A  search
A-type granites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...A-type granites
UFanorogenic granites
RTalkalic composition
 rift zones
SNGeneral term used for rift zone and interior stable continental plate granites, which often have an alkaline composition.
aa  search
USEaa lava
aa lava  search
BTlava
 .aa lava
UFaa
RTpahoehoe
 volcanism
AABW  search
USEAntarctic Bottom Water
Aachen Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
 ....Aachen Germany
SNCity near the intersection of the Belgian and Dutch borders.
Aaland  search
USEAland
Aalenian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Middle Jurassic
 .....Aalenian
RTLower Jurassic
 Broom Formation
 Dogger
 Etive Formation
 Rannoch Formation
SNEurope.
AAPG  search
UFAmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists
RTassociations
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Aar Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Switzerland
 ...Aar Massif
Aar Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Switzerland
 ...Aar Valley
UFAare Valley
SNRiver valley in central and N Switzerland.
Aare Valley  search
USEAar Valley
Aargau Switzerland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Switzerland
 ...Aargau Switzerland
SNCanton in N Switzerland.
Abakan Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Abakan Russian Federation
BTAsia
 .Abakan Russian Federation
SNTown on Yenisei River SW of Krasnoyarsk in Khakass Autonomous Oblast. Before 1993, Abakan Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
abandoned mines  search
BTmines
 .abandoned mines
UFclosed mines
RTbioreclamation
 land subsidence
 mining geology
 reclamation
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
abandoned oil wells  search
BToil wells
 .abandoned oil wells
RTreclamation
 petroleum engineering
 pollution
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1998.
abandoned water wells  search
BTwater wells
 .abandoned water wells
RTfluid injection
 observation wells
 reinjection wells
 wellhead protection
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1998.
Abashiri Japan  search
BTkkaido
 .Abashiri Japan
NTKitami Japan
UFAbasiri Japan
RTKitami Basin
SNCity and sub-prefecture in NE Hokkaido.
Abasiri Japan  search
USEAbashiri Japan
Abbeville County South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Abbeville County South Carolina
Abean Orogeny  search
USEHercynian Orogeny
Abee Meteorite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..chondrites
 ...enstatite chondrites
 ....Abee Meteorite
RTAlberta
 Canada
SNImpact at Abee, E central Alberta, Canada.
Aberdeen Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Grampian region Scotland
 ......Aberdeenshire Scotland
 .......Aberdeen Scotland
SNCity on North Sea.
Aberdeenshire Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Grampian region Scotland
 ......Aberdeenshire Scotland
NTAberdeen Scotland
SNFormer county in NE Scotland.
Aberfeldy  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Perthshire Scotland
 ......Aberfeldy
RTbarite deposits
 lead-zinc deposits
SNMetal ore and barite mining region in Perthshire, Tayside region, central Scotland. As of 1993, use Aberfeldy Scotland for the town or Aberfeldy Field for the oil field in Lloydminster, W Saskatchewan. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aberfeldy Field  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Saskatchewan
 ...Aberfeldy Field
RToil and gas fields
SNOil field in Lloydminster, W Saskatchewan. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Aberystwyth Grits  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Silurian
 ....Aberystwyth Grits
RTEngland
 United Kingdom
 Wales
SNUpper Llandoverian. Forms part of the Ystwyth Stage. N and central Wales and NW England.
Aberystwyth Wales  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Dyfed Wales
 ......Cardiganshire Wales
 .......Aberystwyth Wales
SNTown on Saint Georges Channel in Cardiganshire (Dyfed).
Abies  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Gymnospermae
 ...Coniferales
 ....Pinaceae
 .....Abies
SNGenus.
Abilene Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Dickinson County Kansas
 ...Abilene Kansas
SNCity in E central Kansas.
Abilene Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Taylor County Texas
 ...Abilene Texas
SNCity in NW central Texas.
Abitibi Belt  search
BTNorth America
 .Canadian Shield
 ..Superior Province
 ...Abitibi Belt
RTBlake River Group
 Ontario
 Pontiac Subprovince
 Quebec
 Sigma Mine
 Timiskaming Group
SNStructural subprovince in SW Quebec and E Ontario. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Abitibi County Quebec  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Abitibi County Quebec
NTChibougamau Quebec
 Val d'Or Quebec
SNCounty on James Bay in W Quebec. Before 1993, also search Abitibi County in conjunction with Quebec. Before 1978, also search Abitibi with Quebec.
Abkhasia Georgian Republic  search
USEAbkhazia Georgian Republic
Abkhazia Georgian Republic  search
BTEurope
 .Georgian Republic
 ..Abkhazia Georgian Republic
NTKodor River basin
UFAbkhasia Georgian Republic
SNFormer Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
ablation  search
RTdebris cones
 glacial geology
 glaciers
 mass balance
 sedimentation
 wind erosion
 wind transport
Abo  search
SNUse Turku Finland for the city in Finland. Use Abo Formation for the Lower Permian unit in New Mexico.
Abo Finland  search
USETurku Finland
Abo Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Lower Permian
 .....Abo Formation
RTLeonardian
 New Mexico
 Wolfcampian
SNLower Permian, New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
abrasion  search
UFmechanical erosion
RTwind erosion
 bioerosion
 detritus
 erosion
 glaciation
 grinding
 planation
 ventifacts
abrasives  search
RTcarborundum
 corundum deposits
 diamonds
 diatomite
 garnet deposits
 industrial minerals
 pumice deposits
 silica
 tripoli
SNWhen used as a commodity term index also industrial minerals.
Abruzzi Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Abruzzi Italy
NTChieti Italy
 Marsica
SNAutonomous region on the Adriatic Sea.
Absaroka Fault  search
BTUnited States
 .Absaroka Fault
RTIdaho
 Utah
 Western Overthrust Belt
 Wyoming
SNWestern Overthrust Belt of Idaho, Utah and Wyoming. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Absaroka Range  search
BTUnited States
 .U. S. Rocky Mountains
 ..Absaroka Range
NTBeartooth Mountains
RTWyoming
 Montana
SNRange of the Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.
Absaroka Supergroup  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Absaroka Supergroup
RTWyoming
 Montana
SNMontana and NW Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Absaroka Thrust  search
SNUse Absaroka Fault or Absaroka thrust sheet as applicable.
absarokite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..basalts
 ...absarokite
absolute age  search
UFabsolute dating
 actual age (absolute age)
RTaccelerator mass spectroscopy
 age
 Ar/Ar
 C-14
 charcoal
 cosmochronology
 dates
 diffusion
 geochemistry
 geochronology
 He-4/He-3
 He/He
 horns
 I/Xe
 Io/Th
 Io/U
 isochrons
 isotopes
 K/Ar
 Kr/Kr
 Lu/Hf
 Nd/Nd
 new methods
 orogeny
 overprinting
 Pb-210
 Pb/Pb
 Pb/Th
 radioactiv
SNUsed for isotopic (radiometric or radiogenic) dating. For non-isotopic dating, see geochronology. When age is determined, the term dates is indexed with material type, isotopic dating methods and the age found. Indexed with dates or specific methods if ap
absolute age, dates  search
SNFor specific dates, see absolute age and dates.
absolute age, methods  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1971. Used in subfiles E, G, N, T and B.
absolute dating  search
USEabsolute age
absorbent materials  search
RTindustrial minerals
 materials
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
absorption  search
RTadsorption
 atomic absorption
 atomic absorption spectra
 emission spectroscopy
 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
 geochemistry
 Henry's law
 hydrophobic materials
 resorption
 sorption
 spectroscopy
 wave absorption
 wettability
absorption and scattering  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with aeronomy or aurora. As of 1993, see absorption or wave dispersion if applicable.
absorption spectra  search
USEatomic absorption spectra
absorption spectrophotometry  search
SNUse atomic absorption with spectroscopy.
absorption spectroscopy  search
SNNot a valid index term. Use absorption with spectroscopy.
Abu Dhabi  search
BTAsia
 .Arabian Peninsula
 ..United Arab Emirates
 ...Abu Dhabi
RTHanifa Formation
 Khuff Formation
 Shuaiba Formation
SNSheikdom. One of federation of 7 states at S end of Persian Gulf.
Abukuma Mountains  search
BTnshu
 .Abukuma Mountains
UFAbukuma Plateau
RTFukushima Japan
 Futaba Group
 Ibaraki Japan
 Miyagi Japan
SNMostly in Fukushima Prefecture in E central Honshu.
Abukuma Plateau  search
USEAbukuma Mountains
abundance  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. From 1981-1992, used only in the chemical sense. See geochemistry.
abutments  search
RTarches
 bridges
 dams
 embankments
 slope stability
SNIndexed with bridges or embankments or other structures as applicable.
abyssal cones  search
USEsubmarine fans
abyssal environment  search
USEdeep-sea environment
abyssal fans  search
USEsubmarine fans
abyssal hills  search
UFsubmarine hills
RTbottom features
 deep-sea environment
 submarine dunes
 submarine environment
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
abyssal plains  search
RTbottom features
 continental rise
 ocean basins
 ocean floors
 oceanography
 plains
Abyssinia  search
USEEthiopia
Abyssinian Rift valley  search
USEEthiopian Rift
abyssolith  search
USEbatholiths
Ac  search
USEactinium
academic institutions  search
UFcolleges
 universities
RTassociations
 Birmingham University
 Cambridge University
 Colorado School of Mines
 education
 institutions
 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
 Leningrad Mining Institute
 Moscow University
 museums
 Ohio State University
 organization
 Pennsylvania State University
SNReserved for any educational institution. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Acadia Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Acadia Parish Louisiana
Acadian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Acadian
RTCanada
 Acadian Phase
 Middle Cambrian
SNProvincial series, Canada. Considered Middle Cambrian. Rarely used. See Acadian Phase for the Devonian-Dinantian orogenic era. Indexed with age if applicable.
Acadian Orogeny  search
USEAcadian Phase
Acadian Phase  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Acadian Phase
UFAcadian Orogeny
RTUpper Devonian
 orogeny
 Acadian
 Antler Orogeny
 Appalachians
 Dinantian
 Eastern Canada
 middle Paleozoic
 tectonics
SNMiddle Paleozoic (?Upper Devonian-Dinantian) orogenic era. May be used for the Northern Appalachians. Use Acadian for the ?Middle Cambrian age. Also search orogeny AND Acadian. Indexed with ages as applicable.
Acantharina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Radiolaria
 ...Porulosida
 ....Acantharina
RTmicrofossils
SNSuborder. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
acanthite  search
BTsulfides
 .acanthite
RTargentite
 silver ores
Acanthodes  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Acanthodii
 ....Acanthodes
SNGenus.
Acanthodii  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Acanthodii
NTAcanthodes
RTOsteichthyes
 Placodermi
SNSubclass.
acanthopores  search
RTBryozoa
SNSkeletal structures in stenolaemate Bryozoa.
Acapulco Meteorite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..acapulcoite
 ...Acapulco Meteorite
UFEl Quemado Meteorite
RTchondrites
 Guerrero Mexico
 Mexico
SNEl Quemado Colony, Acapulco, Guerrero Mexico. Originally classified as an anomalous chondrite. Before 1981, also search Acapulco AND meteorites.
acapulcoite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..acapulcoite
NTAcapulco Meteorite
RTchondrites
 achondrites
SNType of primitive achondrites. Includes achondrites and chondrites as members. Indexed with achondrites or chondrites as applicable.
Acceglio Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Acceglio Italy
SNVillage in NW Italy.
acceleration  search
RTaccelerograms
 accelerometers
 motions
 seismic response
 velocity
SNGeneral term. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
accelerator mass spectroscopy  search
BTspectroscopy
 .mass spectroscopy
 ..accelerator mass spectroscopy
RTabsolute age
 C-14
 Al-26
 chemical analysis
 instruments
 Si-32
SNParticle accelerator and mass spectrometer. May be used in dating using cosmogenic isotopes. Before 1993, also search AMS. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
accelerograms  search
RTseismology
 acceleration
 accelerometers
 earthquakes
 engineering geology
SNUsed for data. For the instrument, use accelerometers. Also search acceleration.
accelerographs  search
USEaccelerometers
accelerometers  search
UFaccelerographs
RTseismology
 acceleration
 accelerograms
 instruments
 engineering geology
SNUsed for the instrument. Use accelerograms for data. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
accessory minerals  search
RTheavy minerals
 minerals
 petrology
SNBefore 1978, search minerals AND accessory.
Accomac County Virginia  search
USEAccomack County Virginia
Accomack County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Accomack County Virginia
NTWachapreague Inlet
UFAccomac County Virginia
SNOn the Delmarva Peninsula.
accommodation zones  search
RTblock structures
 decollement
 detachment faults
 extension tectonics
 faults
 hinge faults
 listric faults
 plate boundaries
 plate tectonics
 rift zones
 rifting
 tectonics
 transfer faults
 transform faults
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
Accra Ghana  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Ghana
 ...Accra Ghana
SNCity on the Gulf of Guinea.
accreting plate boundary  search
UFdivergent plate boundaries
RTplate boundaries
 plate tectonics
 rifting
 accretion
 passive margins
 plate divergence
 sea-floor spreading
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
accretion  search
RTaccreting plate boundary
 deposition
 Moon
 planetesimals
 planetology
 rifting
 sedimentation
 tectonics
SNTerm used for sedimentation through 1977. After 1977, term includes use as genetic concept for the Moon and planets.
accretionary prisms  search
USEaccretionary wedges
accretionary wedges  search
UFaccretionary prisms
RTtectonics
 plate tectonics
 terranes
 underplating
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
accumulation  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1981, used as a general term.
accumulation, petroleum  search
USEpetroleum accumulation
accuracy  search
RTcalibration
 corrections
 efficiency
 errors
 measurement
 precision
 quality control
 registration
 reliability
SNUsed as a general term. Also see precision.
Acer  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Acer
SNGenus.
acetate  search
BTorganic compounds
 .acetate
RTacetic acid
 esters
SNCompound derived from acetic acid. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
acetic acid  search
BTorganic compounds
 .organic acids
 ..carboxylic acids
 ...acetic acid
UFethanoic acid
RTacetate
 biochemistry
SNCH
acetylene  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkynes
 ....acetylene
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Acfer Meteorites  search
BTmeteorites
 .Acfer Meteorites
RTAlgeria
 CR chondrites
SNLarge number of stones found strewn over area in S Algeria. Also search using truncation for individual stones e.g. Acfer 001. Meteorites from Tanezrouft or El Djouf areas have been related to some Acfer stones. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Acheulean  search
USEAcheulian
Acheulian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Stone Age
 ....Paleolithic
 .....Acheulian
UFAcheulean
 Acheullian
RTarchaeology
SNArchaeological classification.
Acheullian  search
USEAcheulian
achondrites  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..achondrites
NTALHA 81005
 angrite
 chladnite
 diogenite
 EET 87521
 eucrite
 howardite
 lunar meteorites
 MAC 88104
 MAC 88105
 Martian meteorites
 ureilite
RTacapulcoite
 chondrites
 Elephant Moraine Meteorites
 iron meteorites
 stony irons
acid mine drainage  search
RTacids
 drainage
 environmental geology
 mine drainage
 mines
 pollution
 sulfuric acid
SNBefore 1978, also search drainage AND mines.
acid precipitation  search
USEacid rain
acid rain  search
BTatmospheric precipitation
 .rain
 ..acid rain
UFacid precipitation
 acid rainfall
RTpollution
 acidification
 critical load
 pH
 rainfall
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
acid rainfall  search
USEacid rain
acid sulfate soils  search
BTsoils
 .acid sulfate soils
Acidalia Planitia  search
BTMars
 .Acidalia Planitia
SNLow plain.
acidic  search
SNA valid index term through 1977.
acidic composition  search
UFsilicic composition
RTacids
 pH
 acidic magmas
 felsic composition
 igneous rocks
 composition
SNBefore 1978, also search acidic. Before 1985, also search silicic.
acidic magmas  search
BTmagmas
 .acidic magmas
RTacidic composition
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
acidification  search
RTacid rain
 critical load
 petroleum engineering
 tertiary recovery
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
acidity  search
USEpH
acids  search
RTacid mine drainage
 acidic composition
 alanine
 amino acids
 carboxylic acids
 compounds
 DNA
 fatty acids
 fulvic acids
 humic acids
 hydrochloric acid
 hydrofluoric acid
 inorganic acids
 organic acids
 pH
 RNA
 silicic acid
 sulfuric acid
SNUse only when a more specific term is not known.
Ackley Granite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Ackley Granite
RTNewfoundland Island
SNS Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
acmite  search
USEaegirine
Acoela  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Acoela
Aconcagua Chile  search
USEValparaiso Chile
acoustic emissions  search
USEacoustical emissions
acoustic logging  search
USEacoustical logging
acoustic methods  search
USEacoustical methods
acoustic waves  search
USEacoustical waves
acoustical  search
SNA valid index term through 1977.
acoustical emissions  search
UFacoustic emissions
 emissions, acoustical
RTseismology
 earthquakes
 acoustical waves
 avalanches
 precursors
 rock mechanics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
acoustical exploration  search
SNUse acoustical logging or acoustical methods. For economic geology, see exploration.
acoustical logging  search
BTwell-logging
 .acoustical logging
UFacoustic logging
RTacoustical methods
 borehole televiewers
 impedance
 seismic logging
 tube waves
SNNot a valid index term from 1975-1977. Before 1978, also search well-logging AND acoustical.
acoustical methods  search
BTgeophysical methods
 .acoustical methods
NTsonar methods
UFacoustic methods
RTacoustical logging
 borehole televiewers
 impedance
 air guns
 backscattering
 Brillouin spectra
 deep-tow methods
 Doppler effect
 echo sounding
 eikonal equation
 geophones
 geophysical surveys
 GLORIA
 Green function
 hydrophones
 reflection methods
 refraction method
SNAlso search acoustical. For surveys, search with geophysical surveys and an area. For surveys, also index geophysical surveys and the area.
acoustical properties  search
RTphysical properties
 properties
 seismology
acoustical waves  search
UFacoustic waves
 sonic waves
 sound waves
RTseismology
 acoustical emissions
 impedance
 elastic waves
 waves
SNAlso search acoustic AND waves.
Acqui Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Acqui Italy
RTAlessandria Italy
SNTown in NW Italy.
acquisition, data  search
USEdata acquisition
Acre Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Acre Brazil
SNState in W Brazil.
Acreodi  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Condylarthra
 .......Acreodi
acritarchs  search
BTpalynomorphs
 .acritarchs
NTBaltisphaeridium
 Hystrichosphaeridae
RTmicrofossils
 Dinoflagellata
SNHystrichosphaeridae is included here and under Dinoflagellata. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Acropora cervicornis  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Anthozoa
 ...Zoantharia
 ....Scleractinia
 .....Acropora cervicornis
SNSpecies.
Acropora palmata  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Anthozoa
 ...Zoantharia
 ....Scleractinia
 .....Acropora palmata
SNSpecies.
Actiniaria  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Anthozoa
 ...Zoantharia
 ....Actiniaria
SNOrder.
actinides  search
BTmetals
 .actinides
NTactinium
 americium
 berkelium
 californium
 curium
 einsteinium
 fermium
 lawrencium
 mendelevium
 neptunium
 nobelium
 plutonium
 protactinium
 thorium
 uranium
SNSeries of heavy, radioactive, metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103.
Actinistia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Osteichthyes
 ....Sarcopterygii
 .....Crossopterygii
 ......Actinistia
UFCoelacanthini
SNSuborder.
actinium  search
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..actinium
UFAc
Actinodontida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Actinodontida
UFModiomorphoida
actinolite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...clinoamphibole
 ....actinolite
RTactinolite facies
 asbestos
actinolite facies  search
BTfacies
 .actinolite facies
RTactinolite
 metamorphic rocks
Actinopterygii  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Osteichthyes
 ....Actinopterygii
NTChondrostei
 Holostei
 Teleostei
SNSubclass.
action, frost  search
USEfrost action
activation analysis  search
UFradioactivation analysis
RTisotopes
 chemical analysis
 analysis
 neutron activation analysis
SNIncluding field applications and instruments. Also search activation.
activation energy  search
RTenergy
 particles
active faults  search
BTfaults
 .active faults
RTblind faults
 creep
 seismic gaps
active layer  search
UFannually thawed layer
 layer, active
 mollisol
RTsoils
 permafrost
 taliks
active margins  search
RTcontinental margin
 plate boundaries
 plate convergence
 plate tectonics
 plates
 subduction zones
 underplating
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
active tectonics  search
USEneotectonics
activity  search
RTgeochemistry
 reactivity
actual age (absolute age)  search
USEabsolute age
actualism  search
USEuniformitarianism
Acungui Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Acungui Group
RTBrazil
 Parana Brazil
Ada County Idaho  search
BTUnited States
 .Idaho
 ..Ada County Idaho
NTBoise Idaho
SNSW Idaho.
Adair County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Adair County Iowa
Adair County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Adair County Kentucky
NTColumbia Kentucky
SNS Kentucky.
Adair County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Adair County Missouri
Adair County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Adair County Oklahoma
Adak Island  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southwestern Alaska
 ...Aleutian Islands
 ....Adak Island
SNIn central part of Aleutian Islands SW of Alaska Peninsula.
Adalia Turkey  search
USEAntalya Turkey
Adamawa  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Adamawa
RTCameroon
 Nigeria
SNRegion in West Africa, now part of N central Cameroon and E Nigeria. Indexed with Cameroon and/or Nigeria as applicable.
adamellite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...adamellite
Adamello Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Lombardy Italy
 ....Adamello Massif
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Central Alps
 ...Rhaetian Alps
 ....Adamello Massif
SNIn Rhaetian Alps in N Italy. This term has multiple hierarchies.
adamite  search
BTarsenates
 .adamite
Adamow Mine  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Poznan Poland
 ....Adamow Mine
RTmines
 lignite
SNLignite mine in W central Poland. Also search Adamow.
Adams County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Adams County Colorado
NTRocky Mountain Arsenal
RTWattenberg Field
SNN central Colorado.
Adams County Idaho  search
BTUnited States
 .Idaho
 ..Adams County Idaho
RTSeven Devils Mountains
SNW Idaho.
Adams County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Adams County Illinois
SNW Illinois.
Adams County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Adams County Indiana
SNE Indiana.
Adams County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Adams County Iowa
SNSW Iowa.
Adams County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Adams County Mississippi
SNSW Mississippi.
Adams County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Adams County Nebraska
SNS Nebraska.
Adams County North Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .North Dakota
 ..Adams County North Dakota
SNSW North Dakota.
Adams County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Adams County Ohio
SNS Ohio.
Adams County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Adams County Pennsylvania
SNS Pennsylvania.
Adams County Washington  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Adams County Washington
SNSE Washington.
Adams County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Adams County Wisconsin
SNCentral Wisconsin.
Adana Turkey  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Adana Turkey
RTAnatolia
SNProvince in S Anatolia. Also a city.
Adapidae  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Primates
 .......Prosimii
 ........Adapidae
SNFamily.
adaptation  search
RTadaptive radiation
 biologic evolution
 biotopes
 ecology
 paleoecology
 paleontology
adaptive filters  search
RTfilters
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
adaptive radiation  search
RTadaptation
 behavior
 biogeography
 biologic evolution
 functional morphology
 isolation
 paleontology
 phylogeny
 species diversity
SNAlso search radiation and biologic evolution. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Adavale Basin  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Queensland Australia
 ...Adavale Basin
SNS central Queensland.
Addis Ababa Ethiopia  search
BTAfrica
 .East Africa
 ..Ethiopia
 ...Addis Ababa Ethiopia
SNCity in central Ethiopia.
Addison County Vermont  search
BTUnited States
 .Vermont
 ..Addison County Vermont
SNW Vermont.
addresses  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1970. See symposia.
Adelaide Australia  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..South Australia
 ...Adelaide Australia
SNCity on Gulf Saint Vincent in SE South Australia.
Adelaide Geosyncline  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..South Australia
 ...Adelaide Geosyncline
RTgeosynclines
 Stuart Shelf
Adelaide Island  search
BTAntarctica
 .Adelaide Island
SNOff W coast of Antarctic Peninsula S of Cape Horn.
Adelaidean  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Adelaidean
UFAdelaidean system
RTMesoproterozoic
 Neoproterozoic
 Australia
SNSE Australia. Meso- and Neoproterozoic.
Adelaidean system  search
USEAdelaidean
Adelie Coast  search
BTAntarctica
 .Adelie Coast
UFAdelie Land
SNIn the French Sector on the Indian Ocean side S of Australia.
Adelie Land  search
USEAdelie Coast
Aden protectorate  search
USEAden Yemen
Aden Yemen  search
BTAsia
 .Arabian Peninsula
 ..Yemen
 ...Aden Yemen
UFAden protectorate
SNCity on Gulf of Aden. Former British Colony. Before 1993, also search Aden.
Adetognathus  search
BTmicrofossils
 .Conodonta
 ..Adetognathus
SNGenus.
adiabatic demagnetization  search
BTdemagnetization
 .adiabatic demagnetization
RTgeophysics
 magnetization
 paleomagnetism
 remanent magnetization
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Adirondack Anorthosite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Adirondack Anorthosite
RTNew York
SNNE New York.
Adirondack Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Adirondack Mountains
UFAdirondacks
RTAppalachians
 Blue Mountain Lake
 Canadian Shield
 Goodnow earthquake 1983
 Marcy Massif
SNNE New York.
Adirondacks  search
USEAdirondack Mountains
Admire Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Lyon County Kansas
 ...Admire Kansas
SNVillage in E central Kansas.
Adour Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Adour Basin
RTGers France
 Landes France
SNRiver basin in extreme SW France. Also search Adour.
Adrar  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Mauritania
 ...Adrar
SNInterior region in W Mauritania near Western Sahara border.
Adrar des Iforas  search
BTAfrica
 .Adrar des Iforas
RTAlgeria
 Mali
 Sahara
SNRegion in E Mali and S Algeria. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Adrastea Satellite  search
RTJupiter
 satellites
 Voyager Program
SNOne of the satellites of Jupiter. Before 1989, also search Adrastea AND Jupiter. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Adria Plate  search
USEAdriatic Plate
Adriatic Coast  search
USEAdriatic region
Adriatic Plate  search
UFAdria Plate
 Apulian Plate
RTItaly
 plate tectonics
 plates
 Adriatic region
 Apulia Italy
SNIndexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
Adriatic region  search
BTEurope
 .Adriatic region
UFAdriatic Coast
RTItaly
 Adriatic Plate
 Albania
 Croatia
 Montenegro
 Slovenia
 Yugoslavia
SNIndexed with countries or regions as applicable.
Adriatic Sea  search
BTMediterranean Sea
 .East Mediterranean
 ..Adriatic Sea
RTDalmatia
SNBetween Italy on the W, and Slovenia, Croatia, Yugoslavia and Albania on the E.
adsorption  search
RTabsorption
 chromatography
 clay mineralogy
 desorption
 geochemistry
 hydrophobic materials
 Langmuir equation
 processes
 resorption
 solution
 sorption
 surfactants
 wettability
adularia  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...alkali feldspar
 ....adularia
RTaluminosilicates
 K-feldspar
 orthoclase
Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometry  search
USEAVHRR
advection  search
RTconvection
 diffusion
 geochemistry
 processes
 solute transport
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
Adzhar Georgian Republic  search
USEAdzharistan Georgian Republic
Adzharia Georgian Republic  search
USEAdzharistan Georgian Republic
Adzharistan Georgian Republic  search
BTEurope
 .Georgian Republic
 ..Adzharistan Georgian Republic
NTBatumi Georgian Republic
UFAdzhar Georgian Republic
 Adzharia Georgian Republic
SNFormer Adzhar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in SW Georgian Republic.
Aegean Islands  search
BTMediterranean region
 .Aegean Islands
NTGreek Aegean Islands
RTTurkish Aegean region
Aegean Sea  search
BTMediterranean Sea
 .East Mediterranean
 ..Aegean Sea
RTGreek Aegean Islands
 Kalamata earthquake 1986
SNBetween Greece on the W and Turkey on the E.
aegerine  search
USEaegirine
Aegina  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Sterea Ellas
 ....Aegina
SNIsland in Saronic Gulf. After 1993, use Aegina Greece for the town.
aegirine  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
 ...clinopyroxene
 ....aegirine
UFacmite
 aegerine
aenigmatite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..aenigmatite
UFenigmatite
RTrhonite
aeolian  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See wind erosion, wind transport, or winds.
Aeolian Islands  search
USELipari Islands
aeolianite  search
USEeolianite
aeolotropy  search
USEanisotropy
aerial photographs  search
USEaerial photography
aerial photography  search
UFaerial photographs
RTcartography
 geomorphology
 landform description
 maps
 mosaics
 photogeology
 photogrammetry
 photography
 pixels
 remote sensing
 space photography
SNAlso search aerial.
aerobic environment  search
RTanaerobic environment
 depositional environment
 paleoecology
SNBefore 1978, search aerobic.
aeromagnetic maps  search
BTmaps
 .aeromagnetic maps
RTgeophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 airborne methods
 geophysical survey maps
 magnetic methods
 magnetic survey maps
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1983.
aeromagnetic surveys  search
SNA valid term through 1973. Use magnetic methods and airborne methods with geophysical surveys. Also search aeromagnetic.
Aeronian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Silurian
 ....Llandovery
 .....Aeronian
aeronomy  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term. Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef.
aerosols  search
RTair-sea interface
 ash
 atmosphere
 convection
 meteorology
 particles
 radioactive tracers
 turbidity
aeschynite  search
BToxides
 .niobates
 ..aeschynite
UFaschynite
 eschinite
 eschynite
Afar  search
BTAfrica
 .Afar
UFDanakil
 Dankalia
RTEthiopia
 Afar Depression
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Hadar
 Hadar Formation
SNLarge desert region mostly in Ethiopia. Indexed with Djibouti and/or Ethiopia and/or Eritrea as applicable.
Afar Depression  search
Afar Rift  search
Afars and Issas Territory  search
USEDjibouti
affinities  search
RTInvertebrata
 mineral resources
 Plantae
 Vertebrata
SNAlso search geochemical affinities if applicable.
afforestation  search
USEvegetation
Afghan-Tadzhik Basin  search
USEAfghan-Tajik Basin
Afghan-Tajik Basin  search
BTAsia
 .Afghan-Tajik Basin
UFAfghan-Tadzhik Basin
 Afghan-Tajik Depression
RTAfghanistan
 Tajik Depression
 Tajikistan
SNAlso search Afghan-Tadzhik. Indexed with Afghanistan and/or Tajikistan as applicable.
Afghan-Tajik Depression  search
USEAfghan-Tajik Basin
Afghanistan  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Afghanistan
NTAltimur Mountains
 Badakhshan Afghanistan
 Bamian Afghanistan
 Dasht-i-Nawar
 Ghazni Afghanistan
 Kabul Afghanistan
 Logar Afghanistan
 Paktia Afghanistan
 Wardak Afghanistan
RTAfghan-Tajik Basin
 Amu Darya
 Amu Darya Basin
 Badakhshan
 Hindu Kush
 Kohistan
 Murgab Basin
 Pamirs
 Turkestan
AFM  search
SNSee atomic force microscopy if applicable.
Africa  search
NTAdrar des Iforas
 Afar
 African Platform
 Blue Nile
 Cape Verde Islands
 Central Africa
 Chad Basin
 Congo Basin
 East Africa
 East African Lakes
 East African Rift
 Gregory Rift
 Kalahari Desert
 Kasai River
 Lebombo Mountains
 Libyan Desert
 Limpopo Basin
 Limpopo Belt
 Madagascar
 Mozambique Belt
 Nile River
 Nile Valley
 North Africa
 Nubia
 Nubian Shield
 Red Sea Hills
 Reguibat Ridge
 Sahara
 Sahel
 Senegal River
 Southern Africa
 Tanezrouft
 Tibesti Massif
 Volta Basin
 West Africa
 West African Shield
 Zambezi Valley
RTAfrican Plate
 Dwyka Formation
 Gondwana
 Karroo Supergroup
 Katangan Orogeny
 Kibaran Orogeny
 Nubian Sandstone
 Pan-African Orogeny
 Tethys
African Plate  search
RTAfrica
 plate tectonics
 plates
SNIncludes the continent of Africa, adjoining areas of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Madagascar, and much of E Mediterranean Sea. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
African Platform  search
BTAfrica
 .African Platform
SNA vast platform of complex Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks, partly covered by Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary rocks, which underlies the entire continent.
aftershocks  search
RTearthquakes
 focus
 foreshocks
 main shocks
 seismology
Aftonian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Lower Pleistocene
 ......Aftonian
SNInterglacial interval. North America.
Ag  search
USEsilver
Agades Niger  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Niger
 ...Agades Niger
UFAgadez Niger
SNTown in W central Niger.
Agadez Niger  search
USEAgades Niger
Agarak  search
BTEurope
 .Armenia
 ..Agarak
SNMining region in central Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
agate  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..silica minerals
 ...agate
RTamygdules
 chalcedony
 gems
 quartz
SNVariety of quartz.
age  search
RTabsolute age
 exposure age
 ground water
 maturity
 ocean basins
 P-T-t paths
 relative age
 residence time
age determination  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. For absolute age determination, use absolute age in conjunction with dates. See relative age for specific methods.
Ager Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....lower Eocene
 ......Ager Formation
RTSpain
SNCatalonia and the Pyrenees.
agglomerate  search
RTbreccia
 conglomerate
 igneous rocks
 pyroclastics
 sedimentary rocks
agglutinates  search
RTfines
 Moon
 particles
aggradation  search
RTgeomorphology
 processes
aggregate  search
UFlightweight aggregate
RTpumice deposits
 soils
 construction materials
 crushed stone
 gravel deposits
 morphology
 rocks
 sand
 sands
 trap rocks
SNFor the commodity, also search gravel deposits, limestone deposits, granite deposits, or crushed stone as applicable. For the soil unit, search in combination with soils. If a commodity, also index construction materials.
aggregation  search
SNA valid term through 1975. After 1975, use sedimentation.
AGI  search
UFAmerican Geological Institute
RTassociations
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Agly Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Pyrenees-Orientales France
 ....Agly Massif
SNS France.
agmatite  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .migmatites
 ..agmatite
Agnatha  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Agnatha
NTHeterostraci
 Osteostraci
 Ostracodermi
RTPisces
 Cyclostomata
SNClass.
Agnes  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Hurricane Agnes.
Agnostida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Agnostida
Agnotozoic  search
USEProterozoic
agpaite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..syenites
 ...agpaite
agrichemicals  search
USEagrochemicals
Agricola Lake  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Mackenzie District Northwest Territories
 ...Agricola Lake
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
agricultural chemicals  search
USEagrochemicals
agricultural waste  search
UFwaste, agricultural
RTagriculture
 agrochemicals
 waste disposal
SNBefore 1978, search agricultural.
agriculture  search
RTagricultural waste
 fertilization
 fertilizers
 horticultural peat
 land management
 land use
 soils
 U. S. Department of Agriculture
agrochemicals  search
UFagrichemicals
 agricultural chemicals
RTpollution
 soils
 agricultural waste
 fertilizers
 alachlor
 aldicarb
 atrazine
 bentazon
 chemical waste
 chlorobenzene
 chlorophenols
 CREAMS
 cyanazine
 DDT
 fungicides
 GLEAMS
 herbicides
 hexachlorobenzene
 insecticides
 metolachlor
 nutrients
 pesticides
 pollutants
 tria
SNMainly compounds or mixtures used on farm crops. They include fertilizers, pesticides, soil conditioners, and plant hormones. Also index pollutants and specific chemicals e.g. DDT, as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Agrokipia Deposit  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Cyprus
 ...Agrokipia Deposit
RTbase metals
 copper ores
 iron ores
 Troodos Massif
 Troodos Ophiolite
 zinc ores
SNIron-zinc-copper sulfide stockwork deposit. Before 1993, also search Agrokipia and commodity. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Agto Greenland  search
BTArctic region
 .Greenland
 ..Agto Greenland
SNFishing settlement on small island in Davis Strait.
AGU  search
UFAmerican Geophysical Union
RTassociations
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Agua Blanca Fault  search
RTBaja California
 California
 Mexico
 North America
SNIndexed with North America or states as applicable.
Aguacate Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Aguacate Group
RTPliocene
 Miocene
 Mexico
 Costa Rica
SNMiocene-Pliocene. Costa Rica and Mexico. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aguja Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Gulfian
 ......Aguja Formation
RTTexas
SNW Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Agulhas Bank  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Agulhas Bank
RTTable Mountain Group
SNSouth of Cape of Good Hope.
Agung, Mount  search
USEMount Agung
Ahaggar  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Ahaggar
UFAhaggar Mountains
 Hoggar Mountains
RTSahara
 Aleksod
 Gour Oumelalen
 Tassili n'Ajjer
SNVolcanic upland in SE Algeria.
Ahaggar Mountains  search
USEAhaggar
ahermatypic taxa  search
UFtaxa, ahermatypic
RTCoelenterata
 hermatypic taxa
SNBefore 1978, search ahermatypic.
Ahnet  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Ahnet
SNRegion in S central Algeria.
Ahvenanmaa  search
USEAland
AI  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Sometimes used as the abbreviation for artificial intelligence.
Aichi Japan  search
BTnshu
 .Aichi Japan
NTAtsumi Peninsula
 Mikawa
 Shonai River
RTChubu Japan
 Ise Bay
 Kiso Mountains
 Tokai Japan
 Yahagi River
SNPrefecture in central Honshu. Capital is Nagoya.
aid projects  search
RTeconomic agreements
 economics
 international cooperation
SNUsually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Aigoual Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Cevennes
 ....Aigoual Massif
RTGard France
 Lozere France
SNIn Cevennes Mountains in S France.
Aiguilles Rouges  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Aiguilles Rouges
RTFrench Alps
 Haute-Savoie France
 Swiss Alps
 Valais Switzerland
SNAlpine range in Haute-Savoie, SE France and in Valais, SW Switzerland. Also index Haute-Savoie France and/or Valais Switzerland and mountain ranges as applicable.
Aiken County South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Aiken County South Carolina
NTAiken South Carolina
RTSavannah River Plant
SNW South Carolina.
Aiken South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Aiken County South Carolina
 ...Aiken South Carolina
SNCity in W South Carolina.
aikinite  search
BTsulfides
 .aikinite
Ain France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Ain France
RTJura Mountains
SNDepartment in E France.
air  search
RTair-water interface
 atmosphere
 background level
 Clean Air Act
 critical load
 pollution
air fields  search
USEairports
air guns  search
UFairguns
RTinstruments
 acoustical methods
 geophysical methods
 seismic methods
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
air-sea interface  search
UFinterface, air-sea
RToceanography
 aerosols
 atmosphere
 meteorology
 air-water interface
 atmospheric transport
 boundary interactions
 interfaces
air-water interface  search
UFwater-air interface
RTair-sea interface
 air
 interfaces
 water
SNUse air-sea interface if applicable.
Aira Caldera  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Japan
 ...Kyushu
 ....Kagoshima Japan
 .....Aira Caldera
RTOntake
 Sakura-jima
SNKagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, S Japan.
airborne  search
SNA valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use airborne methods.
airborne methods  search
NTAVHRR
 AVIRIS
RTaeromagnetic maps
 aircraft
 geophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 ground methods
 magnetic methods
 multispectral scanner
 photogeology
 remote sensing
 SAR
 SLAR
 thematic mapper
 total-field methods
 vertical-gradient methods
SNBefore 1978, also search airborne.
Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer  search
USEAVIRIS
aircraft  search
RTairborne methods
 ash clouds
 flight
 geologic hazards
 safety
 volcanic risk
SNFor ground facilities, use airports. Also search aviation safety if applicable.
airfields  search
USEairports
airglow  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term. Usually out of scope for GeoRef. Used with ionosphere.
airguns  search
USEair guns
airports  search
UFair fields
 airfields
 aviation facilities
RTpollution
 engineering geology
 environmental geology
 land use
 military facilities
SNIndexed with military facilities if applicable.
Airy waves  search
BTelastic waves
 .Airy waves
RTseismology
 waves
 seismic waves
 surface waves
Aisne France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aisne France
RTOise River valley
 Somme River valley
SNDepartment in N France.
Aitkin County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Aitkin County Minnesota
Aix-en-Provence France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Bouches-du-Rhone France
 ....Aix-en-Provence France
SNCity in SE France.
Aizu Basin  search
BTnshu
 .Aizu Basin
RTFukushima Japan
SNFukushima Prefecture, N central Honshu. Also search Aizu. Indexed with Fukushima Japan if applicable.
Ajay River  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Ajay River
RTBihar India
 West Bengal India
SNIndexed with Indian states as applicable.
Ajman  search
BTAsia
 .Arabian Peninsula
 ..United Arab Emirates
 ...Ajman
SNSheikdom. One of federation of 7 states at S end of Persian Gulf.
Ajmer India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Rajasthan India
 ....Ajmer India
SNCity and district in central Rajasthan, NW India.
akaganeite  search
BToxides
 .akaganeite
RTiron hydroxides
 iron oxides
Akaishi Mountains  search
BTnshu
 .Japanese Alps
 ..Akaishi Mountains
RTFossa Magna
 Nagano Japan
 Shizuoka Japan
 Yamanashi Japan
SNS Japanese Alps, central Honshu. Indexed with prefecture or prefectures as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Akbastau Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Akbastau Kazakhstan
SNVillage NE of Chimkent in S central Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Akchagylian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....upper Pliocene
 ......Akchagylian
RTupper Tertiary
SNEurope.
Akchatau Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Karaganda Kazakhstan
 ...Akchatau Kazakhstan
SNTown in SE Karaganda oblast in E central Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Akenobe Mine  search
BTogo Japan
 .Akenobe Mine
RTmines
 polymetallic ores
SNPolymetallic ores. Hyogo Prefecture, S Honshu.
Akera River  search
BTEurope
 .Azerbaijan
 ..Akera River
SNRiver in SW Azerbaijan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
akermanite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..sorosilicates
 ...melilite group
 ....akermanite
Akhaltsikhe Georgian Republic  search
BTEurope
 .Georgian Republic
 ..Akhaltsikhe Georgian Republic
SNCity in S Georgian Republic. Before 1993, also search Akhaltsikh.
Akhtala Armenia  search
BTEurope
 .Armenia
 ..Akhtala Armenia
SNTown in N Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Akita City Japan  search
BTnshu
 .Akita Japan
 ..Akita City Japan
SNCity on Japan Sea in N Honshu. Before 1993, also search Akita Japan.
Akita Japan  search
BTnshu
 .Akita Japan
NTAkita City Japan
 Hanaoka Mine
 Hanawa Mine
 Hokuroku Japan
 Kosaka Mine
 Odate Japan
 Oga Peninsula
 Shakanai Mine
RTChokai
 Koma-ga-take
 Nagano City Japan
 Tamagawa
 Tohoku
SNPrefecture including the city in N Honshu.
Akiyoshi  search
BTnshu
 .Akiyoshi
SNLimestone region in extreme SW Honshu.
Akiyoshi Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Akiyoshi Limestone
RTHonshu
 Japan
SNSW Honshu.
Akjoujt Mauritania  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Mauritania
 ...Akjoujt Mauritania
SNVillage in W central Mauritania.
Akron Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Summit County Ohio
 ...Akron Ohio
SNCity in NE Ohio.
Aksu  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Aksu Kazakhstan. Aksu may also have been used for town in Xinjiang China. That town is now called Wensu.
Aksu Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Aksu Kazakhstan
SNVillage in Taldy Kurgan oblast, Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aktyubinsk Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Aktyubinsk Kazakhstan
NTEmba Field
 Emba Kazakhstan
 Irgiz Kazakhstan
 Zhamanshin Crater
RTirghizite
 Mugodzhar Hills
SNOblast and city in W central Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Akzhal Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan
 ...Akzhal Kazakhstan
SNTown in E Semipalatinsk oblast in E Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Al  search
USEaluminum
Al-26  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Al-26
BTmetals
 .aluminum
 ..Al-26
RTaccelerator mass spectroscopy
 Al-27/Al-26
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Al-26/Al-27  search
USEAl-27/Al-26
Al-27  search
BTmetals
 .aluminum
 ..Al-27
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Al-27
RTAl-27/Al-26
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Al-27/Al-26  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Al-27/Al-26
BTmetals
 .aluminum
 ..Al-27/Al-26
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Al-27/Al-26
UFAl-26/Al-27
RTAl-26
 Al-27
 isotope ratios
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Al-Kufrah Basin  search
USEKufra Basin
Al-Qusayr Egypt  search
USEKosseir Egypt
Al-Quseir Egypt  search
USEKosseir Egypt
Ala-Kul Lake  search
USEAlakol
Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
NTAlabama River
 Autauga County Alabama
 Baldwin County Alabama
 Barbour County Alabama
 Bibb County Alabama
 Blount County Alabama
 Bullock County Alabama
 Butler County Alabama
 Calhoun County Alabama
 Chambers County Alabama
 Cherokee County Alabama
 Chilton County Alabama
 Choctaw County Alabama
 Clarke County Alabama
 Clay County Alabama
 Cleburne County Alabama
 Coffee County Alabama
 Colbert County Alabama
 Conecuh County Alabama
 Coosa County Alabama
 Covington County Alabama
 Crenshaw County Alabama
 Cullman County Alabama
 Dale County Alabama
 Dallas County Alabama
 De Kalb County Alabama
 Elmore County Alabama
 Escambia County Alabama
 Etowah County Alabama
 Fayette County Alabama
 Franklin County Alabama
 Geneva County Alabama
 Greene County Alabama
 Hale County Alabama
 Henry County Alabama
 Houston County Alabama
 Jackson County Alabama
 Jefferson County Alabama
 Lamar County Alabama
 Lauderdale County Alabama
 Lawrence County Alabama
 Lee County Alabama
 Limestone County Alabama
 Lowndes County Alabama
 Macon County Alabama
 Madison County Alabama
 Marengo County Alabama
 Marion County Alabama
 Marshall County Alabama
 Mobile Bay
 Mobile County Alabama
 Monroe County Alabama
 Montgomery County Alabama
 Morgan County Alabama
 Perry County Alabama
 Pickens County Alabama
 Pike County Alabama
 Randolph County Alabama
 Russell County Alabama
 Saint Clair County Alabama
 Shelby County Alabama
 Sumter County Alabama
 Talladega County Alabama
 Talladega Front
 Tallapoosa County Alabama
 Tuscaloosa County Alabama
 Walker County Alabama
 Warrior coal field
 Washington County Alabama
 Wilcox County Alabama
 Winston County Alabama
RTAppalachian Basin
 Appalachian Plateau
 Bangor Limestone
 Black Warrior Basin
 Bluffport Marl Member
 Blufftown Formation
 Brevard Zone
 Bucatunna Formation
 Byram Formation
 Catahoula Formation
 Chattahoochee River
 Chattanooga Shale
 Chesterian
 Chickamauga Group
 Ch
Alabama River  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Alabama River
SNCentral and SW Alabama.
alabandine  search
USEalabandite
alabandite  search
BTsulfides
 .alabandite
UFalabandine
 manganblende
RTmanganese minerals
alabaster  search
BTsulfates
 .alabaster
UFonyx marble
RTaragonite
 calcite
 gypsum
alachlor  search
BTpesticides
 .herbicides
 ..alachlor
RTagrochemicals
 pollutants
 toxic materials
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
Alachua County Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Alachua County Florida
SNN Florida.
Alacran Reef  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Gulf of Mexico
 ...Alacran Reef
SNOff north Yucatan coast.
Alae Crater  search
BTUnited States
 .Hawaii
 ..Hawaii County Hawaii
 ...Hawaii Island
 ....Alae Crater
RTKilauea
 volcanoes
SNOn Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii Island. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Alagoas Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Alagoas Brazil
RTSao Francisco Basin
 Sergipe-Alagoas Basin
SNState in NE Brazil.
Alai Range  search
BTAsia
 .Tien Shan
 ..Alai Range
NTHissar Range
UFAlay Range
RTTajikistan
 Darvaza Range
 Kyrgyzstan
 Zeravshan Range
SNOne of the W ranges of the Tien Shan in SW Kyrgyzstan. Before 1978, also search Alai. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.
Alaia Turkey  search
USEAlanya Turkey
Alais France  search
USEAles France
Alaiye Turkey  search
USEAlanya Turkey
Alakol  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Alakol
UFAla-Kul Lake
SNLake in Taldy Kurgan Oblast E of Lake Balkhash in E Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Alamance County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Alamance County North Carolina
Alameda County California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Alameda County California
NTBerkeley California
 Hayward California
 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
 Livermore California
 Oakland California
RTGreenville Fault
 San Francisco Bay region
SNOn San Francisco Bay, W California.
Alaminos Canyon  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Gulf of Mexico
 ...Alaminos Canyon
Alamosa County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Alamosa County Colorado
RTAlamosa River
 San Luis Valley
SNS Colorado.
Alamosa River  search
BTUnited States
 .Alamosa River
RTNew Mexico
 Colorado
 Alamosa County Colorado
 Conejos County Colorado
 Rio Grande County Colorado
 Rio Grande
SNSW Colorado, tributary of the Rio Grande. Alamosa River may also be used in SW New Mexico. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.
Alan Hills Meteorites  search
USEAllan Hills Meteorites
Aland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Scandinavia
 ...Finland
 ....Aland
UFAaland
 Ahvenanmaa
 Aland Archipelago
 Aland Islands
 Aland Province Finland
RTBaltic Sea
 Gulf of Bothnia
SNIslands off SW Finland. Used for the Finnish province. Before 1995, Baltic Sea was a broader term.
Aland Archipelago  search
USEAland
Aland Islands  search
USEAland
Aland Province Finland  search
USEAland
Alandroal Portugal  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Portugal
 ....Evora Portugal
 .....Alandroal Portugal
SNTown in S central Portugal.
alanine  search
BTorganic compounds
 .organic acids
 ..amino acids
 ...alanine
RTgeochemistry
 acids
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alanya Turkey  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Alanya Turkey
UFAlaia Turkey
 Alaiye Turkey
 Alaya Turkey
RTAnatolia
SNTown on the Gulf of Adalia in S Anatolia.
Alaska  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
NTAlaska Range
 Delta River
 Denali National Park
 East-Central Alaska
 Northern Alaska
 Prince William Terrane
 Southeastern Alaska
 Southern Alaska
 Southwestern Alaska
 Tracy Arm
 Trans-Alaska Pipeline
 West-Central Alaska
 Yakutat Terrane
 Yukon-Koyukuk Basin
 Yukon-Tanana Upland
RTCh
 Alaska earthquake 1964
 Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957
 Alexander Terrane
 AMRAP
 Andreanof Islands earthquake 1986
 Arctic Coastal Plain
 Arctic region
 Bear Mountain
 Bell Island
 Bootlegger Cove Clay
 Border Ranges Fault
 Bowser Formation
 Cache Creek Terrane
SNAs of 1993, divided into six divisions based on U. S. Geological Survey quadrangles; therefore, also search directionals. Before 1971, also search Arctic America.
Alaska earthquake 1964  search
BTearthquakes
 .Alaska earthquake 1964
RTAlaska
 Aleutian Trench
SNS Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program  search
USEAMRAP
Alaska Panhandle  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southeastern Alaska
 ...Alaska Panhandle
RTCoast Mountains
SNBefore 1993, also search Panhandle AND Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Alaska Peninsula  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southwestern Alaska
 ...Alaska Peninsula
RTKatmai
 Novarupta
 Pavlof
 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
SNSW Alaska.
Alaska Range  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Alaska Range
RTDenali National Park
 North American Cordillera
 Rainbow Mountain
SNS central Alaska.
alaskite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...alaskite
Alava Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Basque Provinces Spain
 .....Alava Spain
NTVitoria Spain
SNOne of the Basque Provinces in N Spain.
Alaverdi Armenia  search
BTEurope
 .Armenia
 ..Alaverdi Armenia
UFAllaverdy Armenia
SNCity in N Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Alay Range  search
USEAlai Range
Alaya Turkey  search
USEAlanya Turkey
Alazani  search
BTEurope
 .Georgian Republic
 ..Alazani
SNMining and oil producing area in E Georgian Republic.
Alba Patera  search
BTMars
 .Alba Patera
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcano on Mars. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alba-Iulia Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Alba-Iulia Romania
SNTown in Alba County, SW Transylvania.
Albacete Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
 .....Albacete Spain
SNRefers only to the province in SE Spain. Before 1998, considered to be in Murcia region.
Alban Hills  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Latium Italy
 ....Alban Hills
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Apennines
 ....Alban Hills
SNPart of the Lower Apennines SE of Rome. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Albania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Albania
NTAlbanides
RTAdriatic region
 Mediterranean region
 Balkan Peninsula
 Dinaric Alps
 Ionian Zone
 Montenegro earthquake 1979
Albanides  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Albanides
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Albania
 ...Albanides
SNMountain area in W and SW Albania. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Albany County New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Albany County New York
NTAlbany New York
SNE New York.
Albany County Wyoming  search
BTUnited States
 .Wyoming
 ..Albany County Wyoming
SNSE Wyoming.
Albany New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Albany County New York
 ...Albany New York
SNCity in E New York.
Albatross Cordillera  search
USEEast Pacific Rise
albedo  search
UFBond albedo
RTMoon
 remote sensing
 brightness
 cosmic rays
 interplanetary space
 reflectance
SNBefore 1993, also used with ionosphere and magnetosphere. Usually out of scope for GeoRef.
Albemarle County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Albemarle County Virginia
SNCentral Virginia. Also search Charlottesville Virginia if applicable.
Albert Canyon British Columbia  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..British Columbia
 ...Albert Canyon British Columbia
SNVillage between Mount Revelstone and Glacier National Park in SE British Columbia.
Albert County New Brunswick  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...New Brunswick
 ....Albert County New Brunswick
Albert Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Albert Formation
RTNew Brunswick
SNNew Brunswick, Canada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alberta  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Alberta
NTAlberta Basin
 Athabasca Glacier
 Athabasca Oil Sands
 Athabasca River
 Banff Alberta
 Banff National Park
 Bow River valley
 Calgary Alberta
 Dinosaur Provincial Park
 Drumheller Alberta
 Edmonton Alberta
 Elmworth Field
 Fort McMurray Alberta
 Jasper National Park
 Leduc Alberta
 Medicine Hat Alberta
 Peace River Arch
 Red Deer River
 Red Deer River valley
 Smoky River
 Wabasca Alberta
RTAbee Meteorite
 Altyn Limestone
 Athabasca District
 Banff Formation
 Bearpaw Formation
 Beaverhill Lake Group
 Belly River Formation
 Blairmore Group
 Bluesky Formation
 Bruderheim Meteorite
 Cadomin Formation
 Canadian Cordillera
 Canadian Rocky Mountains
 Canadian
Alberta Basin  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Alberta
 ...Alberta Basin
SNStructural basin in Alberta, Canada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Albian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Albian
NTupper Albian
RTPeace River Formation
SNEurope. Above Aptian, below Cenomanian.
Albion Range  search
BTUnited States
 .Idaho
 ..Albion Range
RTCassia County Idaho
SNCassia County in S Idaho.
albite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...plagioclase
 ....albite
RTgranites
 andesine
 peristerite
albitite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..syenites
 ...albitite
albitization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .albitization
RTprocesses
 autometamorphism
 spilitization
albitophyre  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..syenites
 ...albitophyre
RTkeratophyre
SNAs of 1993, this term is considered obsolete.
Alboran Sea  search
BTMediterranean Sea
 .West Mediterranean
 ..Alboran Sea
RTDSDP Site 121
 El Alboran Island
 Leg 13
 Leg 161
 ODP Site 976
 ODP Site 977
 ODP Site 978
 ODP Site 979
SNBetween S Spain and Morocco in W Mediterranean Sea.
Alborz Mountains  search
USEElburz
Albuquerque Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Albuquerque Basin
RTNew Mexico
 Colorado
 Texas
 Colorado Plateau
SNColorado Plateau of New Mexico and adjacent areas of Texas and Colorado. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Albuquerque New Mexico  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..Bernalillo County New Mexico
 ...Albuquerque New Mexico
SNCity in central New Mexico.
alcohols  search
BTorganic compounds
 .alcohols
NTmethanol
 sterols
RTphenols
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Alcona County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Alcona County Michigan
NTGlennie Michigan
SNNE Michigan.
Alcorn County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Alcorn County Mississippi
Alcoy Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Valencia region
 .....Alicante Spain
 ......Alcoy Spain
SNCity in SE Spain.
Alcudia Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
 .....Ciudad Real Spain
 ......Alcudia Valley
SNS central Spain.
Aldabra Island  search
BTIndian Ocean Islands
 .Seychelles
 ..Aldabra Island
SNAtoll 250 miles NW of Madagascar.
Aldan Plateau  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Aldan Plateau
SNSE Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aldan River  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Aldan River
SNSE Yakutia. Flows into the Lena River. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aldan Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Aldan Russian Federation
SNCity in SE Yakutia. Before 1993, Aldan Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aldan Shield  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Siberian Platform
 ...Aldan Shield
RTYakutia Russian Federation
 Yudomian
SNThe Aldan Plateau area of SE Yakutia. Part of greater Angara Shield. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aldanian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Lower Cambrian
 .....Aldanian
SNEurope.
aldicarb  search
BTpesticides
 .aldicarb
RTagrochemicals
 insecticides
 pollutants
 toxic materials
SNCarbamate insecticide. Also used for related compounds such as aldicarb sulfone. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Aldridge Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Mesoproterozoic
 ....Aldridge Formation
RTIdaho
 Montana
 Washington
 British Columbia
 Belt Supergroup
SNIn Belt Supergroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aleksinac Yugoslavia  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Yugoslavia
 ...Serbia
 ....Aleksinac Yugoslavia
UFAlexinats Yugoslavia
 Alexinatz Yugoslavia
SNTown in E Serbia.
Aleksod  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Aleksod
RTAhaggar
SNRegion in Ahaggar in SE Algeria.
Alentejo  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Portugal
 ....Alentejo
SNFormer province in central and S Portugal.
Ales France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Gard France
 ....Ales France
UFAlais France
SNCity in S France.
Alessandria Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Alessandria Italy
RTAcqui Italy
SNCity and province in NW Italy.
Aleutian Arc  search
USEAleutian Islands
Aleutian Islands  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southwestern Alaska
 ...Aleutian Islands
NTAdak Island
 Amchitka Island
 Rat Islands
 Shemya Island
 Shumagin Islands
 Unalaska Island
UFAleutian Arc
 Aleutians
RTAleutian Islands earthquake 1957
 Andreanof Islands earthquake 1986
 Aleutian Trench
 Bering Sea
 East Pacific Ocean Islands
 Rat Island
SNChain of volcanic islands extending in great curve from Alaska Peninsula in SW Alaska.
Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957  search
BTearthquakes
 .Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957
UFAndreanof Islands earthquake 1957
RTAleutian Islands
 Alaska
SNAndreanof Islands, central Aleutian Islands, W Alaska. Before 1985, search earthquakes AND 1957 AND Alaska.
Aleutian Ridge  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Aleutian Ridge
RTAleutian Trench
 DSDP Site 189
SNAlong S side of Aleutian chain.
Aleutian Trench  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Aleutian Trench
RTAleutian Islands
 Alaska earthquake 1964
 Aleutian Ridge
 DSDP Site 183
 DSDP Site 186
 DSDP Site 187
 Leg 19
SNS of Aleutian Ridge and extending along the entire Aleutian chain.
Aleutians  search
USEAleutian Islands
Alexander Archipelago  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southeastern Alaska
 ...Alexander Archipelago
NTAnette Island
 Chichagof Island
RTAlexander Terrane
 East Pacific Ocean Islands
 Prince of Wales Island
 Sitka Sound
SNSE Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alexander County Illinois  search
BTUnited States
 .Illinois
 ..Alexander County Illinois
Alexander County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Alexander County North Carolina
Alexander Island  search
BTAntarctica
 .Alexander Island
SNLarge island off W coast of Antarctic Peninsula S of Cape Horn.
Alexander Terrane  search
RTAlaska
 Alexander Archipelago
 British Columbia
 Coast Belt
 Southeastern Alaska
 Yukon Territory
SNComprised of the Alexander Archipelago, SE Alaska and extensions into NW British Columbia and SW Yukon Territory. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alexandria Egypt  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Egypt
 ...Alexandria Egypt
SNGovernorate. Also a city on the Mediterranean Sea.
Alexandrian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Silurian
 ....Lower Silurian
 .....Alexandrian
UFAlexandrian Series
SNNorth American provincial series. Lower Silurian (above Cincinnatian of Ordovician, below Niagaran).
Alexandrian Series  search
USEAlexandrian
alexandrite  search
BToxides
 .alexandrite
RTchrysoberyl
SNVariety of chrysoberyl.
Alexinats Yugoslavia  search
USEAleksinac Yugoslavia
Alexinatz Yugoslavia  search
USEAleksinac Yugoslavia
Alfalfa County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Alfalfa County Oklahoma
Alfisols  search
BTsoils
 .Alfisols
NTHapludalfs
RTsoil group
Alfold  search
BTngary
 .Alfold
UFGreat Alfold
 Great Hungarian Plain
 Hungarian Basin
 Hungarian Great Plain
 Hungarian Plain
SNPlain in central and E Hungary.
Alfred Wegener  search
USEWegener, Alfred
algae  search
BTPlantae
 .algae
NTcalcareous algae
 Chlorophyta
 Chrysophyta
 Coccolithophoraceae
 Collenia
 diatoms
 Epiphyton
 Microcodium
 nannofossils
 Phaeophyta
 Pyrrhophyta
 Rhodophyta
RTmicrofossils
 algal biscuits
 algal mats
 algal mounds
 algal structures
 bioherms
 cyanobacteria
 encrustations
 endolithic taxa
 eutrophication
 fungi
 lichens
 microorganisms
 phytoplankton
 plankton
 Protista
 reef builders
 Renalcis
 stromatolites
 thallophytes
 zooxant
SNBefore 1998, microfossils and thallophytes were broader terms; cyanobacteria was a narrower term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
algal banks  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..algal structures
 ...algal banks
RTbanks
 carbonate banks
algal biscuits  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..algal structures
 ...algal biscuits
UFlake biscuits
 water biscuits
RTalgae
 girvanella
algal limestone  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .carbonate rocks
 ..limestone
 ...algal limestone
SNCommon in early Paleozoic, especially in the Cambro-Ordovician of the Appalachian region of the United States. Before 1978, also search algal AND limestone.
algal mats  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..algal structures
 ...algal mats
UFmicrobial mats
RTalgae
 cyanobacteria
 stromatolites
algal mounds  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..algal structures
 ...algal mounds
UFmounds, algal
RTalgae
 limestone
 calcilutite
 Epiphyton
algal structures  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..algal structures
NTalgal banks
 algal biscuits
 algal mats
 algal mounds
RTalgae
 thrombolites
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Algarve  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Portugal
 ....Algarve
SNRegion in extreme S Portugal. Former province.
Algau Alps  search
USEAllgau Alps
Alger Algeria  search
USEAlgiers Algeria
Alger County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Upper Peninsula
 ...Alger County Michigan
Algeria  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
NTAhaggar
 Ahnet
 Aleksod
 Algiers Algeria
 Annaba Algeria
 Aures
 Babor Range
 Bechar Algeria
 Constantine Algeria
 Dellys Algeria
 Gour Oumelalen
 Great Kabylia
 Guelma Algeria
 Hassi Messaoud Field
 Hodna Basin
 Kabylia
 Laghouat
 Mouydir
 Oran Algeria
 Ougarta Algeria
 Taourirt Algeria
 Tassili n'Ajjer
 Tell
 Tindouf Algeria
 Tindouf Basin
RTAcfer Meteorites
 Adrar des Iforas
 Sahara
 Mediterranean region
 Atlas Mountains
 El Asnam earthquake 1980
 Ghadames Basin
 Maghreb
 Tanezrouft
Algerian Plain  search
USEBalearic Basin
Algiers Algeria  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Algiers Algeria
UFAlger Algeria
SNDepartment, N Algeria. Before 1993, also search Alger or Algiers region.
Algiers region  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used as large department of French Algeria. As of 1993, see Algeria for departments.
alginite  search
BTmacerals
 .alginite
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Algoma District Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Algoma District Ontario
NTBlind River Ontario
 Echo Bay Ontario
 Elliot Lake Ontario
 Mamainse Point
 Quirke Lake
 Sault Sainte Marie Ontario
 Wawa Ontario
UFDistrict of Algoma
RTMichipicoten Island
SNOn Lake Superior.
algoma-type deposits  search
RTbanded iron formations
 iron formations
 iron ores
 mineral deposits, genesis
Algonkian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Algonkian
NTBaraboo Quartzite
algorithms  search
NTgenetic algorithms
RTcomputer programs
 data processing
 equations
 Kalman filters
 mathematical geology
 mathematical methods
ALH 84001  search
BTmeteorites
 .Allan Hills Meteorites
 ..ALH 84001
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..achondrites
 ...Martian meteorites
 ....ALH 84001
UFALHA 84001
SNPyroxenite. Originally misclassified as a diogenite. Recently thought to contain evidence of life on Mars. This term has multiple hierarchies.
ALHA 77005  search
BTmeteorites
 .Allan Hills Meteorites
 ..ALHA 77005
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..achondrites
 ...Martian meteorites
 ....SNC Meteorites
 .....shergottite
 ......ALHA 77005
UFAllan Hills 77005
RTAntarctica
 Victoria Land
SNOne of the Allan Hills Meteorites. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
ALHA 81005  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..achondrites
 ...ALHA 81005
BTmeteorites
 .Allan Hills Meteorites
 ..ALHA 81005
UFAllan Hills 81005
RTAntarctica
 Victoria Land
 lunar meteorites
SNOne of the Allan Hills Meteorites. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
ALHA 84001  search
USEALH 84001
Alicante City Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Valencia region
 .....Alicante Spain
 ......Alicante City Spain
SNRefers to only the city in SE Spain.
Alicante Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Valencia region
 .....Alicante Spain
NTAlcoy Spain
 Alicante City Spain
SNRefers only to the province in SE Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Alicante Province and Spain. For the city, see Alicante City Spain.
Alice Arm British Columbia  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..British Columbia
 ...Alice Arm British Columbia
SNVillage on Observatory Inlet near Alaska border NE of Prince Rupert.
Alice Springs Australia  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Northern Territory Australia
 ...Alice Springs Australia
SNTown in S central Northern Territory.
Alice Springs Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Alice Springs Orogeny
RTDevonian
 Carboniferous
 orogeny
 Australia
SNDevonian and Carboniferous. Central Australia. Indexed with age or ages as applicable.
aliphatic hydrocarbons  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
NTalkanes
 alkenes
 alkynes
RTaromatic hydrocarbons
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Alisitos Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Alisitos Formation
RTMexico
 Baja California
 California
SNBaja California, NW Mexico and S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alismidae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Monocotyledoneae
 ....Alismidae
alkali amphibole  search
USEalkalic amphibole
alkali basalt family  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use alkali basalts or trachybasalts as applicable.
alkali basalts  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..basalts
 ...alkali basalts
NTalkali olivine basalt
 ankaratrite
 basanite
 crinanite
 hawaiite
 mugearite
 nepheline basalt
 spilite
 tephrite
 trachybasalts
 trachydolerite
UFalkalic basalt
 alkaline basalt
RTleucitite
 melilitite
 nephelinite
 ocean-island basalts
alkali diorites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..diorites
 ...alkali diorites
alkali earths  search
USEalkaline earth metals
alkali feldspar  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...alkali feldspar
NTadularia
 amazonite
 anorthoclase
 antiperthite
 cryptoperthite
 K-feldspar
 microcline
 microperthite
 moonstone
 orthoclase
 perthite
 sanidine
alkali gabbros  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..gabbros
 ...alkali gabbros
NTessexite
 ijolite
 leucitite
 melteigite
 nephelinite
 olivine nephelinite
 teschenite
 urtite
RTfoyaite
 shonkinite
alkali granites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...alkali granites
UFalkalic granite
alkali metals  search
BTmetals
 .alkali metals
NTcesium
 francium
 lithium
 potassium
 rubidium
 sodium
UFalkaline metals
RTprecious metals
SNMetallic elements from group IA of the periodic table.
alkali olivine basalt  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..basalts
 ...alkali basalts
 ....alkali olivine basalt
RTolivine basalt
alkali syenites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..syenites
 ...alkali syenites
UFalkalic syenite
alkalic  search
SNValid index term through 1977.
alkalic amphibole  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...alkalic amphibole
UFalkali amphibole
alkalic basalt  search
USEalkali basalts
alkalic composition  search
RTA-type granites
 calc-alkalic composition
 feldspathoid rocks
 igneous rocks
 composition
 ultrapotassic composition
SNBefore 1978, also search alkalic AND igneous rocks.
alkalic granite  search
USEalkali granites
alkalic pyroxene  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
 ...alkalic pyroxene
alkalic syenite  search
USEalkali syenites
alkaline basalt  search
USEalkali basalts
alkaline earth elements  search
USEalkaline earth metals
alkaline earth metals  search
BTmetals
 .alkaline earth metals
NTbarium
 beryllium
 calcium
 magnesium
 radium
 strontium
UFalkali earths
 alkaline earth elements
SNMetallic elements from Group IIA of the periodic table.
alkaline metals  search
USEalkali metals
alkalinity  search
RTbuffers
 geochemistry
 pH
 sodium hydroxide
alkanes  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkanes
NTbutane
 ethane
 methane
 n-alkanes
 paraffins
 pentane
 phytane
 pristane
 propane
RTbiomarkers
 saturated hydrocarbons
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
alkenes  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkenes
NTethylene
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
alkenones  search
BTorganic compounds
 .ketones
 ..alkenones
RTbiomarkers
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
alkynes  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aliphatic hydrocarbons
 ...alkynes
NTacetylene
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Allamakee County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Allamakee County Iowa
Allan Hills  search
BTAntarctica
 .Victoria Land
 ..Allan Hills
RTAllan Hills Meteorites
SNVictoria Land, Antarctica. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Allan Hills 77005  search
USEALHA 77005
Allan Hills 81005  search
USEALHA 81005
Allan Hills Meteorites  search
BTmeteorites
 .Allan Hills Meteorites
NTALH 84001
 ALHA 77005
 ALHA 81005
UFAlan Hills Meteorites
RTAntarctica
 Victoria Land
 lunar meteorites
 Allan Hills
SNDue to numbering of these meteorites, such as Allan Hills 76-01 and Allan Hills 77005, also truncate when searching. Due to abbreviations for these meteorites, such as ALH 82130 and ALHA 77219, also search ALH or ALHA in combination with number. Before 19
allanite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..sorosilicates
 ...epidote group
 ....allanite
UForthite
Allarechenskiy  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Allarechenskiy
BTEurope
 .Allarechenskiy
UFAllarechenskoye
RTmines
 copper ores
 Kola Peninsula
 nickel ores
SNOre field in the Kola Peninsula in extreme NW European Russian Federation. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Allarechenskoye  search
USEAllarechenskiy
Allaverdy Armenia  search
USEAlaverdi Armenia
Allegan County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Allegan County Michigan
Allegany County Maryland  search
BTUnited States
 .Maryland
 ..Allegany County Maryland
NTCumberland Maryland
SNW Maryland.
Allegany County New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Allegany County New York
RTGenesee River
SNW New York.
Alleghanian  search
USEAllegheny Group
Alleghany County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Alleghany County North Carolina
SNNW North Carolina.
Alleghany County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Alleghany County Virginia
SNW Virginia. Also search Clifton Forge Virginia; and/or Covington Virginia if applicable.
Alleghany Mountains  search
USEAllegheny Mountains
Alleghany Orogeny  search
UFAlleghenian Orogeny
 Allegheny Orogeny
RTTriassic
 Permian
 Pennsylvanian
 orogeny
 Appalachians
 tectonics
SNAn event which deformed the rocks of the Valley and Ridge Province, and those of the adjacent Allegheny Plateau in the Central Appalachians and Southern Appalachians. Pennsylvanian to Triassic? Before 1978, also search Allegheny AND orogeny. Indexed with
Alleghenian  search
USEAllegheny Group
Alleghenian Orogeny  search
USEAlleghany Orogeny
Alleghenies  search
USEAllegheny Mountains
Allegheny County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Allegheny County Pennsylvania
NTPittsburgh Pennsylvania
SNW Pennsylvania.
Allegheny Front  search
BTUnited States
 .Allegheny Front
RTVirginia
 Pennsylvania
 Maryland
 Allegheny Mountains
 West Virginia
SNEastern slope of the Allegheny Mountains. Indexed with states as applicable.
Allegheny Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Middle Pennsylvanian
 ......Allegheny Group
UFAlleghanian
 Alleghenian
RTVirginia
 Kentucky
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 Freeport Formation
 Kittanning Formation
SNSubdivided into three formations: Clarion, Kittanning, and Freeport. E Kentucky, W Maryland, E Ohio, W Pennsylvania, W Virginia, and West Virginia. Above Pottsville Group; below Conemaugh Group.
Allegheny Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .Allegheny Mountains
BTNorth America
 .Appalachians
 ..Allegheny Mountains
UFAlleghany Mountains
 Alleghenies
RTVirginia
 Pennsylvania
 Appalachian Plateau
 Maryland
 Allegheny Front
 West Virginia
 Allegheny Plateau
 Shenandoah Valley
SNRanges of the Appalachians constituting a part of the Allegheny Plateau. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.
Allegheny Orogeny  search
USEAlleghany Orogeny
Allegheny Plateau  search
BTUnited States
 .Allegheny Plateau
RTAppalachians
 Virginia
 Kentucky
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 New York
 Appalachian Plateau
 Allegheny Mountains
 West Virginia
SNW section of the Appalachians extending from Cumberland Plateau on S to Mohawk Valley in New York on N and including the Allegheny Mountains. Indexed with states as applicable.
Allen County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Allen County Indiana
Allen County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Allen County Kansas
RTIola Field
SNSE Kansas.
Allen County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Allen County Kentucky
SNS Kentucky.
Allen County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Allen County Ohio
SNW Ohio.
Allen Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Allen Parish Louisiana
Allendale County South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Allendale County South Carolina
Allende Meteorite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..chondrites
 ...carbonaceous chondrites
 ....CV chondrites
 .....Allende Meteorite
RTMexico
 Chihuahua Mexico
SNImpact in SE Chihuahua. Before 1981, also search Allende AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Allerod  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Upper Pleistocene
 ......Weichselian
 .......upper Weichselian
 ........Allerod
SNEurope. An interval of late-glacial time following the Older Dryas and preceding the Younger Dryas.
allevardite  search
USErectorite
Allgaeu Alps  search
USEAllgau Alps
Allgau Alps  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
 ..Allgau Alps
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Allgau Alps
UFAlgau Alps
 Allgaeu Alps
RTAustria
 Bavaria Germany
 Germany
 Tyrol Austria
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with Bavaria Germany and/or Tyrol Austria as applicable.
Allier France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Allier France
NTEchassieres Borehole
RTBeauvoir Granite
 Limagne
SNDepartment in central France.
Alligator Ridge Deposit  search
USEAlligator Ridge Mine
Alligator Ridge Mine  search
BTUnited States
 .Nevada
 ..White Pine County Nevada
 ...Alligator Ridge Mine
UFAlligator Ridge Deposit
RTmines
 gold ores
SNE Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alligator Rivers Field  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Northern Territory Australia
 ...Alligator Rivers Field
RTmines
 Jabiluka Australia
 Pine Creek Geosyncline
 Ranger Mine
 uranium ores
SNArnhem Land, N Northern Territory. The East Alligator, South Alligator, and West Alligator rivers debouch into Van Diemen Gulf in the Alligator Rivers region. Uranium deposits occur in the Ranger, Koongarra, Rum Jungle, Nabarlek, and Jabiluka mining areas
allochems  search
RTchemically precipitated rocks
 intraclasts
 limestone
 oolite
 textures
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
allochthons  search
RTautochthons
 faults
 klippen
 nappes
 overthrust faults
 salt sheets
 structural geology
 tectonics
 windows
alloclasite  search
BTsulfides
 .alloclasite
Allogromiina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Allogromiina
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
allometry  search
RTfossils
allophane  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..clay minerals
 ...allophane
Allosaurus  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Archosauria
 ......Saurischia
 .......Theropoda
 ........Carnosauria
 .........Allosaurus
SNGenus. This term has multiple hierarchies.
allostratigraphy  search
RTstratigraphic boundary
 stratigraphic units
 stratigraphy
SNBased on a unit of a mappable stratiform body of sedimentary rock defined and identified with reference to its bounding unconformities. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
alloys  search
NTawaruite
 carbides
 electrum
 hedleyite
 josephinite
 kamacite
 niggliite
 nitrides
 phosphides
 plessite
 silicides
 taenite
 tetrataenite
RTannealing
 base metals
 construction materials
 metallurgy
 metals
 minerals
 native elements
SNAs of 1981, minerals which formerly were classified under native elements and alloys are included here or under native elements.
alluvial cones  search
USEalluvial fans
alluvial deposits  search
USEalluvium
alluvial fans  search
NTfan deltas
UFalluvial cones
 detrital fan
 dry delta
 talus fan
RTdebris cones
 deposition
 geomorphology
 Alluvial soils
 alluvium
 cones
 fluvial features
SNIndexed with fluvial features as applicable.
alluvial plains  search
BTfluvial features
 .alluvial plains
UFriver plain
RTplains
 deposition
 geomorphology
 paleogeography
Alluvial soils  search
BTsoils
 .Alluvial soils
RTsoil group
 alluvial fans
 alluvium
alluvion  search
USEalluvium
alluvium  search
BTsediments
 .clastic sediments
 ..alluvium
UFalluvial deposits
 alluvion
RTsoils
 sand
 alluvial fans
 Alluvial soils
 alluvium aquifers
 clay
 colluvium
 eluvium
 floodplains
 gravel
 overbank sediments
 paleoplacers
 placers
 silt
 soil mechanics
alluvium aquifers  search
BTaquifers
 .alluvium aquifers
RTground water
 alluvium
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Alma Dag  search
USEAmanos Mountains
Alma District  search
USEAlma mining district
Alma mining district  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Park County Colorado
 ...Alma mining district
UFAlma District
RTmines
 metal ores
SNMining district in central Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Alma River  search
RTCrimea Ukraine
 New Brunswick
SNIn Crimea. Also search Alma. Also occurs in Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. May also occur in other locations. Search in combination with Ukraine or New Brunswick as applicable. Indexed with Crimea Ukraine or New Brunswick or region as applicable.
Alma-Ata Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Alma-Ata Kazakhstan
UFVernyi Kazakhstan
 Vyernyi Kazakhstan
SNCity in SE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Almaden Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
 .....Ciudad Real Spain
 ......Almaden Spain
SNVillage in S central Spain.
Almalyk Uzbekistan  search
BTAsia
 .Uzbekistan
 ..Almalyk Uzbekistan
SNTown SE of Tashkent. This term has multiple hierarchies.
almandine  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...garnet group
 ....almandine
UFalmandite
almandite  search
USEalmandine
Almas Valley basin  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Almas Valley basin
SNRiver basin in W central Transylvania.
Almeria City Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Andalusia Spain
 .....Almeria Spain
 ......Almeria City Spain
SNRefers only to the city on the Mediterranean Sea. Before 1993, also search Almeria Spain.
Almeria Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Andalusia Spain
 .....Almeria Spain
NTAlmeria City Spain
 Cerro del Hoyazo Spain
 Sierra de Gador
 Sierra de los Filabres
 Velez Rubio Spain
RTAlpujarras
 Nevado-Filabride Complex
 Spanish Sierra Nevada
SNRefers only to the province in SE Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Almeria Province and Spain. For the city, see Almeria City Spain.
almeriite  search
USEnatroalunite
Almond Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Almond Formation
RTWyoming
 Mesaverde Group
SNIn Mesaverde Group. Overlies Ericson Sandstone and underlies Lewis Shale. SW Wyoming.
Almora India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Uttar Pradesh India
 ....Almora India
SNTown and district in N Uttar Pradesh, N India.
Alno  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Scandinavia
 ...Sweden
 ....Alno
RTGulf of Bothnia
SNIsland in Gulf of Bothnia.
alnoite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..lamprophyres
 ...alnoite
Alnus  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Alnus
SNGenus.
Alpago Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Veneto Italy
 ....Belluno Italy
 .....Alpago Basin
SNBelluno Province in N Veneto.
Alpena County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Alpena County Michigan
SNOn Lake Huron in NE Michigan.
Alpenvorland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Alpenvorland
RTBavaria Germany
 Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
SNHigh plain at N edge of Alps between Jura and Bohemian massifs. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Alpes-de-Haute Provence France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
UFBasses-Alpes
RTEoulx Basin
 Provence
 Provence Alps
 Verdon Valley
SNDepartment in SE France.
Alpes-Maritimes France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Alpes-Maritimes France
NTAntibes France
 Nice France
 Saint-Vallier France
RTProvence
 Provence Alps
 Esterel
 Maritime Alps
SNDepartment in extreme SE France.
alpha activation analysis  search
SNUse alpha-ray spectroscopy, or activation analysis.
alpha chalcocite  search
USEdigenite
Alpha Cordillera  search
BTArctic Ocean
 .Alpha Cordillera
UFAlpha Ridge
RTCESAR
 Mendeleyev Ridge
SNUndersea feature N and NW of Queen Elizabeth Islands of Northwest Territories, Canada.
alpha quartz  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..silica minerals
 ...quartz
 ....alpha quartz
UFlow quartz
RTgeophysics
SNUse is restricted to mineralogical and/or geophysical studies. For other papers, see quartz.
alpha rays  search
UFrays, alpha
RTspectroscopy
 cosmic rays
 alpha-ray spectroscopy
 beta rays
 gamma rays
 radioactivity
 X-rays
SNUse when referring to the rays themselves. For application or methodology, use alpha-ray spectroscopy.
Alpha Regio  search
BTVenus
 .Alpha Regio
SNProminent upland.
Alpha Ridge  search
USEAlpha Cordillera
alpha-ray spectroscopy  search
BTspectroscopy
 .alpha-ray spectroscopy
RTchemical analysis
 analysis
 alpha rays
 radioactivity
 gamma-ray spectroscopy
 particle-induced X-ray emission
SNBefore 1978, also search alpha ray AND spectroscopy.
Alpine  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. After 1977, use alpine environment, alpine-type features, as applicable.
Alpine County California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Alpine County California
RTCarson River
SNOn Nevada border in E central California.
alpine environment  search
BTterrestrial environment
 .alpine environment
RTecology
 depositional environment
 Alps
 climate
 mountains
 subaerial environment
 subalpine environment
SNBefore 1978, also search alpine.
Alpine Fault  search
RTNew Zealand
 South Island
SNIndexed with country and island as applicable.
Alpine Foreland  search
USEPrealps
Alpine Geosyncline  search
RTAlpine Orogeny
 geosynclines
SNBefore 1978, search geosynclines AND Alpine.
Alpine Orogeny  search
UFAlpine structure
RTMesozoic
 Cenozoic
 orogeny
 tectonics
 Alpine Geosyncline
 alpine-type features
SNBefore 1978, also search orogeny AND Alpine. Indexed with ages as applicable.
Alpine structure  search
USEAlpine Orogeny
alpine-type  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See alpine-type features or alpine-type deposits.
alpine-type deposits  search
RTalpine-type features
 chromite ores
 metal ores
 mineral deposits, genesis
SNBefore 1998, also search alpine-type and economic geology.
alpine-type features  search
RTAlpine Orogeny
 alpine-type deposits
 Alps
 ecology
 geomorphology
 peridotites
 structural analysis
 structural geology
 ultramafics
SNAs of 1998, used for geomorphological or structural features. Also search alpine-type and the feature. May also be used with peridotites or ultramafics for alpine peridotites. Indexed with specific feature of interest. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.
Alps  search
BTEurope
 .Alps
NTAiguilles Rouges
 Albanides
 Allgau Alps
 Central Alps
 Central Austrian Alps
 Eastern Alps
 French Alps
 Gailtal Alps
 Hochschwab
 Lechtal Alps
 Limestone Alps
 North Austrian Alps
 Piedmont Alps
 Prealps
 Sau Alps
 South Austrian Alps
 Swiss Alps
 Western Alps
RTSwitzerland
 Italy
 France
 Croatia
 Montenegro
 Slovenia
 Yugoslavia
 Austria
 Germany
 alpine environment
 alpine-type features
 Brianconnais Zone
 Hellenides
 San Giorgio Mountain
 Sesia-Lanzo Zone
 Tavetsch
SNGreat mountain system of S central Europe. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.
Alps, Japanese  search
USEJapanese Alps
Alpujarras  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Andalusia Spain
 .....Alpujarras
RTAlmeria Spain
 Granada Spain
SNMountainous area in S Spain.
Alsace  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Alsace
RTBas-Rhin France
 Haut-Rhin France
 Lorraine
 Mulhouse Basin
SNRegion and former province in NE France.
Alster River  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Alster River
RTHamburg Germany
 Lower Saxony Germany
 Schleswig-Holstein Germany
SNSchleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony. Joins the Elbe River at Hamburg. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Alston Block  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....England
 .....Cumbria England
 ......Alston Block
SNCumbria, NW England. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
alstonite  search
BTcarbonates
 .alstonite
UFbromlite
Alta Norway  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Scandinavia
 ...Norway
 ....Finnmark Norway
 .....Alta Norway
SNVillage in extreme N Norway.
Altai Mountains  search
BTAsia
 .Altai Mountains
NTChuya Alps
 Gorny Altai
 Kalba Range
 Kuznetsk Alatau
 Mongolian Altai
UFAltay Mountains
RTKazakhstan
 Altai-Sayan region
 China
 Mongolia
 Rudny Altai
 Siberian fold belt
 Xinjiang China
SNMountain system at meeting of borders of Altai Kray, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Xinjiang China. Indexed with countries and provinces and/or republics as applicable.
Altai Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Altai Russian Federation
BTAsia
 .Altai Russian Federation
NTChuya Basin
 Gorny Altai
 Zmeinogorsk Russian Federation
UFAltay Russian Federation
RTRudny Altai
 Chuya Alps
 Salair Ridge
SNAdministrative Territory or Kray on the Kazakhstan and Mongolian borders. Before 1993, Altai Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Altai-Sayan region  search
BTAsia
 .Altai-Sayan region
RTRussian Federation
 Altai Mountains
 Mongolia
 Eastern Sayan
 Sayan
 Western Sayan
SNRegion including adjoining Sayan and Altai Mountains. Also search Altai-Sayan. Indexed with Mongolia and/or Russian Federation as applicable.
altaite  search
BTtellurides
 .altaite
Altamaha River  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Altamaha River
SNSE Georgia.
Altan Teeli Mongolia  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Mongolia
 ...Altan Teeli Mongolia
UFAltan Teli Mongolia
 Dzereg Mongolia
SNVillage in W Mongolia.
Altan Teli Mongolia  search
USEAltan Teeli Mongolia
Altay Mountains  search
USEAltai Mountains
Altay Russian Federation  search
USEAltai Russian Federation
Altenberg Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Saxony Germany
 ....Altenberg Germany
SNTown near Czech border in Saxony, E Germany.
alteration  search
RTalunitization
 amphibolitization
 argillization
 autometamorphism
 carbonatization
 diagenesis
 fenitization
 hydrothermal alteration
 igneous rocks
 illitization
 kaolinization
 leaching
 metabolism
 metasomatic rocks
 metasomatism
 microclinization
 muscovitization
 pal
SNFormerly a general term appropriate to a large number of topics. As of 1976, use was restricted to any process having to do with changes in temperature and pressure, i.e. diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration, metasomatism, weathering, etc. The term is used
alternating field demagnetization  search
BTdemagnetization
 .alternating field demagnetization
UFalternating-field demagnetization
RTgeophysics
 paleomagnetism
 electrical field
 experimental studies
 magnetic field
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
alternating-field demagnetization  search
USEalternating field demagnetization
altimetry  search
RTaltitude
 atmospheric pressure
 cartography
 elevation
 geodesy
 Geosat
 topography
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Altimur Mountains  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Afghanistan
 ...Altimur Mountains
SNE Afghanistan.
Altin Tepe  search
USEAltin-Tepe
Altin-Tepe  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Altin-Tepe
UFAltin Tepe
RTRomanian Dobruja
SNOre bearing region.
Altiplano  search
RTAndes
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Lake Titicaca
 Mexico
 Peru
 Puna
 Spain
SNHigh intermontane plateau region in the Andes between the Western Cordillera and Eastern Cordillera. Extends from NW Argentina through W Brazil to SE Peru. Also refers to other regions. Indexed with mountains and regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus
altitude  search
RTaltimetry
 elevation
 latitude
SNThis term was sometimes used for elevation.
Alto Adige  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
 ....Alto Adige
RTTyrol Austria
 Trentino
SNFormer administrative division which along with Trento comprises Trentino-Alto Adige autonomous region in NE Italy. Includes S Tirol.
Alto Alentejo  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Portugal
 ....Alto Alentejo
SNFormer province in central Portugal.
Altonian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....lower Miocene
 ......Altonian
SNProvincial series, New Zealand.
Altoona Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Blair County Pennsylvania
 ...Altoona Pennsylvania
SNCity in W central Pennsylvania.
Altyn Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Mesoproterozoic
 ....Altyn Limestone
RTAlberta
 Montana
 British Columbia
 Belt Supergroup
 Ravalli Group
SNIn Ravalli Group of Belt Supergroup. SW Alberta, SE British Columbia and NW Montana.
Altyn-Topkan Tajikistan  search
BTAsia
 .Tajikistan
 ..Altyn-Topkan Tajikistan
SNVillage in N Tajikistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
alum  search
BTsulfates
 .alum
UFpotash alum
 potassium alum
alum rock  search
USEalunite
alumina  search
UFaluminum oxide
RTgeochemistry
 oxides
 aluminum
 aluminum oxides
 corundum
aluminosilicates  search
BTsilicates
 .aluminosilicates
NTmaskelynite
RTadularia
 amazonite
 bavenite
 berthierine
 bytownite
 carpholite
 chloritoid
 clinozoisite
 cookeite
 cordierite
 corrensite
 cymrite
 epidote
 euclase
 eucryptite
 glaucophane
 hydrobiotite
 hydrosodalite
 kaliophilite
 kalsilite
 lawsonite
 leifite
 milarite
 mordenite
 offre
aluminum  search
BTmetals
 .aluminum
NTAl-26
 Al-27
 Al-27/Al-26
UFAl
RTcritical load
 alumina
 aluminum ores
 bauxite
 lithophile elements
SNChemical element. Use aluminum ores for aluminum as a commodity.
aluminum ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .aluminum ores
RTaluminum
 aluminum oxides
 bauxite
 boehmite
 gibbsite
aluminum oxide  search
USEalumina
aluminum oxides  search
BToxides
 .aluminum oxides
RTalumina
 corundum
 aluminum ores
 bauxite
 boehmite
 gibbsite
 bayerite
 diaspore
 nordstrandite
SNAs of 1998, used for the grouper only where specific minerals are numerous or unavailable. Also see alumina.
alumite  search
USEalunite
alumohydrocalcite  search
BTcarbonates
 .alumohydrocalcite
alumstone  search
USEalunite
alunite  search
BTsulfates
 .alunite
UFalum rock
 alumite
 alumstone
RTalunitization
 jarosite
 potash
 Red Mountain
alunitization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .alunitization
RTprocesses
 alteration
 alunite
 natroalunite
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Alveolina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Miliolina
 ....Miliolacea
 .....Alveolinellidae
 ......Alveolina
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Alveolinellidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Miliolina
 ....Miliolacea
 .....Alveolinellidae
NTAlveolina
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Alvin  search
BTsubmersibles
 .Alvin
UFALVIN submersible
RToceanography
 FAMOUS
 marine geology
 research vessels
SNDeep submergence research vessel (DSRV).
ALVIN submersible  search
USEAlvin
Alwar India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Rajasthan India
 ....Alwar India
UFAlwur India
SNCity in NE Rajasthan.
Alwur India  search
USEAlwar India
Am  search
USEamericium
Am-241  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Am-241
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..americium
 ...Am-241
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Amadeus Basin  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Amadeus Basin
RTNorthern Territory Australia
 Pacoota Sandstone
 Western Australia
SNSW Northern Territory and W Western Australia. Indexed with states as applicable.
Amador County California  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Amador County California
SNE California.
Amagase Japan  search
BTnshu
 .Kyoto Japan
 ..Amagase Japan
SNVillage S of Osaka.
Amalthea Satellite  search
RTicy satellites
 Jupiter
 satellites
 Voyager Program
SNOne of the satellites of Jupiter. Before 1989, also search Amalthea AND Jupiter. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Amami  search
USEOshima
Amami Gunto  search
USEOshima
Amami-O-shima  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Japan
 ...Kyushu
 ....Kagoshima Japan
 .....Oshima
 ......Amami-O-shima
RTO-shima
 Oshima Peninsula
SNLargest island in Oshima (Amami Gunto) island group, SW of Kyushu. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Amanos Mountains  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Amanos Mountains
UFAlma Dag
 Gavur Mountains
SNAlong SE Gulf of Alexandretta in SE Anatolia.
Amapa Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Amapa Brazil
NTSerra do Navio Brazil
SNState on French Guiana border.
Amargosa Desert  search
BTUnited States
 .Amargosa Desert
RTCalifornia
 Nevada
SNIndexed with California and/or Nevada as applicable.
amargosite  search
USEbentonite
Amarillo Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Potter County Texas
 ...Amarillo Texas
SNCity, N Texas Panhandle.
Amarjola  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Bihar India
 ....Amarjola
RTRajmahal Hills
SNRegion in the Rajmahal Hills in E Bihar, E India.
Amasra Basin  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Amasra Basin
RTAnatolia
 coal fields
SNCoal basin in NW Anatolia.
Amasra Turkey  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Zonguldak Turkey
 ....Amasra Turkey
SNTown on the Black Sea in NW Anatolia.
Amazon Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Amazon Basin
UFAmazon region
RTBrazil
 Bolivia
 Peru
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Venezuela
SNRiver drainage basin. Before 1978, also search Amazon. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Amazon region  search
USEAmazon Basin
Amazon River  search
BTSouth America
 .Amazon River
UFRio Amazonas
RTBrazil
 Peru
 Colombia
 Marajo
SNLargest river in the world if measured by volume of water carried. Rises in 2 major headstreams in the Peruvian Andes flowing N and then E across N Brazil into the Atlantic Ocean. Before 1978, also search Amazon. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Amazonas  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Amazonas Brazil, Amazonas Colombia, Amazonas Peru or Amazonas Venezuela. For Rio Amazonas, use Amazon River.
Amazonas Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Amazonas Brazil
RTOrinoco River
SNState in NW Brazil.
Amazonas Colombia  search
BTSouth America
 .Colombia
 ..Amazonas Colombia
RTOrinoco River
SNCommissary in SE Colombia.
Amazonas Peru  search
BTSouth America
 .Peru
 ..Amazonas Peru
SNDepartment in N Peru.
Amazonas Venezuela  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Amazonas Venezuela
RTOrinoco River
 Rio Negro
SNState in S Venezuela.
Amazonian  search
RTMars
SNYoungest system of three in the Martian stratigraphic column. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Amazonian Orogeny  search
USETransamazonian Orogeny
Amazonian Shield  search
USEBrazilian Shield
Amazonis Planitia  search
BTMars
 .Amazonis Planitia
SNLow plain. For references to Amazonis albedo feature, also search Amazonis.
amazonite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...alkali feldspar
 ....amazonite
UFamazonstone
RTaluminosilicates
 microcline
amazonstone  search
USEamazonite
Amba Dongar  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Gujarat India
 ....Amba Dongar
SNRegion in Gujarat, W India.
amber  search
BTorganic minerals
 .amber
UFbernstein
RTresins
amber mica  search
USEphlogopite
Ambin Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Savoie France
 ....Ambin Massif
SNSE France.
amblygonite  search
BTphosphates
 .amblygonite
UFhebronite
RTlithium
 montebrasite
Amblypoda  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Amblypoda
NTDinocerata
 Pantodonta
 Pyrotheria
 Xenungulata
RTUngulata
SNOrder.
Ambre Mountain  search
BTAfrica
 .Madagascar
 ..Ambre Mountain
SNN Madagascar. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Ambrosia Lake  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..McKinley County New Mexico
 ...Ambrosia Lake
Ambrosia Lake District  search
USEAmbrosia Lake mining district
Ambrosia Lake mining district  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..McKinley County New Mexico
 ...Ambrosia Lake mining district
UFAmbrosia Lake District
RTmines
 uranium ores
 Grants mineral belt
SNUranium-mining district in New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Amchitka Island  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southwestern Alaska
 ...Aleutian Islands
 ....Amchitka Island
NTCannikin Alaska
SNIn center of Aleutian Islands SW of Alaska Peninsula. Also search Amchitka.
AMCOR  search
UFAtlantic Margin Coring Project
RTUnited States
 oceanography
 continental margin
 soil mechanics
 Atlantic Coastal Plain
 continental shelf
 continental slope
 cores
 marine drilling
 marine sediments
 North Atlantic
 offshore
 U. S. Geological Survey
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Ameki Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Ameki Formation
RTNigeria
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Amelia  search
RTVirginia
SNMineral bearing region in Amelia County in S central Virginia. Indexed with county and state as applicable.
Amelia County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Amelia County Virginia
Amerasia Basin  search
BTArctic Ocean
 .Amerasia Basin
RTCanada Basin
 Lomonosov Ridge
 Makarov Basin
SNArctic Ocean offshore Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Separated from the Eurasia Basin by the Lomonosov Ridge. The Canada and Makarov basins are major sub-basins. Also search Amerasian Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
America  search
RTCentral America
 Latin America
 North America
 South America
 West Indies
SNIncludes all of the Americas. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists  search
USEAAPG
American Geological Institute  search
USEAGI
American Geophysical Union  search
USEAGU
American Museum of Natural History  search
RTmuseums
 New York
SNIn New York City. Not to be indexed with geography.
American River  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..American River
SNCentral California. Joins Sacramento River at Sacramento. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
American Samoa  search
USESamoa
americium  search
BTmetals
 .actinides
 ..americium
NTAm-241
UFAm
Americus Limestone Member  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Americus Limestone Member
RTOklahoma
 Nebraska
 Kansas
SNOf Foraker Limestone. E Kansas, SE Nebraska and central N Oklahoma.
Ames Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Upper Pennsylvanian
 ......Ames Limestone
RTKentucky
 Pennsylvania
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 Conemaugh Group
SNOf Conemaugh Group. E Kentucky, SW Maryland, E Ohio, SW Pennsylvania, and N West Virginia.
amethyst  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..silica minerals
 ...amethyst
RTgems
 quartz
 corundum
SNVariety of quartz.
Amherst County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Amherst County Virginia
Amiidae  search
BTlostei
 .Amiidae
SNFamily.
amino acids  search
BTorganic compounds
 .organic acids
 ..amino acids
NTalanine
 aspartic acid
 glycine
 isoleucine
RTacids
 fatty acids
 aminostratigraphy
 peptides
 proteins
 racemization
aminostratigraphy  search
RTamino acids
 biostratigraphy
 epimerization
 racemization
 stratigraphy
SNFor dating method, see racemization.
Amisk Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...Amisk Group
RTManitoba
SNConsidered as oldest rocks in Flin Flon Belt. Overlain by Missi Group.
Amisk Lake  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Saskatchewan
 ...Amisk Lake
SNNear Manitoba border in NE Saskatchewan.
Amite County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Amite County Mississippi
Amite River  search
BTUnited States
 .Amite River
RTLouisiana
 Mississippi
SNRises in SW Mississippi and flows S and E into Lake Maurepas in SE Louisiana. Indexed with states as applicable.
Amitsoq Gneiss  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...upper Archean
 ....Amitsoq Gneiss
RTGreenland
SNW Greenland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Ammobaculites  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Textulariina
 ....Lituolacea
 .....Ammobaculites
RTmicrofossils
SNGenus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Ammodiscacea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Textulariina
 ....Ammodiscacea
NTAmmodiscidae
 Astrorhizidae
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Ammodiscidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Textulariina
 ....Ammodiscacea
 .....Ammodiscidae
RTmicrofossils
SNFamily. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Ammonia  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Rotaliina
 ....Rotaliacea
 .....Ammonia
NTAmmonia beccarii
RTmicrofossils
 ammonia compound
SNGenus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Ammonia beccarii  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Rotaliina
 ....Rotaliacea
 .....Ammonia
 ......Ammonia beccarii
RTmicrofossils
SNSpecies. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
ammonia compound  search
RTAmmonia
 ammonium
 ammonium ion
 geochemistry
 nitrification
SNUse to distinguish from fossil genus, Ammonia. Before 1978, also search ammonia.
Ammonites  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
 .....Ammonites
RTaptychi
 Ceratites
ammonium  search
RTammonia compound
 geochemistry
 nitrification
ammonium ion  search
RTammonia compound
 geochemistry
 ions
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Ammonoidea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
NTAmmonites
 Anarcestida
 Bactritida
 Baculites
 Bouleiceras
 Ceratitida
 Clymeniida
 Dactylioceratidae
 Desmoceratida
 Goniatitida
 Hildocerataceae
 Lytoceratida
 Perisphinctida
 Phylloceratida
 Prolecanitida
 Psiloceratida
 Scaphites
Ammonoosuc Volcanics  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Middle Ordovician
 .....Ammonoosuc Volcanics
RTVermont
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
SNNW New Hampshire, N central Massachusetts, and Vermont. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
amorphous materials  search
RTAndisols
 Andosols
 clay minerals
 crystallinity
 glass materials
 glasses
 imogolite
 materials
 opal-A
 order-disorder
 shirasu
 shungite
 volcanic ash
 weathering
SNGeneral term for all materials not crystalline. Descriptive, not geologic term. Before 1978, also search amorphous AND materials.
amosite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...clinoamphibole
 ....amosite
RTasbestos
 anthophyllite
 gedrite
SNCommercial term.
Amparo Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Sao Paulo Brazil
 ...Amparo Brazil
SNCity in E Sao Paulo State.
Amphibia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Amphibia
NTLabyrinthodontia
 Lepospondyli
 Lissamphibia
RTnests
SNClass.
amphibole  search
USEamphibole group
amphibole group  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
NTalkalic amphibole
 clinoamphibole
 orthoamphibole
UFamphibole
RTasbestos
 amphibolitization
 jade
amphibolite facies  search
BTfacies
 .amphibolite facies
RTmetamorphic rocks
 epidote-amphibolite facies
amphibolites  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .amphibolites
NTorthoamphibolite
 para-amphibolite
RTamphibolitization
amphibolitization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .amphibolitization
UFamphibolization
RTprocesses
 amphibole group
 alteration
 amphibolites
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
amphibolization  search
USEamphibolitization
Amphineura  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use Aplacophora or Polyplacophora.
Amphipora  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Stromatoporoidea
 ...Amphipora
SNGenus.
Amphistegina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Rotaliina
 ....Orbitoidacea
 .....Amphistegina
RTmicrofossils
SNGenus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
ampian Highlands  search
NTCairngorm Mountains
amplification  search
SNAs of 1995, not a valid term for GeoRef. Use wave amplification if applicable.
amplification, wave  search
USEwave amplification
amplitude  search
RTAVO methods
 elastic waves
 Hilbert transformations
 seismic intensity
 seismology
SNNot to be used to indicate abundance. Strictly for use in seismology.
amplitude distortion  search
RTdistortion
 elastic waves
 seismology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
amplitude variation with offset  search
USEAVO methods
amplitude-versus-offset analysis  search
USEAVO methods
Ampurdan  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Catalonia Spain
 .....Gerona Spain
 ......Ampurdan
SNCoastal plain in Catalonia.
AMRAP  search
UFAlaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program
RTmineral resources
 Alaska
 U. S. Geological Survey
 economic geology
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
AMS C-14 dating  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, use C-14 and accelerator mass spectroscopy and absolute age.
Amsden Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Amsden Formation
RTMississippian
 Pennsylvanian
 Wyoming
 Montana
 North Dakota
SNIn Montchauve Group. Montana, Wyoming and North Dakota. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Amsterdam Island  search
BTIndian Ocean Islands
 .Amsterdam Island
SNDependency of Madagascar 2800 miles off SE African coast.
Amsterdam Netherlands  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Netherlands
 ...Amsterdam Netherlands
SNCity on Ijsselmeer (former Zuider Zee). North Holland.
Amu Darya  search
BTAsia
 .Amu Darya
UFOxus
RTAfghanistan
 Tajikistan
 Amu Darya Basin
 Uzbekistan
 Surkhan Darya
 Turkmenia
 Vakhsh River
SNRiver which rises in Pamirs and flows into Aral Sea. Indexed with Afghanistan and former Soviet republics as applicable.
Amu Darya Basin  search
BTAsia
 .Amu Darya Basin
UFAmu Darya Syneclise
RTAfghanistan
 Tajikistan
 Amu Darya
 Uzbekistan
 Turkmenia
SNRiver basin of the Amu Darya. Indexed with former Soviet republics and/or Afghanistan as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Amu Darya Syneclise  search
USEAmu Darya Basin
Amund Ringnes Island  search
BTCanada
 .Northwest Territories
 ..Franklin District Northwest Territories
 ...Queen Elizabeth Islands
 ....Amund Ringnes Island
SNOne of the Sverdrup Islands, Queen Elizabeth Islands in Franklin District.
Amur Basin  search
BTAsia
 .Amur Basin
RTRussian Federation
 Mongolia
 Amur region
 Inner Mongolia China
 Russian Far East
SNRiver basin covering an area including parts of Amur and Chita oblasts, and Khabarovsk region in the Russian Federation; parts of Inner Mongolia, and N China; and E Mongolia. Before 1981, also search Amur region. Indexed with Chinese provinces, Mongolia,
Amur region  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Amur region
BTAsia
 .Amur region
RTAmur Basin
 Baikal-Amur Railroad region
 Bureya Russian Federation
 Khabarovsk Russian Federation
 Stanovoy Range
 Udokan Series
 Zeya-Bureya Basin
SNSE Russian Federation. Larger than the oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Amur River  search
BTAsia
 .Amur River
RTRussian Federation
 Inner Mongolia China
 Argun River
 Heilongjiang China
SNFormed at junction of the Shilka River and the Argun River. After serving as the boundary between N China and 2 oblasts of the Russian Federation, it flows NE across Khabarovsk region into the N end of the Tatar Strait. In China, the river is also called
Amur Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Amur Russian Federation
BTAsia
 .Amur Russian Federation
NTBureya Russian Federation
 Zeya-Bureya Basin
RTRussian Far East
 Transbaikalia
 Zeya River
SNOblast. Before 1993, Amur Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
amygdules  search
RTagate
 igneous rocks
 pebbles
 secondary minerals
 sediments
SNIncludes use as a general term. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Anabar Anteclise  search
USEAnabar Shield
Anabar Bay  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Anabar Bay
RTLaptev Sea
SNOn the Laptev Sea in NW Yakutia. Also search Anabar. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Anabar Massif  search
USEAnabar Shield
Anabar River  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Anabar River
SNFlows into Anabar Bay in NW Yakutia. Also search Anabar. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Anabar Shield  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Anabar Shield
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Siberian Platform
 ...Anabar Shield
UFAnabar Anteclise
 Anabar Massif
RTUdachnaya Pipe
SNPart of the Siberian Platform in NW central Yakutia. Also search Anabar. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Anacostia River basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Anacostia River basin
RTMaryland
 District of Columbia
SNAlso search Anacostia River. Indexed with Maryland and/or District of Columbia as applicable.
Anadarko Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Anadarko Basin
RTOklahoma
 Texas
 Kansas
 Arbuckle Anticline
SNIndexed with states as applicable.
Anadyr Basin  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Anadyr Basin
BTAsia
 .Anadyr Basin
RTChukchi Peninsula
 Magadan Russian Federation
SNRiver basin in Chukchi National Okrug in NE Siberia. Also search Anadyr. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Anadyr Range  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Anadyr Range
BTAsia
 .Anadyr Range
UFChukchi Range
SNExtends SE from Chaun Bay into W Chukchi Peninsula in extreme NE Siberia. Also search Anadyr. This term has multiple hierarchies.
anaerobic environment  search
UFanoxic environment
RTpaleoecology
 aerobic environment
 depositional environment
 eutrophication
 anaerobic taxa
 deep-water environment
 sapropel
SNBefore 1978, search anaerobic.
anaerobic taxa  search
UFtaxa, anaerobic
RTecology
 paleoecology
 anaerobic environment
 fossils
SNBefore 1978, search anaerobic.
Anagalida  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Insectivora
 .......Proteutheria
 ........Anagalida
SNFamily.
Anahuac Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Anahuac Formation
RTLouisiana
 Texas
 lower Miocene
 upper Oligocene
SNUpper Oligocene or lower Miocene. Louisiana and Texas. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
analbite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...plagioclase
 ....analbite
analcime  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..zeolite group
 ...analcime
UFanalcite
analcite  search
USEanalcime
analog filters  search
RTcontinuous filters
 discrete filters
 filters
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
analog simulation  search
UFanalog techniques
RTdata processing
 mathematical geology
 models
 modern analogs
 simulation
 visualization
SNAlso search analog AND data processing.
analog techniques  search
USEanalog simulation
analogs, modern  search
USEmodern analogs
analogs, natural  search
USEnatural analogs
analogues, modern  search
USEmodern analogs
analogues, natural  search
USEnatural analogs
analyses  search
SNA valid term through 1974. After 1974, use analysis.
analysis  search
RTactivation analysis
 alpha-ray spectroscopy
 ash content
 atomic absorption
 atomic force microscopy
 Auger spectroscopy
 automated analysis
 autoradiography
 Backus-Gilbert analysis
 basin analysis
 Bayesian analysis
 bioassays
 bivariate analysis
 boundary element a
SNBefore 1975, also search analyses. For data index material name.
analysis of variance  search
USEvariance analysis
analytical  search
SNA valid index term through 1977. See analysis, chemical analysis.
analytical data  search
SNA valid term through 1975. After 1975, use data.
analytical methods  search
SNAs of 1982, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. A valid term from 1978-1981. Before 1978, also search analytical AND methods. See chemical analysis or methods.
Anantapur India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Andhra Pradesh India
 ....Anantapur India
SNCity and district in SW Andhra Pradesh, S India.
Anantnag  search
RTIndia
 Jammu and Kashmir
 Pakistan
SNTown and district in S central Jammu and Kashmir, disputed territory between India and Pakistan. Before 1993, India was a broader term. Indexed with Jammu and Kashmir; and India and/or Pakistan as applicable.
Anapa Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Krasnodar Russian Federation
 ...Anapa Russian Federation
SNTown in Krasnodar Kray in the Northern Caucasus. Before 1993, Anapa Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Anapsida  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Anapsida
NTChelonia
 Cotylosauria
 Mesosauria
RTTestudinata
SNSubclass.
Anarak Iran  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Iran
 ...Anarak Iran
SNTown in Esfahan, central Iran.
Anarcestida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Ammonoidea
 .....Anarcestida
Anasco Bay  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
 ...Greater Antilles
 ....Puerto Rico
 .....Anasco Bay
SNOn Mona Passage on the W coast.
anastomosing streams  search
USEbraided streams
anatase  search
BToxides
 .anatase
UFoctahedrite (mineral)
RTbrookite
 rutile
 titanium oxides
anatectite  search
USEanatexite
anatexis  search
RTassimilation
 magma contamination
 magmas
 metamorphism
 palingenesis
 restites
anatexite  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .migmatites
 ..anatexite
UFanatectite
Anatolia  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Anatolia
RTAdana Turkey
 Alanya Turkey
 Amasra Basin
 Anatolian Plate
 Ankara Turkey
 Antalya Turkey
 Elbistan Turkey
 Eskisehir Turkey
 Hatay Turkey
 Kocaeli Turkey
 Konya Basin
 Konya Turkey
 Menderes Massif
 Mudurnu earthquake 1967
 Tuz Golu
SNIn W and W central Turkey.
Anatolian Plate  search
RTAnatolia
 plate tectonics
 plates
 Turkey
SNIndexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
anatomy  search
RTbones
 craniums
 enamel
 extremities
 feet
 fish scales
 functional morphology
 homology
 horns
 jaws
 Lagerstatten
 morphology
 muscles
 nervous system
 paleontology
 pelvises
 physiology
 skeletons
 skulls
 spinal column
 teeth
 vertebrae
 wings
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Ancenis France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Loire-Atlantique France
 ....Ancenis France
SNTown on the Loire River in W France.
anchimetamorphism  search
BTmetamorphism
 .anchimetamorphism
RTground water
 weathering
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Anchorage Alaska  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southern Alaska
 ...Anchorage Alaska
UFAnchorage region
RTCook Inlet
SNCity in Cook Inlet in S Alaska.
Anchorage region  search
USEAnchorage Alaska
anchors  search
RTengineering geology
ancient  search
SNA valid term through 1977 used with ice ages (i.e. ice ages, ancient). After 1977, use ancient ice ages.
ancient ice ages  search
RTglacial geology
SNUsed for pre-Quaternary glaciation. Before 1978, also search ice ages, ancient.
Ancona Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Marches Italy
 ....Ancona Italy
SNCity and province on the Adriatic Sea.
Ancylus Lake  search
BTwer Holocene
 .Ancylus Lake
RTFinland
 Baltic Sea
 Sweden
 Baltic Glaciation
 Baltic region
SNStage of Baltic Glaciation. W Finland and N Sweden. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Andalusia Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Andalusia Spain
NTAlmeria Spain
 Alpujarras
 Cadiz Spain
 Cordoba Spain
 Granada Spain
 Huelva Spain
 Jaen Spain
 Malaga Spain
 Nevado-Filabride Complex
 Serrania de Ronda
 Seville Spain
 Spanish Sierra Nevada
RTAndalusian
 Iberian pyrite belt
SNEight provinces in S and SW Spain.
Andalusian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Andalusian
RTSpain
 Andalusia Spain
 Betic Cordillera
andalusite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...andalusite
RTandalusite deposits
 kyanite
 sillimanite
SNAs of 1981, use andalusite deposits for andalusite as a commodity.
andalusite deposits  search
RTandalusite
 ceramic materials
SNMay be used as a commodity term with ceramic materials.
Andaman Basin  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Bay of Bengal
 ..Andaman Basin
SNBetween the Andaman and the Nicobar islands.
Andaman Islands  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Bengal Islands
 ....Andaman Islands
RTIndian Ocean Islands
 Neill Island
SNE Bay of Bengal, N of Nicobar Islands. Andaman and Nicobar Territory.
Andaman Sea  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Andaman Sea
RTBay of Bengal
 Great Sumatran Fault
SNW of Burmese and Thai section of Malay Peninsula.
Andean Geosyncline  search
RTAndean Orogeny
 Andes
 geosynclines
SNBefore 1978, search geosynclines AND Andean.
Andean Orogeny  search
RTAndean Geosyncline
 Andes
 orogeny
 tectonics
SNBefore 1978, search orogeny AND Andean.
Andepts  search
BTsoils
 .Inceptisols
 ..Andepts
Anderson County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Anderson County Kansas
NTGarnett Kansas
SNE Kansas.
Anderson County Kentucky  search
BTUnited States
 .Kentucky
 ..Anderson County Kentucky
SNCentral Kentucky.
Anderson County South Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Anderson County South Carolina
SNNW South Carolina.
Anderson County Tennessee  search
BTUnited States
 .Tennessee
 ..Anderson County Tennessee
NTWalker Branch watershed
RTOak Ridge National Laboratory
SNE Tennessee.
Anderson County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Anderson County Texas
SNE Texas.
Andes  search
BTSouth America
 .Andes
NTArgentine Andes
 Central Andes
 Eastern Cordillera
 Galeras
 Northern Andes
 Patagonian Andes
 Sierra de Perija
 Southern Andes
 Venezuelan Andes
 Western Cordillera
UFAndes Mountains
RTAltiplano
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Peru
 Puna
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Venezuela
 Andean Geosyncline
 Andean Orogeny
 Caribbean Mountain Range
 Central Cordillera
 Chile
 Vaca Muerta Formation
SNMountain system extending along W coast from Venezuela and Colombia to Tierra del Fuego. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Andes Mountains  search
USEAndes
andesine  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...plagioclase
 ....andesine
RTalbite
 anorthite
andesite basalt  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See basalt.
andesite porphyry  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..andesites
 ...andesite porphyry
RTporphyry
andesite tuff  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..pyroclastics
 ...andesite tuff
UFandesitic tuff
RTtuff
andesite-rhyolite family  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use andesites, trachyandesites, dacites, rhyodacites, or rhyolites as applicable.
andesites  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..andesites
NTandesite porphyry
 boninite
 pyroxene andesite
RTandesitic composition
 propylite
SNBefore 1981, search andesite-rhyolite family.
andesitic composition  search
RTandesites
 igneous rocks
 composition
SNBefore 1978, search andesitic AND composition.
andesitic tuff  search
USEandesite tuff
Andhra Pradesh India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Andhra Pradesh India
NTAnantapur India
 Cuddapah Basin
 Cuddapah India
 Guntur India
 Hyderabad India
 Khammam India
 Kurnool India
 Nellore India
 Nellore mica belt
 Prakasam India
 Rajahmundry India
 Srikakulam India
 Tirupati India
 Visakhapatnam India
RTAravalli System
 Coromandel Coast
 Cuddapah System
 Deccan Plateau
 Godavari River
 Godavari Valley
 Krishna River
 Krishna-Godavari Basin
 Kurnool System
 Pranhita-Godavari Valley
 Raghavapuram Shales
SNState in central India.
Andisols  search
BTsoils
 .Andisols
RTsoil group
 amorphous materials
 Andosols
SNSoil group of the U. S. Soil Taxonomy system. Similar to but not to be confused with Andosols of the FAO/UNESCO classification system.
Ando soils  search
USEAndosols
Andorra  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Andorra
RTPyrenean Orogeny
 Pyrenees
SNA principality in E Pyrenees between France and Spain.
Andosols  search
BTsoils
 .Andosols
UFAndo soils
RTsoil group
 amorphous materials
 Andisols
SNFAO/UNESCO classification system.
andradite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...garnet group
 ....andradite
Andreanof Islands earthquake 1957  search
USEAleutian Islands earthquake 1957
Andreanof Islands earthquake 1986  search
BTearthquakes
 .Andreanof Islands earthquake 1986
RTAleutian Islands
 Alaska
SNEpicenter near the Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands, SW Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Andrew County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Andrew County Missouri
Andrews County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Andrews County Texas
RTCentral Basin Platform
SNW Texas.
Andriamena Madagascar  search
BTAfrica
 .Madagascar
 ..Andriamena Madagascar
SNVillage in N central Madagascar. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Andros Island  search
RTBahamas
 Cyclades
SNLarge island in W Bahamas. Also in Cyclades of Greece. Search in combination with country. Indexed with country or island group as applicable.
Androscoggin County Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Androscoggin County Maine
SNSW Maine.
Andrychow  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Andrychow
RTAndrychow Poland
SNBorehole. After 1993, use Andrychow Poland for the town.
Andrychow Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Bielsko Poland
 ....Andrychow Poland
RTAndrychow
 Cracow Poland
SNTown in S Poland.
andstone#Big Injun Sandstone#Brassfield Formation#Cincinnati Arch#Clays Ferry Fo  search
Anegada Island  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
 ...Lesser Antilles
 ....Virgin Islands
 .....British Virgin Islands
 ......Anegada Island
SNNorthernmost island. British Virgin Islands.
anelastic materials  search
UFanelastic media
RTseismology
 materials
SNBefore 1981, also search anelastic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
anelastic media  search
USEanelastic materials
anelasticity  search
RTbrittle deformation
 deformation
 elasticity
 seismology
Anette Island  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Southeastern Alaska
 ...Alexander Archipelago
 ....Anette Island
SNS Alexander Archipelago, in Anette Islands Reserve, SE Alaska.
Anewetak Atoll  search
USEEnewetak Atoll
Angara River  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Angara River
BTAsia
 .Angara River
UFUpper Tunguska
RTTunguska
 Tunguska River
SNFlows from Lake Baikal into Yenisei River. Formerly called Upper Tunguska in its lower course. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Angara-Lena Basin  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Siberian Platform
 ...Angara-Lena Basin
RTIrkutsk Russian Federation
 Lena Basin
SNAdjoining basin of two rivers in Irkutsk Oblast W and NW of Lake Baikal. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Angelina County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Angelina County Texas
Angiospermae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
NTDicotyledoneae
 Monocotyledoneae
RTFlorinites
 fossil wood
 Gymnospermae
 Pteropsida
 seeds
 sporangia
angle of dip  search
USEdip
Anglesea Island  search
USEAnglesey
Anglesey  search
UFAnglesea Island
RTAnglesey Wales
SNIsland in N Wales at 53#DG10' 53#DG30' 004#DGW 004#DGW40'. As of April 1974, part of Gwynedd County. As of 1993, see Anglesey Wales for the former county. May occur in other locations, search with Wales if applicable. Indexed with Anglesey Wales if applic
Anglesey Wales  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Anglesey Wales
RTAnglesey
SNFormer county in N Wales including the island and Holyhead. As of April 1974, part of Gwynedd County.
anglesite  search
BTsulfates
 .anglesite
Anglian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quaternary
 ....Anglian
SNW Europe. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Angola  search
BTAfrica
 .Central Africa
 ..Angola
NTCabinda Angola
 Catanda Angola
 Cuanza Basin
 Cuanza-Sul Angola
 Luanda Angola
 Mossamedes
 Namibe Angola
UFPortuguese West Africa
RTCongo Basin
 Congo River
 Kasai River
 Zambezi Valley
SNPeoples Republic of Angola.
Angola abyssal plain  search
USEAngola Basin
Angola Basin  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .South Atlantic
 ..Angola Basin
UFAngola abyssal plain
RTDSDP Site 364
 DSDP Site 365
 DSDP Site 522
 DSDP Site 523
 Leg 40
 Leg 73
 ODP Site 1075
 ODP Site 1076
 ODP Site 1077
 ODP Site 1078
 ODP Site 1079
 ODP Site 1080
SNSE Atlantic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Angora Turkey  search
USEAnkara Turkey
Angouleme France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Charente France
 ....Angouleme France
SNCity in W France.
Angra dos Reis  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Angra dos Reis Brazil. Use Angra dos Reis Meteorite and achondrites if applicable.
Angra dos Reis Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Rio de Janeiro Brazil
 ...Angra dos Reis Brazil
SNCity in SW Rio de Janeiro.
Angren Uzbekistan  search
BTAsia
 .Uzbekistan
 ..Tashkent Uzbekistan
 ...Angren Uzbekistan
SNCity in Tashkent Oblast. This term has multiple hierarchies.
angrite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..achondrites
 ...angrite
NTLEW 86010
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
angular momentum  search
RTatmosphere
 circulation
 convection
 Earth
 motions
 torque
SNUsed as a general term, sometimes in relation to atmospheric circulation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
angular unconformities  search
BTunconformities
 .angular unconformities
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Angus Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Angus Scotland
UFForfarshire Scotland
RTDundee Scotland
SNFormer county on the North Sea. Before 1978, also search Forfar. Became part of Tayside region Scotland in 1974.
Anhui China  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..China
 ...Anhui China
NTQianshan China
UFAnhwei China
RTDabie Mountains
 Taiyuan Formation
 Tancheng-Lujiang Fault
 Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone
 Tangshan China
 Wufeng Formation
 Yangtze Platform
 Yishu Fault
SNProvince. E China.
Anhwei China  search
USEAnhui China
anhydrite  search
BTsulfates
 .anhydrite
UFcube spar
RTsedimentary rocks
 gypsum
 chemically precipitated rocks
 sediments
 anhydrite deposits
 calcium sulfate
 cap rocks
 evaporites
SNAs of 1981, use anhydrite deposits for anhydrite as a commodity.
anhydrite deposits  search
RTanhydrite
 evaporite deposits
 gypsum deposits
SNCommodity. See List C.
anhysteretic remanent magnetization  search
BTmagnetization
 .remanent magnetization
 ..anhysteretic remanent magnetization
RTpaleomagnetism
Aniasian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Middle Triassic
 .....Aniasian
anilite  search
BTsulfides
 .anilite
animals  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See biota. Before 1981, used as a general term.
Animas Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..Animas Mountains
RTHidalgo County New Mexico
SNHidalgo County in extreme SW New Mexico.
animation, computer  search
USEcomputer animation
Animikie Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Animikie Group
RTOntario
 Wisconsin
 Minnesota
 Biwabik Iron Formation
 Gunflint Iron Formation
 Michigan
 Thomson Formation
 Virginia Formation
SNIncludes Pokegama Quartzite, Biwabik Iron Formation Series, and Virginia Formation, N Michigan, NE Minnesota, Ontario, and N Wisconsin.
anions  search
RTcations
 electrolytes
 geochemistry
 ion exchange
 ions
Anisian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Triassic
 ....Middle Triassic
 .....Anisian
SNEurope. Above Scythian, below Ladinian.
anisotropic materials  search
RTanisotropy
 materials
 transverse isotropy
SNBefore 1978, search anisotropic.
anisotropy  search
UFaeolotropy
RTseismology
 anisotropic materials
 transverse isotropy
 magnetic susceptibility
 mechanical properties
Anjou  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Anjou
SNOld province in W France.
Anjouan Island  search
BTIndian Ocean Islands
 .Comoro Islands
 ..Anjouan Island
UFJohanna Island
SNOne of the French Comoro Islands in the Mozambique Channel.
Ankara Turkey  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Ankara Turkey
UFAngora Turkey
RTAnatolia
SNProvince in W central Anatolia. Also a city formerly called Angora.
ankaramite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..basalts
 ...ankaramite
RTultramafics
ankaratrite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..basalts
 ...alkali basalts
 ....ankaratrite
RTnepheline basalt
 olivine nephelinite
ankerite  search
BTcarbonates
 .ankerite
UFcleat spar
 ferroan dolomite
RTdolomite
Ankylosauria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Archosauria
 ......Ornithischia
 .......Ankylosauria
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ann Arbor Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Washtenaw County Michigan
 ....Ann Arbor Michigan
SNCity in SE Michigan.
Annaba Algeria  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Annaba Algeria
SNDepartment on the Mediterranean Sea. Also a city which was formerly called Bone.
Annapolis County Nova Scotia  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...Nova Scotia
 ....Annapolis County Nova Scotia
Annapolis Valley  search
RTNova Scotia
SNRiver valley in SW Nova Scotia. Also search Annapolis and Canada if applicable. Indexed with Nova Scotia if applicable.
Anne Arundel County Maryland  search
BTUnited States
 .Maryland
 ..Anne Arundel County Maryland
SNCentral Maryland.
annealing  search
RTalloys
 deformation
 fission-track dating
 fission tracks
 graphitization
 metal ores
 metallurgy
 thermochronology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Annecy France  search
BTute-Savoie France
 .Annecy France
SNTown S of Lake Geneva in W Haute-Savoie.
Annelida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Vermes
 ..Annelida
NTChaetopoda
RTscolecodonts
SNBefore 1981, Chaetopoda, Polychaetia, Myzostomia, Oligochaetia and Serpulidae were indexed under this term.
annite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..mica group
 ...annite
Annonaceae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Annonaceae
SNFamily.
Annot Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Annot Sandstone
RTFrance
SNPriabonian (Bartonian). In the Alps of SE France.
annual growth rings  search
USEtree rings
annual meeting  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See symposia.
annual report  search
BTreport
 .annual report
RTassociations
 current research
 industry
 progress report
 survey organizations
 symposia
annual variations  search
RTmagnetic field
 seasonal variations
 secular variations
 variations
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
annually thawed layer  search
USEactive layer
Anoka County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Anoka County Minnesota
SNE Minnesota.
anomalies  search
RTBouguer anomalies
 electrical anomalies
 free-air anomalies
 geochemical anomalies
 gravity anomalies
 leakage anomalies
 magnetic anomalies
 regional anomalies
 residual anomalies
 thermal anomalies
Anomalinidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Rotaliina
 ....Cassidulinacea
 .....Anomalinidae
NTCibicidoides
RTmicrofossils
SNFamily. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
anorogenic granites  search
USEA-type granites
anorthite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...plagioclase
 ....anorthite
RTandesine
anorthoclase  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...alkali feldspar
 ....anorthoclase
RTorthoclase
anorthosite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..gabbros
 ...anorthosite
UFplagioclasite
RTgabbroic anorthosite
 meta-anorthosite
anorthositic gabbro  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..gabbros
 ...anorthositic gabbro
ANOVA  search
USEvariance analysis
anoxic environment  search
USEanaerobic environment
Ansbach Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Bavaria Germany
 ....Ansbach Germany
SNCity in W Bavaria.
Anseriformes  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Aves
 ....Neornithes
 .....Anseriformes
SNOrder.
Anshan China  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..China
 ...Liaoning China
 ....Anshan China
SNIndependent municipality located in Liaoning, NE China.
Anshan Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Anshan Group
RTChina
 Liaoning China
 Jilin China
 Shandong China
SNNE China. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Anson County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Anson County North Carolina
Antalya Complex  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Antalya Complex
RTTurkey
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Antalya Turkey  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Antalya Turkey
UFAdalia Turkey
RTAnatolia
 Taurus Mountains
SNProvince in S Anatolia on Gulf of Adalia. Also a city formerly called Adalia.
Antananarivo Madagascar  search
BTAfrica
 .Madagascar
 ..Antananarivo Madagascar
UFTananarive Madagascar
SNCity on the Indian Ocean in E Madagascar. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Antarctic Bottom Water  search
UFAABW
RTIndian Ocean
 South Atlantic
 Antarctic Ocean
 Atlantic Ocean
 bottom water
 Brazil Basin
 DSDP Site 515
 ocean circulation
 Pacific Ocean
 South Pacific
 Vema Channel
SNCold, deep water mass. Circulates counterclockwise (westward) at the foot of the Antarctic continental shelf. Indexed with specific ocean terms as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Antarctic Continent  search
USEAntarctica
Antarctic ice sheet  search
BTAntarctica
 .Antarctic ice sheet
RTElephant Moraine
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
Antarctic meteorites  search
SNAs of 1993, use Antarctica AND meteorites.
Antarctic Ocean  search
NTBellingshausen Sea
 Bransfield Strait
 McMurdo Sound
 Mid-Antarctic Ridge
 Prydz Bay
 Ross Sea
 Weddell Sea
RTAntarctic Bottom Water
 Antarctica
 Atlantic Ocean
 Drake Passage
 DSDP Site 266
 DSDP Site 267
 DSDP Site 269
 DSDP Site 322
 DSDP Site 323
 DSDP Site 324
 DSDP Site 325
 Eltanin fracture zone
 Indian Ocean
 Kerguelen Plateau
 Leg 114
 Leg 119
 Leg 120
 Leg 28
 Leg 29
 Leg
SNThe equivalent of Southern Ocean. Waters about Antarctica are sometimes called the Antarctic Ocean, but actually are only parts of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean south of approximately 55#DG S. Also search Antarctic; Southern Ocean. Be
Antarctic Peninsula  search
BTAntarctica
 .Antarctic Peninsula
UFPalmer Peninsula
RTMarguerite Bay
SNPeninsula jutting northward toward Cape Horn.
Antarctic Plate  search
RTAntarctica
 Australian-Antarctic discordance
 Chile Margin Triple Junction
 plate tectonics
 plates
SNIndexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
Antarctic Platform  search
BTAntarctica
 .Antarctic Platform
SNCentral area which constitutes a high plateau. Also search Antarctic.
Antarctic Polar Cap  search
BTAntarctica
 .Antarctic Polar Cap
RTpolar caps
 South Pole
SNBefore 1981, also search Antarctica AND Polar Cap. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Antarctic region  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1971. Used in subfile G. Now use Antarctica or Antarctic Ocean as applicable.
Antarctica  search
NTAdelaide Island
 Adelie Coast
 Alexander Island
 Antarctic ice sheet
 Antarctic Peninsula
 Antarctic Platform
 Antarctic Polar Cap
 Anvers Island
 Beardmore Glacier
 Byrd Station
 Coalsack Bluff
 Don Juan Pond
 Dry Valley Drilling Project
 Dufek Intrusion
 East Antarctica
 East Ongul Island
 Elephant Moraine
 Ellsworth Land
 Ellsworth Mountains
 Enderby Land
 Filchner Ice Shelf
 Fosdick Mountains
 Graham Land
 Horlick Mountains
 Hut Point Peninsula
 James Ross Island
 Lutzow-Holm Bay
 Marguerite Bay
 Marie Byrd Land
 McMurdo Ice Shelf
 Mirnyy Station
 Molodezhnaya Station
 Ohio Range
 Pensacola Mountains
 Prince Charles Mountains
 Queen Alexandra Range
 Queen Maud Land
 Queen Maud Range
 Ronne Ice Shelf
 Ross Dependency
 Ross Ice Shelf
 Ross Island
 Shackleton Glacier
 Shackleton Range
 Sor-Rondane Mountains
 South Orkney Islands
 South Pole
 South Shetland Islands
 Syowa Station
 Transantarctic Mountains
 Vestfold Hills
 Victoria Land
 Victoria Land Basin
 Vostok Station
 West Antarctica
 Wilkes Land
 Wisconsin Range
 Wright Valley
UFAntarctic Continent
RTAllan Hills Meteorites
 ALHA 77005
 ALHA 81005
 Antarctic Ocean
 Antarctic Plate
 Arthur Harbor
 Asuka Meteorites
 Beacon Supergroup
 Beacon Valley
 Belgica Meteorites
 Bowers Supergroup
 Buckley Formation
 Circum-Antarctic region
 EET 87521
 EETA 79001
 Elephant Morain
SNContinent centering on the South Pole. Also search Antarctic.
Antelope County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Antelope County Nebraska
Antelope Va  search
Antelope Valley  search
RTCalifornia
 Mojave Desert
 Nevada
SNW Mojave Desert, N of Los Angeles. Also in other locations. Indexed with counties and Mojave Desert as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Antelope Valley Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Antelope Valley Limestone
RTNevada
 Pogonip Group
SNLower and Middle Ordovician. In Pogonip Group. Central Nevada.
anthophyllite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...orthoamphibole
 ....anthophyllite
RTasbestos
 amosite
 gedrite
 cummingtonite
Anthozoa  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Coelenterata
 ..Anthozoa
NTCeriantipatharia
 Octocorallia
 Zoantharia
RTspicules
anthracene  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aromatic hydrocarbons
 ...polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
 ....anthracene
RThydrophobic materials
 pollutants
anthracite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .coal
 ..anthracite
RTlignite
Anthraconaia  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Pteriina
 ....Anthraconaia
SNGenus.
Anthraconauta  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Pteriina
 ....Anthraconauta
SNGenus.
Anthracosauria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Amphibia
 ....Labyrinthodontia
 .....Anthracosauria
SNOrder.
anthraxolite  search
BTbitumens
 .anthraxolite
RTorganic compounds
 coal
 oil shale
SNA hard, black asphaltite often associated with oil shale.
anthropogenic (activity)  search
USEhuman activity
anthropology  search
RTfossil man
 paleoindian
Anti-Atlas  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Atlas Mountains
 ...Moroccan Atlas Mountains
 ....Anti-Atlas
UFAnti-Atlas Mountains
SNRange of the Atlas Mountains SW of High Atlas Mountains in SW Morocco. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Anti-Atlas Mountains  search
USEAnti-Atlas
Antibes France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Alpes-Maritimes France
 ....Antibes France
SNTown on the Mediterranean Sea in extreme SE France.
anticlinal  search
SNA valid term through 1977. After 1977, use anticlines.
anticlines  search
BTfolds
 .anticlines
RTarches
 anticlinoria
 antiform folds
 diapirs
 domes
 geanticlines
 synclines
 upright folds
SNNot a valid index term from 1971-1977. Before 1978, also search folds AND anticlinal.
anticlinoria  search
BTfolds
 .anticlinoria
RTgeosynclines
 anticlines
 antiform folds
 geanticlines
 upright folds
 synclinoria
 systems
Anticosti Island  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Anticosti Island
RTEllis Bay Formation
 Gulf of Saint Lawrence
SNIn Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
antidunes  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .bedding plane irregularities
 ..antidunes
RTdunes
 flame structures
 sand waves
Antietam Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Lower Cambrian
 .....Antietam Formation
RTVirginia
 Pennsylvania
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 Chilhowee Group
SNIn Chilhowee Group. Maryland, SE Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia.
antiform folds  search
BTfolds
 .antiform folds
RTanticlines
 anticlinoria
 upright folds
 synform folds
SNBefore 1978, also search folds AND antiform.
Antigonish County Nova Scotia  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...Nova Scotia
 ....Antigonish County Nova Scotia
NTAntigonish Nova Scotia
SNN Nova Scotia.
Antigonish Nova Scotia  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Maritime Provinces
 ...Nova Scotia
 ....Antigonish County Nova Scotia
 .....Antigonish Nova Scotia
SNTown in Antigonish County, NE Nova Scotia.
antigorite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..serpentine group
 ...antigorite
Antilles  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
NTGreater Antilles
 Lesser Antilles
RTCaribbean Mountain Range
SNIndexed with Greater Antilles and/or Lesser Antilles if applicable.
antimonates  search
RTminerals
SNBefore 1981, search antimonates and antimonites.
antimonates and antimonites  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use antimonates or antimonites as applicable.
antimonides  search
NTdyscrasite
RTminerals
antimonite  search
USEstibnite
antimonites  search
RTminerals
SNBefore 1981, search antimonates and antimonites.
antimony  search
BTmetals
 .antimony
UFSb
 stibium
RTnative elements
 antimony ores
SNChemical element. Use antimony ores for antimony as a commodity.
antimony ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .antimony ores
RTnative elements
 antimony
 Dachang Deposit
 stibnite
SNCommodity. See List C.
Antioquia Colombia  search
BTSouth America
 .Colombia
 ..Antioquia Colombia
SNDepartment including the city in NW Colombia.
antiperthite  search
BTsilicates
 .framework silicates
 ..feldspar group
 ...alkali feldspar
 ....antiperthite
RTperthite
antitrust legislation  search
RTeconomics
 legislation
SNUsually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Antler orogenic belt  search
USEAntler Orogeny
Antler Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Antler Orogeny
UFAntler orogenic belt
RTDevonian
 Mississippian
 orogeny
 Acadian Phase
 tectonics
 Nevada
 Great Basin
SNAn orogeny which extensively deformed Paleozoic rocks of the Great Basin in Nevada. Named for relations in the Antler Peak Quadrangle near Battle Mountain. Before 1978, also search Antler. Indexed with ages as applicable.
antlers  search
USEhorns
Antlers Sands  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Antlers Sands
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Comanchean
 .....Antlers Sands
RTOklahoma
 Texas
 Trinity Group
SNIn Trinity Group. SW Oklahoma and NE Texas. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Antofagasta Chile  search
BTSouth America
 .Chile
 ..Antofagasta Chile
NTChuquicamata Chile
 Lascar
 Socompa
RTAntofagasta earthquake 1995
 Atacama Desert
SNProvince including the seaport in N Chile.
Antofagasta earthquake 1995  search
BTearthquakes
 .Antofagasta earthquake 1995
UFChile earthquake 1995
RTChile
 Antofagasta Chile
SNEpicenter in N Chile, Mejillones Peninsula region.
Antong Java Rise  search
USEOntong Java Plateau
Antrim County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Antrim County Michigan
Antrim Northern Ireland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Northern Ireland
 ....Antrim Northern Ireland
RTGiant's Causeway
SNTraditional county in NE North Ireland. Also a town in S central Antrim County. Includes the smaller administrative region of the same name adopted after 1973.
Antrim Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...upper Paleozoic
 ....Antrim Shale
RTUpper Devonian
 Michigan
 Lower Mississippian
SNUpper Devonian and Lower Mississippian. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Antwerp Belgium  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Belgium
 ...Antwerp Belgium
NTMalines Belgium
SNProvince in N Belgium including the city at the mouth of the Western Scheldt River.
Anura  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Amphibia
 ....Lissamphibia
 .....Anura
SNOrder.
Anvers Island  search
BTAntarctica
 .Anvers Island
RTArthur Harbor
SNJust off NW coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
anvil cells  search
UFdiamond anvil cells
RTinstruments
 geophysics
 high pressure
 methods
 phase equilibria
 phase transitions
SNHigh pressure experimental instrument. Use for the instrument or methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Anvil Points Mine  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Garfield County Colorado
 ...Anvil Points Mine
RTmines
 oil shale
SNNW Colorado.
ANWR  search
USEArctic National Wildlife Refuge
Anza Desert State Park  search
USEAnza-Borrego Desert State Park
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
UFAnza Desert State Park
RTImperial County California
 Riverside County California
 San Diego County California
SNMainly in E San Diego County with small parts in Riverside and Imperial counties, S California. Also search Anza Desert or Anza-Borrego Desert. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Anzoategui Venezuela  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Anzoategui Venezuela
NTOficina
RTOrinoco River
SNState in N extending from the Caribbean Sea to the Orinoco River.
Aomori Japan  search
BTnshu
 .Aomori Japan
NTHachinohe Japan
 Iwaki
 Shimokita Peninsula
RTTohoku
SNCity and prefecture in N Honshu.
Aosta Valley Italy  search
USEValle d'Aosta Italy
Aouelloul  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Mauritania
 ...Aouelloul
UFAouelloul Crater
RTimpact features
SNA meteor crater near Chinguetti in W central Mauritania.
Aouelloul Crater  search
USEAouelloul
Apache County Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Apache County Arizona
RTBlack Mesa
 Petrified Forest National Park
 Rio Puerco
SNNE Arizona.
Apache Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Mesoproterozoic
 ....Apache Group
RTArizona
SNCentral Arizona. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Apache Leap Tuff  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Apache Leap Tuff
RTOligocene
 Miocene
 Arizona
 Yucca Mountain
SNCentral Arizona. Indexed with Miocene and/or Oligocene as applicable.
Apalachicola Bay  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Franklin County Florida
 ...Apalachicola Bay
RTGulf of Mexico
 Apalachicola Florida
 Saint George Island
SNSliver of the Gulf of Mexico located between Saint George Island and mainland border of NW Florida. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Apalachicola Florida  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Franklin County Florida
 ...Apalachicola Florida
RTApalachicola Bay
 Apalachicola River
SNCity at mouth of Apalachicola River on Apalachicola Bay in the panhandle of NW Florida.
Apalachicola River  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Apalachicola River
RTApalachicola Florida
SNFlorida Panhandle. Flows from Lake Seminole S to Apalachicola Bay, Gulf of Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
apatite  search
BTphosphates
 .apatite
RTheavy minerals
 carbonate apatite
 chlorapatite
 fluorapatite
 francolite
 hydroxylapatite
 phosphate deposits
 pyromorphite
apatite ores  search
USEphosphate deposits
Apennine Front  search
RTApennines
 Italy
 Moon
SNLinear outer slopes of the Apennines in Italy. Also search Apennine AND front. Also used for feature on the Moon. Indexed with Italy and Apennines; or Moon as applicable.
Apennine Mountains  search
USEApennines
Apennine Range  search
USEApennines
Apennines  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Apennines
NTAlban Hills
 Apuane Alps
 Ligurian Apennines
 Monte Amiata
 Northern Apennines
 Southern Apennines
UFApennine Mountains
 Apennine Range
RTApennine Front
 San Marino
 Scaglia Formation
 Sila Massif
 Vulture Mountain
SNMountain range extending the full length of the Italian peninsula. Also index San Marino if appropriate.
aphanitic texture  search
BTtextures
 .aphanitic texture
RTigneous rocks
 fine-grained materials
SNBefore 1978, search aphanitic.
Aphebian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Paleoproterozoic
 ....Aphebian
NTHurwitz Group
RTMartin Formation
 middle Precambrian
SNNorth America, Paleoproterozoic.
Aphrodite Terra  search
BTVenus
 .Aphrodite Terra
NTAtla Regio
 Ovda Regio
 Thetis Regio
RTPioneer Program
SNPhysiographic province on Venus. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aplacophora  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Aplacophora
aplite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...aplite
apogranite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...apogranite
Apollo  search
SNAs of 1981, use Apollo Program.
Apollo 11  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 11
RTMoon
 remote sensing
Apollo 12  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 12
RTMoon
 remote sensing
Apollo 13  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 13
RTremote sensing
Apollo 14  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 14
RTMoon
 remote sensing
Apollo 15  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 15
RTMoon
 remote sensing
Apollo 16  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 16
RTMoon
 remote sensing
Apollo 17  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 17
RTMoon
 remote sensing
 Aristarchus
Apollo 8  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 8
RTMoon
 remote sensing
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Apollo 9  search
BTApollo Program
 .Apollo 9
RTMoon
 remote sensing
Apollo Program  search
NTApollo 11
 Apollo 12
 Apollo 13
 Apollo 14
 Apollo 15
 Apollo 16
 Apollo 17
 Apollo 8
 Apollo 9
RTextraterrestrial geology
 landing sites
 Moon
 planetology
 remote sensing
SNBefore 1981, search Apollo. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Apollo-Soyuz Program  search
RTextraterrestrial geology
 planetology
 remote sensing
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
apophyllite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..apophyllite
Appalachian Basin  search
BTNorth America
 .Appalachian Basin
RTOntario
 Quebec
 Virginia
 Kentucky
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 New York
 Alabama
 North Carolina
 Maryland
 West Virginia
 Tennessee
 Eastern Gas Shales Project
 Rome Trough
SNIndexed with states or provinces as applicable.
Appalachian Mountains  search
USEAppalachians
Appalachian Orogeny  search
USEAppalachian Phase
Appalachian Phase  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Appalachian Phase
UFAppalachian Orogeny
 Appalachian structure
RTorogeny
 Appalachians
 tectonics
SNBefore 1978, also search orogeny AND Appalachian.
Appalachian Plateau  search
BTNorth America
 .Appalachians
 ..Appalachian Plateau
RTVirginia
 Kentucky
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 New York
 Alabama
 Maryland
 Allegheny Mountains
 West Virginia
 Allegheny Plateau
 Tennessee
 Catskill Mountains
 Cumberland Plateau
 Mohawk Valley
 Pine Mountain Window
SNWesternmost part of the Appalachians including the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus. Also search Appalachian AND plateau. Indexed with states as applicable.
Appalachian region  search
USEAppalachians
Appalachian structure  search
USEAppalachian Phase
Appalachians  search
BTNorth America
 .Appalachians
NTAllegheny Mountains
 Appalachian Plateau
 Blue Ridge Mountains
 Blue Ridge Province
 Carolina slate belt
 Catskill Mountains
 Central Appalachians
 Cumberland Plateau
 Great Appalachian Valley
 Hudson Highlands
 Northern Appalachians
 Piedmont
 Shawangunk Mountains
 Southern Appalachians
 Valley and Ridge Province
UFAppalachian Mountains
 Appalachian region
RTCanada
 Acadian Phase
 Adirondack Mountains
 Brevard Zone
 Alleghany Orogeny
 Allegheny Plateau
 Eastern Gas Shales Project
 Appalachian Phase
 Avalon Zone
 Berkshire Hills
 Chain Lakes Massif
 Charlotte Belt
 Dunnage Zone
 Eastern Overthrust Belt
 Fall Line
 Great Smok
SNMountain system of eastern North America extending from Canadian Maritime Provinces to Alabama. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Appanoose County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Appanoose County Iowa
apparatus  search
RTConodonta
SNUse for Conodonta. Do not use for instruments. Before 1971, was used for instruments.
apparent polar wandering  search
RTcontinental drift
 paleolatitude
 paleomagnetism
 plate tectonics
 polar wandering
 pole positions
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
apparent resistivity  search
RTconductivity
 electrical logging
 electrical methods
 geophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 resistivity
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
appinite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..appinite
RTsyenites
 diorites
SNIndexed with diorites and/or syenites as applicable.
applications  search
RTmethods
Applied Geophysics (category)  search
SNApplied geophysics, GeoRef category code 20, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).
Appling County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Appling County Georgia
Appomattox County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Appomattox County Virginia
Apsheron Peninsula  search
BTEurope
 .Azerbaijan
 ..Apsheron Peninsula
RTPeschanyy
 Surakhany Azerbaijan
SNPeninsula jutting into the Caspian Sea on E. Also search Apsheron. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Apt France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Vaucluse France
 ....Apt France
SNTown in SE France.
Aptian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Aptian
NTShuaiba Formation
RTAreado Formation
 Gargasian
 Zubair Formation
SNEurope. Above Barremian below Albian.
aptychi  search
UFaptychus
RTAmmonites
aptychus  search
USEaptychi
Apuane Alps  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Tuscany Italy
 ....Apuane Alps
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Apennines
 ....Apuane Alps
SNDivision of Etruscan Apennines in central Italy. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Apulia Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Apulia Italy
NTBari Italy
 Brindisi Italy
 Foggia Italy
 Gargano
 Lecce Italy
 Murge
 Otranto Italy
 Salentina Peninsula
 Taranto Italy
UFPuglia Italy
RTAdriatic Plate
SNAutonomous region comprising approximately the southern third of east coast.
Apulian Plate  search
USEAdriatic Plate
Apure Guarico Plain  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Apure Guarico Plain
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Apuseni Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Apuseni Mountains
RTMuntii Metalici
 Padurea Craiului Mountains
SNA large mountain massif in WSW Transylvania. Also search Apuseni.
aquamarine  search
BTsilicates
 .ring silicates
 ..aquamarine
RTgems
 beryl
SNVariety of beryl.
aquatic environment  search
RTbrackish-water environment
 deep-water environment
 depositional environment
 ecology
 estuarine environment
 fluvial environment
 fluviolacustrine environment
 fresh-water environment
 hypersaline environment
 lacustrine environment
 lagoonal environment
 marine en
SNUsed only when a more specific term is not available. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
aqueous  search
SNFor environment, use aquatic environment or another specific term such as submarine environment or deep-sea environment or deltaic environment for depositional environment analyses in paleoecology.
aqueous solutions  search
RTgeochemistry
 hydrochemistry
 ion chromatography
 solution
 solutions
 solvents
 surfactants
 water
Aquia Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....lower Eocene
 ......Aquia Formation
RTVirginia
 Maryland
 Delaware
SNIn Pamunkey Group. Delaware, Maryland and E Virginia.
aquicludes  search
USEconfining beds
aquifer properties  search
SNA valid term through 1978. After 1978, see aquifers or specific property, e.g. transmissivity.
aquifer vulnerability  search
UFvulnerability, aquifer
RTground water
 aquifers
 conservation
 DRASTIC
 environmental analysis
 preventive measures
 protection
 risk assessment
 water resources
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
aquifers  search
NTalluvium aquifers
 confined aquifers
 deep aquifers
 perched aquifers
 shallow aquifers
 surficial aquifers
 unconfined aquifers
RTaquifer vulnerability
 aquitards
 artesian waters
 confining beds
 Darcy's law
 dispersivity
 ground water
 heat storage
 hydrogeology
 leaky aquifers
 multiphase flow
 multiple aquifers
 RASA
 recharge
 shallow depth
 storage coefficient
 SUTRA
 transmissivity
 water bala
Aquitaine  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aquitaine
SNA region of SW France.
Aquitaine Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aquitaine Basin
SNLarge lowland in SW bounded by Pyrenees on S, Central Massif on N and NE, and Bay of Biscay on W.
Aquitanian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....Aquitanian
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....lower Miocene
 ......Aquitanian
SNEurope. Above Chattian (Oligocene), below Burdigalian.
aquitards  search
RTaquifers
 artesian waters
 confined aquifers
 confining beds
 ground water
 leaky aquifers
 permeability
 seepage
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Ar  search
USEargon
ar River basin#Bear River Formation#Bear River Range#Beaver River#Bird Spring Fo  search
Ar-36  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Ar-36
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-36
RTAr-38/Ar-36
 Ar-40/Ar-36
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-36/Ar-38  search
USEAr-38/Ar-36
Ar-36/Ar-40  search
USEAr-40/Ar-36
Ar-37  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Ar-37
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-37
SNArtificial. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-38  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Ar-38
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-38
RTAr-38/Ar-36
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-38/Ar-36  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Ar-38/Ar-36
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Ar-38/Ar-36
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-38/Ar-36
UFAr-36/Ar-38
RTisotope ratios
 Ar-36
 Ar-38
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-39  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Ar-39
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-39
RTAr-40/Ar-39
SNArtificial. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-39/Ar-40  search
USEAr-40/Ar-39
Ar-40  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Ar-40
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-40
RTAr-40/Ar-36
 Ar-40/Ar-39
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-40/Ar-36  search
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Ar-40/Ar-36
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-40/Ar-36
UFAr-36/Ar-40
RTisotope ratios
 Ar-36
 Ar-40
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar-40/Ar-39  search
BTisotopes
 .radioactive isotopes
 ..Ar-40/Ar-39
BTisotopes
 .stable isotopes
 ..Ar-40/Ar-39
BTnoble gases
 .argon
 ..Ar-40/Ar-39
UFAr-39/Ar-40
RTisotope ratios
 Ar-39
 Ar-40
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Ar/Ar  search
UFargon-argon
RTabsolute age
 isotope ratios
 thermochronology
 argon
SNIsotopic ratio used in age determination.
Arab Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Upper Jurassic
 .....Arab Formation
RTUnited Arab Emirates
 Saudi Arabia
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Arabia  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia, or Arabia Regio for the Martian feature.
Arabia Regio  search
BTMars
 .Arabia Regio
SNAlbedo feature.
Arabian Desert  search
USEEastern Desert
Arabian Gulf  search
USEPersian Gulf
Arabian Peninsula  search
BTAsia
 .Arabian Peninsula
NTArabian Shield
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Oman
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Yemen
RTMiddle East
 Red Sea Rift
SNBetween Red Sea on the W; and the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea on the E. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Arabian Plate  search
RTplate tectonics
 plates
 Saudi Arabia
SNIndexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.
Arabian Ridge  search
USECarlsberg Ridge
Arabian Sea  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Arabian Sea
NTGulf of Aden
 Gulf of Cambay
 Gulf of Oman
 Indus Fan
 Persian Gulf
RTDSDP Site 219
 DSDP Site 220
 DSDP Site 221
 DSDP Site 222
 DSDP Site 223
 DSDP Site 224
 Leg 117
 Leg 23
 ODP Site 720
 ODP Site 721
 ODP Site 722
 ODP Site 723
 ODP Site 724
 ODP Site 725
 ODP Site 726
 ODP Site 727
 ODP Site 728
 ODP Site 729
 ODP Site 730
 ODP Site 731
SNBetween the Arabian Peninsula on the W and Pakistan and India in the E.
Arabian Shield  search
BTAsia
 .Arabian Peninsula
 ..Arabian Shield
RTYemen
 Saudi Arabia
SNNE part of the Ethiopian Shield. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Arabian-Indian Midoceanic Ridge  search
USECarlsberg Ridge
Arabian-Indian Ridge  search
USECarlsberg Ridge
Arabian-Nubian Shield  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use Arabian Shield or Nubian Shield or both as applicable.
Arabic  search
RTcatalogs
 dictionaries
 glossaries
 lexicons
SNUsed for studies about the language.
Aracaju Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Sergipe Brazil
 ...Aracaju Brazil
SNCity on the Atlantic Ocean in NE Brazil.
Aracena Spain  search
BTelva Spain
 .Aracena Spain
SNTown near the Gulf of Cadiz.
Arachnida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Chelicerata
 ...Arachnida
SNClass.
Arad Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Banat
 ...Arad Romania
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Arad Romania
SNCity and county near the Hungarian border. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Araeoscelidia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Araeoscelidia
RTTrilophosauria
SNOrder. Before 1993, Trilophosauria was a narrower term.
Arafura Sea  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .South Pacific
 ..Southwest Pacific
 ...Arafura Sea
RTAustralia
 Indonesia
 McArthur Basin
 Torres Strait
SNSea between N Australia and Indonesia; 800 miles long by about 350 miles wide. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aragats  search
RTArmenia
 Lesser Caucasus
SNA mountain in NW Armenia. Indexed with regions and mountains as applicable.
Aragon Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Aragon Spain
NTHuesca Spain
 Saragossa Spain
 Teruel Spain
SNRegion and ancient kingdom in NE Spain.
aragonite  search
BTcarbonates
 .aragonite
RTalabaster
 calcite
 calcium carbonate
 pearls
 witherite
Aragua Venezuela  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Aragua Venezuela
SNState in N Venezuela.
Aragva River  search
USEAragvi River
Aragvi River  search
BTEurope
 .Georgian Republic
 ..Aragvi River
UFAragva River
SNN central Georgian Republic.
Aral region  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Aral region
BTAsia
 .Central Asia
 ..Aral region
UFAral Sea region
RTKazakhstan
 Uzbekistan
 Turkmenia
SNBefore 1978, also search Aral. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.
Aral Sea  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Aral Sea
BTAsia
 .Central Asia
 ..Aral Sea
RTBarsakelmes
SNBetween Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Also search Aral. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Aral Sea region  search
USEAral region
Aransas County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Aransas County Texas
Arapahoe County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Arapahoe County Colorado
SNS and SE of Denver in N central Colorado.
Arapien Shale  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Arapien Shale
RTUtah
SNCentral Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Ararat  search
RTTurkey
SNMountain in Turkey at N39#DG44' E044#DG15' near Iranian and Armenian borders. Also used in Armenia as well as other locations. Search with country name. Indexed with Turkey or location as applicable.
Araripe Basin  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Araripe Basin
RTCeara Brazil
 Pernambuco Brazil
SNNE Brazil. Indexed with states as applicable.
Arauco Chile  search
BTSouth America
 .Chile
 ..Arauco Chile
SNFormer province in S central Chile.
Arava rift valley  search
USEArava Valley
Arava Valley  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Arava Valley
UFArava rift valley
RTRed Sea Rift
 Israel
 Jordan
SNPart of Red Sea Rift valley extending along the Arava Fault between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea. Also search Arava. Indexed with country as applicable. Index Red Sea Rift if applicable.
Aravalli Group  search
USEAravalli System
Aravalli Range  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Rajasthan India
 ....Aravalli Range
RTKhetri copper belt
SNCentral and S Rajasthan, NW India.
Aravalli Supergroup  search
USEAravalli System
Aravalli System  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...Aravalli System
UFAravalli Group
 Aravalli Supergroup
RTIndia
 Rajasthan India
 Gujarat India
 Andhra Pradesh India
 Mattoon Formation
SNIncludes Dabari, Matoon, and Udaipur formations.
Araxa Brazil  search
BTSouth America
 .Brazil
 ..Minas Gerais Brazil
 ...Araxa Brazil
SNTown in W Minas Gerais.
Araya Peninsula  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Sucre Venezuela
 ...Araya Peninsula
SNW Sucre.
Arbarastakh  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Yakutia Russian Federation
 ...Arbarastakh
SNCarbonatite complex in Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Arbuckle Anticline  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Arbuckle Anticline
RTAnadarko Basin
 Arbuckle Mountains
SNAnadarko Basin, S Oklahoma. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Arbuckle Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Arbuckle Group
RTLower Ordovician
 Oklahoma
 Kindblade Formation
 Upper Cambrian
SNUpper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician. Subdivided into Fort Sill Limestone, Royer Marble, Signal Mountain Limestone, Chapman Ranch Dolomite, Wolf Creek Dolomite, Cool Creek Limestone, Alden Limestone, and West Spring Creek Formation. S Oklahoma. Indexed wit
Arbuckle Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Arbuckle Mountains
RTArbuckle Anticline
 Carter County Oklahoma
 Murray County Oklahoma
 Wichita Uplift
SNCarter and Murray counties, S central Oklahoma.
ARC/INFO  search
RTcartography
 computer programs
 data processing
 geographic information systems
 information systems
 mapping
 models
SNData model system for processing geographic information.
Arcachon Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Gironde France
 ....Arcachon Basin
RTBay of Biscay
SNInlet of Bay of Biscay in SW France.
arch dams  search
BTdams
 .arch dams
UFarchdams
Archaean  search
USEArchean
Archaediscidae  search
BTmicrofossils
 .Fusulinina
 ..Archaediscidae
SNFamily. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Archaeoceti  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Cetacea
 .......Archaeoceti
SNSuborder.
Archaeocopida  search
USEArcheocopida
Archaeocyatha  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Archaeocyatha
Archaeogastropoda  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Gastropoda
 ...Archaeogastropoda
NTBellerophontina
Archaeolithothamnium  search
BTPlantae
 .algae
 ..Rhodophyta
 ...Corallinaceae
 ....Archaeolithothamnium
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
archaeological sites  search
UFsites, archaeological
RTarchaeology
 fossil man
 artifacts
 geologic sites
 middens
archaeology  search
UFarcheology
 geoarchaeology
RTAcheulian
 Paleolithic
 paleoecology
 fossil man
 archaeological sites
 artifacts
 middens
 art
 Aurignacian
 Bronze Age
 Chalcolithic
 Clovis
 Iron Age
 Levalloisian
 Lubbock Lake
 Magdalenian
 Mesolithic
 Mousterian
 Neolithic
 ocher
 paleopathology
 paleoseismicity
 petrogl
Archaeomonadaceae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..ebridians
 ...Archaeomonadaceae
RTmicrofossils
SNIndexed with microfossils if applicable.
Archaeopteris  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
 ..Filicopsida
 ...Archaeopteris
SNGenus.
Archaeopteryx  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Aves
 ....Archaeornithes
 .....Archaeopteryx
SNGenus.
Archaeornithes  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Aves
 ....Archaeornithes
NTArchaeopteryx
RTNeornithes
SNSubclass.
Archaeozoic  search
USEArchean
Archangel Russian Federation  search
USEArkhangelsk Russian Federation
archdams  search
USEarch dams
Archean  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
NTEoarchean
 Paleoarchean
 Mesoarchean
 Neoarchean
 Amisk Group
 Aravalli System
 Arunta Complex
 Blake River Group
 Blondeau Formation
 Bulawayan Group
 Gangpur Series
 Gilman Formation
 Hayes River Group
 Iron Ore Group
 J-M Reef
 Krivoy Rog Series
 lower Archean
 middle Archean
 Napier Complex
 Nuk Gneiss
 Opemisca Group
 Peninsular Gneiss
 Rice Lake Group
 Roy Group
 Sausar Series
 Singhbhum Granite
 Taihua Group
 Timiskaming Group
 upper Archean
 Vermilion granitic complex
 Warrawoona Group
 Yellowknife Group
UFArchaean
 Archaeozoic
 Archeozoic
 lower Precambrian
RTCheshire Formation
 Closepet Granite
 Kaapvaal Craton
 Lewisian Complex
 Limpopo Orogeny
 Moldanubian
Archeocopida  search
BTmicrofossils
 .Archeocopida
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Crustacea
 ....Ostracoda
 .....Archeocopida
UFArchaeocopida
SNOrder. This term has multiple hierarchies.
archeology  search
USEarchaeology
Archeozoic  search
USEArchean
Archer County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Archer County Texas
arches  search
RTabutments
 anticlines
 arcuate structures
 domes
 folds
 swells
 tectonics
Arches National Park  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Arches National Park
RTnational parks
SNIn SE Utah. Before 1981, also search Arches and Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Archie equation  search
USEArchie's law
Archie's law  search
UFArchie equation
RTpetroleum engineering
 well-logging
 equations
 mathematical methods
 resistivity
 formation evaluation
 porosity
 reservoirs
SNEquation expressing the relationship between resistivity of the geologic formation, resistivity of water contained within the pores of the rock, porosity of the rock, and amount of pore space occupied by water. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Archosauria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Reptilia
 ....Diapsida
 .....Archosauria
NTCrocodilia
 Ornithischia
 Pterosauria
 Saurischia
 Thecodontia
SNSubclass. Archosauromorpha is considered a broader term.
Archostemata  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Mandibulata
 ...Insecta
 ....Pterygota
 .....Neoptera
 ......Endopterygota
 .......Coleoptera
 ........Archostemata
SNSuborder.
Archuleta County Colorado  search
BTUnited States
 .Colorado
 ..Archuleta County Colorado
SNOn New Mexico border in SW Colorado.
Arcina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Arcina
RTCyrtodontida
arcs  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with electrical field. See arcuate structures.
arcs, island  search
USEisland arcs
Arctic  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1969.
Arctic America  search
SNNow use Alaska, Yukon Territory or Northwest Territories as applicable. See also Arctic Archipelago.
Arctic Archipelago  search
BTCanada
 .Northwest Territories
 ..Franklin District Northwest Territories
 ...Arctic Archipelago
UFArctic Islands
RTArctic Coastal Plain
 Arctic region
 Queen Elizabeth Islands
 Baffin Island
 Banks Island
 Bathurst Island
 Ellesmere Island
 Victoria Island
SNLarge group of islands in the Arctic Ocean nearly coextensive with Franklin District, Northwest Territories, Canada.
Arctic Coastal Plain  search
BTArctic region
 .Arctic Coastal Plain
RTRussian Federation
 Greenland
 Alaska
 Arctic Archipelago
 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
 Jan Mayen
 North Slope
 Northern Alaska
 Northwest Territories
 Svalbard
SNIndexed with countries or regions as applicable.
arctic environment  search
RTclimate
 depositional environment
 ecology
 marine environment
 paleoclimatology
 paleoecology
 terrestrial environment
SNBefore 1978, also search arctic.
Arctic Islands  search
USEArctic Archipelago
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..Northern Alaska
 ...Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
UFANWR
RTArctic Coastal Plain
 Arctic region
 Sadlerochit Mountains
SNArctic Coastal Plain of NE Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Arctic Ocean  search
NTAlpha Cordillera
 Amerasia Basin
 Barents Sea
 Beaufort Sea
 Canada Basin
 Chukchi Sea
 East Siberian Sea
 Eurasia Basin
 Fram Strait
 Kara Sea
 Laptev Sea
 Lomonosov Ridge
 Makarov Basin
 Mendeleyev Ridge
 Mid-Arctic Ocean Ridge
 Nares Strait
 Norwegian Sea
 Yermak Plateau
UFArctic Sea
 North Polar Sea
RTArctic region
 CESAR
 Jan Mayen
 Baffin Bay
 Barrow Alaska
 Bear Island
 Beerenberg
 Davis Strait
 DSDP Site 268
 DSDP Site 336
 Leg 105
 Leg 151
 North Atlantic Deep Water
 ODP Site 645
 ODP Site 646
 ODP Site 647
 ODP Site 909
 ODP Site 910
 ODP Site 911
 ODP Site 912
 Rus
SNExtends from North Pole southward to approximately 70#DG N and is bounded by Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norway, and the Russian Federation. Before 1981, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, and Bear Island were included as narrower terms. Before 1970, also search Arctic.
Arctic region  search
NTArctic Coastal Plain
 Greenland
 Jan Mayen
 North Pole
 Russian Arctic
 Svalbard
RTAlaska
 Arctic Archipelago
 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
 Arctic Ocean
 Bear Island
 Canada
 Finland
 Hecla Hoek Formation
 Iceland
 Norway
 Novaya Zemlya
 polar regions
 Queen Elizabeth Islands
 Richards Island
 subarctic regions
 Sweden
 Vesteralen
SNThe Arctic Ocean and islands in it and adjacent to it plus mainland surfaces N of the Arctic circle. Before 1970, also search Arctic. Indexed with Alaska, Arctic Archipelago, Arctic Ocean, Greenland, and countries as applicable.
Arctic Sea  search
USEArctic Ocean
Arctocyonia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Condylarthra
 .......Arctocyonia
arcuate faults  search
BTfaults
 .arcuate faults
RTarcuate structures
 boundary faults
 peripheral faults
SNBefore 1978, also search arcuate AND faults.
arcuate structures  search
RTarches
 arcuate faults
 coronae
 fold and thrust belts
 greenstone belts
 island arcs
 ring structures
SNGeneral. Use more specific term if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Ardara Pluton  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Ireland
 ...Donegal Ireland
 ....Ardara Pluton
SNAn igneous intrusion in NW Ireland.
Ardeche France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Ardeche France
NTLargentiere France
 Privas France
RTCevennes
 Juvinas Meteorite
 Vivarais
SNDepartment in S France.
Ardennes  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Ardennes
UFForest of Ardennes
RTArdennes France
 Givet France
 Hohe Venn
 Luxembourg
 Luxembourg Belgium
 Rhenish Schiefergebirge
 Rocroi France
 Sedan France
 Stavelot Belgium
SNWooded plateau region. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Ardennes Department France  search
USEArdennes France
Ardennes France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Ardennes France
NTGivet France
 Rocroi France
 Sedan France
UFArdennes Department France
RTArdennes
SNDepartment in NE France. Before 1981, also search Ardennes.
Ardmore Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Ardmore Basin
RTOklahoma
 Texas
SNS Oklahoma and N Texas. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Ardnamurchan  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Argyllshire Scotland
 ......Ardnamurchan
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Highland region Scotland
 ......Ardnamurchan
SNPeninsula and parish in Argyll County, N of Mull Island in W Scotland. This term has multiple hierarchies.
arduinite  search
USEmordenite
Areado Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Areado Formation
RTAptian
 Brazil
 Minas Gerais Brazil
areal geology  search
RTbibliography
 expeditions
 explanatory text
 geology
 guidebook
 maps
 regional
SNUsed for entries that might properly be placed under three or more of the major discipline headings such as geomorphology, stratigraphy, structural geology.
Areal Geology (category)  search
SNAreal geology, GeoRef category code 13, is one of thirty categories used to classify documents in GeoRef. Each reference in GeoRef is assigned one or more categories. Categories can be used, in addition to Terms, to refine searches (See List A.).
areal studies  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1998, used with clay mineralogy. Used before 1973 as a general term.
areas described  search
SNUsed in subfiles E and N. See areal geology; areal studies.
Arecibo Puerto Rico  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Antilles
 ...Greater Antilles
 ....Puerto Rico
 .....Arecibo Puerto Rico
SNCity in S Puerto Rico on Caribbean Sea.
Arecidae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Monocotyledoneae
 ....Arecidae
Arenac County Michigan  search
BTUnited States
 .Michigan
 ..Michigan Lower Peninsula
 ...Arenac County Michigan
arenaceous texture  search
BTtextures
 .arenaceous texture
UFarenarious texture
 psammitic texture
 sabulous texture
 sandy texture
RTsedimentary rocks
 sand
 sediments
 sandstone
SNBefore 1978, also search arenaceous AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rock.
Arenal  search
BTCentral America
 .Costa Rica
 ..Arenal
RTvolcanoes
SNVolcano in NW Costa Rica.
arenarious texture  search
USEarenaceous texture
Arendal Norway  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Scandinavia
 ...Norway
 ....Arendal Norway
SNA city on the Skagerrak.
arendalite  search
USEepidote
arenes  search
USEaromatic hydrocarbons
Arenicolites  search
BTichnofossils
 .Arenicolites
RTVermes
 burrows
Arenig  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Wales
 .....Merionethshire Wales
 ......Arenig
RTArenigian
SNTwo mountains in N Merionethshire (Gwynedd) in N Wales. One is called Arenig Fach and the other Arenig Fawr. For the age term, see Arenigian.
Arenigian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Lower Ordovician
 .....Arenigian
NTBallantrae Complex
RTArenig
 Buchans Group
 San Juan Formation
SNEurope. Above Tremadocian, below Llanvirnian. Before 1978, also search Arenig.
arenite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .clastic rocks
 ..arenite
NTlitharenite
 quartz arenite
 sublitharenite
RTterrigenous materials
Arequipa Peru  search
BTSouth America
 .Peru
 ..Arequipa Peru
SNDepartment in S Peru. Also a city.
Ares Vallis  search
BTMars
 .Ares Vallis
RTMars Pathfinder Program
arfvedsonite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...clinoamphibole
 ....arfvedsonite
Argentera Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Argentera Italy
SNVillage in NW Italy.
Argentera Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Argentera Massif
SNS Piemonte.
Argenteuil County Quebec  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Argenteuil County Quebec
Argentiere Glacier  search
BTute-Savoie France
 .Argentiere Glacier
RTMont Blanc
 Pennine Alps
SNIn the Mont Blanc Massif of the Pennine Alps.
Argentina  search
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
NTArgentine Andes
 Buenos Aires Argentina
 Catamarca Argentina
 Chaco Argentina
 Chubut Argentina
 Cordoba Argentina
 Corrientes Argentina
 Jujuy Argentina
 La Pampa Argentina
 La Rioja Argentina
 Mendoza Argentina
 Neuquen Argentina
 Neuquen Basin
 Paganzo Basin
 Pampas
 Pampean Mountains
 Rio Negro Argentina
 Salado Basin
 Salta Argentina
 San Juan Argentina
 San Luis Argentina
 Santa Cruz Argentina
 Santa Fe Argentina
 Santiago del Estero Argentina
 Tucuman Argentina
RTAltiplano
 Andes
 Martin Formation
 Baquero Formation
 Campo del Cielo Meteorite
 Chaco
 Chanares Formation
 Colorado River
 Famatina System
 Guandacol Formation
 Paganzo Group
 Parana Basin
 Parana River
 Patagonia
 Patagonian Andes
 Patagonian Batholith
 Precordillera
Argentine Andes  search
BTSouth America
 .Andes
 ..Argentine Andes
BTSouth America
 .Argentina
 ..Argentine Andes
SNRegion in Argentina. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Argentine Basin  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .South Atlantic
 ..Argentine Basin
RTVema Channel
 DSDP Site 331
 DSDP Site 358
 Leg 39
SNE of Argentina in SW Atlantic.
argentite  search
BTsulfides
 .argentite
UFargyrite
RTacanthite
 silver ores
 silver
Arges River  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Arges River
SNIn S Romania.
argillaceous rocks  search
USEargillaceous texture
argillaceous texture  search
BTtextures
 .argillaceous texture
UFargillaceous rocks
RTclay mineralogy
 sedimentary rocks
 clay minerals
 clay
 sediments
 argillite
 marl
 shale
SNBefore 1978, also search argillaceous AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rock.
argillite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .clastic rocks
 ..argillite
UFdropstone
RTargillization
 terrigenous materials
 argillaceous texture
argillization  search
BTmetasomatism
 .argillization
RTprocesses
 feldspar group
 clay minerals
 alteration
 argillite
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Argo abyssal plain  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Argo abyssal plain
RTDSDP Site 261
 Leg 123
 ODP Site 765
SNEastern Indian Ocean.
Argolis Greece  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Peloponnesus Greece
 ....Argolis Greece
SNDepartment in E Peloponnesus.
argon  search
BTnoble gases
 .argon
NTAr-36
 Ar-37
 Ar-38
 Ar-38/Ar-36
 Ar-39
 Ar-40
 Ar-40/Ar-36
 Ar-40/Ar-39
UFAr
RTAr/Ar
 isotopes
 K/Ar
argon-argon  search
USEAr/Ar
Argovian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Upper Jurassic
 .....Argovian
SNEurope. Substage in Great Britain: Upper Jurassic (lower Lusitanian; above Oxfordian Stage, below Rauracian Substage).
Argun Ri  search
Argun River  search
RTAmur River
 Asia
 Europe
 Georgian Republic
 Greater Caucasus
 Russian Far East
 Russian Federation
 Shilka Valley
 Transbaikalia
SNRises in NE China and serves as part of boundary between NE China and Russian Federation. Joins with Shilka River to form the Amur River. Also a river in the Greater Caucasus, in Georgian Republic and Russian Federation. Indexed with Europe or Asia and Ch
Argyllshire Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Argyllshire Scotland
NTArdnamurchan
 Islay
 Kintyre
 Mull Island
RTHighland region Scotland
 Ballachulish Complex
 Firth of Clyde
 Glen Coe
 Strathclyde region Scotland
SNFormer county in NW Scotland which in 1975 was split between Highland and Strathclyde regions. The latter has the major part. Before 1993, also search Argyll and Scotland. Indexed with region as applicable.
argyrite  search
USEargentite
Ariake Bay  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Japan
 ...Kyushu
 ....Ariake Bay
SNOn East China Sea on W coast of Kyushu. Also search Ariake Sea.
arid environment  search
BTterrestrial environment
 .arid environment
UFarid regions
RTecology
 geomorphology
 depositional environment
 land use
 climate
 subaerial environment
 paleoclimatology
 barchans
 deserts
 rock varnish
 sebkha environment
 semi-arid environment
 wadis
 yardangs
SNBefore 1978, also search arid.
arid regions  search
USEarid environment
Arida-gawa  search
BTnshu
 .Wakayama Japan
 ..Arida-gawa
UFArita River
 Aritagawa
SNW Kii Peninsula S of Osaka, S Honshu. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Aridisols  search
BTsoils
 .Aridisols
RTsoil group
Ariege France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Ariege France
NTCastillon Massif
 Querigut Massif
 Saint-Girons France
RTLherz
 Salat Valley
SNDepartment in S France.
ariegite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..ultramafics
 ...ariegite
RTwebsterite
Ariel Satellite  search
RTicy satellites
 satellites
 Uranus
 Voyager Program
SNOne of the satellites of Uranus. Before 1989, also search Ariel AND Uranus. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aries Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Aries Valley
SNRiver valley in W central Transylvania. Also search Aries.
Arikaree Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Arikaree Group
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Colorado
 lower Miocene
 upper Oligocene
 South Dakota
 White River Group
SNUpper Oligocene to lower Miocene. Previously considered Miocene. The Arikaree Formation has been considered Miocene. Comprises Sharps, Monroe Creek, and Harrison Formations. Colorado, S South Dakota, SE Montana, and SE Wyoming. Indexed with upper Oligocen
Arikareean  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Tertiary
 ....Arikareean
RTlower Miocene
 upper Oligocene
 Kirkwood Formation
SNProvincial series, North America. Indexed with ages as applicable.
Aristarchus  search
BTMoon
 .Aristarchus
UFAristarchus Plateau
RTApollo 17
 Ocean of Storms
 Sea of Rains
SNLunar crater near Vallis Schroteri in region between Ocean of Storms and Sea of Rains. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aristarchus Plateau  search
USEAristarchus
Arita River  search
USEArida-gawa
Aritagawa  search
USEArida-gawa
Ariyalur India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Tamil Nadu India
 ....Ariyalur India
SNTown in S Tamil Nadu, S India.
Ariyalur Stage  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Ariyalur Stage
RTIndia
SNS India.
Arize Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Arize Massif
SNN of the central Pyrenees.
Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
NTApache County Arizona
 Cochise County Arizona
 Coconino County Arizona
 Date Creek basin
 Gila County Arizona
 Graham County Arizona
 Greenlee County Arizona
 La Paz County Arizona
 Maricopa County Arizona
 Mogollon Plateau
 Mogollon Rim
 Mohave County Arizona
 Naha test well
 Navajo County Arizona
 Petrified Forest National Park
 Pima County Arizona
 Pinal County Arizona
 Rincon Mountains
 San Carlos Indian Reservation
 San Francisco Peaks
 Santa Cruz County Arizona
 Santa Rita Mountains
 Stanton's Cave
 Tucson Basin
 Yavapai County Arizona
 Yuma County Arizona
RTBlack Mesa
 Apache Group
 Apache Leap Tuff
 Basin and Range Province
 Bidahochi Formation
 Bisbee Group
 Black Mesa Basin
 Black Mountain
 Black Mountains
 Bright Angel Shale
 Brushy Basin Shale Member
 Burro Canyon Formation
 Canyon Diablo Meteorite
 Carmel Formation
Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
NTArkansas County Arkansas
 Ashley County Arkansas
 Baxter County Arkansas
 Benton County Arkansas
 Boone County Arkansas
 Bradley County Arkansas
 Calhoun County Arkansas
 Carroll County Arkansas
 Chicot County Arkansas
 Clark County Arkansas
 Clay County Arkansas
 Cleburne County Arkansas
 Cleveland County Arkansas
 Columbia County Arkansas
 Conway County Arkansas
 Craighead County Arkansas
 Crawford County Arkansas
 Crittenden County Arkansas
 Cross County Arkansas
 Dallas County Arkansas
 Desha County Arkansas
 Drew County Arkansas
 Faulkner County Arkansas
 Franklin County Arkansas
 Fulton County Arkansas
 Garland County Arkansas
 Grant County Arkansas
 Greene County Arkansas
 Hempstead County Arkansas
 Hot Spring County Arkansas
 Howard County Arkansas
 Independence County Arkansas
 Izard County Arkansas
 Jackson County Arkansas
 Jefferson County Arkansas
 Johnson County Arkansas
 Lafayette County Arkansas
 Lawrence County Arkansas
 Lee County Arkansas
 Lincoln County Arkansas
 Little River County Arkansas
 Logan County Arkansas
 Lonoke County Arkansas
 Madison County Arkansas
 Marion County Arkansas
 Miller County Arkansas
 Mississippi County Arkansas
 Monroe County Arkansas
 Montgomery County Arkansas
 Nevada County Arkansas
 Newton County Arkansas
 Ouachita County Arkansas
 Perry County Arkansas
 Phillips County Arkansas
 Pike County Arkansas
 Poinsett County Arkansas
 Polk County Arkansas
 Pope County Arkansas
 Prairie County Arkansas
 Pulaski County Arkansas
 Randolph County Arkansas
 Saint Francis County Arkansas
 Saline County Arkansas
 Scott County Arkansas
 Searcy County Arkansas
 Sebastian County Arkansas
 Sevier County Arkansas
 Sharp County Arkansas
 Stone County Arkansas
 Union County Arkansas
 Van Buren County Arkansas
 Washington County Arkansas
 White County Arkansas
 Woodruff County Arkansas
 Yell County Arkansas
RTArkansas Novaculite
 Arkansas River
 Arkansas River valley
 Arkoma Basin
 Atoka Formation
 Bent
Arkansas City Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Cowley County Kansas
 ...Arkansas City Kansas
SNCity in S Kansas.
Arkansas County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Arkansas County Arkansas
Arkansas Novaculite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...upper Paleozoic
 ....Arkansas Novaculite
RTDevonian
 Mississippian
 Oklahoma
 Arkansas
SNDevonian and Mississippian. SW Arkansas and SE Oklahoma. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Arkansas River  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas River
RTOklahoma
 Colorado
 Mississippi
 Kansas
 Arkansas
SNS central U.S., flows 1, 450 mi. generally ESE from the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado, through Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, to Mississippi River N of Greenville, Mississippi. Also search Arkansas River valley. Indexed with states as applicable.
Arkansas River valley  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas River valley
RTOklahoma
 Colorado
 Kansas
 Arkansas
SNIndexed with states as applicable.
Arkansas River#Arkansas River valley#Bald Mountain#Battle Mountain#Benton Format  search
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
BTEurope
 .Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
NTBelozero Russian Federation
 Franz Josef Land
 Mezen Russian Federation
 Nenets Russian Federation
 Novaya Zemlya
 Onega Russian Federation
 Vetrenyy Ridge
UFArchangel Russian Federation
RTBelaya Gora Russian Federation
 Mezen River basin
 Northern Dvina River
SNCity and oblast on the White Sea in NW Russian Federation. Before 1993, Arkhangelsk Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Arkoma Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkoma Basin
RTOklahoma
 Arkansas
 Spiro Sandstone
SNIndexed with states as applicable.
arkose  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .clastic rocks
 ..arkose
RTsandstone
 terrigenous materials
 arkosic composition
 meta-arkose
 subarkose
arkosic composition  search
RTarkose
 sedimentary rocks
 sediments
 composition
SNBefore 1978, also search arkosic AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rock.
Arlan  search
RTBashkortostan Russian Federation
SNOil bearing region in Bashkortostan in S Urals. Indexed with region as applicable.
Arlington County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Arlington County Virginia
SNN Virginia. Along Potomac River opposite Washington, D.C. Also search Alexandria Virginia if applicable.
armalcolite  search
BToxides
 .armalcolite
RTtitanium oxides
 pseudobrookite
Armenia  search
BTEurope
 .Armenia
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Armenia
NTAgarak
 Akhtala Armenia
 Alaverdi Armenia
 Arteni
 Dastakert Armenia
 Kadzharan Armenia
 Kafan Armenia
 Lake Sevan
 Megri Armenia
 Megrinskiy Pluton
 Pambak Armenia
 Razdan River
 Sevan Armenia
 Shamlug Armenia
 Sisian Armenia
 Yerevan Armenia
 Zod Armenia
RTAragats
 Lesser Caucasus
 Caucasus
 Oktemberyan Series
 Shakhdag Range
 Spitak earthquake 1988
 Transcaucasia
 Zangezur
SNFormerly the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Armenia earthquake 1988  search
USESpitak earthquake 1988
Armidale Australia  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..New South Wales Australia
 ...Armidale Australia
SNTown in NE New South Wales.
armored mud balls  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .secondary structures
 ..armored mud balls
UFmud balls, armored
RTclay
Armorica  search
USEArmorican Massif
Armorican Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Armorican Massif
UFArmorica
RTCadomian Orogeny
SNNW France.
Armstrong County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Armstrong County Pennsylvania
SNW Pennsylvania.
Armstrong County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Armstrong County Texas
SNExtreme N Texas.
Arno River basin  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Tuscany Italy
 ....Arno River basin
SNN central Tuscany.
aromatic hydrocarbons  search
BTorganic compounds
 .hydrocarbons
 ..aromatic hydrocarbons
NTbenzene
 BTEX
 ethylbenzene
 hopanoids
 oleananes
 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
 toluene
 xylene
UFarenes
RTchlorobenzene
 hexachlorobenzene
 aliphatic hydrocarbons
 biomarkers
 aromatization
 soil vapor extraction
 soil venting
SNBefore 1978, search (aromatic or aromatics) AND hydrocarbons.
aromatization  search
RTaromatic hydrocarbons
 hydrocarbons
 petroleum
 processes
 production
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Aroostook County Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Aroostook County Maine
NTPresque Isle Maine
RTSaint John River
SNN Maine.
Arosa Bay  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Galicia Spain
 .....Arosa Bay
RTLa Coruna Spain
 Pontevedra Spain
SNOn the Atlantic Ocean in W between provinces of La Coruna and Pontevedra. Indexed with provinces.
Arran  search
RTFirth of Clyde
 Strathclyde region Scotland
SNIsland in Firth of Clyde in SW Scotland. Before 1975, it was included in Buteshire. Indexed with Strathclyde region Scotland if applicable.
arrays  search
RTcomputer networks
 electrical methods
 geophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 LASA
 networks
 NORESS
 NORSAR
 PANDA
 PASSCAL
 portable arrays
 Schlumberger methods
 seismic networks
 SMART2
 TERRAscope
arrival time  search
RTdip moveout
 earthquakes
 elastic waves
 moveout
 normal moveout
 ray tracing
 raypaths
 seismic migration
 seismology
Arrow Canyon Range  search
BTUnited States
 .Nevada
 ..Arrow Canyon Range
Arroyo El Mimbral  search
BTMexico
 .Tamaulipas Mexico
 ..Arroyo El Mimbral
UFEl Mimbral, Arroyo
 Mimbral, Arroyo El
RTK-T boundary
SNStream which drains the southwest flank of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, NE Mexico. It is the site of a well-studied K-T boundary outcrop.
arroyos  search
BTfluvial features
 .arroyos
BTerosion features
 .arroyos
RTgeomorphology
 wadis
 ephemeral streams
 gullies
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
arsenates  search
NTadamite
 austinite
 beudantite
 conichalcite
 haidingerite
 legrandite
 mimetite
 pharmacolite
 pharmacosiderite
 scorodite
RTminerals
arsenic  search
BTmetals
 .arsenic
UFAs
RTnative elements
 arsenic ores
 arsenopyrite
 chalcophile elements
SNChemical element. Use arsenic ores for arsenic as a commodity.
arsenic ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .arsenic ores
RTnative elements
 arsenic
 arsenopyrite
SNCommodity. See List C.
arsenical pyrites  search
USEarsenopyrite
arsenides  search
NTarsenopyrite
 cobaltite
 gersdorffite
 lollingite
 maucherite
 niccolite
 pararammelsbergite
 rammelsbergite
 safflorite
 skutterudite
 sperrylite
RTminerals
arsenites  search
NTmixite
RTminerals
arsenopyrite  search
BTsulfides
 .arsenopyrite
BTarsenides
 .arsenopyrite
UFarsenical pyrites
 white pyrites
RTarsenic
 arsenic ores
 lollingite
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
arsenosulfides  search
BTsulfides
 .arsenosulfides
Arsia Mons  search
BTMars
 .Arsia Mons
RTvolcanoes
 Tharsis
 Tharsis Montes
SNVolcano on Mars. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
art  search
RTarchaeology
 artifacts
 graphic methods
 petroglyphs
SNAlso search specific types such as cave art or parietal art if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Artemisia  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Artemisia
RTpalynomorphs
 miospores
SNGenus.
Artemovsk Ukraine  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Artemovsk Ukraine
UFBakhmut Ukraine
SNCity in the Donets Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Arteni  search
BTEurope
 .Armenia
 ..Arteni
SNRegion in Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
artesian waters  search
RTaquifers
 aquitards
 confined aquifers
 ground water
 hydrogeology
 water
 water resources
Arthabaska County Quebec  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Quebec
 ...Arthabaska County Quebec
Arthrodira  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Pisces
 ...Placodermi
 ....Arthrodira
SNOrder.
Arthropoda  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
NTChelicerata
 Mandibulata
 Trilobitomorpha
RTcuticles
 segmentation
 Tardigrada
Arthur County Nebraska  search
BTUnited States
 .Nebraska
 ..Arthur County Nebraska
Arthur Harbor  search
RTAntarctica
 Anvers Island
SNOn Anvers Island. Off NW Antarctic Peninsula. Indexed with regions as applicable.
Articulata  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Brachiopoda
 ..Articulata
NTDictyonellidina
 Orthida
 Pentamerida
 Rhynchonellida
 Spiriferida
 Strophomenida
 Terebratulida
 Thecideidina
RTInarticulata
SNRestricted to use with Brachiopoda. Articulata is not to be used as post-Paleozoic Crinoidea subclass or with other organisms.
Articulatae  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
 ..Sphenopsida
 ...Articulatae
RTSphenopteris
artifacts  search
UFpottery
RTarchaeology
 fossil man
 archaeological sites
 art
 Clovis
 petroglyphs
SNBefore 1993, also search tools AND archaeology.
artificial  search
SNA valid term through 1977. After 1977, use artificial recharge, artificial islands, artificial intelligence, or synthetic materials if applicable.
artificial intelligence  search
RTdata processing
 expert systems
 neural networks
 self-organization
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
artificial islands  search
UFman-made islands
RTreclamation
 sedimentation
 engineering geology
 barrier islands
 marine installations
 shorelines
 stabilization
 submarine installations
SNOften used in sedimentation, shore protection, and reclamation. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
artificial minerals  search
SNNot a valid index term for GeoRef. Use synthetic materials and specific mineral name.
artificial recharge  search
RTfluid injection
 ground water
 injection
 natural recharge
 recharge
 reinjection wells
SNAlso search artificial AND recharge.
artificial wetlands  search
USEconstructed wetlands
artinite  search
BTcarbonates
 .artinite
Artinskian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Cisuralian
 .....Artinskian
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Lower Permian
 .....Artinskian
SNEurope. Above Sakmarian, below Kungurian.
Artiodactyla  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Artiodactyla
NTHippopotamidae
 Ruminantia
 Suiformes
RTUngulata
SNOrder.
Artois  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Artois
SNHistoric region in extreme N France, located to the S and SW of Flanders.
Arunachal Pradesh India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Northeastern India
 ....Arunachal Pradesh India
RTHimalayas
SNState India, NE of Assam.
Arunta Block  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Northern Territory Australia
 ...Arunta Block
RTArunta Complex
SNNorthern Territory, central Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Arunta Complex  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...Arunta Complex
RTAustralia
 Northern Territory Australia
 Arunta Block
Arve Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Arve Valley
RTSwitzerland
 France
SNRiver valley. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Arvicolidae  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Rodentia
 .......Myomorpha
 ........Arvicolidae
RTMimomys
SNIn some classifications, sometimes includes some genera from the family Cricetidae.
As  search
USEarsenic
Asal Rift  search
UFAsal-Ghoubbat Rift
 Asal-Ghoubbet Rift
RTDjibouti
 Gulf of Tadjoura
SNRift zone, central Djibouti and Gulf of Tadjoura. Indexed with Djibouti and/or Gulf of Tadjoura as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Asal-Ghoubbat Rift  search
USEAsal Rift
Asal-Ghoubbet Rift  search
USEAsal Rift
Asama  search
BTnshu
 .Asama
UFAsama Volcano
 Asamayama
 Mount Asama
 Mt. Asama
RTNagano Japan
 volcanoes
 Gumma Japan
SNActive volcano on W Gumma and E Nagano prefecture border, 85 miles NW of Tokyo. Also search Mount Asama. After 1993, use Asama Japan for the place in Nagano prefecture. Indexed with prefecture or prefectures as applicable.
Asama Volcano  search
USEAsama
Asamayama  search
USEAsama
Asaphidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Arthropoda
 ..Trilobitomorpha
 ...Trilobita
 ....Ptychopariida
 .....Asaphidae
SNFamily.
asbestos  search
BTsilicates
 .asbestos
RTactinolite
 chain silicates
 amphibole group
 amosite
 anthophyllite
 sheet silicates
 asbestos deposits
 chrysotile
SNAs of 1981, use asbestos deposits for asbestos as a commodity.
asbestos deposits  search
RTasbestos
 chrysotile
 insulation materials
 Thetford Mines
SNCommodity. See List C.
Asbian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Dinantian
 .....Asbian
SNEurope. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
asbolane  search
USEasbolite
asbolite  search
BToxides
 .asbolite
UFasbolane
RTmanganese oxides
Ascension Island  search
BTAtlantic Ocean Islands
 .Ascension Island
RTAtlantic Ocean
SNBritish possession 700 miles NW of Saint Helena.
Ascension Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Ascension Parish Louisiana
ascharite  search
USEszaibelyite
Aschersleben Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Saxony-Anhalt Germany
 ....Aschersleben Germany
SNCity in Saxony-Anhalt, E central Germany. Before 1993, Aschersleben was used with Halle Bezirk.
aschynite  search
USEaeschynite
Ascoli Piceno Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Marches Italy
 ....Ascoli Piceno Italy
SNTown and province in S Marches.
Ascraeus Mons  search
BTMars
 .Ascraeus Mons
RTvolcanoes
 Tharsis
 Tharsis Montes
SNShield volcano on Mars. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
ASEAN  search
UFAssociation of South East Asian Nations
RTassociations
 international cooperation
 Indonesia
 Brunei
 Malaysia
 Philippine Islands
 Singapore
 Thailand
SNAcronym. In 1985, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine Islands, Singapore and Thailand were members. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
aseismic design  search
RTdesign
 engineering geology
 seismic response
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
aseismic margins  search
RTcontinental margin
 passive margins
 plate tectonics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
aseismic ridges  search
RTmicrocontinents
 mid-ocean ridges
SNBefore 1978, search aseismic.
ash  search
ash clouds  search
UFclouds, ash
 dust clouds (volcanic)
 eruption clouds
 volcanic clouds
RTvolcanism
 atmosphere
 aircraft
 geologic hazards
 volcanic risk
 climate
 stratosphere
 volcanology
SNBefore 1985, also search dust clouds and volcanology.
ash content  search
RTanalysis
 ash
 coal
 combustion
 energy sources
 incineration
 peat
 quality control
SNAs of 1998, restricted to use for incombustible material. For other uses, see volcanic ash.
ash falls  search
RTfallout
 pyroclastics
 volcanic ash
 volcaniclastics
 volcanism
 volcanoes
 volcanology
ash flows  search
UFglowing avalanche
RTvolcanism
 igneous rocks
 pyroclastics
 clastic sediments
 volcanic ash
 sediments
 tuff
 volcanic rocks
 volcanology
 ash-flow tuff
 flow texture
 flows
 fluidization
 ignimbrite
 nuees ardentes
 pyroclastic flows
Ash H  search
Ash Hollow Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....Ash Hollow Formation
RTWyoming
 Nebraska
 Kansas
 South Dakota
 Ogallala Formation
SNIn Ogallala Formation. W Kansas, W Nebraska, South Dakota, and SE Wyoming.
ash-flow tuff  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..pyroclastics
 ...ash-flow tuff
RTvolcanic ash
 tuff
 ash flows
 ignimbrite
 pyroclastic flows
Ashe County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Ashe County North Carolina
Ashe Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...lower Paleozoic
 ....Ashe Formation
RTVirginia
 North Carolina
 Tennessee
SNNW North Carolina, E Tennessee, and SW Virginia.
Ashgillian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Upper Ordovician
 .....Ashgillian
NTHirnantian
RTBala
SNEurope. Upper Caradocian, below Llandoverian (Silurian).
Ashio Japan  search
BTnshu
 .Ashio Japan
RTGumma Japan
 Tochigi Japan
SNTown on border of Tochigi and Gumma prefectures, central Honshu.
Ashio Mine  search
BTnshu
 .Ashio Mine
RTmines
 copper ores
 Gumma Japan
 Tochigi Japan
SNBefore 1993, also search Ashio copper mines. Indexed with prefectures and commodity as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Ashkhabad Turkmenia  search
BTAsia
 .Turkmenia
 ..Ashkhabad Turkmenia
NTCheleken Turkmenia
 Darvaza Turkmenia
SNOblast and city in S Turkmenia near the Iranian border. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Ashland County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Ashland County Ohio
SNN central Ohio.
Ashland County Wisconsin  search
BTUnited States
 .Wisconsin
 ..Ashland County Wisconsin
SNExtreme N Wisconsin.
Ashley County Arkansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Arkansas
 ..Ashley County Arkansas
Ashley River Fault  search
BTUnited States
 .South Carolina
 ..Charleston County South Carolina
 ...Ashley River Fault
SNCharleston region, SE South Carolina. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Ashmore Meteorite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..chondrites
 ...Ashmore Meteorite
RTTexas
 Gaines County Texas
SNImpact in Gaines County, W Texas. Before 1981, also search Ashmore AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Ashtabula County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Ashtabula County Ohio
SNNE Ohio.
ashtonite  search
USEmordenite
Asia  search
NTAbakan Russian Federation
 Afghan-Tajik Basin
 Altai Mountains
 Altai Russian Federation
 Altai-Sayan region
 Amu Darya
 Amu Darya Basin
 Amur Basin
 Amur region
 Amur River
 Amur Russian Federation
 Anadyr Basin
 Anadyr Range
 Angara River
 Arabian Peninsula
 Baikal Mountains
 Baikal rift zone
 Baikal-Amur Railroad region
 Brahmaputra River
 Buryat Russian Federation
 Central Asia
 Chadobets Uplift
 Chaya Massif
 Chirchik River
 Chita Russian Federation
 Chukchi Peninsula
 Chuya Alps
 Dzhagdy Range
 Dzhida River
 Dzhugdzhur region
 Euphrates River
 Far East
 Ganges River
 Gobi Desert
 Himalayas
 Hindu Kush
 Ili Basin
 Indian Peninsula
 Indus River
 Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone
 Irkutsk Basin
 Irkutsk Russian Federation
 Irtysh River
 Ishim River
 Iya River
 Kamchatka Russian Federation
 Kamenka River
 Kansk-Achinsk Basin
 Karakoram
 Karymskaya Sopka
 Kemerovo Russian Federation
 Kerulen River
 Khabarovsk Russian Federation
 Khamar-Daban Range
 Khanka Lake
 Khatanga Basin
 Kiya River
 Kochkar Russian Federation
 Kodar Range
 Kolyma River
 Kolyma River basin
 Kolyma Uplift
 Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
 Kuban River
 Kuban Valley
 Kulunda Steppe
 Kura River
 Kurama Range
 Kurgan Russian Federation
 Kuznetsk Basin
 Kyrgyzstan
 Lake Baikal
 Lena Basin
 Lena River
 Lower Tunguska River
 Magadan Russian Federation
 Magnitogorsk Russian Federation
 Main Boundary Fault
 Main Central Thrust
 Mama River
 Maya River basin
 Maymecha-Kotuy
 Megion Field
 Middle East
 Moneron Island
 Moskva River
 Murgab Basin
 Naga Hills
 Nayba River basin
 Novosibirsk Russian Federation
 Ob River
 Ob-Irtysh Interfluve
 Okhotsk region
 Okhotsk-Chukchi
 Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt
 Olekma River
 Olekma-Vitim Highlands
 Omolon Block
 Omolon River
 Omsk Russian Federation
 Ozernoye Russian Federation
 Patom Plateau
 Penzhina Bay
 Popigay Structure
 Primorye Russian Federation
 Pskem Range
 Rudny Altai
 Russian Far East
 Russian Pacific region
 Sakhalin Russian Federation
 Salair Ridge
 Selenga River valley
 Serov Russian Federation
 Sette-Daban Range
 Siberia
 Siberian fold belt
 Siberian Platform
 Sikhote-Alin Range
 Siwalik Range
 Southeast Asia
 Sri Lanka
 Stanovoy Range
 Stony Tunguska River
 Strait of Malacca
 Suchan Basin
 Surkhan Darya
 Surkhan Darya basin
 Syr Darya
 Sysert Russian Federation
 Tagil Basin
 Tajikistan
 Tannu-Ola Range
 Tarbagatay Range
 Tatar Strait
 Tien Shan
 Tomsk Russian Federation
 Transbaikalia
 Tunguska Basin
 Tunguska River
 Tunguska Syneclise
 Turan
 Turanian Platform
 Turkestan
 Turkmenia
 Turukhan River
 Tuva Russian Federation
 Tyumen Russian Federation
 Uchur River basin
 Uda River
 Udokan Mountains
 Uzbekistan
 Verkhoyansk region
 Vilyuy River
 Vilyuy River basin
 Vindhyan Basin
 Vitim River
 West Siberia
 Western Transbaikalia
 Wrangel Island
 Yakutia Russian Federation
 Yenisei Basin
 Yenisei River
 Yenisei-Khatanga basin
 Yudoma River
 Zeya River
RTArgun Ri
SNTo retrieve all documents, USSR and Commonwealth of Independent States should also be searched (see list O). Before 1981, Malay Archipelago was included as a narrower term.
Asia Minor  search
USETurkey
Asiatic USSR  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Included the Russian Republic E of the Urals and the republics of Soviet Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (Kirghizia), Tajikistan, Turkmenia, and Uzbekistan. Before 1978, search Asiatic AND USSR. Now see
Askania gravimeters  search
BTgravimeters
 .Askania gravimeters
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Aso  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Japan
 ...Kyushu
 ....Kumamoto Japan
 .....Aso
UFAso Volcano
 Aso-san
RTvolcanoes
 Aso Caldera
SNVolcanic mountain with five peaks in central Kyushu. Before 1993, also used for town in Kumamoto Prefecture.
Aso Caldera  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Japan
 ...Kyushu
 ....Kumamoto Japan
 .....Aso Caldera
RTAso
SNAso, central Kyushu.
Aso Volcano  search
USEAso
Aso-san  search
USEAso
Asotin County Washington  search
BTUnited States
 .Washington
 ..Asotin County Washington
aspartic acid  search
BTorganic compounds
 .organic acids
 ..amino acids
 ...aspartic acid
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
asperities  search
UFasperity
RTengineering geology
 faults
 rock mechanics
 fractures
 shear tests
 three-dimensional models
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
asperity  search
USEasperities
asphalt  search
BTbitumens
 .asphalt
UFasphaltene
 asphaltenes
RTorganic compounds
 biomarkers
asphaltene  search
USEasphalt
asphaltenes  search
USEasphalt
Assam India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Northeastern India
 ....Assam India
RTGaro Hills
 Meghalaya India
 Shillong India
 Shillong Plateau
SNState NE of Bangladesh in NE India. Territory was reorganized in early 1970s.
Asse Mine  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Lower Saxony Germany
 ....Asse Mine
UFAsse Salt Mine
RTmines
 waste disposal
 radioactive waste
 waste disposal sites
SNSalt mine and radioactive waste disposal site. Lower Saxony, N central Germany. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Asse Salt Mine  search
USEAsse Mine
Asselian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Cisuralian
 .....Asselian
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Lower Permian
 .....Asselian
SNEurope. Stage. Below Sakmarian. Above Stephanian of Upper Carboniferous.
assemblages  search
UFfaunal assemblages
 fossil assemblages
RTbiotopes
 fossils
 biofacies
 communities
 faunal provinces
 floral provinces
 ichnofacies
 index fossils
SNRestricted to assemblages of fossils. For assemblages of minerals, use mineral assemblages.
assessment, environmental  search
SNUse risk assessment or environmental analysis or environmental effects.
assimilation  search
RTanatexis
 country rocks
 emplacement
 hybridization
 inclusions
 intrusions
 magma contamination
 magma transport
 magmas
 palingenesis
SNAs of 1981, restricted to magmas. Not to be used as a general term.
Assiniboine River  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Assiniboine River
RTSaskatchewan
 Manitoba
 Assiniboine River valley
SNS Canada; 590 miles long. Rises in SE Saskatchewan, flows S and E across S Manitoba into the Red River of the North at Winnipeg. Indexed with provinces as applicable.
Assiniboine River valley  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Assiniboine River valley
UFAssiniboine Valley
RTSaskatchewan
 Manitoba
 Assiniboine River
SNImportant wheat growing region. Indexed with provinces as applicable.
Assiniboine Valley  search
USEAssiniboine River valley
Association of South East Asian Nations  search
USEASEAN
associations  search
RTAAPG
 academic institutions
 AGI
 AGU
 annual report
 ASEAN
 bibliography
 catalogs
 collections
 current research
 education
 Euratom
 expeditions
 geology
 government agencies
 GSA
 IGCP
 INQUA
 institutions
 international cooperation
 International Geological Congress
 Int
SNReserved for organizations not included under academic institutions, government agencies, museums or survey organizations. Before 1976, also search meetings.
Assumption Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Assumption Parish Louisiana
Assynt  search
BTghland region Scotland
 .Sutherland Scotland
 ..Assynt
UFAssynt region
SNSutherland, N Scotland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Assynt region  search
USEAssynt
Assyntian Orogeny  search
USEAssyntic Orogeny
Assyntic Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Assyntic Orogeny
UFAssyntian Orogeny
RTCambrian
 orogeny
 tectonics
 Western Europe
SNOrogenic events at the end of the Precambrian. Before 1978, search Assyntian.
ast Range Ophiolite#Colorado River basin#Cupido Formation#Difunta Group#Eagle Fo  search
Astarte  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Astartida
 ....Astarte
SNGenus.
Astartida  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
 ...Astartida
NTAstarte
astatine  search
BThalogens
 .astatine
UFAt
SNChemical element.
Asteridae  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Asteridae
Asterocyclina  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Rotaliina
 ....Orbitoidacea
 .....Asterocyclina
RTmicrofossils
SNGenus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Asteroidea  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Echinodermata
 ..Asterozoa
 ...Stelleroidea
 ....Asteroidea
asteroids  search
NTS-type asteroids
 Vesta Asteroid
UFminor planets
RTMoon
 planetology
 meteorites
 cosmic rays
 interplanetary space
 cosmic dust
 cosmochemistry
 meteoroids
 NEAR Program
 parent bodies
 planets
 solar system
 tektites
Asterozoa  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Echinodermata
 ..Asterozoa
NTStelleroidea
asthenosphere  search
UFzone of mobility
RTmantle
 upper mantle
 plate tectonics
 magmas
 elastic waves
 Earth
 crust
 delamination
 isostasy
 lithosphere
 lower crust
 Mohorovicic discontinuity
 tectonophysics
Asti Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Asti Italy
SNCity and province in NW Italy.
Astian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....upper Pliocene
 ......Astian
SNEurope. Above the Piacenzian.
Astoria  search
Astoria Canyon  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Northeast Pacific
 ...Astoria Canyon
RTOregon
SNJust off Astoria, Oregon and the mouth of the Columbia River. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Astoria Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....Astoria Formation
RTWashington
 Oregon
SNLower to middle Miocene. NW Oregon and SW Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Astrakhan Arch  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Astrakhan Arch
RTRussian Federation
 Kazakhstan
 Astrakhan Russian Federation
 Caspian Depression
 Volga region
SNW Caspian Depression, near mouth of Volga River. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Astrakhan Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Astrakhan Russian Federation
BTEurope
 .Astrakhan Russian Federation
RTAstrakhan Arch
SNOblast and city on NW Caspian Sea. Before 1993, Astrakhan Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Astrapotheria  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Astrapotheria
SNOrder.
astroblemes  search
BTimpact features
 .astroblemes
UFfossil meteorite craters
RTgeomorphology
 craters
 impact craters
 meteor craters
astronomy  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with astrophysics and solar physics or planetology.
astrophyllite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..astrophyllite
astrophysics and solar physics  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used for special bibliographies.
Astrorhizidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Textulariina
 ....Ammodiscacea
 .....Astrorhizidae
RTmicrofossils
SNFamily. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Asturian Arc  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Asturian Arc
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Asturian Massif  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Asturias Spain
 .....Asturian Massif
SNIn NW Spain.
Asturian Orogenic Phase  search
USEAsturian Orogeny
Asturian Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Asturian Orogeny
UFAsturian Orogenic Phase
RTorogeny
 tectonics
 Europe
 Hercynian Orogeny
 Stephanian
 Westphalian
SNBefore 1978, search Asturian AND orogeny.
Asturias Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Asturias Spain
NTAsturian Massif
 Aviles Spain
 La Caridad Spain
UFOviedo Spain
RTCantabrian Basin
 Cantabrian Mountains
SNRegion now an autonomous community and province which was an ancient kingdom in NW Spain.
Asturreta  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Navarra Spain
 .....Asturreta
RTNavarre
SNRegion in N Spain.
Asu River Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Asu River Group
RTNigeria
 Benue Valley
SNIn the Benue Valley. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Asuka Meteorites  search
BTmeteorites
 .Asuka Meteorites
RTAntarctica
 Queen Maud Land
 Sor-Rondane Mountains
SNCollected from bare icefields around Sor-Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica from 1986. Due to abbreviations for these meteorites, such as Asuka-881757 also search Asuka in combination with number.
Aswan Dam  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Egypt
 ...Aswan Dam
RTNile River
SNIncludes Aswan High Dam on Nile River creating Lake Nasser in SE Egypt. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Aswan Egypt  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Egypt
 ...Aswan Egypt
NTKom Ombo Egypt
SNGovernorate. Also a city on the Mediterranean Sea.
asymmetric distribution  search
RTdistribution
 statistical analysis
 statistical distribution
 symmetry
SNA type of statistical distribution. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
asymmetric folds  search
BTfolds
 .asymmetric folds
RTsymmetric folds
SNBefore 1978, also search folds AND asymmetric.
asymmetry  search
USEsymmetry
At  search
USEastatine
Ata Caldera  search
RTJapan
 Kyushu
 Polynesia
 Tonga
 volcanoes
SNVolcanic caldera on southern Kyushu, Japan. Also a caldera on uninhabited island of Ata, S Tonga. Search in combination with Kyushu or with Tonga as applicable. Indexed with Kyushu or Tonga as applicable.
Atacama Chile  search
BTSouth America
 .Chile
 ..Atacama Chile
NTCopiapo Chile
RTAtacama Desert
 Copiapo River
 Vaca Muerta Meteorite
SNProvince in N central Chile.
Atacama Desert  search
BTSouth America
 .Chile
 ..Atacama Desert
RTPuna
 Antofagasta Chile
 Atacama Chile
SNN central part of country. Indexed with provinces as applicable.
atacamite  search
BThalides
 .chlorides
 ..atacamite
RTparatacamite
Atascosa County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Atascosa County Texas
SNSW Texas.
Atasu Kazakhstan  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Atasu Kazakhstan
SNVillage in central Kazakhstan, NW of Lake Balkhash. This term has multiple hierarchies.
ataxite  search
BTmeteorites
 .iron meteorites
 ..ataxite
NTCampo del Cielo Meteorite
 Warburton Meteorite
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Ataxophragmiidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Foraminifera
 ...Textulariina
 ....Lituolacea
 .....Ataxophragmiidae
RTmicrofossils
SNFamily. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Atbay  search
USERed Sea Hills
Atchafalaya Bay  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Atchafalaya Bay
RTGulf of Mexico
 Belle Isle
 Gulf Coastal Plain
 Saint Mary Parish Louisiana
 Terrebonne Parish Louisiana
SNOn the Gulf of Mexico off Saint Mary and Terrebonne parishes.
Atchafalaya River  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Atchafalaya River
SNS central Louisiana. Flows from Grand Lake N to Red River. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Atchison County Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Atchison County Kansas
NTAtchison Kansas
SNNE Kansas.
Atchison County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Atchison County Missouri
SNExtreme NW Missouri.
Atchison Kansas  search
BTUnited States
 .Kansas
 ..Atchison County Kansas
 ...Atchison Kansas
SNCity in NE Kansas.
Atdabanian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Lower Cambrian
 .....Atdabanian
SNRussian Federation, Canada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
atectonic processes  search
UFnontectonics
RTsedimentation
 tectonics
 processes
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Atera Fault  search
BTnshu
 .Gifu Japan
 ..Atera Fault
SNGifu Prefecture in central Honshu.
Athabasca District  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Athabasca District
UFAthabaska District
RTAlberta
 Saskatchewan
 Lake Athabasca
 Midwest Lake
 Midwest Lake Deposits
SNN Saskatchewan and Alberta. Indexed with Canadian provinces. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Athabasca Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Athabasca Formation
RTSaskatchewan
 Churchill Province
SNPrimarily an orthoquartzite. Outcrops over a large area S of Lake Athabasca in Churchill Province. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Athabasca Glacier  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Alberta
 ...Athabasca Glacier
UFAthabaska Glacier
RTCanadian Rocky Mountains
SNIn Rocky Mountains between Jasper and Banff national parks near the British Columbia border.
Athabasca Oil Sands  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Alberta
 ...Athabasca Oil Sands
UFAthabaska Oil Sands
RTClearwater Formation
 McMurray Formation
SNIn E Alberta. One of the largest petroleum reservoirs in the world. Oil is found in the McMurray, Clearwater, and Grand Rapids formations. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Athabasca River  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Alberta
 ...Athabasca River
UFAthabaska River
RTClearwater River
SNFlows into Lake Athabasca.
Athabaska District  search
USEAthabasca District
Athabaska Glacier  search
USEAthabasca Glacier
Athabaska Oil Sands  search
USEAthabasca Oil Sands
Athabaska River  search
USEAthabasca River
Athens County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Athens County Ohio
NTAthens Ohio
SNSE Ohio.
Athens Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Clarke County Georgia
 ...Athens Georgia
SNCity in NE Georgia.
Athens Greece  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Sterea Ellas
 ....Attica Greece
 .....Athens Greece
SNCity in central Greece.
Athens Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Athens County Ohio
 ...Athens Ohio
SNCity in SE Ohio.
Athgarh Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Athgarh Sandstone
RTIndia
 upper Gondwana System
SNSandstones of this formation are also grouped as part of Cuttack Stage. Part of Upper Gondwana sequence of the E coast.
Atikokan Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Rainy River District Ontario
 ....Atikokan Ontario
RTEye-Dashwa Lakes Pluton
SNRainy River District, W Ontario.
ation#Mediterranean region#Melilla#Meseta#Navarre#North Pyrenean Fault#Ossa-More  search
Atkinson County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Atkinson County Georgia
Atla Regio  search
BTVenus
 .Aphrodite Terra
 ..Atla Regio
SNBroad volcanic upland dome, E Aphrodite Terra.
Atlanta Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Fulton County Georgia
 ...Atlanta Georgia
SNCity in N central Georgia.
Atlantic  search
BTlocene
 .Atlantic
SNUsed primarily in Europe for an interval of postglacial time following the Boreal and preceding the Subboreal. It corresponds to most of the Altithermal and the middle part of the Hypsithermal.
Atlantic Coast  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Search Atlantic Coast OR Atlantic Ocean in conjunction with appropriate country or state. See also Atlantic region.
Atlantic Coastal Plain  search
BTUnited States
 .Atlantic Coastal Plain
NTCentral Atlantic Coastal Plain
 Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain
RTNew York
 Florida
 North Carolina
 Maryland
 Georgia
 AMCOR
 Massachusetts
 Fall Line
 Delaware
 Baltimore Canyon
 Carolina Bays
 Chesapeake Bay
 Connecticut
 Dunbarton Basin
 Lydonia Canyon
 Middendorf Formation
 Middle Atlantic Bight
 New Jersey
 New York Bight
 Outer Ban
SNAs of 1993, restricted to U.S. Indexed with states as applicable.
Atlantic County New Jersey  search
BTUnited States
 .New Jersey
 ..Atlantic County New Jersey
RTGreat Bay
 Pine Barrens
SNSE New Jersey.
Atlantic Margin Coring Project  search
USEAMCOR
Atlantic Ocean  search
NTEast Atlantic
 Equatorial Atlantic
 Mid-Atlantic Ridge
 North Atlantic
 Romanche fracture zone
 Romanche Trench
 South Atlantic
 West Atlantic
RTAntarctic Bottom Water
 Antarctic Ocean
 Ascension Island
 Atlantic Ocean Islands
 Atlantic region
 Baffin Bay
 Blake-Bahama Formation
 Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test
 Davis Strait
 Faeroe Islands
 Falkland Islands
 FAMOUS
 Gulf Stream
 Hare Bay
 Hatteras Form
SNBefore 1981, many islands which are now included under Atlantic Ocean Islands were also included as narrower terms of Atlantic Ocean. For several others, the change was made in 1985. Also see Antarctic Ocean for S portion.
Atlantic Ocean Islands  search
NTAscension Island
 Azores
 Bermuda
 Bouvet Island
 Canary Islands
 Cape Verde Islands
 Faeroe Islands
 Falkland Islands
 Madeira
 Saint Paul Rocks
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 Sao Tome e Principe
 Shetland Islands
 South Georgia
 Tristan da Cunha
RTAtlantic Ocean
 Denmark
 English Channel Islands
 Florida Keys
 Greenland
 Hebrides
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Isles Dernieres
 Lofoten Islands
 Long Island
 Los Islands
 Magdalen Islands
 Newfoundland Island
 Orkney Islands
 Outer Banks
 Saint Helena
 Scotia Sea Islands
 Solund I
SNThis term is used for islands and island groups which could not easily be assigned to adjacent land areas. Before 1981, many of these islands and island groups were also narrower terms of Atlantic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Atlantic region  search
RTAtlantic Ocean
 Laurentia
SNAn artificial term used to indicate the coastal region immediately adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean . Includes land and the immediate littoral zone. In the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain may be used. Added to Thesaurus in 1976.
Atlantic-type margins  search
USEpassive margins
Atlantis  search
RTpopular geology
SNLegendary island or continent said to have been destroyed by a cataclysm. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Atlantis fracture zone  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Atlantis fracture zone
RTMid-Atlantic Ridge
SNAcross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in N Atlantic Ocean. Indexed with Mid-Atlantic Ridge as applicable.
Atlantis II  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Atlantis II
SNSeamounts off U.S. E coast roughly midway between Nova Scotia and Bermuda.
Atlantis II Deep  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Red Sea
 ..Atlantis II Deep
RTDSDP Site 226
 DSDP Site 227
Atlantis II fracture zone  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Atlantis II fracture zone
RTLeg 118
 Leg 176
 ODP Site 732
 ODP Site 733
 ODP Site 734
 ODP Site 735
 Southwest Indian Ridge
SNN Southwest Indian Ridge, SW Indian Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Atlantis Seamount  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Atlantis Seamount
SNSW of the Azores. Before 1981, search Atlantis. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
atlas  search
RTcatalogs
 glossaries
 maps
 publications
 report
Atlas Mountains  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Atlas Mountains
NTMoroccan Atlas Mountains
RTAlgeria
 Babor Range
 Morocco
 Tunisia
SNMountain system of NW and N Africa extending from SW Morocco to NE Tunisia. Also search Atlas AND appropriate area. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Atlin British Columbia  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..British Columbia
 ...Atlin British Columbia
SNVillage near Alaska border NE of Juneau in NW British Columbia.
atmosphere  search
RTaerosols
 air
 air-sea interface
 angular momentum
 ash clouds
 atmospheric precipitation
 atmospheric pressure
 atmospheric transport
 biosphere
 boundary interactions
 circulation
 climate
 convection
 convection currents
 cycles
 degassing
 Earth
 environmental geology
SNFor studies dealing with geochemical changes (short-term or during geologic time), observations related to interactions with phenomena of the Earth's surface, and other geophysical aspects. For changes in prehistoric climate, see paleoclimatology.
atmospheric precipitation  search
NTrain
 snow
RTatmosphere
 climate
 drainage basins
 drought
 evapotranspiration
 hydrologic cycle
 hydrology
 meteorology
 moisture
 precipitation
 raindrops
 rainfall
 retention
 water
SNBefore 1978, also search hydrology AND precipitation.
atmospheric pressure  search
RTaltimetry
 atmosphere
 pressure
atmospheric transport  search
RTair-sea interface
 atmosphere
 dust
 dust storms
 circulation
 eruptions
 fallout
 fines
 particulate materials
 pollutants
 transport
 volcanic ash
 wind transport
SNAlso search atmosphere AND transport or wind transport. Indexed with the materials and wind transport if applicable.
Atoka County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Atoka County Oklahoma
SNSE Oklahoma.
Atoka Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Middle Pennsylvanian
 ......Atokan
 .......Atoka Formation
RTOklahoma
 Arkansas
SNSandstone members: Coody (Coata), Pope Chapel, Georges Fork, Dirty Creek, Webbers Falls, and Blackjack School. Subdivided, in Arkansas, to include Greenland Sandstone Member at base.
Atokan  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Pennsylvanian
 .....Middle Pennsylvanian
 ......Atokan
NTAtoka Formation
RTManakacha Formation
 Watahomigi Formation
SNProvincial series, North America: lower Middle Pennsylvanian. Above Morrowan, below Desmoinesian.
atolls  search
BTreefs
 .atolls
RTCoelenterata
 bioherms
 islands
 lagoons
atomic absorption  search
RTabsorption
 analysis
 atomic absorption spectra
 chemical analysis
 spectroscopy
atomic absorption spectra  search
BTspectra
 .atomic absorption spectra
UFabsorption spectra
RTabsorption
 atomic absorption
 spectroscopy
SNUsed for data. For methodology, use atomic absorption. Before 1985, also search atomic absorption AND spectra. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
atomic energy  search
USEnuclear energy
atomic force microscopy  search
RTanalysis
 chemical analysis
 microscope methods
 scanning tunneling microscopy
SNMeasures various forces on the atomic level. Used for the method only. Abbreviation AFM. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
atomic packing  search
RTcrystal structure
 crystal systems
 crystallography
 mineralogy
 packing
SNBefore 1978, also search packing.
Atotsugawa Fault  search
BTnshu
 .Atotsugawa Fault
RTHida Mountains
 Hokuriku
SNHonshu, central Japan. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
atrazine  search
BTpesticides
 .herbicides
 ..triazines
 ...atrazine
RTagrochemicals
 pollutants
SN2-chloro-4-ethylamine-6-isopropylamino s-triazine. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Atrypa  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Brachiopoda
 ..Articulata
 ...Spiriferida
 ....Atrypidae
 .....Atrypa
SNGenus.
Atrypidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Brachiopoda
 ..Articulata
 ...Spiriferida
 ....Atrypidae
NTAtrypa
Atsumi Peninsula  search
BTnshu
 .Aichi Japan
 ..Atsumi Peninsula
SNPacific coast of Aichi Prefecture, S central Honshu.
Attala County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Attala County Mississippi
attapulgite  search
USEpalygorskite
attenuation  search
UFdamping
RTseismology
 backscattering
 elastic waves
 near-field spectra
 wave dispersion
Atterberg limits  search
UFconsistency limits
 limits, Atterberg
RTrock mechanics
 soil mechanics
 deformation
 plasticity
Attica Greece  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Greece
 ...Sterea Ellas
 ....Attica Greece
NTAthens Greece
SNAncient division and state. Currently a department in E central Greece.
Attock Pakistan  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..Pakistan
 ...Punjab Pakistan
 ....Attock Pakistan
SNTown in NW Punjab Province, W Pakistan.
attribute, seismic  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. If applicable, index specific attributes and hydrocarbon indicators. See seismology or seismic methods.
Aturia  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Cephalopoda
 ...Tetrabranchiata
 ....Nautiloidea
 .....Aturia
SNGenus.
Au  search
USEgold
Aube France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aube France
SNDepartment in N central France.
Aubrac  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aubrac
SNMountain range in S central France.
aubrite  search
USEchladnite
Auckland Islands  search
BTWest Pacific Ocean Islands
 .Auckland Islands
SN200 miles south of New Zealand.
Auckland New Zealand  search
BTAustralasia
 .New Zealand
 ..Auckland New Zealand
RTNorth Island
SNCity in N North Island. Also Index North Island.
Aude France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aude France
NTCorbieres
 Mouthoumet Massif
 Narbonne France
 Portel France
 Quillan France
 Salsigne Mine
RTMontagne Noire
audio-magnetotelluric methods  search
USEaudiomagnetotelluric methods
audiomagnetotelluric methods  search
NTCSAMT methods
UFaudio-magnetotelluric methods
RTgeophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 magnetic methods
 Earth-current methods
 magnetotelluric methods
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Audrain County Missouri  search
BTUnited States
 .Missouri
 ..Audrain County Missouri
Audubon County Iowa  search
BTUnited States
 .Iowa
 ..Audubon County Iowa
augen gneiss  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .gneisses
 ..augen gneiss
Auger effect  search
USEAuger spectroscopy
Auger spectroscopy  search
BTspectroscopy
 .Auger spectroscopy
UFAuger effect
 autoionization
RTchemical analysis
 analysis
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
augite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
 ...clinopyroxene
 ....augite
RTbasalts
 fassaite
 omphacite
 titanaugite
augitite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..ultramafics
 ...augitite
Auglaize County Ohio  search
BTUnited States
 .Ohio
 ..Auglaize County Ohio
Augusta County Virginia  search
BTUnited States
 .Virginia
 ..Augusta County Virginia
RTWaynesboro Virginia
SNNW Virginia. Also search Staunton Virginia and/or Waynesboro Virginia if applicable.
Augusta Maine  search
BTUnited States
 .Maine
 ..Kennebec County Maine
 ...Augusta Maine
SNCity in S Maine.
Augustine  search
UFAugustine Volcano
RTvolcanoes
 Southwestern Alaska
 Cook Inlet
SNVolcano on Augustine Island in Kamishak Bay at mouth of Cook Inlet in S Alaska. Indexed with Southwestern Alaska if applicable.
Augustine Volcano  search
USEAugustine
Augustow Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Suwalki Poland
 ....Augustow Poland
SNTown in NE Suwalki, NE Poland.
aulacogens  search
RTgrabens
 tectonics
 troughs
aureoles  search
UFcontact aureole
 contact zone
 exomorphic zone
 metamorphic aureoles
 metamorphic zone
 thermal aureole
RTmetamorphism
 country rocks
 intrusions
 Barrovian-type deposits
 contact metamorphism
 haloes
 zoning
Aures  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Aures
SNMountain massif in NE Algeria.
Aurignacian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Stone Age
 ....Paleolithic
 .....Aurignacian
RTPleistocene
 archaeology
 Quaternary
SNArchaeological classification. Europe and N Africa. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
aurora  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope.
Aurora County South Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .South Dakota
 ..Aurora County South Dakota
auroral oval  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term. Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef.
auroral zone  search
SNNo longer a valid term. Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Before 1993, included auroral oval.
Austin Chalk  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Gulfian
 ......Austin Chalk
RTLouisiana
 Texas
 Austin Group
SNMember of the Austin Group. E Texas and S Louisiana. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Austin County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Austin County Texas
Austin Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Upper Cretaceous
 .....Gulfian
 ......Austin Group
RTTexas
 Austin Chalk
SNComprises Ector Tongue, Bonham Clay, Blossom Sand, Brownstone Marl, Gober Tongue, Austin Chalk, and Burditt Marl. E Texas. Also search Austin Chalk.
Austin Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Travis County Texas
 ...Austin Texas
SNCity in central Texas.
austinite  search
BTarsenates
 .austinite
Austral Islands  search
BTOceania
 .Polynesia
 ..French Polynesia
 ...Austral Islands
UFTubuai Islands
RTEast Pacific Ocean Islands
 Pacific Ocean
SNGroup in French Oceania 330 miles S of Society Islands. Also search Austral.
Australasia  search
NTAustralia
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Tasman orogenic zone
RTMalay Archipelago
 New Guinea
 Oceania
 Solomon Islands
SNIslands of the South Pacific including Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. Before 1981, New Guinea was included as a narrower term. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Australia  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
NTAmadeus Basin
 Australian Shield
 Broken Hill Block
 Carpentaria Basin
 Clarence-Moreton Basin
 Eucla Basin
 Gambier Embayment
 Georgina Basin
 Giles Complex
 Great Artesian Basin
 Joseph Bonaparte Gulf
 Lachlan fold belt
 Musgrave Ranges
 New England Batholith
 New South Wales Australia
 Northern Territory Australia
 Nullarbor Plain
 Officer Basin
 Otway Basin
 Perth Australia
 Queensland Australia
 Snowy Mountains
 South Australia
 Surat Basin
 Tasman Geosyncline
 Tasmania Australia
 Victoria Australia
 Western Australia
RTAdelaidean
 Alice Springs Orogeny
 Arafura Sea
 Black Mountain
 Arunta Complex
 Australian Plate
 Baralaba Coal Measures
 Bass Strait
 Birkhead Formation
 Bitter Springs Formation
 Brockman Iron Formation
 Broken River Formation
 Bulldog Shale
 Bulli Seam
 Burra Group
Australia-Antarctica discordance  search
USEAustralian-Antarctic discordance
Australian Capital Territory  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..New South Wales Australia
 ...Australian Capital Territory
NTCanberra Australia
SNSE Australia, within state of New South Wales. Formerly called Federal Capital Territory.
Australian Plate  search
RTAustralia
 Australian-Antarctic discordance
 Indo-Australian Plate
 New Guinea
 New Zealand
 plate tectonics
 plates
SNMay pre-date the more modern Indo-Australian Plate. Some may consider this the modern plate. Before 1993, also search Indian Plate and Australia. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Australian Shield  search
BTAustralasia
 .Australia
 ..Australian Shield
SNSW and central Australia.
Australian-Antarctic discor  search
Australian-Antarctic discordance  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Mid-Indian Ridge
 ..Southeast Indian Ridge
 ...Australian-Antarctic discordance
UFAustralia-Antarctica discordance
RTplate tectonics
 plates
 Antarctic Plate
 mid-ocean ridges
 Australian Plate
 Indo-Australian Plate
SNAn anomalously deep and rough segment of the Southeast Indian Ridge, 120-128#DGE. Before 1998, also search (Antarctic Plate or Australian Plate) AND Southeast Indian Ridge.
australite  search
BTtektites
 .australite
RTmeteorites
Australopithecinae  search
BTminidae
 .Australopithecinae
NTAustralopithecus
SNSubfamily.
Australopithecus  search
BTminidae
 .Australopithecinae
 ..Australopithecus
NTAustralopithecus afarensis
 Australopithecus africanus
 Australopithecus boisei
 Australopithecus robustus
SNGenus.
Australopithecus afarensis  search
BTminidae
 .Australopithecinae
 ..Australopithecus
 ...Australopithecus afarensis
SNSpecies.
Australopithecus africanus  search
BTminidae
 .Australopithecinae
 ..Australopithecus
 ...Australopithecus africanus
SNSpecies.
Australopithecus boisei  search
BTminidae
 .Australopithecinae
 ..Australopithecus
 ...Australopithecus boisei
SNSpecies.
Australopithecus robustus  search
BTminidae
 .Australopithecinae
 ..Australopithecus
 ...Australopithecus robustus
SNSpecies.
Austria  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Austria
NTAustrian Vienna Basin
 Burgenland Austria
 Carinthia Austria
 Central Austrian Alps
 Enns Valley
 Gailtal Alps
 Hochschwab
 Hohe Tauern
 Koralpe Range
 Lower Austria
 North Austrian Alps
 North Austrian Crystallines
 North Austrian Molasse
 Penninic Zone
 Salzburg State Austria
 Salzkammergut
 Semmering
 South Austrian Alps
 South Austrian Molasse
 Styria Austria
 Tauern Tunnel
 Totes Gebirge
 Tyrol Austria
 Upper Austria
 Venediger Group
 Vorarlberg Austria
 Wechsel
RTAlps
 Allgau Alps
 Moldanubian
 Bohemian Massif
 Central Alps
 Danube River
 Danube Valley
 Eastern Alps
 Gosau Formation
 Hallstatt Limestone
 Lake Neusiedler
 Limestone Alps
 Molasse Basin
 Morava River valley
 Northern Limestone Alps
 Pannonia
 Pannonian Basin
 Rhaetia
Austrian Vienna Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Austria
 ...Austrian Vienna Basin
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Vienna Basin
 ...Austrian Vienna Basin
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
Autauga County Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Autauga County Alabama
authigenesis  search
RTauthigenic minerals
 diagenesis
 minerals
 recrystallization
 sedimentary rocks
authigenetic minerals  search
USEauthigenic minerals
authigenic minerals  search
UFauthigenetic minerals
RTminerals
 authigenesis
SNAlso search authigenic AND minerals.
authors  search
SNUsed in subfile N. See bibliography; biography; geologists.
autochthons  search
RTallochthons
 overthrust faults
 tectonics
 windows
autocorrelation  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .autocorrelation
RTmathematical geology
 crosscorrelation
autoionization  search
USEAuger spectroscopy
automated analysis  search
RTanalysis
 chemical analysis
 data processing
 geochemical methods
 geophysical methods
 geophysical surveys
 quality control
 remote sensing
SNFor chemical analysis and geophysical surveys in which data acquisition and analysis are computerized. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
automatic cartography  search
USEdigital cartography
automatic data processing  search
USEdata processing
autometamorphism  search
BTmetamorphism
 .autometamorphism
UFautometasomatism
RTigneous rocks
 processes
 albitization
 alteration
 hydrothermal alteration
 mineral assemblages
autometasomatism  search
USEautometamorphism
autoradiography  search
BTradiography
 .autoradiography
RTgeophysical methods
 analysis
 radioactivity
 X-ray radiography
SNBefore 2000, sometimes used for radiography.
autoregression  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .regression analysis
 ..autoregression
RTmathematical geology
 geostatistics
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Autun France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Saone-et-Loire France
 ....Autun France
SNTown in E central part of country.
Autunian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Permian
 ....Lower Permian
 .....Autunian
RTRotliegendes
SNEurope. Above Stephanian, below Saxonian.
autunite  search
BTphosphates
 .autunite
RTuranium ores
Auvergne  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Auvergne
SNHistorical region in S central France.
Auversian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....upper Eocene
 ......Auversian
RTPriabonian
SNEurope. Above Lutetian, below Bartonian.
Aux Vases Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Upper Mississippian
 ......Chesterian
 .......Aux Vases Sandstone
RTMissouri
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Illinois Basin
SNSW Illinois, S Indiana and E Missouri. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Auxerre France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Yonne France
 ....Auxerre France
SNCity in NE central France.
Avacha  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Kamchatka Russian Federation
 ...Avacha
UFAvacha Volcano
RTvolcanoes
 Kamchatka Peninsula
SNActive volcano on S Kamchatka Peninsula. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Avacha Volcano  search
USEAvacha
avalanches  search
BTmass movements
 .avalanches
RTslope stability
 acoustical emissions
 geomorphology
 geologic hazards
 debris avalanches
 landslides
Avallon France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Yonne France
 ....Avallon France
SNTown in NE central France.
Avalon  search
Avalon Peninsula  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Newfoundland
 ...Newfoundland Island
 ....Avalon Peninsula
SNSW of Saint John's.
Avalon Terrane  search
USEAvalon Zone
Avalon Zone  search
UFAvalon Terrane
RTSouth Carolina
 Appalachians
 Newfoundland Island
 North Carolina
 New Brunswick
 Georgia
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
 Maine
 Nova Scotia
 Connecticut
 Avalonia
 Avalonian Orogeny
 Cape Breton Island
 Carolina slate belt
 Rhode Island
SNContinental sliver that extends from the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland to N Nova Scotia, through coastal New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and E Connecticut. Some find evidence that it extends to the Carolina slate belt.
Avalonia  search
RTAvalon Zone
 Great Britain
 Canada
 England
 Ireland
 North America
 plate tectonics
 United States
 Wales
SNPaleocontinent which separated from Gondwana in the lower Paleozoic. Western Avalonia is used in E North America; Eastern Avalonia, in the S British Isles. Indexed with ages, countries and continents as applicable.
Avalonian Orogenic Phase  search
USEAvalonian Orogeny
Avalonian Orogeny  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Avalonian Orogeny
UFAvalonian Orogenic Phase
RTorogeny
 North America
 Avalon Zone
SNUsed in connection with orogenic event near the end of Precambrian time along E border of North America. Named for the Avalon Peninsula in SE Newfoundland. Before 1978, search Avalonian AND orogeny.
Avawatz Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..San Bernardino County California
 ...Avawatz Mountains
SNS California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Avery County North Carolina  search
BTUnited States
 .North Carolina
 ..Avery County North Carolina
Avery Island  search
RTGulf Coastal Plain
 Iberia Parish Louisiana
 Louisiana
 Mississippi Delta
SNIsland surrounded by marsh, S Iberia Parish, Louisiana. Also a town. As of 1993, use Avery Island Louisiana for the town. Indexed with Iberia Parish Louisiana if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Aves  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Aves
NTArchaeornithes
 Neornithes
RTflight
 nests
 eggs
 feathers
SNClass.
Aves Island  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Venezuelan Islands
 ...Aves Island
UFBird Island (Venezuela)
RTCaribbean Sea
 Caribbean region
SNUninhabited Venezuelan island just East of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles.
Aves Ridge  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Caribbean Sea
 ...Aves Ridge
RTDSDP Site 30
 Leg 15
SNS of Aves Island in W Caribbean Sea.
Aveyron France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Aveyron France
NTDecazeville France
RTCentral Massif
 Rodez Trough
 Rouergue
SNDepartment in S central France.
AVHRR  search
BTairborne methods
 .AVHRR
BTgeophysical methods
 .infrared methods
 ..AVHRR
UFAdvanced Very-High Resolution Radiometry
RTinstruments
 remote sensing
 high-resolution methods
 satellite methods
SNAcronym. This term has multiple hierarchies. For surveys, also index the area. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
aviation  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. Use aircraft if applicable. For ground facilities, use airports.
aviation facilities  search
USEairports
Avila City Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla y Leon Spain
 .....Avila Spain
 ......Avila City Spain
SNRefers to only the city in W central Spain. Before 1981, also search Avila Spain.
Avila Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Castilla y Leon Spain
 .....Avila Spain
NTAvila City Spain
RTCastile Spain
 Old Castile Spain
 Sierra de Gredos
 Sierra de Guadarrama
SNRefers only to the province in W central Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Avila Province and Spain. For the city, see Avila City Spain.
Aviles Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Asturias Spain
 .....Aviles Spain
SNCity on the Bay of Biscay.
AVIRIS  search
BTspectroscopy
 .AVIRIS
BTairborne methods
 .AVIRIS
BTgeophysical methods
 .infrared methods
 ..AVIRIS
UFAirborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
RTinstruments
 remote sensing
 multispectral scanner
 high-resolution methods
 imagery
SNAcronym. Use for the instrument or method. This term has multiple hierarchies. For surveys, also index geophysical surveys. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
AVO methods  search
UFamplitude variation with offset
 amplitude-versus-offset analysis
RTgeophysical methods
 geophones
 reflection methods
 seismic methods
 amplitude
 hydrocarbon indicators
SNSeismic technique frequently used in hydrocarbon exploration. Before 1993, also search offset and amplitude. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Avon England  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....England
 .....Avon England
NTBath England
 Bristol England
RTCotswold Hills
 Gloucestershire England
 Somerset England
SNCounty, SW England. Formed in 1975 from Gloucestershire and Somerset.
Avonian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Avonian
RTDinantian
 Culm
SNEurope.
Avoyelles Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Avoyelles Parish Louisiana
avulsion  search
RTerosion
 meanders
 oxbow lakes
 rivers
 rivers and streams
 sedimentation
 storms
 stream capture
 streams
 waterways
Awamoan  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Miocene
 .....lower Miocene
 ......Awamoan
UFAwamoan Stage
SNStage. New Zealand.
Awamoan Stage  search
USEAwamoan
awareness, public  search
USEpublic awareness
awaruite  search
BTalloys
 .awaruite
RTiron
 nickel
Awash Valley  search
BTAfrica
 .East Africa
 ..Ethiopia
 ...Awash Valley
SNRiver valley in E Ethiopia.
Awashima  search
BTnshu
 .Awashima
RTNiigata Japan
SNIsland in Sea of Japan off Niigata Prefecture.
Axel Heiberg Island  search
BTCanada
 .Northwest Territories
 ..Franklin District Northwest Territories
 ...Queen Elizabeth Islands
 ....Axel Heiberg Island
RTKanguk Formation
SNLargest of Sverdrup Islands of Franklin District.
axes, fold  search
USEfold axes
Axial Seamount  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .North Pacific
 ..Northeast Pacific
 ...Axial Seamount
RTCoAxial Segment
 Juan de Fuca Ridge
SNIn Juan de Fuca Ridge, NE Atlantic. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
axial surface  search
USEaxial-plane structures
axial-plane structures  search
UFaxial surface
RTstructural analysis
 deformation
 folds
 cleavage
 flow cleavage
 foliation
 schistosity
 slaty cleavage
SNUsed for foliation or cleavage. Before 1978, also search axial-plane; axial plane; axial plane foliation; axial planes.
axinite  search
BTsilicates
 .ring silicates
 ..axinite
RTborosilicates
Ayacucho Peru  search
BTSouth America
 .Peru
 ..Ayacucho Peru
SNDepartment in SW Peru.
Aycross Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....middle Eocene
 ......Aycross Formation
RTWyoming
SNNW Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Ayrshire Scotland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....Scotland
 .....Strathclyde region Scotland
 ......Ayrshire Scotland
NTGirvan Scotland
RTFirth of Clyde
SNFormer county in Strathclyde region, SW Scotland.
Azalea Field  search
RTMidland County Texas
 oil and gas fields
SNIn Midland County, W Texas. Indexed with county or region with commodity as applicable.
Azerbaidzhan  search
USEAzerbaijan
Azerbaijan  search
BTEurope
 .Azerbaijan
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Azerbaijan
NTAkera River
 Apsheron Peninsula
 Baku Archipelago
 Baku Azerbaijan
 Bank Azerbaijan
 Dashkesan Azerbaijan
 Filizchay
 Kedabek Azerbaijan
 Kirovabad Azerbaijan
 Kobystan
 Lenkoran Azerbaijan
 Mugan Steppe
 Nagorno-Karabakh Azerbaijan
 Nakhichevan Azerbaijan
 Neftechala Azerbaijan
 Neftyanyye Kamni
 Shemakha Azerbaijan
 Surakhany Azerbaijan
UFAzerbaidzhan
RTPeschanyy
 Lesser Caucasus
 Greater Caucasus
 Caucasus
 Shakhdag Range
 Transcaucasia
 Zangezur
 Azerbaijan region
 Caspian Basin
 Indarch Meteorite
 Kura Lowland
 Kura River
SNFormerly the Azerbaidzhan Soviet Socialist Republic in Transcaucasia. When referring to Iran, see Azerbaijan region. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Azerbaijan region  search
RTAzerbaijan
 Iran
SNFor the former Soviet republic, use Azerbaijan. As of 1993, also use East Azerbaijan Iran or West Azerbaijan Iran to refer to provinces. Before 1998, also search Azerbaijan AND Iran. Indexed with (Iran with the provinces East Azerbaijan Iran and or West A
Azof Russian Federation  search
USEAzov Russian Federation
Azolla  search
BTPlantae
 .Pteridophyta
 ..Filicopsida
 ...Azolla
SNGenus.
Azores  search
BTAtlantic Ocean Islands
 .Azores
NTSao Miguel Island
 Terceira Island
RTDSDP Site 556
 DSDP Site 558
 DSDP Site 561
 DSDP Site 562
 DSDP Site 563
 DSDP Site 564
 Leg 82
SNIsland group belonging to Portugal in E central North Atlantic.
Azores-Gibraltar Ridge  search
BTAtlantic Ocean
 .North Atlantic
 ..Azores-Gibraltar Ridge
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
Azov region  search
BTEurope
 .Azov region
UFAzov-Kuban Basin
RTRussian Federation
 Crimea Ukraine
 Ukraine
 Azov Sea
 Kuban Valley
SNIncludes Azov Sea, the Crimea, the southern Ukraine bordering Azov Sea, and western section of the Northern Caucasus. Also search Azov. Indexed with Azov Sea and former Soviet republics as applicable.
Azov Russian Federation  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Rostov Russian Federation
 ...Azov Russian Federation
UFAzof Russian Federation
RTAzov Sea
SNTown near NE arm of Azov Sea in SW Rostov Oblast. Before 1978, Azov was also used to index Azov Sea. Before 1993, Azov Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Azov Sea  search
BTEurope
 .Azov Sea
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Azov Sea
UFSea of Azof
 Sea of Azov
RTAzov region
 Azov Russian Federation
 Black Sea
SNShallow north arm of the Black Sea bounded on the SW by the Crimea, N by the Ukraine, and E by the Northern Caucasus. Also search Azov. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Azov-Kuban Basin  search
USEAzov region
Aztec Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Aztec Sandstone
RTCalifornia
 Nevada
 Mojave Desert
SNS California and SE Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
azurite  search
BTcarbonates
 .azurite
RTcopper ores
 copper minerals
 smithsonite