rivers. It flows SW and S into the Rio de la Plata. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Parana River basin  search
USEParana Basin
Paranthropus  search
BTminidae
 .Paranthropus
SNGenus.
pararammelsbergite  search
BTarsenides
 .pararammelsbergite
RTrammelsbergite
parasequences  search
RTretrogradation
 sequence stratigraphy
 stratigraphy
parasites  search
RTbacteria
 epibiotism
 fungi
paratacamite  search
BThalides
 .chlorides
 ..paratacamite
RTatacamite
Paratethys  search
RTcontinental drift
 Tethys
Paratunka Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Kamchatka Russian Federation
 ...Paratunka Russian Federation
SNVillage just W of Petropavlosk Kamchatskiy in S Kamchatka Oblast on Kamchatka Peninsula. Before 1993, Paratunka Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
paratypes  search
RTfossils
 holotypes
 paleobotany
 paleontology
 taxonomy
 type specimens
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Parece Vela Basin  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Northwest Pacific
 ...Philippine Sea
 ....Parece Vela Basin
UFWest Mariana Basin
RTLeg 6
 Leg 59
 DSDP Site 449
 DSDP Site 450
 DSDP Site 452
 DSDP Site 53
 DSDP Site 54
SNCentral Philippine Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pareiasauria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Anapsida
 .....Cotylosauria
 ......Pareiasauria
parent bodies  search
RTasteroids
 comets
 meteorites
 meteoroids
 planetology
 protoliths
 relict materials
SNAs of 1993, restricted to use with meteorites and extraterrestrial bodies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
parent materials  search
RTfactors
 horizons
 materials
 pedogenesis
 soils
 weathering
parent rocks  search
USEprotoliths
pargasite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...clinoamphibole
 ....pargasite
Paria Peninsula  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Sucre Venezuela
 ...Paria Peninsula
SNNE Venezuela. Along with island of Trinidad nearly encloses Gulf of Paria.
Paricutin  search
BTMexico
 .Michoacan Mexico
 ..Paricutin
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcano on site of former village of Paricutin in SW Mexico.
Paring Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Paring Mountains
RTCarpathians
 Transylvanian Alps
SNIn the Transylvanian Alps.
Paris Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Paris Basin
RTParis France
SNChief depression of N and N central France. Bounded by English Channel on NW, Amorican Massif on W, Massif Central on S, and plateaus of Langres and Lorraine on E.
Paris France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Paris France
RTParis Basin
 Seine
 Seine-et-Oise
SNDepartment in N central France. Includes the city of Paris. Before 1993, also search Paris region AND France.
Park City Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Park City Formation
RTIdaho
 Utah
 Wyoming
 Montana
 Colorado
SNNE Utah, NW Colorado, E Idaho, SW Montana, and central and E Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Park City Utah  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Summit County Utah
 ...Park City Utah
SNCity in N central Utah.
Park County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Park County Colorado
NTAlma mining district
SNCentral Colorado.
Park County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Park County Montana
RTBridger Range
 Crazy Mountains
 Crazy Mountains Basin
 Gallatin Range
SNS Montana.
Park County Wyoming  search
BTUnited States
 .Wyoming
 ..Park County Wyoming
NTPowell Wyoming
RTYellowstone National Park
 Gallatin Range
 Sunlight
 Wood River
SNNW Wyoming.
Parke County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Parke County Indiana
Parker County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Parker County Texas
SNN Texas.
Parkfield California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Monterey County California
 ...Parkfield California
RTParkfield earthquakes
 Kettleman Hills earthquake 1985
 Parkfield earthquake 1966
SNVillage near Fresno County line in W California. Location of earthquakes. Also site of Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment.
Parkfield earthquake 1966  search
BTearthquakes
 .Parkfield earthquake 1966
RTCalifornia
 Parkfield California
SNEpicenter near Parkfield, California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Parkfield earthquakes  search
BTearthquakes
 .Parkfield earthquakes
RTCalifornia
 San Andreas Fault
 earthquake prediction
 induced earthquakes
 Parkfield California
SNSeries of earthquakes with epicenters near Parkfield, Central California. Associated with earthquake prediction experiment. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Parkman Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Parkman Sandstone
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Montana Group
 Judith River Formation
SNIn Montana Group. N Wyoming and S Montana.
Parkwood Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Upper Mississippian
 ......Parkwood Formation
RTAlabama
SNN Alabama. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Parma Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Emilia-Romagna Italy
 ....Parma Italy
SNCity in NW Emilia-Romagna, N central Italy.
Parmer County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Parmer County Texas
Parnaiba Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Parnaiba Basin
RTMaranhao Brazil
 Piaui Brazil
SNRiver basin. NE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.
Parnalee  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Parnallee Meteorite for the LL chondrite which landed in India.
Parnassos  search
USEParnassus
Parnassus  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Sterea Ellas
 ....Parnassus
UFParnassos
SNOne of highest massifs in central Greece. N of Gulf of Corinth.
Parras Basin  search
BTMexico
 .Coahuila Mexico
 ..Parras Basin
UFParras de la Fuente
SNS Coahuila in NE central Mexico. Also search Parras.
Parras de la Fuente  search
USEParras Basin
Parry Sound District Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Parry Sound District Ontario
NTParry Sound Ontario
SNSE Ontario.
Parry Sound Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Parry Sound District Ontario
 ....Parry Sound Ontario
SNTown in SE Ontario on E shore of Georgian Bay.
parsimony  search
RTbiologic evolution
 cladistics
 models
 phylogeny
 statistical analysis
SNPrinciple or criterion that the most efficient or simplest assumption or explanation is the most likely.
partial melting  search
RTmagma transport
 magmas
 magmatic differentiation
 mantle
 melting
 melts
 phase equilibria
 plate tectonics
partial pressure  search
RTfugacity
 Henry's law
 pressure
partial thermoremanent magnetization  search
BTmagnetization
 .remanent magnetization
 ..partial thermoremanent magnetization
RTpaleomagnetism
 thermoremanent magnetization
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
particle precipitation  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ionosphere.
particle radiation  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with astrophysics and solar physics.
particle tracks  search
UFcosmic-ray tracks
RTparticles
 cosmic rays
 radioactivity
 fission-track dating
 fission tracks
 particle-track dating
 radiation damage
SNUsed for the phenomenon. For dating method, use particle-track dating. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
particle-induced X-ray emission  search
BTspectroscopy
 .emission spectroscopy
 ..particle-induced X-ray emission
BTspectroscopy
 .X-ray spectroscopy
 ..particle-induced X-ray emission
UFPIXE method
 proton-induced X-ray emission
RTchemical analysis
 alpha-ray spectroscopy
 X-ray analysis
 protons
 trace-element analyses
 neon
 PIXE spectra
SNUsed for multi-element analysis of solid samples which are excited with a beam of nuclear particles, usually protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), or sometimes alpha particles or neon ions. The abbreviation PIXE may also be used for proton-induced X-ray emi
particle-track dating  search
UFdating, particle-track
RTgeochronology
 relative age
 cosmic rays
 fission-track dating
 fission tracks
 particle tracks
 radiation damage
SNCosmic-ray tracks.
particles  search
RTactivation energy
 aerosols
 agglutinates
 cosmic dust
 cosmic rays
 electromagnetic radiation
 electrons
 fines
 fission
 fragments
 grains
 granulometry
 intensity
 interplanetary dust
 interplanetary space
 ions
 meteorology
 Moon
 neutrons
 particle tracks
 precipitation
SNGeneral term.
particulate materials  search
RTatmospheric transport
 Born approximation
 clastic sediments
 coarse-grained materials
 fine-grained materials
 fines
 granular materials
 materials
 unconsolidated materials
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
parting lineation  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .bedding plane irregularities
 ..parting lineation
UFcurrent lineations
 current partings
RTlineation
partition coefficients  search
UFcoefficients, partition
 distribution coefficients
RTcrystal chemistry
 partitioning
 chemical ratios
 high-field-strength elements
partitioning  search
RTchemical fractionation
 crystal chemistry
 Henry's law
 lithogeochemistry
 partition coefficients
 geochemistry
 phase equilibria
Partridge Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Middle Ordovician
 .....Partridge Formation
RTVermont
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
partridgeite  search
USEbixbyite
Pas-de-Calais France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Pas-de-Calais France
NTBoulogne France
 Boulonnais
RTNord-Pas-de-Calais Basin
SNDepartment in extreme N France.
Pasadena California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Los Angeles County California
 ...Pasadena California
SNCity in S California.
Pasamonte Meteorite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..achondrites
 ...eucrite
 ....Pasamonte Meteorite
RTNew Mexico
 Union County New Mexico
SNImpact near village of Pasamonte in Union County, New Mexico. Before 1981, also search Pasamonte AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pasayten Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Pasayten Group
RTWashington
 British Columbia
SNStratigraphically above Dewdney Creek Formation. S British Columbia and Central N Washington.
Pascagoula River basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Pascagoula River basin
SNSE Mississippi.
Pascal  search
RTcomputer languages
 computer programs
 data bases
 data processing
 information systems
SNComputer language. Also PASCAL, a French geological data base. Indexed with computer languages or data bases as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pasco Basin  search
RTChanneled Scabland
 Hanford Reservation
 Washington
SNS central Washington. Indexed with counties as applicable.
Pasco County Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Pasco County Florida
SNOn Gulf of Mexico in W central Florida.
Paskapoo Formation  search
RTAlberta
 Canada
 Cretaceous
 Eocene
 K-T boundary
 Paleocene
 Saskatchewan
 Upper Cretaceous
SNIndexed with ages as applicable.
Pasquotank County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pasquotank County North Carolina
Passa Dois Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Passa Dois Group
RTBrazil
 Irati Formation
Passaic County New Jersey  search
BTUnited States
 .New Jersey
 ..Passaic County New Jersey
SNN New Jersey.
Passaic Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Passaic Formation
RTTriassic
 Jurassic
 Upper Triassic
 Lower Jurassic
 Pennsylvania
 New York
 New Jersey
 Brunswick Formation
 Newark Supergroup
 Newark Basin
SNLower Jurassic and Upper Triassic. SE Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. In Newark Supergroup. Conformably overlies Lockatong Formation; underlies Orange Mountain Basalt. Formerly lower part of Brunswick Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Ad
Passaic River  search
BTUnited States
 .New Jersey
 ..Passaic River
RTPassaic River basin
SNNE New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Passaic River basin  search
BTUnited States
 .New Jersey
 ..Passaic River basin
RTPassaic River
SNRiver basin in NE New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Passau Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Bavaria Germany
 ....Passau Germany
SNCity on the Danube River at the Austrian border in E Bavaria, SE Germany.
passband filters  search
UFband-pass filters
RTfilters
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
PASSCAL  search
UFProgram for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere
RTseismic methods
 arrays
 seismic networks
 lithosphere
 programs
 IRIS network
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Passeriformes  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Aves
 ....Neornithes
 .....Passeriformes
SNOrder.
passive  search
passive margins  search
UFAtlantic-type margins
RTrift zones
 plate boundaries
 plate tectonics
 rifting
 accreting plate boundary
 plate divergence
 continental margin
 aseismic margins
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
passive methods  search
RTgeophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 methods
 remote sensing
 seismic methods
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Patagonia  search
BTSouth America
 .Patagonia
NTPatagonian Andes
RTArgentina
 Chile
 Patagonian Batholith
 Santa Cruz Argentina
 Chubut Argentina
 Magallanes Chile
 Rio Negro Argentina
SNRegion. A barren tableland S of the Pampas, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Andes. Indexed with provinces or countries as applicable.
Patagonia Cordillera  search
USEPatagonian Andes
Patagonian Andes  search
BTSouth America
 .Andes
 ..Patagonian Andes
BTSouth America
 .Patagonia
 ..Patagonian Andes
UFPatagonia Cordillera
RTArgentina
 Chile
 Patagonian Batholith
SNMountain range extending the length of Patagonia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Patagonian Batholith  search
BTSouth America
 .Patagonian Batholith
RTArgentina
 Chile
 Patagonia
 Patagonian Andes
SNIndexed with provinces or countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
patch reefs  search
BTreefs
 .patch reefs
RTplatform reefs
paternoite  search
USEkaliborite
pathfinder elements  search
USEpathfinders
Pathfinder Program, Mars  search
USEMars Pathfinder Program
pathfinders  search
UFpathfinder elements
RTgeochemical methods
 mineral exploration
 chemical elements
 exploration
SNUsed in geochemical exploration. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Patom Plateau  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Patom Plateau
BTAsia
 .Patom Plateau
RTIrkutsk Russian Federation
SNBetween Lena and Vitim rivers in NE Irkutsk Oblast N of Lake Baikal. Also search Patom. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Patrick County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Patrick County Virginia
pattern recognition  search
RTanalysis
 data processing
 identification
 imagery
 mathematical geology
 neural networks
 patterns
 statistical analysis
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
patterned ground  search
UFground, patterned
RTglacial geology
 geomorphology
 congelifraction
 cryoturbation
 frost action
 frost heaving
 periglacial features
 polygons
patterns  search
RTdispersion patterns
 drainage patterns
 dynamos
 interference patterns
 pattern recognition
 preferential flow
 regional patterns
 Rietveld refinement
 self-organization
 self-similarity
Patuxent River  search
BTUnited States
 .Maryland
 ..Patuxent River
SNRises in central Maryland and flows S and SE into Chesapeake Bay.
Pau France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
 ....Pau France
SNCity in extreme SW part of country.
Paucituberculata  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Paucituberculata
Paulding County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Paulding County Georgia
Paulding County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Paulding County Ohio
Pauni India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Madhya Pradesh India
 ....Pauni India
SNTown in central Madhya Pradesh.
pavements  search
SNThis term used in the engineering sense is usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. As of 1993, see aggregate, asphalt, cement materials, construction materials, gravel deposits, highways, road materials, or desert pavement if applicable.
Pavia Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Lombardy Italy
 ....Pavia Italy
UFOltrepo Pavese Italy
SNCity and province S of Milan.
Pavlodar Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Pavlodar Kazakhstan
NTBoshchekul Kazakhstan
 Ekibastuz Kazakhstan
SNOblast and town in NE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pavlof  search
UFPavlof Volcano
RTvolcanoes
 Alaska Peninsula
 Southwestern Alaska
SNVolcano. Alaska Peninsula, SW Alaska. Indexed with Southwestern Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pavlof Volcano  search
USEPavlof
Pavlograd Ukraine  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Dnepropetrovsk Ukraine
 ...Pavlograd Ukraine
SNCity in Dnepropetrovsk Oblast in E central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pawhuska Rock Plain  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Osage County Oklahoma
 ...Pawhuska Rock Plain
SNOsage County in N Oklahoma.
Pawnee County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Pawnee County Kansas
SNSW central Kansas.
Pawnee County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Pawnee County Nebraska
SNSE Nebraska.
Pawnee County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Pawnee County Oklahoma
SNN Oklahoma.
Pay-Khoy  search
USEPai-Khoi
Payette County Idaho  search
BTUnited States
 .Idaho
 ..Payette County Idaho
Payne County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Payne County Oklahoma
NTStillwater Oklahoma
SNN central Oklahoma.
Payson Utah  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Utah County Utah
 ...Payson Utah
SNCity in central Utah.
Payun Matru  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..Mendoza Argentina
 ...Payun Matru
UFPayun Matru Volcano
 Payun-Matru
 Payun-Matru Volcano
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcano on Payun Plateau in SW Mendoza.
Payun Matru Volcano  search
USEPayun Matru
Payun-Matru  search
USEPayun Matru
Payun-Matru Volcano  search
USEPayun Matru
Pb  search
USElead
Pb-204  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pb-204
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-204
RTPb-206/Pb-204
 U-238/Pb-204
 Pb-207/Pb-204
 Pb-208/Pb-204
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-204/Pb-206  search
USEPb-206/Pb-204
Pb-204/Pb-208  search
USEPb-208/Pb-204
Pb-206  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-206
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-206
RTPb-206/Pb-204
 Pb-207/Pb-206
 Pb-208/Pb-206
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-206 Pb-207  search
USEPb-207/Pb-206
Pb-206/Pb-204  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pb-206/Pb-204
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-206/Pb-204
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-206/Pb-204
UFPb-204/Pb-206
RTisotope ratios
 HIMU
 Pb-204
 Pb-206
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-206/Pb-207  search
USEPb-207/Pb-206
Pb-207  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-207
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-207
RTPb-207/Pb-204
 Pb-207/Pb-206
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-207/Pb-204  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pb-207/Pb-204
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-207/Pb-204
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-207/Pb-204
RTisotope ratios
 Pb-204
 Pb-207
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-207/Pb-206  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-207/Pb-206
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-207/Pb-206
UFPb-206 Pb-207
 Pb-206/Pb-207
RTisotope ratios
 Pb-206
 Pb-207
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-208  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-208
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-208
RTPb-208/Pb-204
 Pb-208/Pb-206
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-208/Pb-204  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pb-208/Pb-204
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-208/Pb-204
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-208/Pb-204
UFPb-204/Pb-208
RTisotope ratios
 Pb-204
 Pb-208
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-208/Pb-206  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Pb-208/Pb-206
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-208/Pb-206
RTisotope ratios
 Pb-206
 Pb-208
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb-210  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pb-210
BTmetals
 .lead
 ..Pb-210
RTabsolute age
 Pb/Pb
 Pb/Th
 U/Pb
SNIsotope used in age determination. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pb/Pb  search
UFlead-lead
RTabsolute age
 Pb-210
 Pb/Th
 isotope ratios
 lead
 U/Pb
SNIsotopic ratio used in age determination.
Pb/Th  search
UFthorium-lead
RTabsolute age
 Pb-210
 Pb/Pb
 isotope ratios
 lead
 thorium
 U/Pb
SNIsotopic ratio used in age determination.
PCB  search
USEPCBs
PCB's  search
USEPCBs
PCBs  search
BTorganic compounds
 .halogenated hydrocarbons
 ..chlorinated hydrocarbons
 ...PCBs
UFPCB
 PCB's
 polychlorinated biphenyls
 polychlorobiphenyls
RTpollution
 pollutants
 toxic materials
 industrial waste
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
PCE  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Sometimes used for perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene). May also be used for pseudocholinesterase.
PCP  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use pentachlorophenol if applicable.
PcP waves  search
USEPcP-waves
PcP-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PcP-waves
UFPcP waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
PCs  search
SNAs of 1993, use microcomputers if applicable. Also see minicomputers.
Pd  search
USEpalladium
Peace  search
Peace River  search
RTAlberta
 British Columbia
 Florida
 Western Canada
SNFlows from E British Columbia into the Snake River just N of Lake Athabasca, N Alberta. Also a river in W Florida. Indexed with U. S. counties or Canadian provinces as applicable.
Peace River Arch  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Alberta
 ...Peace River Arch
SNW Alberta. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Peace River Formation  search
RTAlberta
 Albian
 British Columbia
 Cretaceous
 Florida
 Hawthorn Formation
 Neogene
SNAlbian. Alberta and British Columbia. Also Neogene in Florida; in Hawthorn Formation? For Western Canada, also search Peace River oil sands. Indexed with ages and locations as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Peace Valley Beds  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....middle Pliocene
 ......Peace Valley Beds
RTCalifornia
SNS California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Peach County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Peach County Georgia
Peach Springs Tuff  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....Peach Springs Tuff
RTCalifornia
 Arizona
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Peak District  search
RTDerbyshire England
 Pennines
SNPlateau region in N central England at S end of Pennine Chain. Indexed with Derbyshire England as applicable.
pearceite  search
BTsulfosalts
 .sulfarsenites
 ..pearceite
Pearl Harbor  search
BTUnited States
 .Hawaii
 ..Honolulu County Hawaii
 ...Oahu
 ....Pearl Harbor
SNInlet on S coast of Oahu 6 miles W of Honolulu. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pearl River  search
RTLouisiana
 Mississippi
 United States
 Zhujiang River
SNCentral and S Mississippi and SE Louisiana. For Pearl River in China, use Zhujiang River. Indexed with states or regions as applicable. Not for use in China. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pearl River County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Pearl River County Mississippi
Pearl River, China  search
USEZhujiang River
Pearlette Volcanic Ash  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Pearlette Volcanic Ash
SNSW Kansas.
pearlite  search
USEperlite
pearls  search
RTaragonite
 gems
 Mollusca
Pearsall Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Pearsall Formation
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Comanchean
 .....Pearsall Formation
RTLouisiana
 Texas
 Trinity Group
SNIn Trinity Group. S Texas and Louisiana. Includes Cow Creek Member. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Peary Land  search
BTArctic region
 .Greenland
 ..Peary Land
SNRegion in extreme N Greenland on Arctic Ocean.
peat  search
BTsediments
 .peat
NTfuel peat
 horticultural peat
RTorganic compounds
 lignite
 biogenic structures
 ash content
 coal
 Bog soils
 Histosols
 mires
 peatlands
 inventory
 coal exploration
 palsas
 humification
 humus
SNSee List C for use as a commodity term.
peat bogs  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use bogs AND peat; see peatlands.
peatlands  search
BTmires
 .peatlands
RTecology
 paleoecology
 horticultural peat
 peat
 bogs
 swamps
 fuel peat
 Sphagnum
 muskegs
SNMainly used for economic studies. Before 1998, also search peat bogs. See mires for other types. Indexed with type of peatlands e.g. bogs (See mires.). Also index fuel peat and/or horticultural peat if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.
Pebble Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Pebble Shale
RTAlaska
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
pebbles  search
BTsediments
 .clastic sediments
 ..pebbles
RTventifacts
 amygdules
 gravel
 terrigenous materials
 cobbles
 shingle
 rounding
Pechenga  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Murmansk Russian Federation
 ...Pechenga
UFPetsamo
SNTerritory, formerly in N Finland, which was called Petsamo. Now it is part of Murmansk Oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pechora Basin  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Pechora Basin
BTEurope
 .Pechora Basin
RTcoal fields
 Moscow-Pechora Syneclise
 Komi Russian Federation
 Timan-Pechora region
SNCoal basin mainly in basin of Usa River in NE Komi Autonomous Republic in NE European Russian Federation. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pechora River  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Pechora River
BTEurope
 .Pechora River
RTNenets Russian Federation
 Moscow-Pechora Syneclise
 Komi Russian Federation
SNRises in the Central Urals of N Perm Oblast and flows N through the Komi Autonomous Republic, and the Nenets National Okrug into Pechora Bay. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pechora Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Komi Russian Federation
 ...Pechora Russian Federation
SNCity in Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on left bank of Pechora River in NE European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pechora Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pecopteris  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
 ..Filicopsida
 ...Pecopteris
RTGymnospermae
 Pteridospermae
 Glossopteris
SNGenus.
Pecos County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Pecos County Texas
RTCentral Basin Platform
 Glass Mountains
SNExtreme W Texas.
Pecos River  search
BTUnited States
 .Pecos River
RTNew Mexico
 Texas
SNE New Mexico and SW Texas. Joins Rio Grande at Armistad Reservoir. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pecos River valley  search
BTUnited States
 .Pecos River valley
RTNew Mexico
 Texas
SNAlso search Pecos River. Indexed with states as applicable.
Pectinacea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Pteriina
 ....Pectinacea
NTDaonella
 Halobia
 Monotis
 Pectinidae
SNSuperfamily.
Pectinidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Pteriina
 ....Pectinacea
 .....Pectinidae
SNFamily.
pectolite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pectolite
pediments  search
BTerosion features
 .pediments
RTgeomorphology
 erosion surfaces
pediplains  search
BTerosion features
 .erosion surfaces
 ..pediplains
UFdesert pediplains
 desert plains
 pediplanes
RTplains
 geomorphology
 peneplains
pediplanes  search
USEpediplains
pedogenesis  search
RTchronosequences
 climate
 factors
 genesis
 horizon differentiation
 humification
 leaching
 parent materials
 salinization
 soils
 time factor
 toposequences
SNBefore 1982, search soils AND genesis. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
pedons  search
RThumus
 soil profiles
 soil sampling
 soils
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pedregosa Basin  search
BTNorth America
 .Pedregosa Basin
RTNew Mexico
 Chihuahua Mexico
 Arizona
 Sonora Mexico
SNIndexed with Mexican and U.S. states as applicable.
Peedee Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Peedee Formation
RTSouth Carolina
 North Carolina
SNVariable gray to green argillaceous sands and impure limestones. E North Carolina and E South Carolina.
Peekskill New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Westchester County New York
 ...Peekskill New York
SNCity in SE New York.
Peel River  search
RTNew South Wales Australia
 Northwest Territories
 Yukon Territory
SNFlows into Mackenzie River, NW Canada. Also in other locations. Indexed with territories or regions as applicable.
Peel Sound Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Peel Sound Formation
RTSilurian
 Devonian
 Canada
 Franklin District Northwest Territories
 Northwest Territories
SNFranklin District.
pegmatite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...pegmatite
RTgraphic granite
 micropegmatite
 Plotina Deposit
SNSee List C for use as a commodity term.
Peichang  search
USEPeikang Taiwan
Peikang Taiwan  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Taiwan
 ...Peikang Taiwan
UFPeichang
SNTown in W central Taiwan.
Peking  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See Beijing China.
pelag  search
Pelagian Sea  search
BTMediterranean Sea
 .Pelagian Sea
NTGulf of Gabes
RTEast Mediterranean
SNMediterranean Sea, W of Malta, E of Tunisia and S of Sicily. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
pelagic environment  search
RTdeep-water environment
 depositional environment
 hemipelagic environment
 lacustrine environment
 marine environment
 oceanography
 pelagic sedimentation
 sedimentation
SNBefore 1978, search pelagic. Indexed with marine environment or lacustrine environment if applicable.
pelagic sedimentation  search
BTsedimentation
 .pelagic sedimentation
RTpelagic environment
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pelecypoda  search
USEBivalvia
Pelew  search
USEPalau
pelite  search
USEshale
pelitic gneiss  search
SNA valid metamorphic rock term through 1977. Use gneisses and pelitic texture.
pelitic rocks  search
USEpelitic texture
pelitic schist  search
USEslates
pelitic texture  search
BTtextures
 .pelitic texture
UFpelitic rocks
RTmetamorphic rocks
 sedimentary rocks
SNBefore 1978, search pelitic AND texture.
pelletization  search
RTproduction
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
pellets  search
RToolite
 pisoliths
Pelmatozoa  search
USECrinozoa
Pelomedusidae  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Anapsida
 .....Chelonia
 ......Pelomedusidae
SNFamily.
Pelona Schist  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Pelona Schist
RTCalifornia
SNPrecambrian(?). S California.
Peloponnese  search
USEPeloponnesus Greece
Peloponnesos  search
USEPeloponnesus Greece
Peloponnesus Greece  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Peloponnesus Greece
NTArgolis Greece
 Corinth Greece
 Gavrovo Zone
 Megalopolis Basin
 Tripolis Greece
UFPeloponnese
 Peloponnesos
RTKalamata earthquake 1986
 Hellenides
 Gulf of Corinth
 Hellenic Arc
SNAdministrative region and peninsula forming S Greece.
Peloritani Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Sicily Italy
 ....Peloritani Mountains
RTCalabrian Arc
SNNE Sicily.
Pelotas Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Pelotas Basin
RTSanta Catarina Brazil
 Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
SNRiver basin. Indexed with states as applicable.
pelves  search
USEpelvises
pelvic cavity  search
USEpelvises
pelvis  search
USEpelvises
pelvises  search
UFpelves
 pelvic cavity
 pelvis
RTpaleontology
 morphology
 anatomy
 bones
 skeletons
 locomotion
Pelvoux Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Dauphine Alps
 ....Pelvoux Massif
UFEcrins-Pelvoux Massif
RTHautes-Alpes France
 Isere France
SNMountain group which contains Barre das Ecrins, the highest peak in the Dauphine Alps. Also search Pelvoux. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with departments as applicable.
Pelycosauria  search
BTSynapsida
 .Pelycosauria
SNOrder.
Pembina County North Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .North Dakota
 ..Pembina County North Dakota
Pembroke  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Pembroke Wales for the town or Pembrokeshire Wales for the Welsh county. Also refers to places in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts.
Pembroke Wales  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Dyfed Wales
 ......Pembrokeshire Wales
 .......Pembroke Wales
SNTown in Dyfed in SW Wales. Before 1978, Pembroke was also used as the Welsh County.
Pembrokeshire Wales  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Dyfed Wales
 ......Pembrokeshire Wales
NTPembroke Wales
 Skomer Island
SNFormer county in SW Wales. Part of Dyfed.
Pemiscot County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Pemiscot County Missouri
Pench Valley  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Madhya Pradesh India
 ....Pench Valley
SNRiver valley in central Madhya Pradesh. Also search Pench.
Pend Oreille County Washington  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Pend Oreille County Washington
NTMetaline Falls Washington
SNExtreme NE Washington.
Pender County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pender County North Carolina
Pendleton County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Pendleton County Kentucky
SNN Kentucky.
Pendleton County West Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .West Virginia
 ..Pendleton County West Virginia
SNE West Virginia.
pendulum gravimeters  search
BTgravimeters
 .pendulum gravimeters
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
peneplains  search
BTerosion features
 .peneplains
UFbase-level peneplain
 peneplanes
RTplains
 geomorphology
 erosion cycle
 erosion surfaces
 pediplains
peneplanes  search
USEpeneplains
penetration  search
RTengineering geology
 rock mechanics
 soil mechanics
SNNot to be used for crystal growth.
penetration tests  search
NTcone penetration tests
RTCalifornia bearing ratio
 engineering geology
 penetrometers
 soil mechanics
 testing
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
penetrometers  search
RTinstruments
 penetration tests
 soil mechanics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Penghu Islands  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Taiwan
 ...Penghu Islands
UFHoko Gunto
 Hoko Shoto
 Pescadores
RTWest Pacific Ocean Islands
 Taiwan Strait
SNGroup of about 48 islands in Taiwan Strait between Taiwan and the mainland of China.
Peninsular Gneiss  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...Peninsular Gneiss
RTIndia
 Closepet Granite
SNS India. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Peninsular Ranges  search
RTCoast Ranges
 California
 Peninsular Ranges Batholith
SNPart of the Coast Ranges S of Los Angeles. Indexed with Coast Ranges and county or regions as applicable.
Peninsular Ranges Batholith  search
BTNorth America
 .Peninsular Ranges Batholith
RTMexico
 Baja California
 California
 Baja California Norte Mexico
 Coast Ranges
 Peninsular Ranges
SNS California and N Baja California, Mexico. Indexed with counties and/or states or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Peninsular Shield  search
USEIndian Shield
Pennine Alps  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Central Alps
 ...Pennine Alps
RTPiemonte Italy
 Valais Switzerland
 Argentiere Glacier
 Piedmont Alps
 Monte Rosa
SNSW division of Central Alps extending from Great Saint Bernard Pass to Simplon Pass. Also search Pennine. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Pennine Chain  search
USEPennines
Pennine Hills  search
USEPennines
Pennine Range  search
USEPennines
Pennines  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....England
 .....Pennines
UFPennine Chain
 Pennine Hills
 Pennine Range
RTMidlands
 Peak District
SNLong hill range extending from the Cheviot Hills in the N of England to the S Midlands.
Pennington County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Pennington County Minnesota
SNNW Minnesota.
Pennington County South Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .South Dakota
 ..Pennington County South Dakota
NTRapid City South Dakota
RTBadlands National Park
 Black Hills
SNSW South Dakota.
Pennington Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Upper Mississippian
 ......Pennington Formation
RTVirginia
 Kentucky
 Alabama
 Georgia
 Tennessee
SNComprises Stony Gap Sandstone, Avis Limestone, Falls Mills Sandstone members. N Alabama, NW Georgia, E Kentucky, E Tennessee, and SW Virginia.
Penninic Zone  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Austria
 ...Penninic Zone
RTEastern Alps
 Hohe Tauern
SNS Austria. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
penninite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..penninite
Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
NTAdams County Pennsylvania
 Allegheny County Pennsylvania
 Armstrong County Pennsylvania
 Beaver County Pennsylvania
 Bedford County Pennsylvania
 Berks County Pennsylvania
 Blair County Pennsylvania
 Bradford County Pennsylvania
 Bucks County Pennsylvania
 Butler County Pennsylvania
 Cambria County Pennsylvania
 Cameron County Pennsylvania
 Carbon County Pennsylvania
 Centre County Pennsylvania
 Chester County Pennsylvania
 Clarion County Pennsylvania
 Clearfield County Pennsylvania
 Clinton County Pennsylvania
 Columbia County Pennsylvania
 Conemaugh River
 Crawford County Pennsylvania
 Cumberland County Pennsylvania
 Dauphin County Pennsylvania
 Delaware County Pennsylvania
 Elk County Pennsylvania
 Erie County Pennsylvania
 Fayette County Pennsylvania
 Forest County Pennsylvania
 Franklin County Pennsylvania
 Fulton County Pennsylvania
 Greene County Pennsylvania
 Huntingdon County Pennsylvania
 Indiana County Pennsylvania
 Jefferson County Pennsylvania
 Juniata County Pennsylvania
 Lackawanna County Pennsylvania
 Lancaster County Pennsylvania
 Lawrence County Pennsylvania
 Lebanon County Pennsylvania
 Lehigh County Pennsylvania
 Luzerne County Pennsylvania
 Lycoming County Pennsylvania
 McKean County Pennsylvania
 Mercer County Pennsylvania
 Mifflin County Pennsylvania
 Monroe County Pennsylvania
 Montgomery County Pennsylvania
 Montour County Pennsylvania
 Nittany Valley
 Northampton County Pennsylvania
 Northumberland County Pennsylvania
 Perry County Pennsylvania
 Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
 Pike County Pennsylvania
 Pittsburgh coal basin
 Potter County Pennsylvania
 Schuylkill County Pennsylvania
 Snyder County Pennsylvania
 Somerset County Pennsylvania
 Sullivan County Pennsylvania
 Susquehanna County Pennsylvania
 Tioga County Pennsylvania
 Union County Pennsylvania
 Venango County Pennsylvania
 Warren County Pennsylvania
 Washington County Pennsylvania
 Wayne County Pennsylvania
 Westmoreland County Pennsylvania
 Wyoming County Pennsylvania
 York County Pennsylvania
RTAppalachian Basin
 Appalachian Plateau
 Allegheny Front
 Allegheny Mountains
 Allegheny Group
 Allegheny Plateau
 Ames Limestone
 Antietam Formation
 Baltimore Gneiss
 Bass Islands Dolomite
 Bedford Shale
 Beekmantown Group
 Berea Sandstone
 Big Injun Sandstone
 Black
Pennsylvania State University  search
RTacademic institutions
 Pennsylvania
SNUniversity Park, Centre County.
Pennsylvanian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
NTBashkirian
 Moscovian
 Gzhelian
 Kasimovian
 Bevier Coal
 Conemaugh Group
 Cumberland Group
 Excello Shale
 Francis Creek Shale
 Freeport Formation
 Herrin Coal Member
 Kittanning Formation
 La Salle Limestone
 Lower Pennsylvanian
 Madera Formation
 Mansfield Formation
 Marble Falls Group
 Mary Lee Coal
 Mattoon Formation
 Middle Pennsylvanian
 Minturn Formation
 Monongahela Group
 Morien Group
 Morrow Formation
 Pittsburgh Coal
 Pottsville Group
 Red Fork Sandstone
 Saginaw Formation
 Sharon Conglomerate
 Smithwick Shale
 Springfield Coal Member
 Strawn Series
 Upper Pennsylvanian
 Wapanucka Limestone
 Watahomigi Formation
 Westerly Granite
RTAlleghany Orogeny
 Amsden Formation
 Bartlesville Sand
 Bird Spring Formation
 Cache Creek Group
 Casper Formation
 Dunkard Group
 Ely Limestone
 Fountain Formation
 Honaker Trail Formation
 Magdalena Group
 Johns Valley Formation
 Maroon Formation
 Minnelusa Formatio
Penobscot Bay  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Penobscot Bay
SNLarge inlet of Atlantic Ocean in S Maine.
Penobscot County Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Penobscot County Maine
SNS and central Maine.
Penobscot Formati  search
Penobscot Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...lower Paleozoic
 ....Penobscot Formation
RTCambrian
 Ordovician
 Maine
SNS central Maine. Cambrian? Later was considered Ordovician. Above Battio Quartzite; below Rockland Formation or Bucksport Formation. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Penokean Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Penokean Orogeny
RTMesoproterozoic
 orogeny
 Minnesota
 Michigan
 Hudsonian Orogeny
SNA time of deformation and granite emplacement during the Precambrian. Before 1978, also search Penokean AND orogeny. Indexed with age as applicable.
Penrhyn Slate  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Penrhyn Slate
RTUnited Kingdom
 Wales
Pensacola Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Escambia County Florida
 ...Pensacola Florida
SNCity on Pensacola Bay in extreme NW Florida.
Pensacola Mountains  search
BTAntarctica
 .Pensacola Mountains
RTDufek Intrusion
SNIn the Horlick Mountains area SE of Ross Ice Shelf on the Pacific Ocean side.
pentachlorophenol  search
BTorganic compounds
 .chlorophenols
 ..pentachlorophenol
RTfungicides
 herbicides
 pesticides
 pollutants
 toxic materials
 phenols
SNFungicide, bactericide, algicide, herbicide, and wood preservative. Before 1998, also search PCP not waves.
Pentameracea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Brachiopoda
 ..Articulata
 ...Pentamerida
 ....Pentameracea
SNSuperfamily.
Pentamerida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Brachiopoda
 ..Articulata
 ...Pentamerida
NTPentameracea
pentane  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkanes
 ....pentane
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
pentlandite  search
BTsulfides
 .pentlandite
UFnicopyrite
RTnickel ores
 nickel
Pentoxylales  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Pentoxylales
Penzhina Bay  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Penzhina Bay
BTAsia
 .Penzhina Bay
UFPenzhinskaya Bay
RTMagadan Russian Federation
 Kamchatka Russian Federation
SNNE extension of the Shelikhov Gulf of the Okhotsk Sea in NE Siberia. Also search Penzhina. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Penzhinskaya Bay  search
USEPenzhina Bay
People's Republic of the Congo  search
USECongo
Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen  search
USEYemen
Peoria County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Peoria County Illinois
Peoria Loess  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Peoria Loess
UFPeorian Loess
RTIowa
 Illinois
 Nebraska
 Kansas
SNUnderlies Bignell Formation.
Peorian Loess  search
USEPeoria Loess
peperite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .peperite
RTlava
 magmas
 sedimentary rocks
 textures
 tuff
 intrusions
 volcanic breccia
SNBreccialike material in sedimentary rock, which may be considered intrusions of magma into wet sediment.
Pepin County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Pepin County Wisconsin
peptides  search
BTorganic compounds
 .peptides
RTamino acids
 proteins
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pequop Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .Nevada
 ..Elko County Nevada
 ...Pequop Mountains
SNIn Elko County in NE Nevada.
per-aluminous composition  search
USEperaluminous composition
Perak Malaysia  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Malaysia
 ...West Malaysia
 ....Perak Malaysia
NTKinta Valley
SNState on W coast of Malay Peninsula in West Malaysia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
peralkalic composition  search
UFperalkaline composition
RTigneous rocks
 composition
 metaluminous composition
 peraluminous composition
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
peralkaline composition  search
USEperalkalic composition
peraluminous composition  search
UFper-aluminous composition
RTigneous rocks
 composition
 metaluminous composition
 peralkalic composition
 S-type granites
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Perch Lake  search
RTIron County Michigan
 Michigan
 Ontario
 Renfrew County Ontario
SNLake near Chalk River in Renfrew County, SE Ontario. Also a lake in Michigan Upper Peninsula, N Michigan. Indexed with Ontario; or Michigan and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
perched aquifers  search
BTaquifers
 .perched aquifers
RTground water
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
perchlorobenzene  search
USEhexachlorobenzene
perchloroethylene  search
USEtetrachloroethylene
perchloromethane  search
USEcarbon tetrachloride
Perciformes  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Osteichthyes
 ....Actinopterygii
 .....Teleostei
 ......Perciformes
SNOrder.
percolation  search
RTground water
 hydrology
 imbibition
 infiltration
 leaching
 seepage
 water
Peredovoy Range  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Northern Caucasus
 ...Peredovoy Range
RTKabardin-Balkar Russian Federation
SNIn former Kabardin-Balkar ASSR in Northern Caucasus. Before 1978, also search Peredovoy. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Peremyshl Poland  search
USEPrzemysl Poland
Peri-Caspian Depression  search
USECaspian Basin
Peribaltic Syneclise  search
BTEurope
 .Peribaltic Syneclise
UFBaltic Syneclise
RTBaltic region
SNA depressed structure of the continental platform in the Baltic Sea area produced by slow crustal downwarp.
periclase  search
BToxides
 .periclase
Peridinium  search
BTpalynomorphs
 .Dinoflagellata
 ..Peridinium
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
peridot  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...olivine group
 ....peridot
UFperidote
 peridote (olivine)
RTgems
 tourmaline
peridote  search
USEperidot
peridote (olivine)  search
USEperidot
peridotites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..ultramafics
 ...peridotites
NTdunite
 garnet lherzolite
 garnet peridotite
 harzburgite
 lherzolite
 spinel lherzolite
 spinel peridotite
RTalpine-type features
 pyrolite
 eulysite
 metaperidotite
 wehrlite
periglacial environment  search
RTdepositional environment
 frost action
 glacial environment
 glacial geology
 glaciers
 glaciolacustrine environment
 interstadial environment
 late-glacial environment
 sedimentation
 subglacial environment
SNBefore 1978, search periglacial.
periglacial features  search
NTice wedges
 palsas
 pingos
UFfeatures, periglacial
 periglacial phenomena
RTglacial geology
 glaciers
 glacial features
 glacial lakes
 congelifraction
 cryoturbation
 lakes
 cryopedology
 moraines
 extinct lakes
 firn
 fossil ice wedges
 frozen ground
 gelifluction
 ice
 glacial lobes
 ice fields
 ice lenses
 hummocks
 ice-marginal features
 outwas
periglacial phenomena  search
USEperiglacial features
Perigord  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Dordogne France
 ....Perigord
SNRegion, central Dordogne, France. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
periodicity  search
RTcyclic processes
 cyclostratigraphy
 earthquakes
 extrapolation
 floods
 frequency
 geologic hazards
 Milankovitch theory
 orbital forcing
 orogeny
 recurrence interval
 sedimentation
 seismology
 volcanology
SNBefore 1998, also search frequency in combination with phenomena of interest.
peripheral faults  search
BTfaults
 .peripheral faults
UFborder faults
RTarcuate faults
 boundary faults
SNBefore 1978, also search faults AND peripheral.
Perisphinctida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
 .....Perisphinctida
UFPerisphinctidae
Perisphinctidae  search
USEPerisphinctida
Perissodactyla  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Perissodactyla
NTCeratomorpha
 Hippomorpha
RTUngulata
SNOrder.
peristerite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...plagioclase
 ....peristerite
RTgems
 albite
 moonstone
SNGem variety of albite.
Perkins County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Perkins County Nebraska
Perkins County South Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .South Dakota
 ..Perkins County South Dakota
Perlaria  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
 .....Neoptera
 ......Exopterygota
 .......Perlaria
UFPlecoptera
SNOrder.
perlite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..glasses
 ...perlite
UFpearlite
RTlava
 construction materials
 volcanic glass
SNMay be used as an igneous rock with pyroclastics. May also be used as a commodity term with construction materials.
Perm Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Perm Russian Federation
BTEurope
 .Perm Russian Federation
NTKizel coal basin
 Molotov Russian Federation
 Solikamsk Russian Federation
RTUral region
SNOblast and city W the Urals in W Russian Federation. Oblast was also called Molotov in the 1940s. Before 1993, Perm Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
permafrost  search
RTactive layer
 creep
 cryopedology
 engineering geology
 engineering properties
 freezing
 frost action
 frost heaving
 frozen ground
 glacial geology
 ground ice
 hummocks
 ice
 ice cores
 ice lenses
 ice wedges
 periglacial features
 geomorphology
 pingos
 relict materials
SNUsed for geotechnical studies of permafrost as well as geomorphological and glacial studies.
permeability  search
RTaquitards
 circulation
 confining beds
 connectivity
 Darcy's law
 deep aquifers
 diffusion
 disposal barriers
 engineering geology
 formation damage
 Green-Ampt model
 ground water
 hydraulic conductivity
 imbibition
 permeameters
 porosity
 preferential flow
 rock mecha
permeability coefficient  search
USEhydraulic conductivity
permeameters  search
NTminipermeameters
RTengineering geology
 flowmeters
 hydrogeology
 instruments
 permeability
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
Permian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
NTCisuralian
 Guadalupian
 Lopingian
 Akiyoshi Limestone
 Americus Limestone Member
 Appalachian Phase
 Blaine Formation
 Buckley Formation
 Bulli Seam
 Castile Formation
 Chase Group
 Coconino Sandstone
 Cottonwood Limestone
 Council Grove Group
 Culebra Dolomite Member
 Cutler Formation
 Damuda Series
 Ecca Group
 Eskridge Shale
 Esplanade Sandstone Member
 Fort Riley Limestone
 Glorieta Sandstone
 Hennessey Formation
 Hughes Creek Shale
 Hutchinson Salt Member
 Illawarra Coal Measures
 Irati Formation
 Kaibab Formation
 Kamthi Formation
 Khuff Formation
 Kungurian
 Lower Permian
 Lyons Sandstone
 Maokou Formation
 McCloud Limestone
 Meade Peak Member
 Middle Permian
 Newcastle Coal Measures
 Park City Formation
 Passa Dois Group
 Phosphoria Formation
 Ranger Canyon Formation
 Red Eagle Limestone
 Retort Phosphatic Shale Member
 Rio Bonito Formation
 Rotliegendes
 Rustler Formation
 Saalian Phase
 Saxonian
 Stearns Shale
 Stone Corral Formation
 Thuringian
 Toroweap Formation
 Upper Permian
 Val Gardena Sandstone
 Vryheid Formation
 Wellington Formation
 Werra Series
 Wreford Limestone
 Yates Formation
 Yeso Formation
RTDwyka Formation
 Alleghany Orogeny
 Brianconnais Zone
 Beacon Supergroup
 Baralaba Coal Measures
 Baskunchak Series
 Beaufort Group
 Botucatu Formation
 Cache Creek Group
 Calaveras Formation
 Casper Formation
 Chugwater Formation
 Dunkard Group
 Estrada Nova Formatio
SNAbove Carboniferous, below Triassic (Mesozoic).
Permian Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Permian Basin
RTNew Mexico
 Texas
 Central Basin Platform
 Brushy Canyon Formation
 Delaware Basin
 Marfa Basin
 Midland Basin
SNStructural basin in W Texas and SE New Mexico. Includes Midland, Delaware, and Marfa basins. Indexed with states or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Permian-Triassic boundary  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Lower Triassic
 .....Permian-Triassic boundary
BTstratigraphic boundary
 .Permian-Triassic boundary
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Upper Permian
 .....Permian-Triassic boundary
UFP-T boundary (age)
 P/T boundary (age)
RTKarroo Supergroup
 Beacon Supergroup
 Baskunchak Series
 Beaufort Group
 Botucatu Formation
 Estrada Nova Formation
 Cache Creek Group
 Chugwater Formation
 Korenevskaya Formation
 Eagle Mills Formation
 Gondwana System
 Goose Egg Formation
 Ivishak Formation
 Louann
SNBefore 1998, also search Permian-Triassic; (Permian AND Triassic AND (stratigraphic boundary or boundary)). This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.
Pernambuco Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Pernambuco Brazil
RTSao Francisco Basin
 Araripe Basin
 Barreiras Formation
 Recife-Joao Pessoa
SNState in NE Brazil.
Pernik coal basin  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Bulgaria
 ...Pernik coal basin
UFDimitrovo coal basin
RTcoal fields
SN15 miles SW of Sofia. Also search Pernik.
perofskite  search
USEperovskite
perovskite  search
BToxides
 .perovskite
UFperofskite
RTtitanium oxides
 perovskite structure
perovskite structure  search
RTcrystal structure
 magnesian silicates
 perovskite
peroxide  search
USEhydrogen peroxide
Perquimans County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Perquimans County North Carolina
perrierite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..sorosilicates
 ...perrierite
Perris California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Riverside County California
 ...Perris California
SNCity in S California.
Perry County Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Perry County Alabama
SNW central Alabama.
Perry County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Perry County Arkansas
SNCentral Arkansas.
Perry County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Perry County Illinois
SNSW Illinois.
Perry County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Perry County Indiana
SNS Indiana.
Perry County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Perry County Kentucky
SNSE Kentucky.
Perry County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Perry County Mississippi
RTRichton Dome
SNSE Mississippi.
Perry County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Perry County Missouri
SNE Missouri.
Perry County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Perry County Ohio
SNCentral Ohio.
Perry County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Perry County Pennsylvania
SNS central Pennsylvania.
Perry County Tennessee  search
BTUnited States
 .Tennessee
 ..Perry County Tennessee
SNW central Tennessee.
Perry Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Upper Devonian
 .....Perry Formation
RTPennsylvania
SNConsists of thick sequence of coarse clastic sediments containing interbedded basalt flows. Central Pennsylvania.
Perry Mountain Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Silurian
 ....Perry Mountain Formation
RTNew Hampshire
 Maine
SNW Maine and SE New Hampshire. Underlies Parmachenee Formation; overlies Johns Pond Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Persani Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Persani Mountains
SNSE Transylvania.
Pershing County Nevada  search
BTUnited States
 .Nevada
 ..Pershing County Nevada
NTHumboldt Range
 Lovelock Nevada
RTBlack Rock Desert
SNNW central Nevada.
Persia  search
USEIran
Persian Gulf  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Arabian Sea
 ..Persian Gulf
NTKhor al Bazam
UFArabian Gulf
RTKhuff Formation
 Shuaiba Formation
SNBetween Arabian Peninsula on the W and S, and Iran on E.
Person County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Person County North Carolina
personal computers  search
SNAs of 1993, use microcomputers if applicable. Also see minicomputers.
Perth  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. In various locations. As of 1993, see Perth Australia, Perth Ontario, and Perth Scotland.
Perth abyssal plain  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Perth abyssal plain
RTDSDP Site 259
 Leg 27
SNOff SW Australia.
Perth Australia  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Perth Australia
RTWestern Australia
 Tasmania Australia
 Perth Basin
SNCity in Western Australia. Also a town in NE central Tasmania. Search with Australian state. Indexed with Western Australia or Tasmania Australia as applicable.
Perth Basin  search
RTPerth Australia
SNAlong the Indian Ocean in Western Australia from the Perth area on the S to the Carnarvon Basin in the N. Indexed with states and/or ocean areas or regions as applicable.
Perth County Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Perth County Ontario
Perth Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Lanark County Ontario
 ....Perth Ontario
SNTown in Lanark County Ontario.
Perth Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Perthshire Scotland
 ......Perth Scotland
SNTown in Perthshire, Tayside region Scotland.
Perth Stade  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Upper Pleistocene
 ......Weichselian
 .......Perth Stade
SNEurope.
perthite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...alkali feldspar
 ....perthite
RTantiperthite
 cryptoperthite
 microperthite
Perthshire Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Perthshire Scotland
NTAberfeldy
 Perth Scotland
RTBallachulish Complex
 Central region Scotland
SNFormer county in central Scotland. As of 1975, became part of the Tayside and Central administrative regions.
perturbations  search
USEvariations
Peru  search
BTSouth America
 .Peru
NTAmazonas Peru
 Arequipa Peru
 Ayacucho Peru
 Cerro de Pasco Peru
 Junin Peru
 Lima Peru
 Puno Peru
RTAltiplano
 Andes
 Amazon Basin
 Amazon River
 Central Cordillera
 Eastern Cordillera
 Cordillera de la Costa
 El Nino
 Pucara Group
 Sandia Formation
Peru Trench  search
USEPeru-Chile Trench
Peru-Chile Trench  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .East Pacific
 ..Peru-Chile Trench
UFChile Trench
 Peru Trench
RTNortheast Pacific
 Southeast Pacific
 Chile earthquake 1960
 Leg 141
 ODP Site 859
 ODP Site 860
 ODP Site 861
 ODP Site 863
 ODP Site 682
SNJust off Peruvian and Chilean coasts.
Perugia Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Umbria Italy
 ....Perugia Italy
NTGubbio Italy
 Spoleto Italy
SNCity and province in central Umbria, central Italy.
Pervomaisk Ukraine  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Pervomaisk Ukraine
SNCity in Nikolayev Oblast in S Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.
pes-de-Haute Provence France  search
NTCastellane France
 Digne France
Pesaro Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Marches Italy
 ....Pesaro Italy
SNCity on Adriatic Sea in N Marches, E central Italy.
Pescadores  search
USEPenghu Islands
Peschany Island  search
USEPeschanyy
Peschanyy  search
UFPeschany Island
RTAzerbaijan
 Apsheron Peninsula
 Caspian Sea
SNIsland in Caspian Sea off S shore of Apsheron Peninsula. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Azerbaijan or regions as applicable.
Peshawar Pakistan  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Pakistan
 ...North-West Frontier Pakistan
 ....Peshawar Pakistan
SNCity, district and division near the Khyber Pass.
pesticides  search
NTaldicarb
 DDT
 fungicides
 herbicides
 insecticides
RTagrochemicals
 chlorobenzene
 chloroform
 chlorophenols
 environmental geology
 GLEAMS
 methylmercury
 pentachlorophenol
 pollutants
 waste disposal
petalite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..nepheline group
 ...petalite
RTaluminosilicates
 lithium ores
Peterborough County Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Peterborough County Ontario
Petersburg Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Middle Pennsylvanian
 ......Petersburg Formation
RTIndiana
SNSW Indiana. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Petersburg Granite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Petersburg Granite
RTVirginia
SNLate Paleozoic. Underlies Triassic sediments. E Virginia.
Petersburg Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Petersburg Virginia
RTDinwiddie County Virginia
SNCity S of Richmond. In but independent of Dinwiddie County, SE Virginia. Indexed with Dinwiddie County Virginia for adjacent areas if applicable.
Petrified Forest Member  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Upper Triassic
 .....Petrified Forest Member
RTNew Mexico
 Utah
 Nevada
 Arizona
 Chinle Formation
SNUpper Triassic. In Chinle Formation. N Arizona, SE Nevada, west-central New Mexico, S Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Petrified Forest National Park  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Petrified Forest National Park
RTApache County Arizona
 national parks
 Navajo County Arizona
SNIn Painted Desert area in E Arizona.
petrified moss  search
USEtufa
petrified wood  search
USEfossil wood
petrofabrics  search
RTdeformation
 fabric
 interference patterns
 orientation
 planar deformation features
 preferred orientation
 structural analysis
petrogenesis  search
SNA valid term through 1973. Use igneous rocks and genesis; metamorphic rocks and genesis.
petrogeometry  search
USEstructural analysis
petrogl  search
petroglyphs  search
UFcarvings, rock
 engraving, rock
 rock carvings
RTarchaeology
 artifacts
 art
SNNot to be used for paintings.
petrographic norms  search
UFnorms, petrographic
RTpetrography
 mineral composition
 modal analysis
SNAlso search CIPW norm or CIPW norms if applicable.
petrography  search
RTcrystal zoning
 flow texture
 goniometry
 igneous rocks
 image analysis
 macerals
 metamorphic rocks
 microfacies
 microscope methods
 petrographic norms
 petrology
 reaction rims
 sedimentary rocks
 sediments
 thin sections
 ultrastructure
petroleum  search
NTnatural gas
UFoil and gas
 oil (petroleum)
RThydrocarbons
 cap rocks
 bitumens
 Darcy's law
 aromatization
 energy sources
 fluidization
 benzene
 migration
 kerogen
 blowouts
 drilling
 geopressure
 inventory
 clathrates
 degasification
 diwa-type deposits
 condensates
 heavy oil
 depletion
 crude oil
 giant fields
 nat
SNScope of petroleum in GeoRef indexing is generally restricted to economic studies of oil and gas before recovery. Also search petroleum-gas; petroleum-natural gas. As of 1993, use hydrocarbons, crude oil, oil spills, or petroleum products for pollution st
petroleum accumulation  search
UFaccumulation, petroleum
RTpetroleum
 migration
 stratigraphic wedges
 stratigraphic traps
 structural traps
 traps
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Petroleum County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Petroleum County Montana
petroleum economics  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use economics and petroleum.
petroleum engineering  search
UFengineering, petroleum
RTabandoned oil wells
 fluid injection
 engineering geology
 acidification
 Archie's law
 formation evaluation
 blowouts
 drilling
 borehole breakouts
 drilling muds
 Formation MicroScanner
 formation damage
 drill stem tests
 enhanced recovery
 gas injection
 gas storage
SNUsed for petroleum and natural gas.
petroleum exploration  search
RTbasin analysis
 bottom-simulating reflectors
 Exclusive Economic Zone
 exploration
 hydrocarbon indicators
 migration
 natural gas
 oil and gas fields
 petroleum
 source rocks
 stratigraphic traps
 stratigraphic wedges
 structural traps
 subsalt strata
SNA valid GeoRef index term through 1970. Reintroduced as a valid term in 1993. From 1971-1992, also search petroleum AND exploration. Includes natural gas. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
petroleum geology  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. See petroleum; petroleum engineering.
petroleum maps  search
BTmaps
 .petroleum maps
UFfuel resources maps
RTpetroleum
 natural gas
 economic geology maps
SNUsed for maps indicating location of natural gas and oil. Before 1982, also search maps AND petroleum. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
petroleum products  search
NTgasoline
RThydrocarbons
 leaking underground storage tanks
 light nonaqueous phase liquids
 methanol
 natural gas
 organic compounds
 petroleum
 pollutants
 pollution
 pyrene
 soil vapor extraction
 soil venting
 underground storage tanks
 water treatment
SNUsed for the processed product often for pollution studies. Also search [hydrocarbons or gasoline or petroleum] with [pollution or water quality] as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
petroleum reserves  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See petroleum; reserves.
petroleum resources  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See petroleum; resources.
petroleum seepage  search
USEoil seeps
petrologen  search
USEkerogen
petrology  search
RTaccessory minerals
 banded structures
 bibliography
 catalogs
 crystallography
 education
 fluid inclusions
 homogenization
 igneous rocks
 image analysis
 inclusions
 interlaboratory comparison
 intrusions
 lava
 lexicons
 magmas
 melts
 metamorphic rocks
 metamorphism
 me
SNUsed for the discipline as a whole. Primarily for studies on igneous, metamorphic, or metasomatic rocks.
petromorphology  search
USEstructural analysis
petrophysics  search
SNAs of 1989, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use physical properties in combination with type of rock.
Petrosani Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Petrosani Basin
UFPetroseni Basin
RTcoal fields
SNCoal basin in Hunedoara County in the Transylvanian Alps. Also search Petrosani.
Petroseni Basin  search
USEPetrosani Basin
petrostratigraphy  search
USElithostratigraphy
Petrovsk  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See Makhachkala Russian Federation for the city in Dagestan.
Petsamo  search
USEPechenga
Pettis County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Pettis County Missouri
PGE  search
USEplatinum group
pH  search
UFacidity
RTgeochemistry
 acids
 acid rain
 critical load
 acidic composition
 physical properties
 reactivity
 alkalinity
 buffers
 sea water
Phacopida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Phacopida
NTPhacopina
SNOrder.
Phacopina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Phacopida
 .....Phacopina
NTPhacops
SNSuborder or genus.
Phacops  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Phacopida
 .....Phacopina
 ......Phacops
SNGenus.
Phaeodarina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Radiolaria
 ...Osculosida
 ....Phaeodarina
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Phaeophyta  search
BTPlantae
 .algae
 ..Phaeophyta
UFbrown algae
 seaweed
RTmicrofossils
SNIncluding brown algae and seaweed. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Phanerozoic  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
NTMesozoic
 Cenozoic
 Paleozoic
RTMesozoic
 Cenozoic
 Paleozoic
pharmacolite  search
BTarsenates
 .pharmacolite
pharmacosiderite  search
BTarsenates
 .pharmacosiderite
phase distortion  search
RTdistortion
 elastic waves
 seismology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
phase equilibria  search
RTanvil cells
 carbon dioxide
 crystal chemistry
 crystal growth
 crystal zoning
 crystallography
 entropy
 equations of state
 equilibrium
 free energy
 gases
 grain boundaries
 high pressure
 high temperature
 Hugoniot analysis
 hydrothermal conditions
 igneous rocks
 imm
SNPrimarily used for laboratory studies in petrology and mineralogy. May be used for theoretical or field studies of specific rocks, minerals or localities. For the Earth as a whole, crust, mantle or core, including experimental laboratory studies involving
phase rule  search
UFGibbs phase rule
RTphase equilibria
phase transitions  search
RTanvil cells
 core
 crust
 Earth
 magnesian silicates
 mantle
 phase equilibria
 seismology
 transformations
 transition zones
SNFor phase changes within the Earth and laboratory studies applied to them. For other laboratory studies, see phase equilibria. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
phase velocity  search
RTelastic waves
 seismology
 velocity
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
phase, gaseous  search
USEgaseous phase
phase, solid  search
USEsolid phase
phases  search
SNA valid general term through 1978. After 1978, see specific terms, e.g. liquid phase, solid phase, gaseous phase, etc.
Phelps County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Phelps County Missouri
SNCentral Missouri.
Phelps County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Phelps County Nebraska
SNS Nebraska.
phenacite  search
USEphenakite
phenakite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...phenakite
UFphenacite
phenanthrene  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aromatic hydrocarbons
 ...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
 ....phenanthrene
SNCrystalline tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
phengite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..mica group
 ...phengite
RTmuscovite
phenocrysts  search
RTcrystals
 igneous rocks
 matrix
 minerals
 porphyritic texture
phenols  search
BTorganic compounds
 .phenols
RTchlorophenols
 alcohols
 pentachlorophenol
phenomena, electrical  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as electrical phenomena with meteorology.
phenomena, surface  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used as surface phenomena with astrophysics and solar physics.
phenomena, transient  search
USEtransient phenomena
phenotypes  search
RTecology
 ontogeny
 paleoecology
 taxonomy
 type specimens
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
phenylethane  search
USEethylbenzene
phi grade scale  search
USEphi scale
phi scale  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .phi scale
UFphi grade scale
RTsedimentary rocks
 sediments
Philadelphia County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
NTPhiladelphia Pennsylvania
SNSE Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
 ...Philadelphia Pennsylvania
SNCity on the Delaware River. Coextensive with Philadelphia County, SE Pennsylvania.
Philip Island  search
RTVictoria Australia
SNIn Indian Ocean E of Mornington Peninsula S of Melbourne. Indexed with Victoria Australia if applicable.
Philippine Islands  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Philippine Islands
NTCebu Philippine Islands
 Iloilo Basin
 Iloilo Philippine Islands
 Luzon
 Marinduque Philippine Islands
 Mindanao
 Mindoro
 Palawan
 Panay Island
 Samar
 Surigao del Norte Philippine Islands
UFPhilippines
RTCentral Cordillera
 ASEAN
 West Pacific Ocean Islands
 Kuroshio
 Luzon earthquake 1990
 Zambales Ophiolite
 Mansalay Formation
Philippine Islands earthquake 1990  search
USELuzon earthquake 1990
Philippine Sea  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Northwest Pacific
 ...Philippine Sea
NTDaito Ridge
 Kyushu-Palau Ridge
 Parece Vela Basin
 Ryukyu Trench
 West Philippine Basin
RTIzu-Bonin Arc
 Leg 31
 DSDP Site 292
 DSDP Site 293
 DSDP Site 297
 Nankai Trough
 Leg 6
 DSDP Site 442
 Leg 58
 DSDP Site 446
 Leg 59
 Leg 60
 DSDP Site 453
 DSDP Site 454
 DSDP Site 455
 DSDP Site 456
 DSDP Site 457
 DSDP Site 60
 Leg 126
 Leg 124E
 Leg 132
 ODP Site 787
 OD
SNThat part of the W Pacific Ocean with the Philippines Islands on the W, Taiwan and the Ryukyus on the NW, and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on the E and SE. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Philippine Sea Plate  search
RTPhilippine Sea
 plate tectonics
 plates
SNA tectonic plate roughly covering the same area as the Philippine Sea and virtually surrounded by the SE edge of the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
Philippines  search
USEPhilippine Islands
philippinite  search
BTtektites
 .philippinite
Phillipines earthquake 1990  search
USELuzon earthquake 1990
Phillips County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Phillips County Arkansas
SNE Arkansas.
Phillips County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Phillips County Colorado
SNNE Colorado.
Phillips County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Phillips County Kansas
NTKirwin Kansas
SNN Kansas.
Phillips County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Phillips County Montana
SNN Montana.
phillipsite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..zeolite group
 ...phillipsite
philosophy  search
RTcreationism
SNUse term with discipline.
Phlegraean Fields  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Campania Italy
 ....Phlegraean Fields
UFCampi Flegrei
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcanic region W of Naples in S Italy.
phlogopite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..mica group
 ...phlogopite
UFamber mica
 brown mica
RTfluor-phlogopite
Phobos Satellite  search
RTMars
 satellites
SNOne of satellites of Mars. Before 1989, also search Phobos. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Phocidae  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Carnivora
 .......Pinnipedia
 ........Phocidae
SNFamily.
Phoebe Satellite  search
RTsatellites
 Saturn
SNOne of the satellites of Saturn. Before 1989, also search Phoebe AND Saturn. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Phoenix Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Maricopa County Arizona
 ...Phoenix Arizona
SNCity in S central Arizona.
Pholadomyida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Pholadomyida
Pholidophoriformes  search
USEHalecostomi
Pholidota  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Pholidota
SNOrder.
phonolites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..phonolites
NTtinguaite
SNBefore 1981, search trachyte-phonolite family.
Phoronida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Vermes
 ..Phoronida
phos  search
phosgenite  search
BTcarbonates
 .phosgenite
BThalides
 .chlorides
 ..phosgenite
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
phosphate  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use phosphate deposits for the commodity, phosphates for the mineral group, or phosphate rocks. See also phosphate composition.
phosphate composition  search
RTcomposition
 nodules
SNBefore 1978, also search nodules AND phosphate.
phosphate deposits  search
UFapatite ores
RTapatite
 Lee Creek Mine
SNBefore 1981, also search phosphate AND deposits. Commodity. See List C.
phosphate ion  search
RTions
 geochemistry
 phosphates
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
phosphate rocks  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .chemically precipitated rocks
 ..phosphate rocks
UFphosphorite
RTbone beds
SNRefers to any rock containing phosphate.
phosphates  search
NTamblygonite
 apatite
 autunite
 barbosalite
 beraunite
 britholite
 brushite
 cacoxenite
 carbonate apatite
 chlorapatite
 crandallite
 dahllite
 eosphorite
 florencite
 fluorapatite
 francolite
 goyazite
 graftonite
 herderite
 hinsdalite
 hureaulite
 hydroxylapatite
 lazulite
 lithiophilite
 minyulite
 monazite
 monetite
 montebrasite
 newberyite
 plumbogummite
 pyromorphite
 rhabdophane
 rockbridgeite
 sarcopside
 scholzite
 strengite
 struvite
 torbernite
 triphylite
 triplite
 turquoise
 variscite
 vivianite
 wavellite
 whitlockite
 xenotime
RTminerals
 phosphate ion
phosphatization  search
RTdiagenesis
phosphides  search
BTalloys
 .phosphides
NTschreibersite
phosphorescence  search
USEluminescence
Phosphoria Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Phosphoria Formation
RTIdaho
 Utah
 Wyoming
 Montana
 Meade Peak Member
 Retort Phosphatic Shale Member
SNIncludes Sybille tongue (new), Forelle tongue, and Ervay tongue (new).
phosphorite  search
USEphosphate rocks
phosphorous  search
USEphosphorus
phosphorus  search
NTP-32
UFphosphorous
RTsoils
 fertilizers
 chemical elements
 siderophile elements
 high-field-strength elements
 KREEP
photochemistry  search
NTphotolysis
 photosynthesis
RTatmosphere
 fluorescence
 luminescence
 oxidation
 geochemistry
 polymerization
SNBefore 1998, also search photolysis and/or photosynthesis if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
photogeologic maps  search
BTmaps
 .photogeologic maps
RTmosaics
 remote sensing
SNBefore 1978, also search maps AND photogeologic.
photogeologic methods  search
USEphotogeology
photogeology  search
UFphotogeologic methods
RTengineering geology
 aerial photography
 cartography
 maps
 mosaics
 photogrammetry
 photography
 remote sensing
 space photography
 airborne methods
 methods
 satellite methods
 mineral exploration
 video methods
 paleoclimate maps
 exploration
SNSearch with geophysical surveys for surveys. Also index remote sensing, geophysical surveys as applicable.
photogrammetry  search
RTaerial photography
 cartography
 definition
 engineering geology
 Magellan Program
 mosaics
 photogeology
 photography
 remote sensing
 space photography
 stereographic projection
SNBefore 1975, also search photogrammetric studies.
photographs  search
USEphotography
photography  search
UFphotographs
 photomicroscopy
RTaerial photography
 mosaics
 photogeology
 photogrammetry
 remote sensing
 space photography
 video methods
photolysis  search
BTphotochemistry
 .photolysis
RTdegradation
photometric  search
SNA valid term through 1977. After 1977, see photometry.
photometry  search
RTchemical analysis
 flame photometry
 spectroscopy
photomicroscopy  search
USEphotography
photomosaics  search
USEmosaics
photosynthesis  search
BTphotochemistry
 .photosynthesis
RTgeochemistry
 processes
 paleobotany
 respiration
phreatic zone  search
USEsaturated zone
phreatomagmatic eruptions  search
USEphreatomagmatism
phreatomagmatism  search
UFphreatomagmatic eruptions
RTlava
 volcanism
 magmas
 volcanology
 thermal waters
 magmatism
 maars
 explosive eruptions
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
PHREEQE  search
BTcomputer programs
 .PHREEQE
RTgeochemistry
 data processing
 mathematical models
 numerical models
SNGeochemical simulation program applicable to hydrogeology and engineering geology. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Phuket Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Phuket Group
RTCambrian
 Permian
 Asia
 middle Paleozoic
 Thailand
 Burma
SNMay be the equivalent of the Megui Series, at least in part, of Burma. W side of peninsular Thailand, including island of Phuket, and lower Burma. The Phuket Series was considered Cambrian. After 1974, this group has been considered middle Paleozoic or Pe
phyletic gradualism  search
USEgradualism
phyllites  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .phyllites
Phylloceratida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
 .....Phylloceratida
phyllonites  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .phyllonites
RTphyllonitization
phyllonitization  search
BTmetamorphism
 .phyllonitization
RTprocesses
 recrystallization
 mylonitization
 phyllonites
phyllosilicates  search
USEsheet silicates
phylogeny  search
RTadaptive radiation
 biologic evolution
 cladistics
 gradualism
 molecular biology
 ontogeny
 paleontology
 parsimony
 punctuated equilibria
 speciation
physical  search
SNA valid term through 1977. After 1977, use physical properties or physical weathering.
physical geography  search
USEgeography
physical geology  search
RTgeology
 historical geology
physical methods  search
RTcentrifuge methods
 methods
 soils
physical models  search
RTflume studies
 laboratory studies
 models
 sandbox models
physical processes  search
SNAs of 1993, use geophysical methods, geophysics, physical models, or physical properties as applicable.
physical properties  search
RTacoustical properties
 b-values
 bearing capacity
 compactness
 compressibility
 connectivity
 constitutive equations
 friction
 hardness
 mechanical properties
 microhardness
 pH
 physicochemical properties
 porosity
 properties
 secondary porosity
 soils
 specific gravi
SNSee also appropriate entries under material name.
physical weathering  search
BTweathering
 .physical weathering
RTmechanical weathering
SNBefore 1978, search weathering AND physical.
physico-chemical properties  search
USEphysicochemical properties
physicochemical properties  search
UFphysico-chemical properties
 physiochemical properties
RTgeochemistry
 physical properties
 properties
 surfactants
 chemical properties
 specific surface
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
physiochemical properties  search
USEphysicochemical properties
physiographic geology  search
SNNo longer a valid GeoRef index term. Used in subfiles E and N. See geomorphology; sedimentation; hydrology.
physiographic maps  search
BTmaps
 .physiographic maps
RTgeomorphology
 geomorphologic maps
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
physiographic provinces  search
UFprovinces, physiographic
RTgeomorphology
 topography
physiography  search
SNA valid term through 1975. After 1975, see geomorphology.
physiology  search
RTanatomy
 morphology
 muscles
SNRestricted to paleontology. For environmental analysis, use bioaccumulation, or bioavailability. Indexed with with appropriate fossil term (list F).
phytane  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkanes
 ....phytane
RTisoprenoids
SN2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylhexadecane. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
phytogeography  search
USEbiogeography
phytoliths  search
RTfossilization
 paleobotany
 Plantae
SNTerm reintroduced in 1985. Not a valid term from 1969-1984. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
phytoplankton  search
BTplankton
 .phytoplankton
RTalgae
 diatoms
Piacenza Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Emilia-Romagna Italy
 ....Piacenza Italy
SNCity and province in NW Emilia-Romagna, N Italy.
Piacenzian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....Piacenzian
Piatra-Neamt Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Moldavia
 ..Piatra-Neamt Romania
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Piatra-Neamt Romania
SNCity in Neamt County in NE Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Piatt County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Piatt County Illinois
Piaui Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Piaui Brazil
RTParnaiba Basin
Piave Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Veneto Italy
 ....Piave Valley
SNRiver valley in N and NE Veneto. Also search Piave River.
Picacho Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Pinal County Arizona
 ...Picacho Arizona
SNTown in S central Arizona.
Picardy  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Picardy
SNHistorical region in extreme N France. Abuts on English Channel between Calais in N and Treport on S, and extends E along Somme River and upper Oise River to Belgian border.
Picatinny Arsenal  search
BTUnited States
 .New Jersey
 ..Morris County New Jersey
 ...Picatinny Arsenal
SNN New Jersey. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Picea  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Coniferales
 ....Picea
NTPicea glauca
SNGenus.
Picea glauca  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Coniferales
 ....Picea
 .....Picea glauca
SNSpecies.
Piceance Basin  search
USEPiceance Creek basin
Piceance Creek basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Piceance Creek basin
UFPiceance Basin
SNIn NW Colorado.
Picher Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Ottawa County Oklahoma
 ...Picher Oklahoma
SNCity in Ottawa County, NE Oklahoma.
Pickaway County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Pickaway County Ohio
Pickens County Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Pickens County Alabama
SNW Alabama.
Pickens County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Pickens County Georgia
SNN Georgia.
Pickens County South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Pickens County South Carolina
RTLake Jocassee
SNNW South Carolina.
pickeringite  search
BTsulfates
 .pickeringite
Pickett County Tennessee  search
BTUnited States
 .Tennessee
 ..Pickett County Tennessee
Pico de Orizaba  search
BTMexico
 .Pico de Orizaba
UFCitlaltapetl
 Orizaba, Pico de
RTvolcanoes
 Puebla Mexico
 Veracruz Mexico
SNVolcano in Pico de Orizaba National Park which is chiefly in Veracruz state, but borders Puebla state, SE Mexico. Indexed with Veracruz Mexico or Puebla Mexico as applicable.
Pico de Teide  search
USETeide
Pico Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....Pico Formation
RTCalifornia
SNConsists of three members: lower Pico marine, middle Pliocene; upper Pico marine, upper Pliocene; and continental upper Pliocene Sunshine Ranch member.
picotite  search
USEchrome spinel
picrite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .picrite
RTbasalts
 ultramafics
picrite porphyry  search
BTigneous rocks
 .picrite porphyry
RTbasalts
 ultramafics
 porphyry
Pictou County Nova Scotia  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...Nova Scotia
 ....Pictou County Nova Scotia
SNN Nova Scotia on Northumberland Strait.
Pictou Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Pictou Group
RTPennsylvanian
 Lower Permian
 New Brunswick
 Nova Scotia
 Prince Edward Island
SNIndexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
picture elements  search
USEpixels
Picture Gorge Basalt  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....Picture Gorge Basalt
RTOregon
 middle Miocene
 Columbia Plateau
 Columbia River Basalt Group
 Grande Ronde Basalt
SNMiocene. NE Oregon. In Columbia River Basalt Group. May be considered part of Grande Ronde Basalt. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Pictured Cliffs Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Pictured Cliffs Sandstone
RTNew Mexico
 Colorado
SNNW New Mexico and SW Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Picuris Range  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..Picuris Range
SNMountains in N New Mexico.
Piedmont  search
BTNorth America
 .Appalachians
 ..Piedmont
UFPiedmont Province
RTSouth Carolina
 Virginia
 Pennsylvania
 New York
 Alabama
 North Carolina
 Maryland
 Georgia
 Charlotte Belt
 Fall Line
 New Jersey
 Blue Ridge Province
 Kings Mountain Belt
 Kiokee Belt
 Raleigh Belt
SNAn upland belt in the U. S. lying E of the Blue Ridge and Appalachian mountains and W of the coastal plain. For region in Italy, use Piemonte Italy.
Piedmont Alps  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Piedmont Alps
NTDora Maira Massif
RTPiemonte Italy
 Maritime Alps
 Pennine Alps
 Cottian Alps
 Graian Alps
 Lepontine Alps
SNThose alpine ranges such as the Maritime Alps, Cottian Alps, Graian Alps, Pennine Alps, and Lepontine Alps, which lie within or on the borders of Piemonte.
Piedmont Italy  search
USEPiemonte Italy
Piedmont Province  search
USEPiedmont
piedmontite  search
USEpiemontite
piedmonts  search
RTgeomorphology
SNGeneric term. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Piemonte Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
NTAcceglio Italy
 Acqui Italy
 Alessandria Italy
 Argentera Italy
 Argentera Massif
 Asti Italy
 Dora Maira Massif
 Ivrea Italy
 Lanzo Massif
 Novara Italy
 Sesia Zone
 Turin Italy
 Vercelli Italy
 Villafranca d'Asti Italy
UFPiedmont Italy
RTMaritime Alps
 Sesia-Lanzo Zone
 Pennine Alps
 Canavese Zone
 Piedmont Alps
 Po River
 Po Valley
 Graian Alps
 Lepontine Alps
 Ivrea-Verbano Zone
 Lago Maggiore
 Ticino River
 Langhe
 Monte Rosa
 Sesia Valley
 Simplon region
 Strona Valley
SNRegion in NW Italy.
piemontite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..sorosilicates
 ...epidote group
 ....piemontite
UFpiedmontite
RTmanganese minerals
Pieniny Klippen Belt  search
BTEurope
 .Pieniny Klippen Belt
UFKlippen Belt
RTPoland
 Ukraine
 Slovakia
 Carpathians
 Pieniny Mountains
SNCentral and E Europe. Also search Pieniny. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Pieniny Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Pieniny Mountains
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Beskid Mountains
 ...Pieniny Mountains
RTPieniny Klippen Belt
SNRange of the Beskids in S Poland. Also search Pieniny. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Pierce County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Pierce County Georgia
SNSE Georgia.
Pierce County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Pierce County Nebraska
SNNE Nebraska.
Pierce County North Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .North Dakota
 ..Pierce County North Dakota
SNN central North Dakota.
Pierce County Washington  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Pierce County Washington
NTMount Rainier
 Nisqually Glacier
RTMount Rainier National Park
SNW central Washington.
Pierce County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Pierce County Wisconsin
SNW Wisconsin.
piercement  search
USEdiapirs
piercing fold  search
USEdiapirs
Pierre Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Pierre Shale
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Colorado
 Nebraska
 North Dakota
 Minnesota
 South Dakota
 Montana Group
 Gammon Ferruginous Member
 Sharon Springs Member
SNIn Montana Group. E Colorado, W Minnesota, E Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and E Wyoming.
Pierre South Dakota  search
BTghes County South Dakota
 .Pierre South Dakota
SNCity on the Missouri River in central South Dakota.
piers  search
BTmarine installations
 .piers
piezoelectric properties  search
UFpiezoelectricity
RTproperties
 crystal chemistry
 crystals
 electrical properties
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
piezoelectricity  search
USEpiezoelectric properties
piezometers  search
USEpressuremeters
piezometric surface  search
USEpotentiometric surface
piezometry  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See potentiometric surface. Use ground water and surveys, or pressuremeters and instruments for method studies as applicable.
piezoremanent magnetization  search
BTmagnetization
 .remanent magnetization
 ..piezoremanent magnetization
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pigafetta Basin  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Northwest Pacific
 ...Pigafetta Basin
RTEquatorial Pacific
 Leg 129
 Leg 144
 ODP Site 800
 ODP Site 801
SNN of Caroline Islands, NW Equatorial Pacific. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
pigeonite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
 ...clinopyroxene
 ....pigeonite
piggy-back basins  search
USEpiggyback basins
piggyback basins  search
BTbasins
 .piggyback basins
UFpiggy-back basins
RTpaleogeography
 sedimentary basins
 imbricate tectonics
 thrust sheets
SNSedimentary basins which form and are carried on thrust sheets. Also index sedimentary basins for paleogeography.
pigments  search
BTorganic compounds
 .pigments
NTcarotenoids
 chlorophyll
 porphyrins
Pigmy Basin  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Gulf of Mexico
 ...Pigmy Basin
RTLeg 96
 DSDP Site 619
SNOff the coast of Louisiana in Gulf of Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pike County Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Pike County Alabama
SNSE Alabama.
Pike County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Pike County Arkansas
SNSW Arkansas.
Pike County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Pike County Georgia
SNW central Georgia.
Pike County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Pike County Illinois
SNW Illinois.
Pike County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Pike County Indiana
SNSW Indiana.
Pike County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Pike County Kentucky
SNE Kentucky.
Pike County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Pike County Mississippi
SNSW Mississippi.
Pike County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Pike County Missouri
SNE Missouri.
Pike County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Pike County Ohio
SNS Ohio.
Pike County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Pike County Pennsylvania
SNNE Pennsylvania.
Pikes Peak  search
RTColorado Springs Colorado
 El Paso County Colorado
 Front Range
 Pikes Peak Batholith
 U. S. Rocky Mountains
SNMountain W of Colorado Springs in El Paso County in central Colorado. Before 1978, also included use for Pikes Peak Batholith. Indexed with county and Front Range and U. S. Rocky Mountains as applicable.
Pikes Peak Batholith  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Pikes Peak Batholith
RTPikes Peak
SNBefore 1978, also search Pikes Peak for the batholith.
Pilbara Block  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Western Australia
 ...Pilbara Block
UFPilbara Craton
RTWarrawoona Group
SNStructural unit, N Western Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pilbara Craton  search
USEPilbara Block
Pilbara gold field  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Western Australia
 ...Pilbara gold field
UFPilbara Goldfield
RTmines
 gold ores
SNNW Western Australia. Also search Pilbara.
Pilbara Goldfield  search
USEPilbara gold field
piles  search
RTfoundations
Pilgrim Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Upper Cambrian
 .....Pilgrim Formation
RTMontana
SNThreefold subdivision. Underlies Maywood or Red Lion Formation.
Pilica Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Cracow Poland
 ....Pilica Poland
SNVillage in N Cracow, S Poland.
Pilica River basin  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Pilica River basin
SNE central Poland. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
pillars  search
RTmethods
 mining geology
SNIncludes use as a general term.
pillow lava  search
BTlava
 .pillow lava
RTbasalts
 pillow structure
 spilite
pillow structure  search
RTball-and-pillow
 lava
 pillow lava
SNIncluded use under sedimentary structures, soft sediment deformation until 1976; now use ball-and-pillow.
pilot plants  search
RTeconomics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pilot Range  search
BTUnited States
 .Pilot Range
RTUtah
 Nevada
 Basin and Range Province
 Box Elder County Utah
 Elko County Nevada
SNNE Nevada and NW Utah. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pilot Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Pilot Shale
RTUpper Devonian
 Utah
 Nevada
 Lower Mississippian
SNE Nevada and Utah. Underlies Joana Limestone; overlies Guilmette Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pilsen Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Czech Republic
 ...Bohemia
 ....Pilsen Basin
UFPlzen Basin
SNValley in W Czech Republic in which city of Pilsen is located. Also search Pilsen.
Piltdown England  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....England
 .....Sussex England
 ......Piltdown England
RTPiltdown man
SNLocality in East Sussex in SE England.
Piltdown man  search
RTfossil man
 paleontology
 Piltdown England
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
Pima County Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Pima County Arizona
NTTucson Arizona
 Tucson Mountains
RTRincon Mountains
 Coronado National Forest
 Santa Catalina Mountains
 Santa Cruz River
 Santa Rita Mountains
 Sierrita Mountains
SNS Arizona.
Pinaceae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Coniferales
 ....Pinaceae
NTAbies
 Larix
 Pinus
RTTaxodiaceae
SNFamily.
Pinal County Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Pinal County Arizona
NTPicacho Arizona
 San Manuel Arizona
RTSanta Cruz River
 Superstition Mountains
SNS central Arizona.
Pinal Creek basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Gila County Arizona
 ...Pinal Creek basin
RTGlobe Arizona
SNNear Globe, SE Arizona. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Pinar del Rio Cuba  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
 ...Greater Antilles
 ....Cuba
 .....Pinar del Rio Cuba
NTSierra de los Organos
SNProvince and city of W Cuba.
Pinatubo  search
USEMount Pinatubo
Pinawa Manitoba  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Manitoba
 ...Pinawa Manitoba
RTUnderground Research Laboratory
SNNW of Whiteshell Provincial Park, SE Manitoba. The Underground Research Laboratory is nearby.
pinch-outs  search
USEstratigraphic wedges
Pinchi Lake  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..British Columbia
 ...Pinchi Lake
SNCentral British Columbia.
pinchouts  search
USEstratigraphic wedges
Pindus Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Pindus Mountains
RTSterea Ellas
 Hellenides
 Epirus Greece
 Thessaly Greece
SNW central and NW Greece. Also search Pindus. Indexed with administrative regions as applicable.
Pine Barrens  search
RTAtlantic County New Jersey
 Burlington County New Jersey
 Camden County New Jersey
 Cumberland County New Jersey
 Long Island
 New Jersey
 Ocean County New Jersey
 Suffolk County New York
SNRegion of coastal plain of S and SE New Jersey. Also used in Suffolk County New York on Long Island. Search in combination with New York or New Jersey as applicable. Also index counties or regions as applicable.
Pine County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Pine County Minnesota
Pine Creek Geosyncline  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Northern Territory Australia
 ...Pine Creek Geosyncline
RTAlligator Rivers Field
SNN and central Northern Territory, Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pine Mountain Window  search
BTUnited States
 .Pine Mountain Window
RTVirginia
 Kentucky
 Appalachian Plateau
 Tennessee
 Cumberland Plateau
SNW Virginia, SE Kentucky and NE Tennessee. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pine Point District  search
USEPine Point mining district
Pine Point mining district  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
 ...Pine Point mining district
UFPine Point District
RTmines
 lead-zinc deposits
 mississippi valley-type deposits
SNS central Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories. Mississippi valley-type lead-zinc deposits. Before 1993, also search Pine Point. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Pine Shadow Member  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Upper Pennsylvanian
 ......Pine Shadow Member
RTNew Mexico
 Virgilian
 Wild Cow Formation
SNIn Wild Cow Formation. New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Pine Valley Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Washington County Utah
 ...Pine Valley Mountains
SNWashington County in SW Utah.
Pinecrest Beds  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pinecrest Beds
RTPliocene
 Florida
 upper Miocene
 Tamiami Formation
SNUpper Miocene and Pliocene, S Florida. May be considered part of Tamiami Formation. Not to be confused with the Lower Triassic Pinecrest Formation of Utah. Indexed with upper Miocene or Pliocene as applicable.
Pinedale Anticline  search
BTUnited States
 .Wyoming
 ..Sublette County Wyoming
 ...Pinedale Anticline
RTGreen River basin
SNIn Green River basin, W Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pinedale Glaciation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quaternary
 ....upper Quaternary
 .....Pinedale Glaciation
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Colorado
 Bull Lake Glaciation
SNBefore 1981, also search Pinedale. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pinellas County Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Pinellas County Florida
RTTampa Bay
SNW Florida.
Piney Point Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....upper Eocene
 ......Piney Point Formation
RTVirginia
 Maryland
 Delaware
 New Jersey
SNAbove Nanjemoy Formation and below Calvert Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
pingos  search
BTperiglacial features
 .pingos
RTglacial geology
 permafrost
 taliks
 frost action
Pinnacle Formation  search
RTLower Cambrian
 Neoproterozoic
 Precambrian
 Quebec
 Vermont
SNIn Camels Hump Group. S Quebec and NW Vermont. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
pinnacle reefs  search
BTreefs
 .pinnacle reefs
UFcoral pinnacle
 reef pinnacle
RTplatform reefs
Pinnacles National Monument  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..San Benito County California
 ...Pinnacles National Monument
RTnational monuments
SNW California.
Pinney Hollow Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Lower Cambrian
 .....Pinney Hollow Formation
RTVermont
SNIn Camels Hump Group. Lower Cambrian and/or Proterozoic. Includes Hancock Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pinnipedia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Carnivora
 .......Pinnipedia
NTPhocidae
SNSuborder.
Pinon Range  search
RTNevada
SNAlso search Pinon. Indexed with county or region as applicable.
pinquite  search
USEnontronite
Pinus  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Coniferales
 ....Pinaceae
 .....Pinus
SNGenus.
Pinyon Conglomerate  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Paleocene
 .....Pinyon Conglomerate
RTWyoming
SNUnconformably overlies Harebell Formation and unconformably underlies Colter Formation. Yellowstone National Park in NW Wyoming.
Pinzgau  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Austria
 ...Salzburg State Austria
 ....Pinzgau
RTSalzach River
SNValley of the upper Salzach River in state of Salzburg. W central Austria. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pioche Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Pioche Shale
RTUtah
 California
 Nevada
 Arizona
SNLower and Middle Cambrian. NW Arizona, E California, Nevada and W Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pioneer 10  search
BTPioneer Program
 .Pioneer 10
RTJupiter
 remote sensing
Pioneer 11  search
BTPioneer Program
 .Pioneer 11
RTJupiter
 remote sensing
 Saturn
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pioneer Mountains  search
RTBeaverhead County Montana
 Blaine County Idaho
 Custer County Idaho
 Idaho
 U. S. Rocky Mountains
SNCuster and Blaine counties in S central Idaho. Also in Beaverhead County, SW Montana. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.
Pioneer Program  search
NTPioneer 10
 Pioneer 11
RTAphrodite Terra
 extraterrestrial geology
 Ishtar Terra
 Jupiter
 planetology
 remote sensing
 Saturn
 Venus
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
pipelines  search
RTculverts
 foundations
 horizontal drilling
 marine installations
 natural gas
 petroleum
 rock mechanics
 soil mechanics
 transportation
 trenching
 underground installations
pipes  search
BTintrusions
 .pipes
NTbreccia pipes
RTigneous rocks
 volcanoes
 diatremes
 plugs
 chimneys
 volcanic necks
Pipestone County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Pipestone County Minnesota
piping  search
UFtunnel erosion
RTerosion
 soil erosion
 water erosion
SNUsed for the erosion process. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pirabas Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Pirabas Formation
RTMiocene
 Brazil
 upper Oligocene
SNIndexed with age as applicable.
piracy  search
USEstream capture
Pisa Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Tuscany Italy
 ....Pisa Italy
SNCity and province in NW Tuscany, W Italy.
Piscataquis County Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Piscataquis County Maine
NTMount Katahdin
SNCentral Maine.
Pisces  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
NTAcanthodii
 Chondrichthyes
 Osteichthyes
 Placodermi
RTAgnatha
 fish scales
 eggs
 ichthyoliths
 gastroliths
 Heterostraci
 otoliths
SNBefore 1981, Agnatha and Heterostraci were included as narrower terms.
Pisgah Crater  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..San Bernardino County California
 ...Pisgah Crater
SNCentral San Bernardino County, S California.
Pishpek Kyrgyzstan  search
USEBishkek Kyrgyzstan
Pismo Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..San Luis Obispo County California
 ...Pismo Basin
SNSW California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
pisolites  search
RTlimestone
 pisoliths
 pisolitic texture
 sedimentary rocks
pisoliths  search
RTpellets
 pisolites
 pisolitic texture
 sedimentary rocks
 sediments
pisolitic texture  search
BTtextures
 .pisolitic texture
RTsedimentary rocks
 sediments
 pisolites
 pisoliths
SNBefore 1978, also search pisolitic AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rocks.
pistacite  search
USEepidote
pit sections  search
RTcross sections
 mineral exploration
 soils
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
pitchblende  search
BToxides
 .pitchblende
UFnasturan
RTuranium ores
 uraninite
pitching folds  search
USEplunging folds
pitchstone  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..glasses
 ...pitchstone
RTvolcanic glass
Pitesti Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Walachia
 ....Pitesti Romania
SNCity in Arges County in S central Romania.
Pithecanthropus  search
BTminidae
 .Pithecanthropus
SNGenus.
Pitkin County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Pitkin County Colorado
SNW central Colorado.
Pitkin Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Upper Mississippian
 ......Pitkin Limestone
RTOklahoma
 Arkansas
SNIn Arkansas, underlies Cane Hill Member of Hale Formation. N Arkansas, and E Oklahoma.
Piton de la Fournaise  search
BTIndian Ocean Islands
 .Mascarene Islands
 ..Reunion
 ...Piton de la Fournaise
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcanic peak on Reunion Island.
Piton des Neiges  search
BTIndian Ocean Islands
 .Mascarene Islands
 ..Reunion
 ...Piton des Neiges
SNHighest peak on Reunion Island.
pits  search
RTchemical weathering
 corrosion
 etching
 fission tracks
 furrows
 mining
 open-pit mining
 quarries
 solution
 solution features
 waste disposal
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
Pitt County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pitt County North Carolina
Pittsburg County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Pittsburg County Oklahoma
SNSE Oklahoma.
Pittsburgh Coal  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Pittsburgh Coal
RTOhio
 Pennsylvania
 West Virginia
 Monongahela Group
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pittsburgh coal basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Pittsburgh coal basin
RTcoal fields
SNBituminous coal and steel producing region in the Pittsburgh area.
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Allegheny County Pennsylvania
 ...Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
SNCity in SW Pennsylvania.
Pittsylvania County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Pittsylvania County Virginia
RTDanville Virginia
SNS Virginia. Also search Danville Virginia if applicable.
Piute County Utah  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Piute County Utah
NTMarysvale Utah
RTTushar Mountains
SNSW central Utah.
PIXE method  search
USEparticle-induced X-ray emission
PIXE spectra  search
BTspectra
 .X-ray spectra
 ..PIXE spectra
BTspectra
 .emission spectra
 ..PIXE spectra
RTparticle-induced X-ray emission
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
pixels  search
UFpicture elements
RTaerial photography
 remote sensing
 data processing
 imagery
 digital simulation
SNSmallest part of an electronically coded picture element. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
PKiKP-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PKiKP-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
PKP-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PKP-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
PKS-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PKS-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
 S-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Placentalia  search
USEEutheria
Placer County California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Placer County California
RTLake Tahoe
SNCentral and E California.
placers  search
NTbeach placers
 stream placers
UFore of sedimentation
RTdiamonds
 heavy minerals
 mineral deposits, genesis
 gold ores
 alluvium
 paleoplacers
 metal ores
 sediments
 mineral exploration
 tin ores
 monazite deposits
 discoveries
 sampling
 mining
 heavy mineral deposits
 stream sediments
 platinum ores
 nuggets
 panning
 weather
SNUsed for a surficial mineral deposit formed by mechanical concentration of mineral particles from weathered debris. Commodity. See List C. Also index type of placer [e.g. diamonds, gold ores, heavy mineral deposits, platinum ores, tin ores].
Placodermi  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Placodermi
NTArthrodira
RTAcanthodii
SNClass. Before 1981, Acanthodii was included as a narrower term.
Placodontia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Placodontia
SNOrder.
plagioclase  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...plagioclase
NTalbite
 analbite
 andesine
 anorthite
 bytownite
 labradorite
 myrmekite
 oligoclase
 peristerite
RTmaskelynite
plagioclasite  search
USEanorthosite
plagiogranite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..diorites
 ...plagiogranite
RTquartz diorites
 trondhjemite
plagionite  search
BTsulfosalts
 .sulfantimonites
 ..plagionite
plains  search
NTchenier plains
UFlowlands
RTabyssal plains
 geomorphology
 fluvial features
 alluvial plains
 floodplains
 topography
 erosion features
 shore features
 playas
 coastal plains
 peneplains
 prairies
 savannas
 steppes
 plateaus
 landforms
 tundra
 outwash plains
 pediplains
SNBefore 1993, also search lowlands.
Plaisancian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....lower Pliocene
 ......Plaisancian
UFPlaisanzian
SNEurope. Above Pontian (Miocene), below Astian.
Plaisanzian  search
USEPlaisancian
Plan de la Tour France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Var France
 ....Plan de la Tour France
SNVillage in SE France.
Plana  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1995, used for the town in W Bohemia in Czechoslovakia; now use Plana Czech Republic. Also used in reference to Plana Mountains and Plana Pluton in Bulgaria. Search in combination with country as applicable.
planar bedding structures  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .planar bedding structures
NTbedding
 cross-bedding
 cross-laminations
 cross-stratification
 cut and fill
 cyclothems
 flaser bedding
 hummocky cross-stratification
 imbrication
 laminations
 massive bedding
 rhythmic bedding
 rhythmite
 ripple drift-cross laminations
 sand bodies
 varves
UFbedding structures, planar
RTbars
 graded bedding
 stratification
 channels
 buried channels
 laminite
planar deformation features  search
UFshock lamellae
RTmeteorites
 structural analysis
 deformation
 impact features
 crystal structure
 cleavage
 schistosity
 bedding
 cryptoexplosion features
 shock metamorphism
 fabric
 petrofabrics
 ultrastructure
SNAlso search planar elements. Before 1978, also search deformation and planar.
planar elements  search
SNUse planar deformation features for the shock feature. See also cleavage, bedding, schistosity.
planation  search
BTerosion
 .planation
RTabrasion
 geomorphology
 erosion surfaces
planation surfaces  search
USEerosion surfaces
plancheite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..plancheite
plane waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .plane waves
RTwaves
 P-waves
SNWavefronts have a planar character which implies a very remote source. Indexed with P-waves if applicable.
planes, fault  search
USEfault planes
planetary interiors  search
RTinterior
 lunar interior
 planetology
 planets
SNBefore 1981, search planet name AND interior. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
planetary orbits  search
USEorbits
planetary rings  search
UFrings, planetary
RTplanetology
 extraterrestrial geology
 Uranus
 Saturn
SNBefore 1985, also search rings AND name of planet or planetology. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
planetesimals  search
UFprotoplanets
RTaccretion
 planetology
 planets
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
planetoids  search
SNAs of 1993, use planetesimals or asteroids if applicable.
planetology  search
RTaccretion
 Apollo Program
 Apollo-Soyuz Program
 asteroids
 atmosphere
 Clementine Program
 comae
 condensation
 cosmic dust
 cosmochemistry
 cosmochronology
 Earth
 Earth-Moon couple
 exobiology
 Explorer Program
 extraterrestrial geology
 Gaia hypothesis
 Galileo Progra
SNUsed for studies of more than one planet, the relationship between planets, or the solar system as a whole. See also names of planets.
planets  search
RTasteroids
 condensation
 Earth
 extraterrestrial geology
 interplanetary comparison
 Jupiter
 Mars
 Mercury Planet
 meteoroids
 Moon
 Neptune
 outer planets
 planetary interiors
 planetesimals
 planetology
 Pluto
 Saturn
 solar system
 Sun
 surface features
 terrestrial comp
plankton  search
NTnannoplankton
 phytoplankton
 zooplankton
UFmicroplankton
RTpalynomorphs
 Dinoflagellata
 algae
 Protista
 Foraminifera
 Ostracoda
 diatoms
 planktonic taxa
 Radiolaria
planktonic  search
SNA valid term through 1977. After 1977, use planktonic taxa.
planktonic taxa  search
UFtaxa, planktonic
RTplankton
 Foraminifera
SNBefore 1978, also search planktonic.
planning  search
RTassociations
 highways
 land use
 mitigation
 programs
 public awareness
 railroads
 regional planning
 urban planning
Planolites  search
BTichnofossils
 .Planolites
SNGenus.
Planorbis  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Pulmonata
 ....Basommatophora
 .....Planorbis
Planosols  search
BTsoils
 .Planosols
RTsoil group
 Intrazonal soils
Plantae  search
NTalgae
 Bryophyta
 Pteridophyta
 Pteropsida
 Spermatophyta
RTaffinities
 carnivorous taxa
 cuticles
 eukaryotes
 floral studies
 flowers
 fossil wood
 leaves
 lichens
 paleobotany
 palynomorphs
 phytoliths
 prokaryotes
 roots
 seeds
 thallophytes
 vegetation
SNBefore 1998, thallophytes was a narrower term. In indexing, may be used in a general sense when specific plants are unknown.
Plaquemines Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Plaquemines Parish Louisiana
RTBarataria Bay
 East Bay
 South Pass
SNExtreme SE Louisiana, bordering the Gulf of Mexico.
plasma  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Was not to be used for soil plasma. Used with interplanetary space and plasma emission spectroscopy.
plasma emission spectroscopy  search
RTemission spectroscopy
 inductively coupled plasma methods
 spectroscopy
SNBefore 1985, also search emission spectroscopy AND plasma. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
plasma instabilities  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.
plasma motion  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.
plasmapause  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.
plasmasphere  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere.
plaster of paris  search
USEgypsum
plaster stone  search
USEgypsum
plastic deformation  search
BTdeformation
 .plastic deformation
NTdislocation creep
RTengineering geology
 rock mechanics
 soil mechanics
 plasticity
 rheology
 viscoplastic materials
 plastic flow
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
plastic flow  search
UFplastic strain
RTdeformation
 plasticity
 plastic deformation
 flow lines
SNAlso search plastic.
plastic materials  search
RTelastic materials
 elastoplastic materials
 elastoviscoplastic materials
 engineering geology
 materials
 plasticity
 rock mechanics
 soil mechanics
 viscoplastic materials
SNBefore 1978, also search plastic AND materials.
plastic strain  search
USEplastic flow
plasticity  search
RTAtterberg limits
 compressibility
 constitutive equations
 deformation
 elasticity
 elastoplastic materials
 elastoviscoplastic materials
 mechanical properties
 plastic deformation
 plastic flow
 plastic materials
 rock mechanics
 viscoplastic materials
 viscosity
Platanus  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Platanus
SNGenus.
plate boundaries  search
UFplate margins
RTaccommodation zones
 plate tectonics
 rifting
 accreting plate boundary
 passive margins
 plate divergence
 active margins
 plate convergence
 plates
SNBefore 1981, also search margins; plate boundary. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
plate collision  search
RTplate tectonics
 plates
SNBefore 1981, also search (collision OR collisions) AND plate tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
plate convergence  search
RTactive margins
 plate boundaries
 plate tectonics
SNBefore 1981, search convergence. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
plate divergence  search
UFdivergence, plate
RTrift zones
 plate boundaries
 plate tectonics
 rifting
 accreting plate boundary
 passive margins
 sea-floor spreading
SNBefore 1993, also search divergence. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
plate geometry  search
RTgeometry
 plate tectonics
 plates
 triple junctions
SNBefore 1981, also search geometry AND plate tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
plate margins  search
USEplate boundaries
plate motion  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use movement in conjunction with plate tectonics.
plate movement  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use movement in conjunction with plate tectonics.
plate rotation  search
RTplate tectonics
 plates
 rotation
SNBefore 1982, search rotation AND plate tectonics. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
plate tectonics  search
RTaccommodation zones
 accreting plate boundary
 accretionary wedges
 active margins
 Adriatic Plate
 African Plate
 Anatolian Plate
 Antarctic Plate
 apparent polar wandering
 Arabian Plate
 aseismic margins
 asthenosphere
 Australian Plate
 Australian-Antarctic discor
SNUsed for global tectonics based on an Earth model characterized by a small number of large, broad, thick plates. Before 1976, articles discussing plate tectonics were included under tectonophysics. Used for extremely large-scale events, usually affecting
plate-bearing tests  search
RTsoil mechanics
 testing
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
plateau basalts  search
USEflood basalts
plateaus  search
RThighlands
 landforms
 mesas
 plains
 geomorphology
 topography
 uplands
plates  search
RTactive margins
 Adriatic Plate
 African Plate
 Anatolian Plate
 Antarctic Plate
 Arabian Plate
 Australian Plate
 Australian-Antarctic discordance
 Benioff zone
 Caribbean Plate
 Cocos Plate
 crust
 Easter Microplate
 Eurasian Plate
 Explorer Plate
 Farallon Plate
 Gorda
platform reefs  search
BTreefs
 .platform reefs
RTfringing reefs
 carbonate platforms
 patch reefs
 pinnacle reefs
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
platforms  search
RTcarbonate platforms
 engineering geology
 gravity platforms
 marine platforms
 tectonic platforms
platinum  search
BTmetals
 .platinum group
 ..platinum
UFPt
RTheavy metals
 siderophile elements
 platinum ores
 niggliite
 platinum minerals
SNChemical element. Use platinum ores for platinum as a commodity.
platinum group  search
BTmetals
 .platinum group
NTiridium
 osmium
 palladium
 platinum
 rhodium
 ruthenium
UFPGE
 platinum group elements
 platinum metals
RTplatinum minerals
SNSix elements from group VIII of the periodic table. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
platinum group elements  search
USEplatinum group
platinum metals  search
USEplatinum group
platinum minerals  search
RTminerals
 niggliite
 ore minerals
 platinum
 platinum group
 platinum ores
 sperrylite
SNMay be used indexed with commodities (list C).
platinum ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .platinum ores
RTplacers
 platinum
 iridium ores
 platinum minerals
 nuggets
 osmium ores
 palladium ores
 rhodium ores
 ruthenium ores
SNCommodity. See List C.
Platte County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Platte County Missouri
SNW Missouri.
Platte County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Platte County Nebraska
SNE central Nebraska.
Platte County Wyoming  search
BTUnited States
 .Wyoming
 ..Platte County Wyoming
SNSE Wyoming.
Platte River  search
RTIowa
 Missouri
 Nebraska
 Platte River basin
 South Platte River
SNFormed by confluence of the North Platte River and South Platte River in SW central Nebraska. Flows E into the Missouri River below Omaha. Indexed with counties or regions applicable.
Platte River basin  search
RTGreat Plains
 Nebraska
 Platte River
 Colorado
 United States
 Wyoming
SNIndexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Platteville Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Middle Ordovician
 .....Platteville Formation
RTIowa
 Illinois
 Wisconsin
 Minnesota
 Glenwood Shale
SNIncludes Mifflin Limestone Member, Quimbys Mill Member, Pecatonica Member, McGregor Member, and Carimona Member, Hidden Falls Member, Magnolia Member, Glenwood Shale. E Iowa, NW Illinois, S Minnesota, and SW Wisconsin.
Plattsburg Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Upper Pennsylvanian
 ......Missourian
 .......Plattsburg Limestone
RTIowa
 Missouri
 Nebraska
 Kansas
 Lansing Group
SNIn Lansing Group. Includes Merriam Limestone, Hickory Creek Shale and Spring Hill Limestone members. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and SE Nebraska.
Plattsmouth Limestone Member  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Upper Pennsylvanian
 ......Virgilian
 .......Plattsmouth Limestone Member
RTIowa
 Missouri
 Nebraska
 Kansas
 Oread Limestone
SNOf Oread Limestone. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and SE Nebraska.
Platycarya  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Platycarya
SNGenus.
Platycopida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Crustacea
 ....Ostracoda
 .....Podocopida
 ......Platycopida
NTCytherellidae
UFPlatycopina
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Platycopina  search
USEPlatycopida
Platyrrhina  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Primates
 .......simians
 ........Platyrrhina
SNInfraorder? Commonly referred to as the New World monkeys.
playas  search
RTbasins
 coastal environment
 deserts
 ephemeral lakes
 lacustrine features
 plains
 geomorphology
 sebkha environment
Pleasant Bayou  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Brazoria County Texas
 ...Pleasant Bayou
RTGulf Coastal Plain
SNSE Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pleasant Island  search
USENauru Island
Pleasanton Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Upper Pennsylvanian
 ......Missourian
 .......Pleasanton Group
RTIowa
 Missouri
 Oklahoma
 Kansas
SNComprises Warrensburg Channel Sandstone, Sni Mills Limestone, Dawson Coal Horizon, Wayside Sandstone, Exline Limestone, Knobtown Sandstone, Hepler Sandstone, Checkerboard Limestone, and Ovid Coal. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and NE Oklahoma.
Pleasants County West Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .West Virginia
 ..Pleasants County West Virginia
Plecoptera  search
USEPerlaria
Plectoptera  search
USEEphemeroptera
Pleistocene  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quaternary
 ....Pleistocene
NTUpper Pleistocene
 Middle Pleistocene
 Lower Pleistocene
 Bandelier Tuff
 Beaumont Clay
 Bishop Tuff
 Bootlegger Cove Clay
 Central Polish Glaciation
 Champlain Sea
 Crooked Creek Formation
 Glasford Formation
 Gubik Formation
 Gunz
 Irvingtonian
 Karewa Group
 Key Largo Limestone
 Kingsdown Formation
 Laetoli Beds
 Lake Agassiz
 Lake Algonquin
 Lake Chicago
 Lake Lahontan
 Lake Maumee
 Lake Missoula
 Loveland Loess
 McPherson Formation
 Miami Limestone
 Mindel
 Mindel/Riss Interglacial
 Nihewan Formation
 Pearlette Volcanic Ash
 Peoria Loess
 Presumpscot Formation
 Riss
 Riss/Wurm Interglacial
 Roxana Silt
 Ryukyu Group
 Semata Formation
 Shimosa Group
 Wedron Formation
 Wicomico Formation
RTAurignacian
 Levalloisian
 Blackwater Draw Formation
 Blancan
 Caloosahatchee Formation
 Chesapeake Group
 Croatan Formation
 Koobi Fora Formation
 Glenns Ferry Formation
 Kobiwako Group
 Loup Fork Gro
SNGlacial epoch. World. Above Pliocene (Tertiary), below Holocene.
plenargyrite  search
USEmatildite
pleniglacial, last  search
USElast glacial maximum
pleochroism  search
UFpolychroism
RTcrystallography
 optical properties
Plesiosauria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Sauropterygia
 ......Plesiosauria
SNSuborder.
plessite  search
BTalloys
 .plessite
RTmeteorites
 kamacite
 taenite
Plettenberg Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
 ....Plettenberg Germany
SNCity NE of Cologne in W central Germany.
Pleven Bulgaria  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Bulgaria
 ...Pleven Bulgaria
NTTeteven Bulgaria
SNProvince and city in N Bulgaria.
Pliensbachian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Lower Jurassic
 .....Pliensbachian
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Lower Jurassic
 .....middle Liassic
 ......Pliensbachian
SNEurope.
plinian-type eruptions  search
RTeruptions
 explosive eruptions
 volcanism
 volcanology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Pliocene  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
NTZanclean
 Piacenzian
 Gelasian
 Ash Hollow Formation
 Bakhtiari Formation
 Bidahochi Formation
 Cimmerian
 Citronelle Formation
 Dacian
 Gauss Chron
 Goliad Sand
 Hadar Formation
 lower Pliocene
 middle Pliocene
 Narita Formation
 Pico Formation
 Ringold Formation
 San Diego Formation
 Sirius Group
 upper Pliocene
 Uvalde Gravel
 Valentine Formation
 Yorktown Formation
RTAguacate Group
 Blancan
 Browns Park Formation
 Caloosahatchee Formation
 Chesapeake Group
 Cohansey Formation
 Columbia River Basalt Group
 Croatan Formation
 Cuddalore Series
 Deschutes Formation
 Etchegoin Formation
 Glenns Ferry Formation
 Hazeva Formation
 Imperi
SNWorld. Above Miocene, below Pleistocene (Quaternary).
pliomagmatic zone  search
USEeugeosynclines
Pliomys  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Rodentia
 .......Myomorpha
 ........Cricetidae
 .........Pliomys
SNGenus.
Plock Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Plock Poland
NTLeczyca Poland
UFPlokz Poland
SNProvince and city in central Poland.
Ploesti Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Walachia
 ....Prahova Romania
 .....Ploesti Romania
UFPloiesti Romania
SNCity N of Bucharest.
Ploiesti Romania  search
USEPloesti Romania
Plokz Poland  search
USEPlock Poland
Plotina Deposit  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Karelia Russian Federation
 ...Plotina Deposit
RTmica deposits
 pegmatite
 muscovite
SNLoukhi Lake region. Also search Plotin Deposit. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Plovdiv Bulgaria  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Bulgaria
 ...Plovdiv Bulgaria
NTMadan Bulgaria
 Panagyurishte Bulgaria
SNProvince including the city in S central Bulgaria.
plugs  search
BTintrusions
 .plugs
RTlava
 volcanoes
 breccia pipes
 pipes
 volcanic necks
Plum Island  search
RTEssex County Massachusetts
 Massachusetts
 New York
 Suffolk County New York
SNE Essex County, NE Massachusetts, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Also in Suffolk County, SE New York. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Plumas County California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Plumas County California
RTLassen Volcanic National Park
SNNE California.
plumbogummite  search
BTphosphates
 .plumbogummite
plumes  search
UFhydrothermal plumes
RTvolcanism
 diapirs
 hydrothermal vents
 upwelling
 mantle plumes
 hot spots
SNAfter 1997, restricted to natural plumes. Use mantle plumes if applicable. For pollution, see contaminant plumes.
plunging folds  search
BTfolds
 .plunging folds
UFpitching folds
RTorientation
SNFolds defined on the basis of orientation in relation to the geographic horizontal plane. Before 1978, also search folds AND plunging.
Pluto  search
RTCharon Satellite
 outer planets
 planetology
 planets
 satellites
 solar system
plutonic  search
SNA valid term through 1977.
plutonic rocks  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
NTappinite
 carbonatites
 diabase
 diorites
 gabbros
 granites
 jotunite
 lamprophyres
 quartzolite
 syenites
 ultramafics
RTrocks
 hypabyssal rocks
 magmatism
 metaplutonic rocks
 schlieren
SNBefore 1978, also search plutonic.
plutonism  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use magmatism or intrusions if applicable.
plutonium  search
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..plutonium
NTPu-238
 Pu-239
 Pu-240
 Pu-240/Pu-239
 Pu-244
UFPu
plutons  search
BTintrusions
 .plutons
RTigneous rocks
 metasomatism
 emplacement
 batholiths
Plymouth County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Plymouth County Iowa
SNNW Iowa.
Plymouth County Massachusetts  search
BTUnited States
 .Massachusetts
 ..Plymouth County Massachusetts
RTBuzzards Bay
 Massachusetts Bay
 Boston Harbor
SNSE Massachusetts.
Plzen Basin  search
USEPilsen Basin
Pm  search
USEpromethium
Pn-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...Pn-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 Sn-waves
 P-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
pneumatolysis  search
UFpneumatolytic alteration
RTmagmas
 metasomatism
 mineral deposits, genesis
 magma transport
 contact metamorphism
 gases
SNAlso search pneumatolytic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
pneumatolytic alteration  search
USEpneumatolysis
Po (element)  search
USEpolonium
Po Delta  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Veneto Italy
 ....Po Delta
UFPo River delta
SNOn Adriatic Sea S of Venice.
Po Hai  search
USEBohai Bay
Po Hai Wan  search
USEBohai Bay
Po River  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Po River
RTPiemonte Italy
 Lombardy Italy
 Veneto Italy
 Emilia-Romagna Italy
 Po Valley
SNRises in the Cottian Alps of W Piemonte and flows E into the Adriatic Sea. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.
Po River delta  search
USEPo Delta
Po Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Po Valley
RTPiemonte Italy
 Lombardy Italy
 Veneto Italy
 Emilia-Romagna Italy
 Po River
SNRiver valley. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.
Po-210  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Po-210
BTmetals
 .polonium
 ..Po-210
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Poas  search
BTCentral America
 .Costa Rica
 ..Poas
UFPoas Volcano
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcano. Central Costa Rica. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Poas Volcano  search
USEPoas
Pobla de Segur Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Catalonia Spain
 .....Lerida Spain
 ......Pobla de Segur Spain
SNTown in W Lerida, NE Spain.
Pocahontas County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Pocahontas County Iowa
RTManson impact structure
SNN central Iowa.
Pocahontas County West Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .West Virginia
 ..Pocahontas County West Virginia
SNE West Virginia.
Pocahontas Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Lower Pennsylvanian
 ......Pocahontas Formation
RTVirginia
 West Virginia
 Pottsville Group
SNIn Pottsville Group. SW Virginia and S West Virginia.
Pocatello Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Pocatello Formation
RTIdaho
SNDivided into two series: lower tillite series and upper varved slate series. SE Idaho.
pocket calculators  search
USEhand calculators
pockmarks  search
RTbottom features
 ocean floors
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pocono Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Lower Mississippian
 ......Pocono Formation
RTVirginia
 Pennsylvania
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 Big Injun Sandstone
SNIncludes Benezette Limestone, Patton Shale Member, Peters Mountain Sandstone, Second Mountain Member, Cove Mountain Member, Burgoon Sandstone Member. W Maryland, E Ohio, Pennsylvania, W Virginia, N West Virginia.
Pocos de Caldas Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Minas Gerais Brazil
 ...Pocos de Caldas Brazil
SNResort city in SW Minas Gerais, E central Brazil.
Podhale  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Cracow Poland
 ....Podhale
RTPolish Carpathians
SNHighland basin in the Carpathians.
podiform deposits  search
RTchromite ores
 mineral deposits, genesis
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Podkamennaya Tunguska  search
USEStony Tunguska River
Podocopida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Crustacea
 ....Ostracoda
 .....Podocopida
NTBairdiomorpha
 Cavellinidae
 Cypridocopina
 Cytherocopina
 Darwinula
 Healdiidae
 Platycopida
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Podolia  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Podolia
RTVolyn-Podolia
SNRegion between the Dniester River and the Southern Bug River nearly coextensive with Khmelnitskiy Oblast in W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Podsols  search
USEPodzols
podzolization  search
RTgenesis
 horizons
 Podzols
 soils
 Zonal soils
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Podzols  search
BTsoils
 .Podzols
UFPodsols
RTsoil group
 Zonal soils
 podzolization
 Sod-podzolic soils
POGO  search
UFPolar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
RTgeophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 remote sensing
 magnetic methods
 magnetic anomalies
 satellite methods
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pogonip Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Pogonip Group
RTUtah
 California
 Nevada
 Antelope Valley Limestone
 Fillmore Formation
SNLower and Middle Ordovician. Comprises House Limestone, Fillmore Formation, Wahwah Limestone, Juab Limestone, Kanosh Shale, Lehman Formation, Mazourka Formation, Goodwin Limestone, Ninemile Formation, Antelope Valley Limestone. SE California, E and S Neva
Pogonophora  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Vermes
 ..Pogonophora
Pohang South Korea  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Korea
 ...South Korea
 ....Pohang South Korea
SNCity NNE of Pusan in SE South Korea.
Poiana Rusca (Mountains)  search
USEPoiana-Rusca Mountains
Poiana Rusca Massif  search
USEPoiana-Rusca Mountains
Poiana-Rusca Massif  search
USEPoiana-Rusca Mountains
Poiana-Rusca Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Poiana-Rusca Mountains
UFPoiana Rusca (Mountains)
 Poiana Rusca Massif
 Poiana-Rusca Massif
SNHunedoara County in SW Transylvania. Also search Poiana Rusca.
Poinsett County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Poinsett County Arkansas
Point Arena  search
RTMendocino County California
SNA promontory on the Pacific Ocean in NW California. Indexed with county or region as applicable.
Point Arena California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Mendocino County California
 ...Point Arena California
SNCity in NW California.
Point Barrow  search
RTBarrow Alaska
 Northern Alaska
SNPoint of land, N Alaska. Also used for Eskimo village (Nuwuk) before 1993. Indexed with Northern Alaska as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Point Barrow Alaska  search
USEBarrow Alaska
point bars  search
BTfluvial features
 .point bars
BTbars
 .point bars
RTgeomorphology
 meanders
 fluvial sedimentation
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Point Conception  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Santa Barbara County California
 ...Point Conception
RTODP Site 1016
SNS coast of California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
point defects  search
RTcrystal dislocations
 crystal structure
 crystallography
 crystals
 defects
 deformation
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Point Loma  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..San Diego County California
 ...Point Loma
SNPeninsula sheltering San Diego Bay.
Point Loma Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Point Loma Formation
RTCalifornia
 Rosario Formation
SNIn Rosario Group. S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Point Lookout Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Point Lookout Sandstone
RTNew Mexico
 Colorado
 Mesaverde Group
SNIn Mesaverde Group. SW Colorado and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Point Mugu  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Ventura County California
 ...Point Mugu
SNOn the Pacific Ocean in Ventura County W of Los Angeles. Also site of Point Mugu Naval Missile center.
Point Reyes  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Marin County California
 ...Point Reyes
SNOn the Pacific Ocean N of San Francisco in Marin County. Part of Point Reyes National Seashore.
Point Sal  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Santa Barbara County California
 ...Point Sal
SNOn central California coast. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
point sources  search
UFsources, point
RTpollution
 nonpoint sources
SNUsed only in relation to pollution. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pointe Coupee Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Pointe Coupee Parish Louisiana
Poisson's ratio  search
BTelastic constants
 .Poisson's ratio
RTengineering geology
 elasticity
 mechanical properties
 stress
 strain
 tunnels
Poitiers France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Vienne France
 ....Poitiers France
SNCity in central Vienne, W central France.
Poitou  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Poitou
RTVendee France
 Deux-Sevres France
 Vienne France
SNHistorical region of W central France. Indexed with departments as applicable.
Pokutye  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Pokutye
SNUpland region between E Beskids on the S and the Dniester River on the N in SW. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
NTAndrychow
 Belchatow Mine
 Belchatow Poland
 Bialowieza
 Bialystok Poland
 Bielsko Poland
 Boleslawiec Poland
 Borzeta
 Boza Wola
 Bydgoszcz Poland
 Cracow Poland
 Cracow-Czestochowa Jura
 Czestochowa Poland
 Czestochowa-Zawiercie Basin
 Dobrzyn Poland
 Dukla Poland
 Foresudetic Monocline
 Galezice
 Gdansk Poland
 Kampinos Forest
 Katowice Poland
 Kielce Poland
 Korytnica Basin
 Koszalin Poland
 Kujawy
 Leba Poland
 Lodz Poland
 Lower Lusatia
 Lower Silesia
 Lowicz Poland
 Lubin Legnicki
 Lubin Poland
 Lublin Poland
 Mirsk Poland
 Northeastern Polish Plain
 Northwestern Polish Plain
 Nowy Sacz Poland
 Olsztyn Poland
 Opole Poland
 Pieniny Mountains
 Pilica River basin
 Plock Poland
 Polish Carpathians
 Polish Lowland
 Polish Sudeten Mountains
 Polkowice Poland
 Poznan Poland
 Przemysl Poland
 Pultusk Poland
 Rzeszow Poland
 Siedlce Poland
 Silesian coal basin
 Southeastern Polish Hills
 Sowie Mountains
 Suwalki Poland
 Swiety Krzyz Mountains
 Szczecin Poland
 Tarnobrzeg Poland
 Tarnow Poland
 Tomaszow Lubelski Poland
 Tomaszow Mazowiecki Poland
 Torun Poland
 Upper Silesia
 Vistula River
 Vistula River valley
 Walbrzych Poland
 Warsaw Poland
 Warta River
 Widawka Basin
 Wielun Poland
 Wroclaw Poland
 Zielona Gora Poland
RTBaltic Glaciation
 Bohemian Massif
 Baltica
 Brest Basin
 Bug region
 Bug River
 European Platform
 Beshchady Mountains
 Carpathians
 Izera Mountains
 Karkonosze Mountains
 Carpathian Foredeep
 Carpathian Foreland
 Central Polish Glaciation
 Galitsiya
 Klodzko Unit
 Kriz
polar caps  search
RTAntarctic Polar Cap
 extraterrestrial geology
 Mars
 Moon
 North Pole
 polar regions
 South Pole
SNAs of 1993, term may be used for caps on Earth or on other bodies. From 1989-1992, it was restricted to polar caps of extraterrestrial bodies; North Pole, South Pole, Polar regions or Antarctic Polar Cap was used for the Earth. For Mars before 1993, also
Polar Continental Shelf  search
BTpolar regions
 .Polar Continental Shelf
RTAsia
 Antarctica
 Europe
 North America
 continental shelf
SNThe continental shelf surrounding the Antarctic Continent. Might apply also to continental shelves of Europe, Asia, and North America facing the Arctic Ocean and lying within the Arctic Circle.
polar migration  search
USEpolar wandering
polar motion  search
USEpolar wandering
Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory  search
USEPOGO
polar regions  search
NTPolar Continental Shelf
RTAntarctica
 Arctic region
 equatorial region
 Makarov Basin
 Mars
 North Pole
 planetology
 polar caps
 South Pole
SNUsed for the region surrounding both geographic poles. Before 1993, used with Earth. May now be used with Earth or other planets. After 1992, search in combination with planet or continent or region. Before 1978, also search Polar. Indexed with planet or
Polar Urals  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Polar Urals
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Urals
 ..Polar Urals
NTPai-Khoi
RTKozhim River
 Northern Urals
 Vaygach Island
SNSection of the Urals extending from approximately N65#DG to the Arctic Ocean, including Vaygach Island. This term has multiple hierarchies.
polar wandering  search
UFpolar migration
 polar motion
 pole shifting
 wandering, polar
RTplate tectonics
 paleomagnetism
 apparent polar wandering
 continental drift
 paleolatitude
 pole positions
polarization  search
RTbirefringence
 induced polarization
 optical properties
SNA general term used mostly for optical properties. Not used for magnetization.
polarographic analysis  search
USEpolarography
polarography  search
UFpolarographic analysis
RTdiffusion
 chemical analysis
 analysis
 electrolysis
 quantitative analysis
SNFor methods, see under chemical analysis. For data, see appropriate material.
polders  search
RTcoastal environment
 land loss
 land use
 reclamation
 shorelines
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
pole positions  search
UFpositions, pole
RTpaleomagnetism
 magnetic field
 apparent polar wandering
 polar wandering
 reversals
pole shifting  search
USEpolar wandering
Polesie  search
USEPolesye
Polesye  search
BTEurope
 .Polesye
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Polesye
UFPolesie
RTUkraine
 Belarus
 Pripet Basin
SNLowland area, formerly in Poland, comprising the Pripet Marshes of the Pripet Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.
polianite  search
USEpyrolusite
policies  search
USEpolicy
policy  search
UFpolicies
RTinternational cooperation
 legislation
 national parks
 programs
 regulations
 industrialized countries
 corporate policy
 decision-making
 public policy
 Exclusive Economic Zone
 strategic minerals
 United States Exclusive Economic Zone
 Indian reservations
 NSF
 NURE
SNUsed as a general term.
Polish Carpathians  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Polish Carpathians
BTEurope
 .Carpathians
 ..Polish Carpathians
RTBeskid Mountains
 Nowy Sacz Poland
 Podhale
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Polish Lowland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Polish Lowland
RTNorthwestern Polish Plain
SNEastern extension of the North German Plain in NW and N Poland.
Polish Sudeten Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Polish Sudeten Mountains
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Sudeten Mountains
 ...Polish Sudeten Mountains
RTWalbrzych Poland
 Izera Mountains
 Klodzko Unit
 Sowie Mountains
 Mirsk Poland
 Opole Poland
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
polished sections  search
RTcross sections
 microscope methods
 thin sections
polished surface  search
USEslickensides
poljes  search
BTsolution features
 .poljes
RTgeomorphology
 drainage basins
 valleys
 gorges
 karst
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Polk County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Polk County Arkansas
SNW Arkansas.
Polk County Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Polk County Florida
SNCentral Florida.
Polk County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Polk County Georgia
SNNW Georgia.
Polk County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Polk County Iowa
SNCentral Iowa.
Polk County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Polk County Minnesota
SNNW Minnesota.
Polk County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Polk County Missouri
SNSW central Missouri.
Polk County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Polk County Nebraska
RTBig Blue River
SNE central Nebraska.
Polk County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Polk County North Carolina
SNSW North Carolina.
Polk County Oregon  search
BTUnited States
 .Oregon
 ..Polk County Oregon
SNNW Oregon.
Polk County Tennessee  search
BTUnited States
 .Tennessee
 ..Polk County Tennessee
NTDucktown Tennessee
SNSE Tennessee.
Polk County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Polk County Texas
SNE Texas.
Polk County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Polk County Wisconsin
SNNW Wisconsin.
Polkowice Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Polkowice Poland
RTLower Silesia
SNTown in Lower Silesia in central Legnica, SW Poland.
poll  search
pollen  search
BTpalynomorphs
 .miospores
 ..pollen
RTmicrofossils
 microorganisms
 spores
 exine
 sporopollenin
 palynology
 pollen analysis
 pollen diagrams
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
pollen analysis  search
RTanalysis
 palynology
 palynomorphs
 pollen
 pollen diagrams
pollen diagrams  search
RTpalynology
 palynomorphs
 pollen
 pollen analysis
pollucite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..pollucite
pollutant transport  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. After 1994, search pollutants or specific pollutants with transport. Before 1995, also search (movement or transport) with pollutants, contaminants or specific pollutant. See transport for other types.
pollutants  search
UFcontaminants (pollution)
RTagrochemicals
 alachlor
 aldicarb
 atrazine
 bentazon
 chemical waste
 chlorobenzene
 chlorophenols
 atmospheric transport
 anthracene
 BTEX
 bioaccumulation
 carcinogens
 carbon tetrachloride
 chlorinated hydrocarbons
 chloroform
 chlorofluorocarbons
 coliform bacteria
 c
SNAlso index specific pollutants if applicable.
polluted water  search
RTbioreclamation
 bioremediation
 Clean Water Act
 decontamination
 desalinization
 dilution
 ground water
 hydrochemistry
 impurities
 leaking underground storage tanks
 pollution
 purification
 reclamation
 surface water
 waste water
 water
 water management
 water qualit
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
pollution  search
RTabandoned oil wells
 acid mine drainage
 acid rain
 agrochemicals
 air
 airports
 atmosphere
 background level
 bioaccumulation
 bioreclamation
 bioremediation
 case studies
 chemical waste
 Clean Air Act
 Clean Water Act
 conservation
 contaminant plumes
 creosote
 critic
SNUsed for geological studies on pollution of the environment.
polonium  search
BTmetals
 .polonium
NTPo-210
UFPo (element)
RTchalcophile elements
Polousnyy  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Polousnyy
SNA ridge in N Yakutia W of the Indigirka River. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Poltava Series  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Poltava Series
RTOligocene
 Miocene
 Russian Federation
 Ukraine
SNIn Donets Ridge, and W and NW Ukraine.
Poltava Ukraine  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Poltava Ukraine
NTKremenchug Ukraine
UFPultova Ukraine
 Pultowa Ukraine
SNOblast and city in NE central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.
polybasite  search
BTsulfosalts
 .sulfantimonites
 ..polybasite
Polychaetia  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Vermes
 ..Polychaetia
NTSerpulidae
RTChaetopoda
polychlorinated biphenyls  search
USEPCBs
polychlorobiphenyls  search
USEPCBs
polychroism  search
USEpleochroism
polycrystalline materials  search
RTmaterials
 rock mechanics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aromatic hydrocarbons
 ...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
NTanthracene
 naphthalene
 phenanthrene
 pyrene
SNAbbreviated PAH. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
polydymite  search
BTsulfides
 .polydymite
RTlinnaeite
Polygnathus  search
BTmicrofossils
 .Conodonta
 ..Polygnathus
SNGenus.
polygonal fractures  search
BTfractures
 .polygonal fractures
SNBefore 1978, also search fractures AND polygonal.
polygons  search
RTfrost action
 glacial geology
 patterned ground
 periglacial features
 geomorphology
polyhalite  search
BTsulfates
 .polyhalite
polyhedra  search
NTtetrahedra
RTcrystal structure
polylithionite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..mica group
 ...polylithionite
polymer grids  search
USEgeogrids
polymerization  search
RTorganic compounds
 photochemistry
 geochemistry
 polymers
polymers  search
RTcompounds
 geogrids
 organic compounds
 polymerization
SNNatural or synthetic chemical compounds formed by polymerization. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
polymetallic ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .polymetallic ores
UFores, polymetallic
RTAkenobe Mine
 Dachang Deposit
 Filizchay
 Henderson Mine
 San Antonio Mine
 Leadville mining district
 Hitachi Deposit
 Skellefte mining district
 Toyoha Mine
SNCommodity. See List C.
polymetamorphism  search
BTmetamorphism
 .polymetamorphism
UFsuperimposed metamorphism
RTprograde metamorphism
 retrograde metamorphism
polymorphism  search
UFpolymorphs
RTminerals
 crystal structure
 polytypism
SNBefore 1981, also search dimorphism.
polymorphs  search
USEpolymorphism
Polynesia  search
BTOceania
 .Polynesia
NTCook Islands
 French Polynesia
 Hawaii
 Line Islands
 Samoa
 Tokelau
 Tonga
 Tuvalu
RTEast Pacific Ocean Islands
 New Zealand
 Pacific Ocean
 Ata Caldera
 West Pacific Ocean Islands
 Kiribati
SNCollective name for islands of the central and SE Pacific Ocean. Indexed with islands and island groups as applicable.
Polynesian Pacific  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used from 1985-1994 for a region in the southeastern Pacific bounded on the east and south by the East Pacific Rise and the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, and on the west by a line extending from the southern end of Macquarie
polyphase processes  search
RTdeformation
 processes
 superposed folds
 tectonics
SNAlso search polyphase. As of 1985, restricted to structural geology. Also search superposed tectonics or superposed deformation as applicable (Note added in 1995.) Use polymetamorphism under metamorphism.
Polyplacophora  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Polyplacophora
Polyprotodontia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Metatheria
 ......Marsupialia
 .......Polyprotodontia
NTDidelphidae
SNSuborder.
polysaccharides  search
BTorganic compounds
 .carbohydrates
 ..polysaccharides
NTcellulose
RTchitin
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
polytypes  search
USEpolytypism
polytypism  search
UFpolytypes
RTminerals
 crystal structure
 polymorphism
Polyzoa  search
USEBryozoa
Pomerania  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Pomerania
RTPoland
 Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany
SNHistorical region on Baltic Sea extending from Stralsund, W of the Oder River, to the Vistula River on the E. Now primarily in Poland. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Ponce Puerto Rico  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
 ...Greater Antilles
 ....Puerto Rico
 .....Ponce Puerto Rico
SNCity in S Puerto Rico on Caribbean Sea.
Pondera County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Pondera County Montana
Pondicherry India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Pondicherry India
RTCoromandel Coast
SNA centrally administered territory known as an Union Territory composed of the four scattered former French settlements of Karikal, Pondicherry, and Yanaon on the Bay of Bengal and Mahe on the Indian Ocean. The city of Pondicherry is the capital.
ponds  search
RTecology
 irrigation
 lakes
 limnology
 paleoecology
 geomorphology
 reservoirs
 surface water
 water resources
 water supply
Pongidae  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Primates
 .......simians
 ........Pongidae
NTDryopithecus
 Gigantopithecus
 Proconsul
 Sivapithecus
RTRamapithecus
SNFamily.
Pongola Supergroup  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Pongola Supergroup
RTSouth Africa
 Swaziland
 Namibia
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pontevedra City Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Galicia Spain
 .....Pontevedra Spain
 ......Pontevedra City Spain
SNRefers to only the city in NW Spain Before 1993, also search Pontevedra Spain.
Pontevedra Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Galicia Spain
 .....Pontevedra Spain
NTPontevedra City Spain
RTArosa Bay
SNRefers only to the province in NW Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Pontevedra Province and Spain. For the city, see Pontevedra City Spain.
Pontiac County Quebec  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Pontiac County Quebec
Pontiac Subprovince  search
BTNorth America
 .Canadian Shield
 ..Superior Province
 ...Pontiac Subprovince
RTAbitibi Belt
 Grenville Front
SNSW Superior Province, SW Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Pontian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....upper Miocene
 ......Pontian
SNEurope. Above Sarmatian, below Plaisancian (Pliocene).
Pontic Mountains  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Pontic Mountains
SNIn N Turkey.
Pontnewydd Cave  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Pontnewydd Cave
SNPleistocene hominid site in Clwyd, N Wales. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pontotoc County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Pontotoc County Mississippi
SNN Mississippi.
Pontotoc County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Pontotoc County Oklahoma
SNS central Oklahoma.
Poona India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Maharashtra India
 ....Poona India
UFPune India
Pope County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Pope County Arkansas
SNN central Arkansas.
Pope County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Pope County Illinois
SNExtreme SE Illinois.
Pope County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Pope County Minnesota
SNW Minnesota.
Popigai Crater  search
USEPopigay Structure
Popigay Structure  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Popigay Structure
BTAsia
 .Popigay Structure
UFPopigai Crater
RTYakutia Russian Federation
 impact features
 Siberia
 Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
SNPopigay River basin, central Siberia. Also search Popigai or Popigay. Sometimes considered an astrobleme or meteor crater. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with okrug or autonomous region as applicable.
Popocatepetl  search
BTMexico
 .Popocatepetl
RTvolcanoes
 Mexico state
 Puebla Mexico
SNVolcano on the Puebla-Mexico state border, S Mexico. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
popular and elementary geology  search
SNA valid term through 1978. After 1978, use terms separately, i.e. elementary geology.
popular geology  search
RTAtlantis
 collecting
 education
 educational resources
 elementary geology
 fossil localities
 geology
 mineral localities
 natural curiosities
 news
 public awareness
SNUsed for discussions written for the hobbyist or collector. Before 1978, search popular and elementary geology.
populations  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .populations
SNAs of 1981, restricted to statistics. Before 1981, used as a general term.
porcelanite  search
USEporcellanite
porcellanite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .clastic rocks
 ..porcellanite
UFporcelanite
Porcupine Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Upper Peninsula
 ...Porcupine Mountains
RTGogebic County Michigan
 Ontonagon County Michigan
SNRange in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties in NW extremity of Michigan Upper Peninsula, NW Michigan. Indexed with counties as applicable.
pore pressure  search
UFneutral stress
 pore-water pressure
RTengineering geology
 soil mechanics
 high pressure
 pressure
 stress
 porous materials
 overpressure
 underpressure
pore space  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use porosity for the open spaces in a rock or soil.
pore spaces  search
USEporosity
pore structure  search
USEporosity
pore water  search
UFinterstitial water
RTground water
 water
 sediments
 connate waters
 fossil waters
 meteoric water
 porous materials
 desiccation
 water content
pore-water pressure  search
USEpore pressure
Porifera  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Porifera
NTCalcispongea
 Demospongea
 Hexactinellida
 Silicispongiae
UFSpongiae
RTreef builders
 Stromatoporoidea
 spicules
 Receptaculitaceae
Porites  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Anthozoa
 ...Zoantharia
 ....Scleractinia
 .....Porites
SNGenus.
porosimetry  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use porosimeters and instruments for the instrument if applicable. Methods or measurement may also be used with porosity or porous materials.
porosity  search
NTsecondary porosity
UFpore spaces
 pore structure
RTwettability
 physical properties
 ground water
 sedimentary rocks
 sediments
 Darcy's law
 permeability
 Archie's law
 decompaction
 compaction
 imbibition
 compactness
 connectivity
 porous materials
 Green-Ampt model
porosity traps  search
USEstratigraphic traps
porous materials  search
UFporous media
RTmaterials
 porosity
 preferential flow
 pore water
 connectivity
 pore pressure
 secondary porosity
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
porous media  search
USEporous materials
porphyrins  search
BTorganic compounds
 .pigments
 ..porphyrins
RTbiomarkers
 organic minerals
 organo-metallics
porphyrite  search
USEporphyry
porphyritic texture  search
BTtextures
 .porphyritic texture
RTigneous rocks
 porphyry
 phenocrysts
 vitrophyre
SNBefore 1978, search porphyritic AND texture.
porphyroblastic texture  search
BTtextures
 .porphyroblastic texture
UFporphyroblasts
RTmetamorphic rocks
SNBefore 1978, search porphyroblastic AND texture.
porphyroblasts  search
USEporphyroblastic texture
porphyroclastic texture  search
BTtextures
 .porphyroclastic texture
UFporphyroclasts
RTmetamorphic rocks
SNBefore 1989, also search porphyroclastic AND texture. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
porphyroclasts  search
USEporphyroclastic texture
porphyry  search
BTigneous rocks
 .porphyry
UFporphyrite
RTandesite porphyry
 picrite porphyry
 quartz porphyry
 dacite porphyry
 diabase porphyry
 diorite porphyry
 granite porphyry
 granodiorite porphyry
 liparite porphyry
 melaphyre
 porphyritic texture
 rhyolite porphyry
 syenite porphyry
porphyry copper  search
RTcopper
 copper ores
 mineral deposits, genesis
porphyry molybdenum  search
UFmolybdenite porphyry
RTmineral deposits, genesis
 molybdenum ores
 molybdenum
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Porsang Fjord  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Scandinavia
 ...Norway
 ....Finnmark Norway
 .....Porsang Fjord
UFPorsangen Fjord
 Porsangerfjord
SNInlet of Arctic Ocean on N coast.
Porsangen Fjord  search
USEPorsang Fjord
Porsanger Dolomite Formation  search
RTFinnmark Norway
 Lower Cambrian
 Norway
 upper Precambrian
SNUppermost Precambrian or lowermost Cambrian. Porsanger Dolomite found in upper part of Porsanger Series. Indexed with age as applicable.
Porsangerfjord  search
USEPorsang Fjord
Port au Port Peninsula  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Newfoundland
 ...Newfoundland Island
 ....Port au Port Peninsula
SNOn the Gulf of Saint Lawrence between Port au Port Bay and Saint George Bay.
Port Campbell Australia  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Victoria Australia
 ...Port Campbell Australia
SNTown on Indian Ocean in SW Victoria.
Port Elizabeth South Africa  search
BTAfrica
 .Southern Africa
 ..South Africa
 ...Eastern Cape Province South Africa
 ....Port Elizabeth South Africa
RTCape Province region
SNCity on Indian Ocean in SE South Africa.
Port Jervis New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Orange County New York
 ...Port Jervis New York
SNResort city on the Delaware River at meeting of borders with New Jersey and Pennsylvania in SE New York.
Port Moresby Papua New Guinea  search
BTAustralasia
 .Papua New Guinea
 ..Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
SNCity on Coral Sea in SE Papua New Guinea.
Port Phillip Bay  search
RTMelbourne Australia
 Victoria Australia
SNHarbor of Melbourne. Indexed with Victoria Australia if applicable.
Port Royal Sound  search
RTBeaufort County South Carolina
SNInlet of Atlantic Ocean between islands of Saint Helena and Hilton Head in Beaufort County, S South Carolina. Indexed with county or region as applicable.
Port Valdez Alaska  search
USEValdez Alaska
Portable Array for Numerical Data Analysis  search
USEPANDA
portable arrays  search
RTarrays
 networks
 seismic networks
Portage County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Portage County Ohio
SNNE Ohio.
Portage County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Portage County Wisconsin
SNCentral Wisconsin.
Portage Lake Lava Series  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Keweenawan
 ....Portage Lake Lava Series
RTMichigan
SNTops of conglomerate beds used for stratigraphic reference include: Saint Louis Conglomerate, The Old Colony and Wolverine sandstones, and the Kingston, Calumet and Hecla, Houghton, Allouez, Pewabic West, and Hancock conglomerates. Upper Peninsula of Mich
Portel France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aude France
 ....Portel France
SNVillage in S France.
Porter County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Porter County Indiana
SNNW Indiana.
Porters Creek Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Paleocene
 .....Porters Creek Formation
RTKentucky
 Missouri
 Illinois
 Mississippi
 Alabama
 Tennessee
 Midway Group
SNIn Midway Group. SW Alabama, SW Illinois, W Kentucky, E Mississippi, SE Missouri and W Tennessee. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Portland Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Lower Jurassic
 .....Portland Formation
RTMassachusetts
 Connecticut
 Newark Supergroup
SNIn Newark Supergroup. Previously thought to be Upper Triassic in age. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Portland Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Cumberland County Maine
 ...Portland Maine
SNCity on peninsula near S end of Casco Bay in S Maine.
Portland Oregon  search
BTUnited States
 .Oregon
 ..Multnomah County Oregon
 ...Portland Oregon
SNCity on the Willamette River in NW Oregon.
Portlandian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Upper Jurassic
 .....Portlandian
NTTithonian
RTMalm
SNEurope. Above Kimmeridgian, below Berriasian (Cretaceous).
portlandite  search
BToxides
 .portlandite
Portneuf County Quebec  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Portneuf County Quebec
Porto Santo Island  search
BTAtlantic Ocean Islands
 .Madeira
 ..Porto Santo Island
SNOne of two inhabited islands of Portuguese island group. Also search Porto Santo.
Portola Valley California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..San Mateo County California
 ...Portola Valley California
SNCity S of San Francisco in W California.
Portugal  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Portugal
NTAlentejo
 Algarve
 Alto Alentejo
 Baixo Alentejo
 Beira Baixa
 Braganca Portugal
 Coimbra Portugal
 Elvas Portugal
 Estremadura Portugal
 Evora Portugal
 Leiria Portugal
 Lisbon Portugal
 Panasqueira Portugal
 Setubal Portugal
 Tomar Portugal
 Tras-os-Montes
 Vila Real Portugal
 Viseu Portugal
RTIberian pyrite belt
 Central Cordillera
 Timor
 Duero Basin
 Duero River
 Iberian Plate
 Tagus Basin
 Ossa-Morena Zone
 Tagus River
Portuguese East Africa  search
USEMozambique
Portuguese Guinea  search
USEGuinea-Bissau
Portuguese Timor  search
USETimor
Portuguese West Africa  search
USEAngola
Porulosida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Radiolaria
 ...Porulosida
NTAcantharina
RTmicrofossils
SNOrder. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Posen  search
USEPoznan Poland
Posey County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Posey County Indiana
SNSW Indiana.
Posidonia Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Posidonia Shale
RTGermany
positions, pole  search
USEpole positions
posnjakite  search
BTsulfates
 .posnjakite
Possagno Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Veneto Italy
 ....Possagno Italy
SNVillage in central Veneto, NE Italy.
possibilities  search
RTeconomics
 future
 mineral deposits, genesis
 mineral economics
 prediction maps
SNAs of 1981, restricted to economic geology, especially referring to the economic potential of a mineral deposit. Before 1981, included use as a general term.
Post-glacial  search
USEHolocene
post-glacial rebound  search
USEglacial rebound
post-tectonic processes  search
RTprocesses
 syntectonic processes
 tectonics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Postglacial  search
USEHolocene
postglacial environment  search
RTdepositional environment
 glacial environment
 glacial geology
 glaciers
 sedimentation
SNBefore 1978, search postglacial.
Postmasburg South Africa  search
BTAfrica
 .Southern Africa
 ..South Africa
 ...Northern Cape Province South Africa
 ....Postmasburg South Africa
RTCape Province region
SNVillage in E central South Africa.
poststack migration  search
BTseismic migration
 .poststack migration
UFpoststack seismic migration
RTseismic methods
 migration
 stacking
 prestack migration
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1998.
poststack seismic migration  search
USEpoststack migration
pot  search
potability  search
RTbottling
 decontamination
 desalinization
 drinking water
 fresh water
 ground water
 hydrochemistry
 impurities
 pollution
 purification
 salinization
 surface water
 water
 water management
 water quality
 water resources
 water supply
 water treatment
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
potash  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .chemically precipitated rocks
 ..evaporites
 ...potash
RTalunite
 Searles Lake
SNSee List C for use as a commodity term.
potash alum  search
USEalum
potash bentonite  search
USEK-bentonite
potash feldspar  search
USEK-feldspar
potash mica  search
USEmuscovite
potassic composition  search
RTcomposition
 potassium
 ultrapotassic composition
SNBefore 1978, search potassic.
potassium  search
BTmetals
 .alkali metals
 ..potassium
NTK-40
 potassium ion
UFkalium
RTisotopes
 K/Ar
 lithophile elements
 K/Rb
 KREEP
 potassic composition
potassium alum  search
USEalum
potassium bentonite  search
USEK-bentonite
potassium chloride  search
RTchlorides
 halides
 geochemistry
 salt
 sylvite
SNUse sylvite for the mineral. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.
potassium feldspar  search
USEK-feldspar
potassium ion  search
BTmetals
 .alkali metals
 ..potassium
 ...potassium ion
RTgeochemistry
 ions
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
potassium-argon  search
USEK/Ar
potential deposi  search
potential deposits  search
RTeconomic geology
 energy sources
 exploration
 mineral deposits, genesis
 mineral exploration
 mineral resources
 petroleum
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
potential field  search
RTelectrical field
 electromagnetic field
 geophysical methods
 magnetic field
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
potentiometric surface  search
UFpiezometric surface
RTwater wells
 ground water
 levels
 water table
 drawdown
 hydrogeologic maps
SNAlso search (piezometry OR piezometers) AND ground water. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
potentiometry  search
RTchemical analysis
 dipole-dipole methods
 direct-current methods
 electrical methods
 electrochemical properties
 geophysical methods
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Potenza Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Basilicata Italy
 ....Potenza Italy
SNCity and province in W central Basilicata, S Italy.
potholes  search
RTerosion features
 kettles
 geomorphology
 sinkholes
SNGeneral term.
Potiguar Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
 ...Potiguar Basin
SNBasin in Rio Grande do Norte, NE Brazil. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Potomac Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Potomac Group
RTVirginia
 Maryland
 Delaware
SNConsists of Patuxent, Arundel, and Patapsco formations.
Potomac River  search
BTUnited States
 .Potomac River
RTVirginia
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 District of Columbia
SNFormed by the confluence of the North and South branches of the Potomac River SE of Cumberland, Maryland. It flows SE into Chesapeake Bay. Indexed with District of Columbia and states as applicable.
Potomac River basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Potomac River basin
RTVirginia
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 District of Columbia
SNIndexed with states and District of Columbia as applicable.
Potsdam Bezirk  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. District in central East Germany.
Potsdam Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Brandenburg Germany
 ....Potsdam Germany
SNCity NE Germany. As of 1981, Potsdam refers to only the city. Before 1981, it also included the East German district.
Potsdam Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Upper Cambrian
 .....Potsdam Sandstone
RTOntario
 Quebec
 Vermont
 New York
 Little Falls Formation
SNUnderlies Ticonderoga Formation. Central and E New York, Vermont, E Ontario and S Quebec.
Pottawatomie County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Pottawatomie County Kansas
SNNE Kansas.
Pottawatomie County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Pottawatomie County Oklahoma
SNCentral Oklahoma.
Pottawattamie County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Pottawattamie County Iowa
Potter County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Potter County Pennsylvania
RTGenesee River
SNN Pennsylvania.
Potter County South Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .South Dakota
 ..Potter County South Dakota
SNN central South Dakota.
Potter County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Potter County Texas
NTAmarillo Texas
SNExtreme N Texas.
pottery  search
USEartifacts
Pottsville Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Pottsville Group
RTVirginia
 Kentucky
 Illinois
 Mississippi
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 Alabama
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 Tennessee
 Mary Lee Coal
 Breathitt Formation
 New River Formation
 Pocahontas Formation
 Sharon Conglomerate
SNIncludes Lee Formation, Norton Formation, Gladeville Sandstone, Wise Formation, Harlan Sandstone, Lookout Sandstone, Walden Sandstone, Tumbling Run Formation, Schuylkill Formation, Sharp Mountain Formation. Alabama, S Ohio, S Illinois, S Indiana, Kentucky
Potwar Plateau  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Potwar Plateau
RTIndia
 Jammu and Kashmir
 Punjab Pakistan
SNLies between Indus River and Jhelum River in N Punjab Province, Pakistan. May also occur in India. Also search Potwar. Indexed with Punjab Pakistan and/or India as applicable.
Pouilly-en-Auxois France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Cote-d'Or France
 ....Pouilly-en-Auxois France
SNVillage in E central France.
Poway Conglomerate  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....upper Eocene
 ......Poway Conglomerate
RTCalifornia
SNNearly horizontal, and in most places lies unconformably on Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges Batholith and accompanying metamorphic rocks. S California.
powder method  search
RTmethods
 single-crystal method
 X-ray analysis
 X-ray diffraction analysis
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Powder River basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Powder River basin
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Oregon
 Hartzog Draw Field
 Walker Creek Field
Powder River County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Powder River County Montana
RTBell Creek Field
SNSE Montana.
Powell County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Powell County Kentucky
SNE central Kentucky.
Powell County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Powell County Montana
SNW central Montana.
Powell Wyoming  search
BTUnited States
 .Wyoming
 ..Park County Wyoming
 ...Powell Wyoming
SNTown in NW Wyoming.
powellite  search
BTmolybdates
 .powellite
Power County Idaho  search
BTUnited States
 .Idaho
 ..Power County Idaho
SNSE Idaho.
power law  search
RTdistribution
 fractals
 mathematical geology
 mathematical models
 scale factor
 scale models
 size distribution
 spatial distribution
 statistical analysis
 statistical distribution
SNSometimes used synonymously with fractals. Also index type of distribution e.g. size distribution if applicable.
power plant  search
power plants  search
RTenergy sources
 hydroelectric energy
 nuclear facilities
Poweshiek County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Poweshiek County Iowa
Powhatan County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Powhatan County Virginia
Powys Wales  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Powys Wales
NTBrecknockshire Wales
 Radnorshire Wales
SNCounty in central Wales. Formed from Brecknockshire, Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire in April 1974.
Poza Rica de Hidalgo  search
USEPoza Rica Mexico
Poza Rica Mexico  search
BTMexico
 .Veracruz Mexico
 ..Poza Rica Mexico
UFPoza Rica de Hidalgo
SNCity in N Veracruz.
Poznan Clays  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....upper Tertiary
 .....Poznan Clays
RTGermany
 Poland
SNE Germany and Poland.
Poznan Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Poznan Poland
NTAdamow Mine
 Klodawa Poland
 Konin Poland
 Ksiaz Poland
UFPosen
SNProvince and city in W central Poland.
Pozzuoli Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Campania Italy
 ....Pozzuoli Italy
SNCity on inlet of Gulf of Naples.
PP-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PP-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
ppomorpha  search
NTEquidae
ppopotamidae  search
NTHippopotamus
PPP-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PPP-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
PPS-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PPS-waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
 S-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Pr  search
USEpraseodymium
practice  search
RTcuration
 employment
 ethics
 forensic geology
 geologists
 licensing
 minorities
 registration
 technical writing
 women
SNBefore 1975, also search geology as a profession.
Praecardiida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Praecardiida
Pragian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Lower Devonian
 .....Pragian
SNEurope. Lower Devonian, above Lochkovian and below Zlichovian. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Prague Czech Republic  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Czech Republic
 ...Bohemia
 ....Prague Czech Republic
UFPraha Czech Republic
SNCity in central Bohemia. Before 1995, Prague Czechoslovakia was also used.
Praha Czech Republic  search
USEPrague Czech Republic
Prahova Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Walachia
 ....Prahova Romania
NTPloesti Romania
 Sinaia Romania
 Slanic Romania
RTTeleajen Valley
SNCounty in NE Walachia, S central Romania.
Prairie Bluff Chalk  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Gulfian
 ......Prairie Bluff Chalk
RTMississippi
 Alabama
 Selma Group
SNIn Selma Group. SW Mississippi and Alabama. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Prairie County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Prairie County Arkansas
SNE central Arkansas.
Prairie County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Prairie County Montana
SNE Montana.
Prairie du Chien Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Lower Ordovician
 .....Prairie du Chien Group
RTIowa
 Illinois
 Wisconsin
 Minnesota
 Oneota Dolomite
 Shakopee Formation
SNSW Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and S Minnesota. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Prairie Evaporite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Middle Devonian
 .....Prairie Evaporite
RTSaskatchewan
 Montana
 North Dakota
 Manitoba
 Elk Point Group
SNSalt and anhydrite beds that form upper unit of Elk Point Group. Subsurface. Also search Prairie Formation NOT Louisiana. For Pleistocene formation in Louisiana, search Prairie Formation AND Louisiana.
prairies  search
RTecology
 grasslands
 plains
 revegetation
 steppes
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
Prakasam India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Andhra Pradesh India
 ....Prakasam India
RTheavy mineral deposits
SNAndhra Pradesh, India. Heavy mineral deposits.
Pranhita-Godavari Valley  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Pranhita-Godavari Valley
RTAndhra Pradesh India
 Godavari Valley
 Maharashtra India
SNCombined valleys of the Pranhita and Godavari river systems. Indexed with states as applicable.
praseodymium  search
BTmetals
 .rare earths
 ..praseodymium
UFPr
prasinite  search
USEgreenschist
Pratt County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Pratt County Kansas
SNS Kansas.
Prbram Czech Republic  search
USEPribram Czech Republic
Pre-Cambrian  search
USEPrecambrian
pre-Neanderthal  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Hominidae.
Prealps  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Prealps
UFAlpine Foreland
RTItaly
SNMostly in Italy.
Prebetic Zone  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Prebetic Zone
RTBetic Cordillera
 Subbetic Zone
SNA geographic term with stratigraphic-tectonic connotations.
Preble County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Preble County Ohio
Preboreal  search
BTlocene
 .Preboreal
UFSubarctic
RTBoreal
SNEurope. An interval of postglacial time following the Younger Dryas of the late-glacial Arctic interval and preceding the Boreal.
Precambrian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
NTArchean
 Proterozoic
 Acungui Group
 Adirondack Anorthosite
 Animikie Group
 Anshan Group
 Assyntic Orogeny
 Avalonian Orogeny
 Baltimore Gneiss
 Bijawar System
 Biwabik Iron Formation
 Brockman Iron Formation
 Carrizo Mountain Formation
 Catoctin Formation
 Central Rand Group
 Changcheng System
 Changzhougou Formation
 Chelmsford Formation
 Chuanlinggou Formation
 Chuar Group
 Cuddapah System
 Delhi Supergroup
 Eocambrian
 Espanola Formation
 Fig Tree Series
 Flinton Group
 Fortescue Group
 Great Smoky Group
 Grenvillian Orogeny
 Gunflint Iron Formation
 Hamersley Group
 Harbour Main Group
 Hazel Formation
 Hecla Hoek Formation
 Hudsonian Orogeny
 Idaho Springs Formation
 Johnnie Formation
 Jupiter Member
 Kaladgi System
 Katangan Orogeny
 Kenoran Orogeny
 Kingston Peak Formation
 Kisseynew Complex
 Knife Lake Group
 Ladoga Series
 Laramie anorthosite complex
 Levack Gneiss
 Lewisian Complex
 Luoquan Formation
 middle Precambrian
 Minas Series
 Missi Group
 Nipissing Diabase
 Nokomis Group
 Nonesuch Shale
 Noonday Dolomite
 North Shore Volcanics
 Onverwacht Group
 Osler Series
 Pahrump Series
 Pelona Schist
 Penokean Orogeny
 Penrhyn Slate
 Pongola Supergroup
 Prichard Formation
 Prince Albert Group
 Purcell System
 Roan Supergroup
 Sandia Granite
 Sherridon Group
 Sioux Quartzite
 Sokoman Formation
 Stillwater Complex
 Stirling Quartzite
 Sveconorwegian Orogeny
 Swaziland Sequence
 Swaziland System
 Transvaal Supergroup
 Twilight Gneiss
 Uinta Mountain Group
 Unkar Group
 upper Precambrian
 Vadito Group
 Ventersdorp Supergroup
 Wasekwan Group
 Waterberg System
 Wilcox Formation
 Witwatersrand Supergroup
 Wyman Formation
 Yellowjacket Formation
UFPre-Cambrian
RTKurnool System
 Ballachulish Complex
 Cadomian Orogeny
 Baikalian Phase
 Dalradian
 Bhander Group
 Limpopo Belt
 Deer Lake Group
 Dore Lake Complex
 Duluth Complex
 Hector Formation
 Highland Complex
 Jacobsville Sandstone
 Kaimur Sandstone
 Lardeau Group
 Middle Run Fo
SNAs of 1981, Archean is used for lower Precambrian.
Precambrian Shield  search
USECanadian Shield
precession  search
RTMilankovitch theory
 motions
 obliquity of the ecliptic
 processes
SNUsed as a general term.
precious metals  search
BTmetals
 .precious metals
RTgeochemistry
 base metals
 alkali metals
 metal ores
 heavy metals
 chemical elements
 electrum
SNIncludes gold, silver, platinum group.
precipitation  search
RTatmospheric precipitation
 chemically precipitated rocks
 crystallization
 evaporite deposits
 evaporites
 hydrology
 particles
 geochemistry
 rivers and streams
 runoff
 sedimentation
 storms
 water
SNAs of 1978, term refers to geochemistry. For meteorology, use atmospheric precipitation.
precision  search
RTaccuracy
 errors
 instruments
 measurement
 methods
 quality control
 reliability
 techniques
SNUse restricted to occurrences where it is a major concept. Also see accuracy. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Precordillera  search
BTSouth America
 .Precordillera
RTArgentina
 Chile
SNIndexed with countries and regions as applicable.
precursors  search
RTacoustical emissions
 earthquake prediction
 radon emanometry
 seismology
 stress drops
 VAN method
predation  search
RTbioerosion
 carnivorous taxa
 diet
 feeding
 nutrition
 paleontology
 trophic analysis
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
predators  search
RTecology
 paleoecology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Predazzo Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
 ....Predazzo Italy
SNCity and resort in Dolomites in S Trento-Alto Adige, NE Italy.
prediction  search
RTchaos
 extrapolation
 maximum likelihood
SNAs of 1993, use earthquake prediction if applicable.
prediction maps  search
BTmaps
 .prediction maps
RTeconomics
 possibilities
 reserves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
preferential flow  search
RTbreakthrough curves
 connectivity
 fractured materials
 ground water
 hydraulics
 hydrodynamics
 layered materials
 leaching
 movement
 patterns
 permeability
 porous materials
 saturated zone
 solute transport
 transmissivity
 unsaturated zone
SNAlso search double porosity if applicable. See transport. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
preferred orientation  search
RTfabric
 lineation
 orientation
 petrofabrics
 structural analysis
 tectonite
prehistory  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. See archaeology; anthropology.
prehnite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..prehnite
RTaluminosilicates
prehnite-pumpellyite facies  search
BTfacies
 .prehnite-pumpellyite facies
RTmetamorphic rocks
premonitory phenomena  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use precursors.
Prentiss County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Prentiss County Mississippi
preobrazhenskite  search
BTborates
 .preobrazhenskite
preparation  search
RTsample preparation
SNUse sample preparation where applicable.
pres  search
Prescott County Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Prescott County Ontario
preservation  search
RTcuration
 geologic sites
 Lagerstatten
 land use
 regulations
 soft parts
 taphonomy
Presidente Vargas  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See Itabira Brazil.
Presidio County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Presidio County Texas
SNExtreme W Texas.
Presque Isle  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Erie County Pennsylvania
 ...Presque Isle
SNAs of 1989, used only for the small peninsula in Lake Erie in NW Pennsylvania. For the city in Aroostook County, Maine, use Presque Isle Maine. For the county in NE Michigan, use Presque Isle County Michigan.
Presque Isle County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Presque Isle County Michigan
SNNE Michigan.
Presque Isle Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Aroostook County Maine
 ...Presque Isle Maine
SNCity in N Maine.
pressure  search
NThigh pressure
 low pressure
RTatmospheric pressure
 capillary pressure
 compression
 confining pressure
 decompaction
 decompression
 deformation
 earth pressure
 fluid inclusions
 fluid pressure
 geopressure
 hydraulic pressure
 hydrostatic pressure
 isochores
 lithostatic pressure
 load pressure
 P
pressure meters  search
USEpressuremeters
pressure solution  search
RTdiagenesis
 solution
pressure wave  search
USEP-waves
pressuremeter tests  search
RTinstruments
 pressuremeters
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
pressuremeters  search
UFpiezometers
 pressure meters
RTinstruments
 hydrophones
 pressure
 surface tension
 minipermeameters
 pressuremeter tests
 transducers
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
prestack migration  search
BTseismic migration
 .prestack migration
UFprestack seismic migration
RTseismic methods
 dip moveout
 migration
 stacking
 poststack migration
 three-dimensional methods
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1998.
prestack seismic migration  search
USEprestack migration
Preston County West Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .West Virginia
 ..Preston County West Virginia
SNN West Virginia.
Preston Peak  search
RTKlamath Mountains
 Siskiyou County California
SNIn Siskiyou Mountains in Siskiyou County in extreme N California. Indexed with county and Klamath Mountains as applicable.
Presumpscot Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Presumpscot Formation
RTNew Hampshire
 Maine
SNMaine and SE New Hampshire. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pretoria Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Pretoria Group
RTSouth Africa
 Botswana
 Transvaal Supergroup
SNProterozoic. South Africa and Botswana. In Transvaal Supergroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Pretoria South Africa  search
BTAfrica
 .Southern Africa
 ..South Africa
 ...Guateng South Africa
 ....Pretoria South Africa
RTimpact features
SNNE South Africa.
prevention  search
SNA valid general term through mid-1978.
preventive measures  search
RTaquifer vulnerability
 beach nourishment
 environmental geology
 mitigation
 public awareness
 safety
SNBefore 1998, also search mitigation if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Priabonian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Priabonian
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....upper Eocene
 ......Priabonian
RTBartonian
 Auversian
 Ludian
SNEurope.
Priapulida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Vermes
 ..Priapulida
Pribram Czech Republic  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Czech Republic
 ...Bohemia
 ....Pribram Czech Republic
UFPrbram Czech Republic
SNCity SW of Prague in central Bohemia. Before 1995, Pribram Czechoslovakia was also used.
price  search
RTcost
 economics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Price County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Price County Wisconsin
Price Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Price Formation
RTVirginia
SNIncludes Cloyd Conglomerate Member. SW Virginia.
Price River basin  search
RTColorado Plateau
 Utah
SNCentral Utah. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with counties and/or Utah or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Price River Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Price River Formation
RTUtah
 Colorado
 Mesaverde Group
 Castlegate Sandstone
SNIn Mesaverde Group. Central and E central Utah and W central Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Prichard Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Prichard Formation
RTIdaho
 Montana
 Belt Supergroup
SNBelt Supergroup. NE Idaho and NW Montana.
Pride Mountain Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Upper Mississippian
 ......Pride Mountain Formation
RTMississippi
 Alabama
SNWarrior Basin, N Alabama and NE Mississippi.
priderite  search
BToxides
 .priderite
RTiron oxides
Pridolian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Silurian
 ....Upper Silurian
 .....Pridolian
SNEurope.
Priduli  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Silurian
 ....Priduli
Prikumsk Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Stavropol Russian Federation
 ...Prikumsk Russian Federation
UFBudennovsk Russian Federation
SNCity in Stavropol Kray in the Northern Caucasus. Before 1993, Prikumsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
primary dispersion  search
RTdispersion patterns
 mineral exploration
 secondary dispersion
SNBefore 1978, search primary AND dispersion.
primary magnetization  search
BTmagnetization
 .primary magnetization
RTcharacteristic remanent magnetization
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
primary migration  search
RTmigration
 petroleum
SNFor migration of elastic waves use seismic migration. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
primary structures  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .primary structures
RTsecondary structures
 ball-and-pillow
 bedding
 ripple marks
primary wave  search
USEP-waves
Primates  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Primates
NTHominidae
 Prosimii
 simians
RTfossil man
SNOrder.
Primorski Krai  search
USEPrimorye Russian Federation
Primorye Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Primorye Russian Federation
BTAsia
 .Primorye Russian Federation
NTKavalerovo Russian Federation
 Tetyukhe Russian Federation
 Vladivostok Russian Federation
UFMaritime Kray
 Primorski Krai
RTRussian Far East
 Barabash Suite
 Tatar Strait
 Sikhote-Alin Range
 Suchan Basin
SNPrimorye Kray (territory). New name for Primorski Krai which is the SE section of the Russian Far East between NE China and the Japan Sea. Before 1993, Primorye Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Prince Albert Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Prince Albert Group
RTCanada
 Saskatchewan
Prince Charles Mountains  search
BTAntarctica
 .Prince Charles Mountains
SNIn Mac-Robertson Land near the Amery Ice Shelf on Indian Ocean side.
Prince County Prince Edward Island  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...Prince Edward Island
 ....Prince County Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward County Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Prince Edward County Ontario
Prince Edward County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Prince Edward County Virginia
Prince Edward Island  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...Prince Edward Island
NTKings County Prince Edward Island
 Prince County Prince Edward Island
 Queens County Prince Edward Island
RTCumberland Basin
 Cardigan Bay
 Northumberland Strait
 Pictou Group
SNAs of 1993, restricted to the island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence constituting a Canadian province. For the island in the Indian Ocean, see Prince Edward Island Group.
Prince Edward Island Group  search
BTIndian Ocean Islands
 .Prince Edward Island Group
UFPrince Edward Islands
SNSE Indian Ocean. Territory of South Africa. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Prince Edward Islands  search
USEPrince Edward Island Group
Prince George County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Prince George County Virginia
Prince Georges County Maryland  search
BTUnited States
 .Maryland
 ..Prince Georges County Maryland
SNCentral Maryland.
Prince of Wales Island  search
RTAlaska
 Alexander Archipelago
 Franklin District Northwest Territories
 Northwest Territories
 Southern Alaska
SNLargest island of Alexander Archipelago in SE Alaska, W of Ketchikan; and an island between Victoria and Somerset islands in Franklin District, Northwest Territories. Indexed with Southeastern Alaska and/or Northwest Territories as applicable.
Prince Olaf Coast  search
USEPrince Olav Coast
Prince Olav Coast  search
BTAntarctica
 .Enderby Land
 ..Prince Olav Coast
UFPrince Olaf Coast
RTQueen Maud Land
 Lutzow-Holm Bay
 Syowa Station
SNCoast of Enderby Land, Antarctica, bordering the Indian Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Prince Rupert British Columbia  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..British Columbia
 ...Prince Rupert British Columbia
SNCity in W British Columbia on Kaien Island in Chatham Sound near extreme SE Alaska.
Prince William County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Prince William County Virginia
SNN Virginia. Also search Manassas Virginia and/or Manassas Park Virginia if applicable.
Prince William Sound  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southern Alaska
 ...Prince William Sound
RTExxon Valdez oil spill
 Montague Island
SNInlet of Gulf of Alaska E of Kenai Peninsula.
Prince William Terrane  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Prince William Terrane
RTCoast Belt
SNS Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Princess Anne County Virginia  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Now included in the independent city of Virginia Beach Virginia.
Princeton  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, use Princeton British Columbia for the village in S British Columbia, in the Cascade Range. As of 1989, use Princeton New Jersey for the borough in New Jersey.
Princeton British Columbia  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..British Columbia
 ...Princeton British Columbia
SNVillage in S British Columbia, in the Cascade Range.
Princeton New Jersey  search
BTUnited States
 .New Jersey
 ..Mercer County New Jersey
 ...Princeton New Jersey
SNBorough in W central New Jersey.
principal components analysis  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .principal components analysis
RTcomponents
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Principe  search
BTAtlantic Ocean Islands
 .Sao Tome e Principe
 ..Principe
RTSao Tome
SNIsland in Gulf of Guinea. Formerly Portuguese territory, now part of independent nation Sao Tome e Principe. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
principles  search
RTgeology
Pripet Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Pripet Basin
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Pripet Basin
UFPripet Depression
 Pripyat Basin
RTUkraine
 Belarus
 Polesye
SNRiver basin most of which comprises the Pripet or Pinsk Marshes which is the largest tract of swamp in Europe. Largely coextensive with Polesye Lowland. Also search Pripet. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applic
Pripet Depression  search
USEPripet Basin
Pripyat Basin  search
USEPripet Basin
prismatine  search
USEkornerupine
pristane  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkanes
 ....pristane
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Privas France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Ardeche France
 ....Privas France
SNTown in E Ardeche, SE central France.
probability  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .probability
RTreliability
 mathematical geology
 mathematical methods
 chaos
 stochastic processes
 sampling
 maximum likelihood
 uncertainty
 extrapolation
probe permeameters  search
USEminipermeameters
probe, electron  search
USEelectron probe
probe, ion  search
USEion probe
probe, laser  search
USElaser methods
probe, neutron  search
USEneutron probe
problematic  search
SNA valid index term through 1977 used in combination with fossils (i.e. fossils, problematic). After 1977, use problematic fossils.
problematic fossils  search
NTCalcisphaerulidae
 Dacryoconarida
 problematic microfossils
UFproblematical fossils
RTpaleontology
 fossils
 Stromatoporoidea
 chemical fossils
 fossilization
 nannofossils
 miscellanea
 Receptaculitaceae
 Hyolithes
 Tentaculites
 Tentaculitida
 Tentaculitidae
SNBefore 1978, also search fossils AND (problematical OR problematic OR problematic organisms). Before 1981, Hyolithidae was included as a narrower term, now see Hyolithes. Before 1981 Receptaculitaceae was included as a narrower term.
problematic microfossils  search
BTmicrofossils
 .problematic microfossils
BTproblematic fossils
 .problematic microfossils
NTBolboforma
 Tubiphytes
RTmiscellanea
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
problematic palynomorphs  search
BTpalynomorphs
 .problematic palynomorphs
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with problematic microfossils if applicable.
problematical fossils  search
USEproblematic fossils
problems  search
SNA valid general term through mid-1978.
Proboscidea  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Proboscidea
NTBarytherioidea
 Deinotherioidea
 Elephantoidea
 Gomphotheriidae
 Mastodontoidea
 Moeritherioidea
SNOrder.
procaryotes  search
USEprokaryotes
processes  search
RTadsorption
 advection
 aggradation
 albitization
 alteration
 alunitization
 amphibolitization
 argillization
 aromatization
 atectonic processes
 autometamorphism
 bauxitization
 bioerosion
 biomineralization
 brecciation
 burial
 calcification
 calcitization
 carbonatiza
Proconsul  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Primates
 .......simians
 ........Pongidae
 .........Proconsul
RTDryopithecus
 Sivapithecus
SNGenus.
production  search
RTaromatization
 beneficiation
 economics
 exploitation
 offshore
 onshore
 optimization
 ore grade
 pelletization
 production control
 production value
 productive capacity
 pumping
 smelters
 tonnage
 water wells
SNWhen referring to mining geology before May 1978, also search extraction. See tonnage if applicable. May be used with commodity terms, e.g. petroleum.
production control  search
UFcontrol, production
RTmining geology
 production
 technology
production value  search
RTeconomics
 production
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
productive capacity  search
RTeconomics
 evaluation
 exploitation
 mineral economics
 ore grade
 production
 resources
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
productivity  search
RTbiomass
 ecology
 economics
 paleoecology
SNBefore 1995, also search paleoproductivity if applicable.
products  search
SNA valid general term through mid-1978.
Proetidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Ptychopariida
 .....Proetidae
SNFamily.
professional registration  search
USEregistration
profiles  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See cross sections; geophysical profiles; soil profiles; geochemical profiles; beach profiles.
profitability  search
RTcutoff grade
 economics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Proganosauria  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef.
progradation  search
RTlittoral drift
 sedimentation
 shore features
prograde metamorphism  search
BTmetamorphism
 .prograde metamorphism
RTBarrovian-type deposits
 retrograde metamorphism
 epizonal metamorphism
 polymetamorphism
SNBefore 1978, also search metamorphism AND prograde.
Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere  search
USEPASSCAL
Program Voyager  search
USEVoyager Program
programming languages  search
USEcomputer languages
programs  search
UFprojects
RTassociations
 education
 computer programs
 KTB
 mineral exploration
 IGBP
 BRIM
 computers
 Continental Scientific Drilling Program
 CUSMAP
 Dry Valley Drilling Project
 European Geotraverse
 INDEPTH
 GISP2
 GRIP
 GLIMPCE
 International Lithosphere Program
 IRIS network
progress report  search
BTreport
 .progress report
RTassociations
 annual report
 current research
 survey organizations
 symposia
 research
Project Voyager  search
USEVoyager Program
projects  search
USEprograms
prokaryotes  search
UFMonera
 procaryotes
RTbiologic evolution
 Plantae
 cyanobacteria
 Protista
 thallophytes
 bacteria
 paleobotany
 eukaryotes
SNMember of group of organisms which have no vesicular nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles. Groups included are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and bacteria.
Prokopyevsk Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Kemerovo Russian Federation
 ...Prokopyevsk Russian Federation
SNCity at S end of Kuznetsk Basin in Kemerovo Oblast in S Siberia. Before 1993, Prokopyevsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Prolecanitida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
 .....Prolecanitida
proluvium  search
BTsediments
 .clastic sediments
 ..proluvium
prometheum  search
USEpromethium
promethium  search
BTmetals
 .rare earths
 ..promethium
UFPm
 prometheum
propagation  search
RTeikonal equation
 elastic waves
 electromagnetic waves
 ocean waves
 seismic coherency
 seismology
 shock waves
 wave splitting
 waves
SNAs of 1993, use emplacement with intrusions.
propane  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkanes
 ....propane
RTdibromochloropropane
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
properties  search
RTacoustical properties
 behavior
 bioavailability
 brightness
 bulk density
 chemical properties
 connectivity
 constitutive equations
 dielectric properties
 dispersivity
 dynamic properties
 elastic properties
 elastodynamic properties
 electrical properties
 electroc
Propria Geosyncline  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Sergipe Brazil
 ...Propria Geosyncline
RTgeosynclines
SNIn Propria region of Sergipe State, on the lower Sao Francisco River near the Atlantic Ocean.
propylite  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .metasomatic rocks
 ..propylite
RTandesites
 propylitization
propylitization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .propylitization
RTprocesses
 hydrothermal alteration
 propylite
Prosimii  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Primates
 .......Prosimii
NTAdapidae
 Omomyidae
Prosobranchia  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Prosobranchia
prosopite  search
BThalides
 .fluorides
 ..prosopite
Prospect Mountain Quartzite  search
USEStirling Quartzite
prospecting  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use exploration or mineral exploration as applicable. After 1992, also see coal exploration or petroleum exploration.
PROSPECTOR  search
RTexpert systems
 geographic information systems
 mineral exploration
SNComputer-based consultation system for mineral exploration. Search in conjunction with data AND processing. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
protactinium  search
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..protactinium
NTPa-231
UFPa
protection  search
RTaquifer vulnerability
 beach nourishment
 conservation
 environmental geology
 geologic sites
 pollution
 reclamation
 regulations
 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
 water quality
 wellhead protection
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
proteins  search
BTorganic compounds
 .proteins
NTcollagen
 conchiolin
 enzymes
 purines
RTamino acids
 RNA
 peptides
Proterozoic  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..upper Precambrian
 ...Proterozoic
NTPaleoproterozoic
 Mesoproterozoic
 Neoproterozoic
 Adelaidean
 Algonkian
 Athabasca Formation
 Badami Series
 Bambui Group
 Banded Gneissic Complex
 Baraga Group
 Bitter Springs Formation
 Cahill Formation
 Coldbrook Group
 Damara System
 Dedham Granodiorite
 Huronian
 Hutuo Group
 Karelian Orogeny
 Keweenawan
 Kibaran Orogeny
 Kombolgie Formation
 Kunyang Group
 Kursk Series
 Lewisian
 Lorrain Formation
 Malmani Subgroup
 Miette Group
 Negaunee Iron Formation
 Oronto Group
 Ortega Group
 Ovruch Series
 Pan-African Orogeny
 Pocatello Formation
 Pretoria Group
 Sinian
 Tapley Hill Formation
 Udokan Series
 Umberatana Group
 Windermere System
 Wolkberg Group
 Wopmay Orogeny
UFAgnotozoic
RTYudomian
 Lewisian Complex
 Hoosac Formation
 Krol Formation
 New York City Group
 Harney Peak Granite
 Klodzko Unit
 Shuswap Complex
 Tallulah Falls Formation
 Middle Run Formation
 Yellow Aster Complex
 Sveconorwegian Orogeny
Proteutheria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Insectivora
 .......Proteutheria
NTAnagalida
 Scandentia
SNSuborder.
Protista  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
NTebridians
 Foraminifera
 Radiolaria
 Silicoflagellata
 Thecamoeba
 Tintinnidae
RTmicrofossils
 algae
 microorganisms
 plankton
 bacteria
 prokaryotes
 Metazoa
 zooxanthellae
SNBefore 1976, also search Protozoa. Before 1998, microfossils was a broader term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Proto-Atlantic Ocean  search
USEIapetus
Protochordata  search
BTChordata
 .Protochordata
protodolomite  search
BTcarbonates
 .protodolomite
protoenstatite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
 ...orthopyroxene
 ....protoenstatite
RTenstatite
SNArtificial mineral.
protoliths  search
UFparent rocks
RTigneous rocks
 metamorphic rocks
 metamorphism
 parent bodies
proton-induced X-ray emission  search
USEparticle-induced X-ray emission
protons  search
RTcosmic rays
 electrons
 particle-induced X-ray emission
SNUsed as a general term.
Protopivskaya Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Upper Triassic
 .....Protopivskaya Formation
RTRussian Federation
 Ukraine
 Donets Basin
SNCentral Ukraine and NW Donets Basin.
protoplanets  search
USEplanetesimals
protoquartzite  search
USEsublitharenite
Protorthoptera  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
 .....Neoptera
 ......Exopterygota
 .......Protorthoptera
SNOrder.
Protozoa  search
SNAfter 1976, use Protista.
proustite  search
BTsulfosalts
 .sulfarsenites
 ..proustite
provenance  search
UFsource areas
 source regions
 source terrains
 source terranes
 sourceland
RTsedimentation
 sedimentary rocks
 sediments
 genesis
 paleocurrents
 relict materials
Provence  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Provence
RTBouches-du-Rhone France
 Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
 Provence Alps
 Alpes-Maritimes France
 Vaucluse France
 Var France
 Sainte-Baume Massif
SNHistorical region in SE France. Indexed with departments as applicable.
Provence Alps  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Provence Alps
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Western Alps
 ...Provence Alps
RTAlpes-de-Haute Provence France
 Provence
 Alpes-Maritimes France
 Maritime Alps
 Var France
 Sainte-Baume Massif
SNIn SE Provence. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with departments as applicable.
Providence County Rhode Island  search
BTUnited States
 .Rhode Island
 ..Providence County Rhode Island
NTCumberland Rhode Island
SNN Rhode Island.
provinces  search
SNA valid general term through 1976. See specific term, e.g. metallogenic provinces, physiographic provinces, etc.
provinces, faunal  search
USEfaunal provinces
provinces, floral  search
USEfloral provinces
provinces, ground-water  search
USEground-water provinces
provinces, metallogenic  search
USEmetallogenic provinces
provinces, physiographic  search
USEphysiographic provinces
provincialism  search
USEprovinciality
provinciality  search
UFprovincialism
RTecology
 paleoecology
 fossils
SNUsed mostly for fossils.
Provo Utah  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Utah County Utah
 ...Provo Utah
SNCity on Provo River and SSE of Salt Lake City in N central Utah.
Prowers County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Prowers County Colorado
Prudhoe Bay  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Northern Alaska
 ...Prudhoe Bay
RTNorth Slope
 Prudhoe Bay Field
SNInlet of the Arctic Ocean on the North Slope.
Prudhoe Bay Field  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Northern Alaska
 ...Prudhoe Bay Field
RToil and gas fields
 North Slope
 Ivishak Formation
 Prudhoe Bay
SNNorth Slope of Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Prut River  search
BTEurope
 .Prut River
UFPruth River
RTRomania
 Ukraine
 Moldavia
 Moldova
 Dniester-Prut Interfluve
SNRises in W central Carpathians and flows into Danube River below Galati. Also search Prut. Indexed with Romania and former Soviet republics as applicable.
Pruth River  search
USEPrut River
Prydz Bay  search
BTAntarctic Ocean
 .Prydz Bay
RTLeg 119
 ODP Site 739
 ODP Site 740
 ODP Site 741
 ODP Site 742
 ODP Site 743
SNOff Amery ice shelf, Antarctic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Przemsyl Poland  search
USEPrzemysl Poland
Przemysl Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Przemysl Poland
UFPeremyshl Poland
 Przemsyl Poland
RTGalitsiya
SNProvince and city near Ukrainian border in SE Poland.
Ps  search
PS waves  search
USEPS-waves
PS-waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .seismic waves
 ..body waves
 ...PS-waves
UFPS waves
RTseismology
 waves
 P-waves
 S-waves
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
psammite  search
USEsandstone
psammitic texture  search
USEarenaceous texture
pseudo-karst  search
USEpseudokarst
pseudo-single domains  search
BTmagnetic domains
 .pseudo-single domains
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
pseudobrookite  search
BToxides
 .pseudobrookite
RTarmalcolite
 ferropseudobrookite
pseudogalena  search
USEsphalerite
Pseudogleys  search
BTsoils
 .Pseudogleys
RTsoil group
 Gleys
pseudokarst  search
UFpseudo-karst
RTgeomorphology
 topography
 karst
 thermokarst
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
pseudoleucite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..pseudoleucite
Pseudomonas  search
BTbacteria
 .Pseudomonas
RTmicrofossils
 biodegradation
 bioremediation
SNSpecies. For paleontologic studies, index microfossils.
pseudomorphism  search
UFpseudomorphs
RTminerals
SNBefore 1976, also search replacement.
pseudomorphs  search
USEpseudomorphism
pseudotachylite  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .mylonites
 ..pseudotachylite
Pseudotsuga  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Coniferales
 ....Pseudotsuga
SNGenus.
Psiloceratida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
 .....Psiloceratida
psilomelane  search
BToxides
 .psilomelane
RTmanganese minerals
 manganese oxides
Psilophytales  search
USEPsilopsida
Psilopsida  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
 ..Psilopsida
UFPsilophytales
RTvascular taxa
SNIncluding Psilophytales.
Pskem Rang  search
Pskem Range  search
BTAsia
 .Pskem Range
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Pskem Range
RTKazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
SNOutlier of Kirghiz Range. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.
Pskov Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Pskov Russian Federation
BTEurope
 .Pskov Russian Federation
SNOblast including city 155 miles SW of Saint Petersburg in W Russian Federation. Before 1993, Pskov Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Psocoptera  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
 .....Neoptera
 ......Exopterygota
 .......Psocoptera
UFPsocopteroida
SNOrder.
Psocopteroida  search
USEPsocoptera
Pt  search
USEplatinum
Pteranodon  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Archosauria
 ......Pterosauria
 .......Pteranodon
SNGenus.
Pteridophyllen  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
 ..Pteridophyllen
Pteridophyta  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
NTFilicopsida
 Lycopsida
 Noeggerathiales
 Psilopsida
 Pteridophyllen
 Sphenopsida
RTPteropsida
 sporangia
 Callipteris
 spores
 Juglans
 vascular taxa
 Neuropteris
SNBefore 1981, Callipteris was included as a narrower term.
Pteridospermae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Pteridospermae
NTCallipteris
 Neuropteris
RTSphenopteris
 Ptilophyllum
 Taeniopteris
 Dicroidium
 Pecopteris
Pteriina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Pteriina
NTAnthraconaia
 Anthraconauta
 Inocerami
 Pectinacea
Pterobranchia  search
NTCephalodiscida
 Rhabdopleurida
RTHemichordata
 Invertebrata
SNIndexed with Hemichordata or Invertebrata as applicable.
Pterocarya  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Pterocarya
SNGenus.
Pteropoda  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Pteropoda
Pteropsida  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteropsida
RTthallophytes
 Angiospermae
 Gymnospermae
 Pteridophyta
 vascular taxa
SNUsed as a general term.
Pterosauria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Archosauria
 ......Pterosauria
NTPteranodon
SNOrder.
Pterygota  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
NTNeoptera
 Palaeoptera
SNSubclass.
ptilolite  search
USEmordenite
Ptilophyllum  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Cycadales
 ....Ptilophyllum
RTBennettitales
 Pteridospermae
PTt paths  search
USEP-T-t paths
Ptychopariida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Ptychopariida
NTAsaphidae
 Cryptolithus
 Dechenellidae
 Olenidae
 Proetidae
 Scutelluidae
ptygma  search
USEptygmatic folds
ptygmatic folds  search
BTfolds
 .ptygmatic folds
UFptygma
RTmigmatites
SNBefore 1978, also search folds AND ptygmatic.
Pu  search
USEplutonium
Pu'u O'o  search
USEPuu Oo
Pu-238  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pu-238
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..plutonium
 ...Pu-238
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pu-239  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pu-239
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..plutonium
 ...Pu-239
RTPu-240/Pu-239
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pu-240  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pu-240
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..plutonium
 ...Pu-240
RTPu-240/Pu-239
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pu-240/Pu-239  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pu-240/Pu-239
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..plutonium
 ...Pu-240/Pu-239
RTisotope ratios
 Pu-239
 Pu-240
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Pu-244  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Pu-244
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..plutonium
 ...Pu-244
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
public awaren  search
public awareness  search
UFawareness, public
RTeducation
 geologic hazards
 safety
 volcanic risk
 preventive measures
 risk assessment
 geology
 popular geology
 public policy
 planning
 seismic risk
public lands  search
NTnational forests
 national monuments
 national parks
 RARE II regions
 wilderness areas
UFfederal lands
RTland management
 land use
 conservation
 government agencies
 public policy
 natural resources
 U. S. Bureau of Land Management
SNIndexed with specific type if known e.g. national parks.
public policy  search
UFnational policy
RTwaste disposal
 land management
 land use
 legislation
 conservation
 government agencies
 regulations
 policy
 decision-making
 strategic minerals
 public lands
 public awareness
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
publication lists  search
USEpublications
publications  search
UFgeologic publications
 publication lists
RTassociations
 maps
 survey organizations
 catalogs
 dictionaries
 glossaries
 lexicons
 bibliography
 guidebook
 atlas
 monographs
 book reviews
 textbooks
 directory
 manuals
 theses
SNUsed as a general term.
Pucangan Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quaternary
 ....Pucangan Formation
RTIndonesia
 Java
SNCentral Java. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pucara Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Pucara Group
RTJurassic
 Upper Triassic
 Peru
 Lima Peru
 Junin Peru
SNIncludes Paria Formation. W Peru. Upper Triassic and Jurassic. Indexed with ages as applicable.
Puck Bay  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Gdansk Poland
 ....Puck Bay
SNInlet of the Gulf of Danzig on the Baltic Sea. Also search Puck.
Puebla de Guzman Spain  search
BTelva Spain
 .Puebla de Guzman Spain
SNTown in SW part of country.
Puebla Mexico  search
BTMexico
 .Puebla Mexico
NTLos Humeros
RTSierra Madre Oriental
 Mexican volcanic belt
 Popocatepetl
 Pico de Orizaba
SNState and city SE of Mexico City in SE Mexico.
Pueblo Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Pueblo County Colorado
 ...Pueblo Colorado
SNCity in SE central Colorado.
Pueblo County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Pueblo County Colorado
NTPueblo Colorado
RTWet Mountains
SNS central Colorado.
Puente Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....upper Miocene
 ......Puente Formation
RTCalifornia
SNIncludes Papel Blanco Shale, Blanco Sandstone, Cubierto Shale, Hunter Sandstone and Conglomerate, Peculiar Shale, Mahala Sandstone and Conglomerate, Sycamore Canyon Member, La Vida Member, Soquel Member, Yorba Member. S California.
Puente Hills  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Los Angeles County California
 ...Puente Hills
SNS part of Los Angeles County.
Puercan  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Paleocene
 .....lower Paleocene
 ......Puercan
SNNorth American continental stage. Above Cretaceous and below Dragonian. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Puerco River  search
USERio Puerco
Puerto Cabello Venezuela  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Carabobo Venezuela
 ...Puerto Cabello Venezuela
SNCity W of Caracas on the Caribbean Sea in N Venezuela.
Puerto Deseado  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..Santa Cruz Argentina
 ...Puerto Deseado
SNBay in S Argentina. As of 1993, use Puerto Deseado Argentina for the town, in Santa Cruz province.
Puerto Rico  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
 ...Greater Antilles
 ....Puerto Rico
NTAnasco Bay
 Arecibo Puerto Rico
 Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
 Mayaguez Bay
 Ponce Puerto Rico
 San Juan Puerto Rico
RTCaribbean Mountain Range
 Central Cordillera
 San Juan Formation
 Maravillas Formation
 Robles Formation
SNBefore 1932, also search Porto Rico.
Puerto Rico Trench  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Puerto Rico Trench
UFPuerto Rico Trough
SNNNE of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico Trough  search
USEPuerto Rico Trench
Puget Lowland  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Puget Lowland
SNArea surrounding Puget Sound and the broad trough extending S.
Puget Sound  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Puget Sound
RTJuan de Fuca Strait
 Deschutes River
SNArm of Pacific Ocean extending S from E end of Juan de Fuca Strait.
Puglia Italy  search
USEApulia Italy
Pulaski County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Pulaski County Arkansas
SNCentral Arkansas.
Pulaski County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Pulaski County Georgia
SNS central Georgia.
Pulaski County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Pulaski County Illinois
SNExtreme S Illinois.
Pulaski County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Pulaski County Indiana
SNNW Indiana.
Pulaski County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Pulaski County Kentucky
SNS Kentucky.
Pulaski County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Pulaski County Missouri
SNCentral Missouri.
Pulaski County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Pulaski County Virginia
SNSW Virginia.
Pulaski Fault  search
RTTennessee
 Virginia
SNSW Virginia and Tennessee. Indexed with counties or region as applicable.
Pulaski thrust sheet  search
BTUnited States
 .Pulaski thrust sheet
RTAppalachians
 Virginia
 Tennessee
SNSW Virginia and NE Tennessee. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
pulaskite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..syenites
 ...pulaskite
pull apart structures  search
USEboudinage
pull-apart basins  search
BTbasins
 .pull-apart basins
RTtectonics
 extension tectonics
 en echelon faults
 fault zones
 strike-slip faults
SNBasins associated with strike-slip fault zones. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Pulmonata  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Pulmonata
NTBasommatophora
 Stylommatophora
SNSubclass.
pulsating spring  search
USEgeysers
pulsations  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with magnetosphere and magnetic field.
Pultova Ukraine  search
USEPoltava Ukraine
Pultowa Ukraine  search
USEPoltava Ukraine
Pultusk Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Pultusk Poland
SNCity in SE Ciechanow, E central Poland.
pumice  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..pyroclastics
 ...pumice
RTpumice deposits
 shirasu
 scoria
SNAs of 1981, use pumice deposits for pumice as a commodity.
pumice deposits  search
RTabrasives
 aggregate
 pumice
SNCommodity. See List C.
pump and treat  search
USEpump-and-treat
pump tests  search
UFpumping tests
RTwater wells
 ground water
 hydrology
 pumping
 slug tests
SNBefore 1978, also search pumping.
pump-and-treat  search
UFpump and treat
RTreclamation
 pollution
 ground water
 pollutants
 remediation
 water treatment
 water quality
 volatile organic compounds
 contaminant plumes
 nonaqueous phase liquids
SNAlso index remediation and/or water treatment.
pumpellyite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..sorosilicates
 ...pumpellyite
RTaluminosilicates
pumping  search
RTdrawdown
 economic geology
 engineering geology
 ground water
 hydrogeology
 petroleum engineering
 production
 pump tests
 suction
 water recovery
 water resources
 water use
 water wells
 well screens
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
pumping tests  search
USEpump tests
Puna  search
RTAltiplano
 Andes
 Argentina
 Atacama Desert
 Central Andes
 Chile
 Southern Andes
SNHigh Andean intermontane plateaus, especially in the S Andes. Also used in other locations; search in combination with Andes or with country as applicable. Indexed with regions and mountain ranges as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
punch cards  search
UFpunched cards
RTdata processing
Punchbowl Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....upper Miocene
 ......Punchbowl Formation
RTCalifornia
SNDescribed in Valyermo Quadrangle as consisting of two facies. S California.
punched cards  search
USEpunch cards
Puncoviscana Formation  search
RTArgentina
 Cambrian
 Lower Cambrian
 Precambrian
 upper Precambrian
SNUpper Precambrian and Lower Cambrian. NW Argentina. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
punctuated aggradational cycles  search
RTcycles
 cyclic processes
 ecology
 paleoecology
 sedimentation
 stratigraphy
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
punctuated equilibria  search
RTbiologic evolution
 gradualism
 paleontology
 phylogeny
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Pune India  search
USEPoona India
Pungo River  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Pungo River
RTPamlico River
SNTidal estuary near the Pamlico River off Pamlico Sound.
Pungo River Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....Pungo River Formation
RTVirginia
 North Carolina
SNMiddle Miocene. E North Carolina and Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Punjab  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef as of 1981. Use Punjab India or Punjab Pakistan as applicable. Before 1981, referred to both the state in India and the province in Pakistan.
Punjab India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Punjab India
NTChandigarh India
 Spiti
RTChinji Formation
 Beas River
SNState. NW India. Before 1993, also search Punjab State.
Punjab Pakistan  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Pakistan
 ...Punjab Pakistan
NTAttock Pakistan
 Khewra Pakistan
 Mangla Dam
 Mansehra Pakistan
 Mianwali Pakistan
 Ramnagar Pakistan
 Salt Range
RTChinji Formation
 Potwar Plateau
SNProvince. E central Pakistan. Before 1993, also search Punjab Province.
Puno Peru  search
BTSouth America
 .Peru
 ..Puno Peru
RTLake Titicaca
SNDepartment in SE Peru.
Punta Mosquito Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Punta Mosquito Formation
RTVenezuela
Pupillidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Pupillidae
Purbeckian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Purbeckian
SNEurope.
Purcell Mountains  search
BTNorth America
 .Purcell Mountains
RTIdaho
 Montana
 British Columbia
 Boundary County Idaho
 Lincoln County Montana
SNMountain range in SE British Columbia; Boundary County, N Idaho and Lincoln County, NW Montana. Indexed with British Columbia and/or states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Purcell System  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Purcell System
RTAlberta
 Idaho
 Montana
 British Columbia
purchases  search
RTeconomics
SNUsually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
pure coal  search
USEvitrain
purification  search
RTbeneficiation
 dechlorination
 decontamination
 drinking water
 ground water
 hydrology
 impurities
 polluted water
 pollution
 potability
 water
 water quality
 water resources
 water treatment
purines  search
BTorganic compounds
 .proteins
 ..purines
Purisima Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Purisima Formation
RTPliocene
 Miocene
 California
 San Gregorio Formation
SNMiocene-Pliocene. W California. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
purple copper ore  search
USEbornite
Purulia India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...West Bengal India
 ....Purulia India
SNCity in W West Bengal, E India.
push wave  search
USEP-waves
push-pull wave  search
USEP-waves
Pushmataha County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Pushmataha County Oklahoma
Putnam County Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Putnam County Florida
SNN Florida.
Putnam County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Putnam County Georgia
SNCentral Georgia.
Putnam County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Putnam County Illinois
SNN central Illinois.
Putnam County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Putnam County Indiana
SNW central Indiana.
Putnam County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Putnam County Missouri
SNN Missouri.
Putnam County New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Putnam County New York
SNSE New York.
Putnam County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Putnam County Ohio
SNNW Ohio.
Putnam County Tennessee  search
BTUnited States
 .Tennessee
 ..Putnam County Tennessee
SNCentral Tennessee.
Putnam County West Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .West Virginia
 ..Putnam County West Virginia
SNW West Virginia.
Putrid Sea  search
USESivash
Puu Oo  search
BTUnited States
 .Hawaii
 ..Hawaii County Hawaii
 ...Hawaii Island
 ....Puu Oo
UFPu'u O'o
RTKilauea
 volcanoes
 East Rift Zone
SNExtensively studied eruptive activity site on East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano. Site is just inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Activity began in 1983 and continued for several years. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Puy-de-Dome France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Puy-de-Dome France
NTChaine des Puys
 Clermont-Ferrand France
 Mont-Dore France
RTLimagne
SNDepartment in S central France.
Pyramid Lake  search
RTWashoe County Nevada
SNLake in Washoe County, NW Nevada. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with county or regions as applicable.
pyrargyrite  search
BTsulfosalts
 .sulfantimonites
 ..pyrargyrite
pyrene  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aromatic hydrocarbons
 ...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
 ....pyrene
RTpollutants
 toxic materials
 benzene
 petroleum products
Pyrenean Orogenic Phase  search
USEPyrenean Orogeny
Pyrenean Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Pyrenean Orogeny
UFPyrenean Orogenic Phase
RTorogeny
 France
 Spain
 Andorra
 Pyrenees
SNOne of the 30 or more short-lived orogenies during Phanerozoic time identified by Stille, in this case during the late Eocene, between the Bartonian and Ludian stages. Before 1978, search Pyrenean AND orogeny.
Pyrenees  search
BTEurope
 .Pyrenees
NTCastillon Massif
 French Pyrenees
 Querigut Massif
 Spanish Pyrenees
RTFrance
 Spain
 Andorra
 Pyrenean Orogeny
 North Pyrenean Fault
SNMountain range extending from the Bay of Biscay to the SW coast of the Gulf of Lion. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Pyrenees-Atlantiques France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
NTBiarritz France
 Pau France
UFBasses-Pyrenees France
RTNavarre
SNDepartment in SW France.
Pyrenees-Orientales France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Pyrenees-Orientales France
NTAgly Massif
RTRoussillon
SNDepartment in E Pyrenees.
pyrite  search
BTsulfides
 .pyrite
RTiron ores
 bravoite
 framboidal texture
 iron minerals
 pyrite ores
SNAs of 1981, use pyrite ores for pyrite as a commodity.
pyrite ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .pyrite ores
RTiron ores
 pyrite
 sulfur deposits
SNCommodity. See List C.
pyritization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .pyritization
RTdiagenesis
 hydrothermal alteration
pyroaurite  search
BTcarbonates
 .pyroaurite
RThydrotalcite
pyrochlore  search
BThalides
 .fluorides
 ..pyrochlore
BToxides
 .niobates
 ..niobotantalates
 ...pyrochlore
RTbetafite
 niobium ores
 microlite
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
pyroclastic flows  search
RTash flows
 ash-flow tuff
 base surges
 clastic sediments
 flow texture
 igneous rocks
 ignimbrite
 nuees ardentes
 pyroclastics
 sediments
 shirasu
 tuff
 volcanic ash
 volcanic rocks
 volcaniclastics
 volcanism
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
pyroclastic surges  search
RTbase surges
 flows
 nuees ardentes
 pyroclastics
 surges
 volcanology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
pyroclastics  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..pyroclastics
NTandesite tuff
 ash-flow tuff
 green tuff
 hyaloclastite
 ignimbrite
 pumice
 rhyolite tuff
 scoria
 tuff
 tuffite
 welded tuff
UFtephra
RTagglomerate
 sedimentary rocks
 clastic sediments
 glasses
 shirasu
 volcanic ash
 sediments
 clastic rocks
 ash falls
 volcaniclastics
 ash flows
 pyroclastic flows
 eruptions
 pyroclastic surges
 bentonite
 volcanic breccia
 ejecta
 lapilli
SNAs of 1984, not to be used as sediments or sedimentary rocks. Use volcaniclastics when sediments or sedimentary rocks are made up partially of material originating from a volcano. Before 1981, also search pyroclastics and glasses.
pyroclastics and glasses  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use pyroclastics or glasses as applicable. See also volcaniclastics.
pyrolite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .pyrolite
RTupper mantle
 basalts
 magmas
 peridotites
SNAccording to the model proposed by Ringwood, a 3:1 mixture of peridotite to basalt which represents upper mantle composition.
pyrolusite  search
BToxides
 .pyrolusite
UFpolianite
RTmanganese minerals
 vernadite
pyrolysates  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1998, use pyrolysis with specific materials.
pyrolysis  search
RTincineration
 geochemistry
 Rock-Eval
pyrometasomatism  search
BTmetasomatism
 .pyrometasomatism
RThydrothermal alteration
pyromorphite  search
BTphosphates
 .pyromorphite
BThalides
 .chlorides
 ..pyromorphite
RTapatite
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
pyrope  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...garnet group
 ....pyrope
pyrophanite  search
BToxides
 .pyrophanite
RTtitanium oxides
pyrophyllite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..pyrophyllite
Pyrotheria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Amblypoda
 .......Pyrotheria
RTUngulata
SNSuborder.
pyroxene  search
USEpyroxene group
pyroxene andesite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..andesites
 ...pyroxene andesite
pyroxene granulite  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .granulites
 ..pyroxene granulite
pyroxene group  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
NTalkalic pyroxene
 clinopyroxene
 orthopyroxene
UFpyroxene
 pyroxenes
RTjade
SNBefore 1981, jade was included as a narrower term.
pyroxenes  search
USEpyroxene group
pyroxenite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..ultramafics
 ...pyroxenite
RTwebsterite
 bronzitite
 clinopyroxenite
 garnet pyroxenite
 metapyroxenite
 orthopyroxenite
pyroxferroite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxferroite
pyroxmangite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxmangite
Pyrrhophyta  search
BTPlantae
 .algae
 ..Pyrrhophyta
RTmicrofossils
 palynomorphs
 Dinoflagellata
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
pyrrhotine  search
USEpyrrhotite
pyrrhotite  search
BTsulfides
 .pyrrhotite
UFdipyrite
 pyrrhotine
RTiron ores
 iron minerals
 troilite