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Al
USE	aluminum

Al-26
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Al-26
BT	metals
	.aluminum
	..Al-26
RT	accelerator mass spectroscopy
	Al-27/Al-26
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Al-26/Al-27
USE	Al-27/Al-26

Al-27
BT	metals
	.aluminum
	..Al-27
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Al-27
RT	Al-27/Al-26
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Al-27/Al-26
BT	isotopes
	.radioactive isotopes
	..Al-27/Al-26
BT	metals
	.aluminum
	..Al-27/Al-26
BT	isotopes
	.stable isotopes
	..Al-27/Al-26
UF	Al-26/Al-27
RT	Al-26
	Al-27
	isotope ratios
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Al-Kufrah Basin
USE	Kufra Basin

Al-Qusayr Egypt
USE	Kosseir Egypt

Al-Quseir Egypt
USE	Kosseir Egypt

Ala-Kul Lake
USE	Alakol

Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
NT	Alabama River
	Autauga County Alabama
	Baldwin County Alabama
	Barbour County Alabama
	Bibb County Alabama
	Blount County Alabama
	Bullock County Alabama
	Butler County Alabama
	Calhoun County Alabama
	Chambers County Alabama
	Cherokee County Alabama
	Chilton County Alabama
	Choctaw County Alabama
	Clarke County Alabama
	Clay County Alabama
	Cleburne County Alabama
	Coffee County Alabama
	Colbert County Alabama
	Conecuh County Alabama
	Coosa County Alabama
	Covington County Alabama
	Crenshaw County Alabama
	Cullman County Alabama
	Dale County Alabama
	Dallas County Alabama
	De Kalb County Alabama
	Elmore County Alabama
	Escambia County Alabama
	Etowah County Alabama
	Fayette County Alabama
	Franklin County Alabama
	Geneva County Alabama
	Greene County Alabama
	Hale County Alabama
	Henry County Alabama
	Houston County Alabama
	Jackson County Alabama
	Jefferson County Alabama
	Lamar County Alabama
	Lauderdale County Alabama
	Lawrence County Alabama
	Lee County Alabama
	Limestone County Alabama
	Lowndes County Alabama
	Macon County Alabama
	Madison County Alabama
	Marengo County Alabama
	Marion County Alabama
	Marshall County Alabama
	Mobile Bay
	Mobile County Alabama
	Monroe County Alabama
	Montgomery County Alabama
	Morgan County Alabama
	Perry County Alabama
	Pickens County Alabama
	Pike County Alabama
	Randolph County Alabama
	Russell County Alabama
	Saint Clair County Alabama
	Shelby County Alabama
	Sumter County Alabama
	Talladega County Alabama
	Talladega Front
	Tallapoosa County Alabama
	Tuscaloosa County Alabama
	Walker County Alabama
	Warrior coal field
	Washington County Alabama
	Wilcox County Alabama
	Winston County Alabama
RT	Appalachian Basin
	Appalachian Plateau
	Bangor Limestone
	Black Warrior Basin
	Bluffport Marl Member
	Blufftown Formation
	Brevard Zone
	Bucatunna Formation
	Byram Formation
	Catahoula Formation
	Chattahoochee River
	Chattanooga Shale
	Chesterian
	Chickamauga Group
	Ch

Alabama River
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Alabama River
SN	Central and SW Alabama.

alabandine
USE	alabandite

alabandite
BT	sulfides
	.alabandite
UF	alabandine
	manganblende
RT	manganese minerals

alabaster
BT	sulfates
	.alabaster
UF	onyx marble
RT	aragonite
	calcite
	gypsum

alachlor
BT	pesticides
	.herbicides
	..alachlor
RT	agrochemicals
	pollutants
	toxic materials
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Alachua County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Alachua County Florida
SN	N Florida.

Alacran Reef
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Alacran Reef
SN	Off north Yucatan coast.

Alae Crater
BT	United States
	.Hawaii
	..Hawaii County Hawaii
	...Hawaii Island
	....Alae Crater
RT	Kilauea
	volcanoes
SN	On Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii Island. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Alagoas Brazil
BT	South America
	.Brazil
	..Alagoas Brazil
RT	Sao Francisco Basin
	Sergipe-Alagoas Basin
SN	State in NE Brazil.

Alai Range
BT	Asia
	.Tien Shan
	..Alai Range
NT	Hissar Range
UF	Alay Range
RT	Tajikistan
	Darvaza Range
	Kyrgyzstan
	Zeravshan Range
SN	One of the W ranges of the Tien Shan in SW Kyrgyzstan. Before 1978, also search Alai. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Alaia Turkey
USE	Alanya Turkey

Alais France
USE	Ales France

Alaiye Turkey
USE	Alanya Turkey

Alakol
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Alakol
UF	Ala-Kul Lake
SN	Lake in Taldy Kurgan Oblast E of Lake Balkhash in E Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Alamance County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Alamance County North Carolina

Alameda County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Alameda County California
NT	Berkeley California
	Hayward California
	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
	Livermore California
	Oakland California
RT	Greenville Fault
	San Francisco Bay region
SN	On San Francisco Bay, W California.

Alaminos Canyon
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Alaminos Canyon

Alamosa County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Alamosa County Colorado
RT	Alamosa River
	San Luis Valley
SN	S Colorado.

Alamosa River
BT	United States
	.Alamosa River
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	Alamosa County Colorado
	Conejos County Colorado
	Rio Grande County Colorado
	Rio Grande
SN	SW Colorado, tributary of the Rio Grande. Alamosa River may also be used in SW New Mexico. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.

Alan Hills Meteorites
USE	Allan Hills Meteorites

Aland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Finland
	....Aland
UF	Aaland
	Ahvenanmaa
	Aland Archipelago
	Aland Islands
	Aland Province Finland
RT	Baltic Sea
	Gulf of Bothnia
SN	Islands off SW Finland. Used for the Finnish province. Before 1995, Baltic Sea was a broader term.

Aland Archipelago
USE	Aland

Aland Islands
USE	Aland

Aland Province Finland
USE	Aland

Alandroal Portugal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Evora Portugal
	.....Alandroal Portugal
SN	Town in S central Portugal.

alanine
BT	organic compounds
	.organic acids
	..amino acids
	...alanine
RT	geochemistry
	acids
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alanya Turkey
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Turkey
	...Alanya Turkey
UF	Alaia Turkey
	Alaiye Turkey
	Alaya Turkey
RT	Anatolia
SN	Town on the Gulf of Adalia in S Anatolia.

Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
NT	Alaska Range
	Delta River
	Denali National Park
	East-Central Alaska
	Northern Alaska
	Prince William Terrane
	Southeastern Alaska
	Southern Alaska
	Southwestern Alaska
	Tracy Arm
	Trans-Alaska Pipeline
	West-Central Alaska
	Yakutat Terrane
	Yukon-Koyukuk Basin
	Yukon-Tanana Upland
RT	Ch
	Alaska earthquake 1964
	Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957
	Alexander Terrane
	AMRAP
	Andreanof Islands earthquake 1986
	Arctic Coastal Plain
	Arctic region
	Bear Mountain
	Bell Island
	Bootlegger Cove Clay
	Border Ranges Fault
	Bowser Formation
	Cache Creek Terrane
SN	As of 1993, divided into six divisions based on U. S. Geological Survey quadrangles; therefore, also search directionals. Before 1971, also search Arctic America.

Alaska earthquake 1964
BT	earthquakes
	.Alaska earthquake 1964
RT	Alaska
	Aleutian Trench
SN	S Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program
USE	AMRAP

Alaska Panhandle
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Alaska Panhandle
RT	Coast Mountains
SN	Before 1993, also search Panhandle AND Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Alaska Peninsula
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Alaska Peninsula
RT	Katmai
	Novarupta
	Pavlof
	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
SN	SW Alaska.

Alaska Range
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Alaska Range
RT	Denali National Park
	North American Cordillera
	Rainbow Mountain
SN	S central Alaska.

alaskite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...alaskite

Alava Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
	.....Alava Spain
NT	Vitoria Spain
SN	One of the Basque Provinces in N Spain.

Alaverdi Armenia
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Alaverdi Armenia
UF	Allaverdy Armenia
SN	City in N Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Alay Range
USE	Alai Range

Alaya Turkey
USE	Alanya Turkey

Alazani
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Alazani
SN	Mining and oil producing area in E Georgian Republic.

Alba Patera
BT	Mars
	.Alba Patera
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano on Mars. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alba-Iulia Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Alba-Iulia Romania
SN	Town in Alba County, SW Transylvania.

Albacete Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	.....Albacete Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in SE Spain. Before 1998, considered to be in Murcia region.

Alban Hills
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Latium Italy
	....Alban Hills
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Apennines
	....Alban Hills
SN	Part of the Lower Apennines SE of Rome. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Albania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Albania
NT	Albanides
RT	Adriatic region
	Mediterranean region
	Balkan Peninsula
	Dinaric Alps
	Ionian Zone
	Montenegro earthquake 1979

Albanides
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Albanides
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Albania
	...Albanides
SN	Mountain area in W and SW Albania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Albany County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Albany County New York
NT	Albany New York
SN	E New York.

Albany County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Albany County Wyoming
SN	SE Wyoming.

Albany New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Albany County New York
	...Albany New York
SN	City in E New York.

Albatross Cordillera
USE	East Pacific Rise

albedo
UF	Bond albedo
RT	Moon
	remote sensing
	brightness
	cosmic rays
	interplanetary space
	reflectance
SN	Before 1993, also used with ionosphere and magnetosphere. Usually out of scope for GeoRef.

Albemarle County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Albemarle County Virginia
SN	Central Virginia. Also search Charlottesville Virginia if applicable.

Albert Canyon British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Albert Canyon British Columbia
SN	Village between Mount Revelstone and Glacier National Park in SE British Columbia.

Albert County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Albert County New Brunswick

Albert Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Albert Formation
RT	New Brunswick
SN	New Brunswick, Canada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alberta
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
NT	Alberta Basin
	Athabasca Glacier
	Athabasca Oil Sands
	Athabasca River
	Banff Alberta
	Banff National Park
	Bow River valley
	Calgary Alberta
	Dinosaur Provincial Park
	Drumheller Alberta
	Edmonton Alberta
	Elmworth Field
	Fort McMurray Alberta
	Jasper National Park
	Leduc Alberta
	Medicine Hat Alberta
	Peace River Arch
	Red Deer River
	Red Deer River valley
	Smoky River
	Wabasca Alberta
RT	Abee Meteorite
	Altyn Limestone
	Athabasca District
	Banff Formation
	Bearpaw Formation
	Beaverhill Lake Group
	Belly River Formation
	Blairmore Group
	Bluesky Formation
	Bruderheim Meteorite
	Cadomin Formation
	Canadian Cordillera
	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Canadian

Alberta Basin
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Alberta Basin
SN	Structural basin in Alberta, Canada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Albian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Albian
NT	upper Albian
RT	Peace River Formation
SN	Europe. Above Aptian, below Cenomanian.

Albion Range
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Albion Range
RT	Cassia County Idaho
SN	Cassia County in S Idaho.

albite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...plagioclase
	....albite
RT	granites
	andesine
	peristerite

albitite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...albitite

albitization
BT	metasomatism
	.albitization
RT	processes
	autometamorphism
	spilitization

albitophyre
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...albitophyre
RT	keratophyre
SN	As of 1993, this term is considered obsolete.

Alboran Sea
BT	Mediterranean Sea
	.West Mediterranean
	..Alboran Sea
RT	DSDP Site 121
	El Alboran Island
	Leg 13
	Leg 161
	ODP Site 976
	ODP Site 977
	ODP Site 978
	ODP Site 979
SN	Between S Spain and Morocco in W Mediterranean Sea.

Alborz Mountains
USE	Elburz

Albuquerque Basin
BT	United States
	.Albuquerque Basin
RT	New Mexico
	Colorado
	Texas
	Colorado Plateau
SN	Colorado Plateau of New Mexico and adjacent areas of Texas and Colorado. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Albuquerque New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Bernalillo County New Mexico
	...Albuquerque New Mexico
SN	City in central New Mexico.

alcohols
BT	organic compounds
	.alcohols
NT	methanol
	sterols
RT	phenols
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Alcona County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Alcona County Michigan
NT	Glennie Michigan
SN	NE Michigan.

Alcorn County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Alcorn County Mississippi

Alcoy Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Alicante Spain
	......Alcoy Spain
SN	City in SE Spain.

Alcudia Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	.....Ciudad Real Spain
	......Alcudia Valley
SN	S central Spain.

Aldabra Island
BT	Indian Ocean Islands
	.Seychelles
	..Aldabra Island
SN	Atoll 250 miles NW of Madagascar.

Aldan Plateau
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Aldan Plateau
SN	SE Yakutia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Aldan River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Aldan River
SN	SE Yakutia. Flows into the Lena River. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Aldan Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Yakutia Russian Federation
	...Aldan Russian Federation
SN	City in SE Yakutia. Before 1993, Aldan Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Aldan Shield
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Siberian Platform
	...Aldan Shield
RT	Yakutia Russian Federation
	Yudomian
SN	The Aldan Plateau area of SE Yakutia. Part of greater Angara Shield. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Aldanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lower Cambrian
	.....Aldanian
SN	Europe.

aldicarb
BT	pesticides
	.aldicarb
RT	agrochemicals
	insecticides
	pollutants
	toxic materials
SN	Carbamate insecticide. Also used for related compounds such as aldicarb sulfone. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Aldridge Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Aldridge Formation
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Washington
	British Columbia
	Belt Supergroup
SN	In Belt Supergroup. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Aleksinac Yugoslavia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Yugoslavia
	...Serbia
	....Aleksinac Yugoslavia
UF	Alexinats Yugoslavia
	Alexinatz Yugoslavia
SN	Town in E Serbia.

Aleksod
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
	...Aleksod
RT	Ahaggar
SN	Region in Ahaggar in SE Algeria.

Alentejo
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Alentejo
SN	Former province in central and S Portugal.

Ales France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Gard France
	....Ales France
UF	Alais France
SN	City in S France.

Alessandria Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Alessandria Italy
RT	Acqui Italy
SN	City and province in NW Italy.

Aleutian Arc
USE	Aleutian Islands

Aleutian Islands
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Aleutian Islands
NT	Adak Island
	Amchitka Island
	Rat Islands
	Shemya Island
	Shumagin Islands
	Unalaska Island
UF	Aleutian Arc
	Aleutians
RT	Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957
	Andreanof Islands earthquake 1986
	Aleutian Trench
	Bering Sea
	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	Rat Island
SN	Chain of volcanic islands extending in great curve from Alaska Peninsula in SW Alaska.

Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957
BT	earthquakes
	.Aleutian Islands earthquake 1957
UF	Andreanof Islands earthquake 1957
RT	Aleutian Islands
	Alaska
SN	Andreanof Islands, central Aleutian Islands, W Alaska. Before 1985, search earthquakes AND 1957 AND Alaska.

Aleutian Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Aleutian Ridge
RT	Aleutian Trench
	DSDP Site 189
SN	Along S side of Aleutian chain.

Aleutian Trench
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Aleutian Trench
RT	Aleutian Islands
	Alaska earthquake 1964
	Aleutian Ridge
	DSDP Site 183
	DSDP Site 186
	DSDP Site 187
	Leg 19
SN	S of Aleutian Ridge and extending along the entire Aleutian chain.

Aleutians
USE	Aleutian Islands

Alexander Archipelago
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Alexander Archipelago
NT	Anette Island
	Chichagof Island
RT	Alexander Terrane
	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	Prince of Wales Island
	Sitka Sound
SN	SE Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alexander County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Alexander County Illinois

Alexander County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Alexander County North Carolina

Alexander Island
BT	Antarctica
	.Alexander Island
SN	Large island off W coast of Antarctic Peninsula S of Cape Horn.

Alexander Terrane
RT	Alaska
	Alexander Archipelago
	British Columbia
	Coast Belt
	Southeastern Alaska
	Yukon Territory
SN	Comprised of the Alexander Archipelago, SE Alaska and extensions into NW British Columbia and SW Yukon Territory. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alexandria Egypt
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Alexandria Egypt
SN	Governorate. Also a city on the Mediterranean Sea.

Alexandrian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Lower Silurian
	.....Alexandrian
UF	Alexandrian Series
SN	North American provincial series. Lower Silurian (above Cincinnatian of Ordovician, below Niagaran).

Alexandrian Series
USE	Alexandrian

alexandrite
BT	oxides
	.alexandrite
RT	chrysoberyl
SN	Variety of chrysoberyl.

Alexinats Yugoslavia
USE	Aleksinac Yugoslavia

Alexinatz Yugoslavia
USE	Aleksinac Yugoslavia

Alfalfa County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Alfalfa County Oklahoma

Alfisols
BT	soils
	.Alfisols
NT	Hapludalfs
RT	soil group

Alfold
BT	ngary
	.Alfold
UF	Great Alfold
	Great Hungarian Plain
	Hungarian Basin
	Hungarian Great Plain
	Hungarian Plain
SN	Plain in central and E Hungary.

Alfred Wegener
USE	Wegener, Alfred

algae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
NT	calcareous algae
	Chlorophyta
	Chrysophyta
	Coccolithophoraceae
	Collenia
	diatoms
	Epiphyton
	Microcodium
	nannofossils
	Phaeophyta
	Pyrrhophyta
	Rhodophyta
RT	microfossils
	algal biscuits
	algal mats
	algal mounds
	algal structures
	bioherms
	cyanobacteria
	encrustations
	endolithic taxa
	eutrophication
	fungi
	lichens
	microorganisms
	phytoplankton
	plankton
	Protista
	reef builders
	Renalcis
	stromatolites
	thallophytes
	zooxant
SN	Before 1998, microfossils and thallophytes were broader terms; cyanobacteria was a narrower term. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

algal banks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..algal structures
	...algal banks
RT	banks
	carbonate banks

algal biscuits
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..algal structures
	...algal biscuits
UF	lake biscuits
	water biscuits
RT	algae
	girvanella

algal limestone
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...algal limestone
SN	Common in early Paleozoic, especially in the Cambro-Ordovician of the Appalachian region of the United States. Before 1978, also search algal AND limestone.

algal mats
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..algal structures
	...algal mats
UF	microbial mats
RT	algae
	cyanobacteria
	stromatolites

algal mounds
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..algal structures
	...algal mounds
UF	mounds, algal
RT	algae
	limestone
	calcilutite
	Epiphyton

algal structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..algal structures
NT	algal banks
	algal biscuits
	algal mats
	algal mounds
RT	algae
	thrombolites
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Algarve
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Algarve
SN	Region in extreme S Portugal. Former province.

Algau Alps
USE	Allgau Alps

Alger Algeria
USE	Algiers Algeria

Alger County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Alger County Michigan

Algeria
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
NT	Ahaggar
	Ahnet
	Aleksod
	Algiers Algeria
	Annaba Algeria
	Aures
	Babor Range
	Bechar Algeria
	Constantine Algeria
	Dellys Algeria
	Gour Oumelalen
	Great Kabylia
	Guelma Algeria
	Hassi Messaoud Field
	Hodna Basin
	Kabylia
	Laghouat
	Mouydir
	Oran Algeria
	Ougarta Algeria
	Taourirt Algeria
	Tassili n'Ajjer
	Tell
	Tindouf Algeria
	Tindouf Basin
RT	Acfer Meteorites
	Adrar des Iforas
	Sahara
	Mediterranean region
	Atlas Mountains
	El Asnam earthquake 1980
	Ghadames Basin
	Maghreb
	Tanezrouft

Algerian Plain
USE	Balearic Basin

Algiers Algeria
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
	...Algiers Algeria
UF	Alger Algeria
SN	Department, N Algeria. Before 1993, also search Alger or Algiers region.

Algiers region
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used as large department of French Algeria. As of 1993, see Algeria for departments.

alginite
BT	macerals
	.alginite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Algoma District Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Algoma District Ontario
NT	Blind River Ontario
	Echo Bay Ontario
	Elliot Lake Ontario
	Mamainse Point
	Quirke Lake
	Sault Sainte Marie Ontario
	Wawa Ontario
UF	District of Algoma
RT	Michipicoten Island
SN	On Lake Superior.

algoma-type deposits
RT	banded iron formations
	iron formations
	iron ores
	mineral deposits, genesis

Algonkian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Algonkian
NT	Baraboo Quartzite

algorithms
NT	genetic algorithms
RT	computer programs
	data processing
	equations
	Kalman filters
	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods

ALH 84001
BT	meteorites
	.Allan Hills Meteorites
	..ALH 84001
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....ALH 84001
UF	ALHA 84001
SN	Pyroxenite. Originally misclassified as a diogenite. Recently thought to contain evidence of life on Mars. This term has multiple hierarchies.

ALHA 77005
BT	meteorites
	.Allan Hills Meteorites
	..ALHA 77005
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....shergottite
	......ALHA 77005
UF	Allan Hills 77005
RT	Antarctica
	Victoria Land
SN	One of the Allan Hills Meteorites. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

ALHA 81005
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...ALHA 81005
BT	meteorites
	.Allan Hills Meteorites
	..ALHA 81005
UF	Allan Hills 81005
RT	Antarctica
	Victoria Land
	lunar meteorites
SN	One of the Allan Hills Meteorites. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

ALHA 84001
USE	ALH 84001

Alicante City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Alicante Spain
	......Alicante City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in SE Spain.

Alicante Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Alicante Spain
NT	Alcoy Spain
	Alicante City Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in SE Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Alicante Province and Spain. For the city, see Alicante City Spain.

Alice Arm British Columbia
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Alice Arm British Columbia
SN	Village on Observatory Inlet near Alaska border NE of Prince Rupert.

Alice Springs Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Northern Territory Australia
	...Alice Springs Australia
SN	Town in S central Northern Territory.

Alice Springs Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Alice Springs Orogeny
RT	Devonian
	Carboniferous
	orogeny
	Australia
SN	Devonian and Carboniferous. Central Australia. Indexed with age or ages as applicable.

aliphatic hydrocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
NT	alkanes
	alkenes
	alkynes
RT	aromatic hydrocarbons
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Alisitos Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Alisitos Formation
RT	Mexico
	Baja California
	California
SN	Baja California, NW Mexico and S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alismidae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Monocotyledoneae
	....Alismidae

alkali amphibole
USE	alkalic amphibole

alkali basalt family
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use alkali basalts or trachybasalts as applicable.

alkali basalts
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...alkali basalts
NT	alkali olivine basalt
	ankaratrite
	basanite
	crinanite
	hawaiite
	mugearite
	nepheline basalt
	spilite
	tephrite
	trachybasalts
	trachydolerite
UF	alkalic basalt
	alkaline basalt
RT	leucitite
	melilitite
	nephelinite
	ocean-island basalts

alkali diorites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..diorites
	...alkali diorites

alkali earths
USE	alkaline earth metals

alkali feldspar
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...alkali feldspar
NT	adularia
	amazonite
	anorthoclase
	antiperthite
	cryptoperthite
	K-feldspar
	microcline
	microperthite
	moonstone
	orthoclase
	perthite
	sanidine

alkali gabbros
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..gabbros
	...alkali gabbros
NT	essexite
	ijolite
	leucitite
	melteigite
	nephelinite
	olivine nephelinite
	teschenite
	urtite
RT	foyaite
	shonkinite

alkali granites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...alkali granites
UF	alkalic granite

alkali metals
BT	metals
	.alkali metals
NT	cesium
	francium
	lithium
	potassium
	rubidium
	sodium
UF	alkaline metals
RT	precious metals
SN	Metallic elements from group IA of the periodic table.

alkali olivine basalt
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..basalts
	...alkali basalts
	....alkali olivine basalt
RT	olivine basalt

alkali syenites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..syenites
	...alkali syenites
UF	alkalic syenite

alkalic
SN	Valid index term through 1977.

alkalic amphibole
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..amphibole group
	...alkalic amphibole
UF	alkali amphibole

alkalic basalt
USE	alkali basalts

alkalic composition
RT	A-type granites
	calc-alkalic composition
	feldspathoid rocks
	igneous rocks
	composition
	ultrapotassic composition
SN	Before 1978, also search alkalic AND igneous rocks.

alkalic granite
USE	alkali granites

alkalic pyroxene
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...alkalic pyroxene

alkalic syenite
USE	alkali syenites

alkaline basalt
USE	alkali basalts

alkaline earth elements
USE	alkaline earth metals

alkaline earth metals
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
NT	barium
	beryllium
	calcium
	magnesium
	radium
	strontium
UF	alkali earths
	alkaline earth elements
SN	Metallic elements from Group IIA of the periodic table.

alkaline metals
USE	alkali metals

alkalinity
RT	buffers
	geochemistry
	pH
	sodium hydroxide

alkanes
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkanes
NT	butane
	ethane
	methane
	n-alkanes
	paraffins
	pentane
	phytane
	pristane
	propane
RT	biomarkers
	saturated hydrocarbons
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

alkenes
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkenes
NT	ethylene
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

alkenones
BT	organic compounds
	.ketones
	..alkenones
RT	biomarkers
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

alkynes
BT	organic compounds
	.hydrocarbons
	..aliphatic hydrocarbons
	...alkynes
NT	acetylene
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Allamakee County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Allamakee County Iowa

Allan Hills
BT	Antarctica
	.Victoria Land
	..Allan Hills
RT	Allan Hills Meteorites
SN	Victoria Land, Antarctica. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Allan Hills 77005
USE	ALHA 77005

Allan Hills 81005
USE	ALHA 81005

Allan Hills Meteorites
BT	meteorites
	.Allan Hills Meteorites
NT	ALH 84001
	ALHA 77005
	ALHA 81005
UF	Alan Hills Meteorites
RT	Antarctica
	Victoria Land
	lunar meteorites
	Allan Hills
SN	Due to numbering of these meteorites, such as Allan Hills 76-01 and Allan Hills 77005, also truncate when searching. Due to abbreviations for these meteorites, such as ALH 82130 and ALHA 77219, also search ALH or ALHA in combination with number. Before 19

allanite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...epidote group
	....allanite
UF	orthite

Allarechenskiy
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Allarechenskiy
BT	Europe
	.Allarechenskiy
UF	Allarechenskoye
RT	mines
	copper ores
	Kola Peninsula
	nickel ores
SN	Ore field in the Kola Peninsula in extreme NW European Russian Federation. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Allarechenskoye
USE	Allarechenskiy

Allaverdy Armenia
USE	Alaverdi Armenia

Allegan County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Allegan County Michigan

Allegany County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Allegany County Maryland
NT	Cumberland Maryland
SN	W Maryland.

Allegany County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Allegany County New York
RT	Genesee River
SN	W New York.

Alleghanian
USE	Allegheny Group

Alleghany County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Alleghany County North Carolina
SN	NW North Carolina.

Alleghany County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Alleghany County Virginia
SN	W Virginia. Also search Clifton Forge Virginia; and/or Covington Virginia if applicable.

Alleghany Mountains
USE	Allegheny Mountains

Alleghany Orogeny
UF	Alleghenian Orogeny
	Allegheny Orogeny
RT	Triassic
	Permian
	Pennsylvanian
	orogeny
	Appalachians
	tectonics
SN	An event which deformed the rocks of the Valley and Ridge Province, and those of the adjacent Allegheny Plateau in the Central Appalachians and Southern Appalachians. Pennsylvanian to Triassic? Before 1978, also search Allegheny AND orogeny. Indexed with

Alleghenian
USE	Allegheny Group

Alleghenian Orogeny
USE	Alleghany Orogeny

Alleghenies
USE	Allegheny Mountains

Allegheny County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Allegheny County Pennsylvania
NT	Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
SN	W Pennsylvania.

Allegheny Front
BT	United States
	.Allegheny Front
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	Allegheny Mountains
	West Virginia
SN	Eastern slope of the Allegheny Mountains. Indexed with states as applicable.

Allegheny Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Allegheny Group
UF	Alleghanian
	Alleghenian
RT	Virginia
	Kentucky
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	Maryland
	West Virginia
	Freeport Formation
	Kittanning Formation
SN	Subdivided into three formations: Clarion, Kittanning, and Freeport. E Kentucky, W Maryland, E Ohio, W Pennsylvania, W Virginia, and West Virginia. Above Pottsville Group; below Conemaugh Group.

Allegheny Mountains
BT	United States
	.Allegheny Mountains
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Allegheny Mountains
UF	Alleghany Mountains
	Alleghenies
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	Appalachian Plateau
	Maryland
	Allegheny Front
	West Virginia
	Allegheny Plateau
	Shenandoah Valley
SN	Ranges of the Appalachians constituting a part of the Allegheny Plateau. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.

Allegheny Orogeny
USE	Alleghany Orogeny

Allegheny Plateau
BT	United States
	.Allegheny Plateau
RT	Appalachians
	Virginia
	Kentucky
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Appalachian Plateau
	Allegheny Mountains
	West Virginia
SN	W section of the Appalachians extending from Cumberland Plateau on S to Mohawk Valley in New York on N and including the Allegheny Mountains. Indexed with states as applicable.

Allen County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Allen County Indiana

Allen County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Allen County Kansas
RT	Iola Field
SN	SE Kansas.

Allen County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Allen County Kentucky
SN	S Kentucky.

Allen County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Allen County Ohio
SN	W Ohio.

Allen Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Allen Parish Louisiana

Allendale County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Allendale County South Carolina

Allende Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
	....CV chondrites
	.....Allende Meteorite
RT	Mexico
	Chihuahua Mexico
SN	Impact in SE Chihuahua. Before 1981, also search Allende AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Allerod
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Weichselian
	.......upper Weichselian
	........Allerod
SN	Europe. An interval of late-glacial time following the Older Dryas and preceding the Younger Dryas.

allevardite
USE	rectorite

Allgaeu Alps
USE	Allgau Alps

Allgau Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Allgau Alps
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Allgau Alps
UF	Algau Alps
	Allgaeu Alps
RT	Austria
	Bavaria Germany
	Germany
	Tyrol Austria
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with Bavaria Germany and/or Tyrol Austria as applicable.

Allier France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Allier France
NT	Echassieres Borehole
RT	Beauvoir Granite
	Limagne
SN	Department in central France.

Alligator Ridge Deposit
USE	Alligator Ridge Mine

Alligator Ridge Mine
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..White Pine County Nevada
	...Alligator Ridge Mine
UF	Alligator Ridge Deposit
RT	mines
	gold ores
SN	E Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alligator Rivers Field
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Northern Territory Australia
	...Alligator Rivers Field
RT	mines
	Jabiluka Australia
	Pine Creek Geosyncline
	Ranger Mine
	uranium ores
SN	Arnhem Land, N Northern Territory. The East Alligator, South Alligator, and West Alligator rivers debouch into Van Diemen Gulf in the Alligator Rivers region. Uranium deposits occur in the Ranger, Koongarra, Rum Jungle, Nabarlek, and Jabiluka mining areas

allochems
RT	chemically precipitated rocks
	intraclasts
	limestone
	oolite
	textures
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

allochthons
RT	autochthons
	faults
	klippen
	nappes
	overthrust faults
	salt sheets
	structural geology
	tectonics
	windows

alloclasite
BT	sulfides
	.alloclasite

Allogromiina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Allogromiina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

allometry
RT	fossils

allophane
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..clay minerals
	...allophane

Allosaurus
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Saurischia
	.......Theropoda
	........Carnosauria
	.........Allosaurus
SN	Genus. This term has multiple hierarchies.

allostratigraphy
RT	stratigraphic boundary
	stratigraphic units
	stratigraphy
SN	Based on a unit of a mappable stratiform body of sedimentary rock defined and identified with reference to its bounding unconformities. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

alloys
NT	awaruite
	carbides
	electrum
	hedleyite
	josephinite
	kamacite
	niggliite
	nitrides
	phosphides
	plessite
	silicides
	taenite
	tetrataenite
RT	annealing
	base metals
	construction materials
	metallurgy
	metals
	minerals
	native elements
SN	As of 1981, minerals which formerly were classified under native elements and alloys are included here or under native elements.

alluvial cones
USE	alluvial fans

alluvial deposits
USE	alluvium

alluvial fans
NT	fan deltas
UF	alluvial cones
	detrital fan
	dry delta
	talus fan
RT	debris cones
	deposition
	geomorphology
	Alluvial soils
	alluvium
	cones
	fluvial features
SN	Indexed with fluvial features as applicable.

alluvial plains
BT	fluvial features
	.alluvial plains
UF	river plain
RT	plains
	deposition
	geomorphology
	paleogeography

Alluvial soils
BT	soils
	.Alluvial soils
RT	soil group
	alluvial fans
	alluvium

alluvion
USE	alluvium

alluvium
BT	sediments
	.clastic sediments
	..alluvium
UF	alluvial deposits
	alluvion
RT	soils
	sand
	alluvial fans
	Alluvial soils
	alluvium aquifers
	clay
	colluvium
	eluvium
	floodplains
	gravel
	overbank sediments
	paleoplacers
	placers
	silt
	soil mechanics

alluvium aquifers
BT	aquifers
	.alluvium aquifers
RT	ground water
	alluvium
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Alma Dag
USE	Amanos Mountains

Alma District
USE	Alma mining district

Alma mining district
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Park County Colorado
	...Alma mining district
UF	Alma District
RT	mines
	metal ores
SN	Mining district in central Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Alma River
RT	Crimea Ukraine
	New Brunswick
SN	In Crimea. Also search Alma. Also occurs in Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. May also occur in other locations. Search in combination with Ukraine or New Brunswick as applicable. Indexed with Crimea Ukraine or New Brunswick or region as applicable.

Alma-Ata Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Alma-Ata Kazakhstan
UF	Vernyi Kazakhstan
	Vyernyi Kazakhstan
SN	City in SE Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Almaden Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	.....Ciudad Real Spain
	......Almaden Spain
SN	Village in S central Spain.

Almalyk Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Almalyk Uzbekistan
SN	Town SE of Tashkent. This term has multiple hierarchies.

almandine
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...garnet group
	....almandine
UF	almandite

almandite
USE	almandine

Almas Valley basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Almas Valley basin
SN	River basin in W central Transylvania.

Almeria City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
	......Almeria City Spain
SN	Refers only to the city on the Mediterranean Sea. Before 1993, also search Almeria Spain.

Almeria Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Almeria Spain
NT	Almeria City Spain
	Cerro del Hoyazo Spain
	Sierra de Gador
	Sierra de los Filabres
	Velez Rubio Spain
RT	Alpujarras
	Nevado-Filabride Complex
	Spanish Sierra Nevada
SN	Refers only to the province in SE Spain. From 1981-1992, also search Almeria Province and Spain. For the city, see Almeria City Spain.

almeriite
USE	natroalunite

Almond Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Almond Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Mesaverde Group
SN	In Mesaverde Group. Overlies Ericson Sandstone and underlies Lewis Shale. SW Wyoming.

Almora India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Uttar Pradesh India
	....Almora India
SN	Town and district in N Uttar Pradesh, N India.

Alno
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Alno
RT	Gulf of Bothnia
SN	Island in Gulf of Bothnia.

alnoite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
	...alnoite

Alnus
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Alnus
SN	Genus.

Alpago Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Veneto Italy
	....Belluno Italy
	.....Alpago Basin
SN	Belluno Province in N Veneto.

Alpena County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Alpena County Michigan
SN	On Lake Huron in NE Michigan.

Alpenvorland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Alpenvorland
RT	Bavaria Germany
	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
SN	High plain at N edge of Alps between Jura and Bohemian massifs. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Alpes-de-Haute Provence France
UF	Basses-Alpes
RT	Eoulx Basin
	Provence
	Provence Alps
	Verdon Valley
SN	Department in SE France.

Alpes-Maritimes France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Alpes-Maritimes France
NT	Antibes France
	Nice France
	Saint-Vallier France
RT	Provence
	Provence Alps
	Esterel
	Maritime Alps
SN	Department in extreme SE France.

alpha activation analysis
SN	Use alpha-ray spectroscopy, or activation analysis.

alpha chalcocite
USE	digenite

Alpha Cordillera
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Alpha Cordillera
UF	Alpha Ridge
RT	CESAR
	Mendeleyev Ridge
SN	Undersea feature N and NW of Queen Elizabeth Islands of Northwest Territories, Canada.

alpha quartz
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...quartz
	....alpha quartz
UF	low quartz
RT	geophysics
SN	Use is restricted to mineralogical and/or geophysical studies. For other papers, see quartz.

alpha rays
UF	rays, alpha
RT	spectroscopy
	cosmic rays
	alpha-ray spectroscopy
	beta rays
	gamma rays
	radioactivity
	X-rays
SN	Use when referring to the rays themselves. For application or methodology, use alpha-ray spectroscopy.

Alpha Regio
BT	Venus
	.Alpha Regio
SN	Prominent upland.

Alpha Ridge
USE	Alpha Cordillera

alpha-ray spectroscopy
BT	spectroscopy
	.alpha-ray spectroscopy
RT	chemical analysis
	analysis
	alpha rays
	radioactivity
	gamma-ray spectroscopy
	particle-induced X-ray emission
SN	Before 1978, also search alpha ray AND spectroscopy.

Alpine
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. After 1977, use alpine environment, alpine-type features, as applicable.

Alpine County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Alpine County California
RT	Carson River
SN	On Nevada border in E central California.

alpine environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.alpine environment
RT	ecology
	depositional environment
	Alps
	climate
	mountains
	subaerial environment
	subalpine environment
SN	Before 1978, also search alpine.

Alpine Fault
RT	New Zealand
	South Island
SN	Indexed with country and island as applicable.

Alpine Foreland
USE	Prealps

Alpine Geosyncline
RT	Alpine Orogeny
	geosynclines
SN	Before 1978, search geosynclines AND Alpine.

Alpine Orogeny
UF	Alpine structure
RT	Mesozoic
	Cenozoic
	orogeny
	tectonics
	Alpine Geosyncline
	alpine-type features
SN	Before 1978, also search orogeny AND Alpine. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Alpine structure
USE	Alpine Orogeny

alpine-type
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See alpine-type features or alpine-type deposits.

alpine-type deposits
RT	alpine-type features
	chromite ores
	metal ores
	mineral deposits, genesis
SN	Before 1998, also search alpine-type and economic geology.

alpine-type features
RT	Alpine Orogeny
	alpine-type deposits
	Alps
	ecology
	geomorphology
	peridotites
	structural analysis
	structural geology
	ultramafics
SN	As of 1998, used for geomorphological or structural features. Also search alpine-type and the feature. May also be used with peridotites or ultramafics for alpine peridotites. Indexed with specific feature of interest. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
NT	Aiguilles Rouges
	Albanides
	Allgau Alps
	Central Alps
	Central Austrian Alps
	Eastern Alps
	French Alps
	Gailtal Alps
	Hochschwab
	Lechtal Alps
	Limestone Alps
	North Austrian Alps
	Piedmont Alps
	Prealps
	Sau Alps
	South Austrian Alps
	Swiss Alps
	Western Alps
RT	Switzerland
	Italy
	France
	Croatia
	Montenegro
	Slovenia
	Yugoslavia
	Austria
	Germany
	alpine environment
	alpine-type features
	Brianconnais Zone
	Hellenides
	San Giorgio Mountain
	Sesia-Lanzo Zone
	Tavetsch
SN	Great mountain system of S central Europe. Indexed with countries or regions as applicable.

Alps, Japanese
USE	Japanese Alps

Alpujarras
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Alpujarras
RT	Almeria Spain
	Granada Spain
SN	Mountainous area in S Spain.

Alsace
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Alsace
RT	Bas-Rhin France
	Haut-Rhin France
	Lorraine
	Mulhouse Basin
SN	Region and former province in NE France.

Alster River
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Alster River
RT	Hamburg Germany
	Lower Saxony Germany
	Schleswig-Holstein Germany
SN	Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony. Joins the Elbe River at Hamburg. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Alston Block
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cumbria England
	......Alston Block
SN	Cumbria, NW England. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

alstonite
BT	carbonates
	.alstonite
UF	bromlite

Alta Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Finnmark Norway
	.....Alta Norway
SN	Village in extreme N Norway.

Altai Mountains
BT	Asia
	.Altai Mountains
NT	Chuya Alps
	Gorny Altai
	Kalba Range
	Kuznetsk Alatau
	Mongolian Altai
UF	Altay Mountains
RT	Kazakhstan
	Altai-Sayan region
	China
	Mongolia
	Rudny Altai
	Siberian fold belt
	Xinjiang China
SN	Mountain system at meeting of borders of Altai Kray, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Xinjiang China. Indexed with countries and provinces and/or republics as applicable.

Altai Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Altai Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Altai Russian Federation
NT	Chuya Basin
	Gorny Altai
	Zmeinogorsk Russian Federation
UF	Altay Russian Federation
RT	Rudny Altai
	Chuya Alps
	Salair Ridge
SN	Administrative Territory or Kray on the Kazakhstan and Mongolian borders. Before 1993, Altai Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Altai-Sayan region
BT	Asia
	.Altai-Sayan region
RT	Russian Federation
	Altai Mountains
	Mongolia
	Eastern Sayan
	Sayan
	Western Sayan
SN	Region including adjoining Sayan and Altai Mountains. Also search Altai-Sayan. Indexed with Mongolia and/or Russian Federation as applicable.

altaite
BT	tellurides
	.altaite

Altamaha River
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Altamaha River
SN	SE Georgia.

Altan Teeli Mongolia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Mongolia
	...Altan Teeli Mongolia
UF	Altan Teli Mongolia
	Dzereg Mongolia
SN	Village in W Mongolia.

Altan Teli Mongolia
USE	Altan Teeli Mongolia

Altay Mountains
USE	Altai Mountains

Altay Russian Federation
USE	Altai Russian Federation

Altenberg Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony Germany
	....Altenberg Germany
SN	Town near Czech border in Saxony, E Germany.

alteration
RT	alunitization
	amphibolitization
	argillization
	autometamorphism
	carbonatization
	diagenesis
	fenitization
	hydrothermal alteration
	igneous rocks
	illitization
	kaolinization
	leaching
	metabolism
	metasomatic rocks
	metasomatism
	microclinization
	muscovitization
	pal
SN	Formerly a general term appropriate to a large number of topics. As of 1976, use was restricted to any process having to do with changes in temperature and pressure, i.e. diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration, metasomatism, weathering, etc. The term is used

alternating field demagnetization
BT	demagnetization
	.alternating field demagnetization
UF	alternating-field demagnetization
RT	geophysics
	paleomagnetism
	electrical field
	experimental studies
	magnetic field
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

alternating-field demagnetization
USE	alternating field demagnetization

altimetry
RT	altitude
	atmospheric pressure
	cartography
	elevation
	geodesy
	Geosat
	topography
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Altimur Mountains
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Afghanistan
	...Altimur Mountains
SN	E Afghanistan.

Altin Tepe
USE	Altin-Tepe

Altin-Tepe
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Altin-Tepe
UF	Altin Tepe
RT	Romanian Dobruja
SN	Ore bearing region.

Altiplano
RT	Andes
	Argentina
	Bolivia
	Brazil
	Lake Titicaca
	Mexico
	Peru
	Puna
	Spain
SN	High intermontane plateau region in the Andes between the Western Cordillera and Eastern Cordillera. Extends from NW Argentina through W Brazil to SE Peru. Also refers to other regions. Indexed with mountains and regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus

altitude
RT	altimetry
	elevation
	latitude
SN	This term was sometimes used for elevation.

Alto Adige
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	....Alto Adige
RT	Tyrol Austria
	Trentino
SN	Former administrative division which along with Trento comprises Trentino-Alto Adige autonomous region in NE Italy. Includes S Tirol.

Alto Alentejo
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Portugal
	....Alto Alentejo
SN	Former province in central Portugal.

Altonian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....lower Miocene
	......Altonian
SN	Provincial series, New Zealand.

Altoona Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Blair County Pennsylvania
	...Altoona Pennsylvania
SN	City in W central Pennsylvania.

Altyn Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Altyn Limestone
RT	Alberta
	Montana
	British Columbia
	Belt Supergroup
	Ravalli Group
SN	In Ravalli Group of Belt Supergroup. SW Alberta, SE British Columbia and NW Montana.

Altyn-Topkan Tajikistan
BT	Asia
	.Tajikistan
	..Altyn-Topkan Tajikistan
SN	Village in N Tajikistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

alum
BT	sulfates
	.alum
UF	potash alum
	potassium alum

alum rock
USE	alunite

alumina
UF	aluminum oxide
RT	geochemistry
	oxides
	aluminum
	aluminum oxides
	corundum

aluminosilicates
BT	silicates
	.aluminosilicates
NT	maskelynite
RT	adularia
	amazonite
	bavenite
	berthierine
	bytownite
	carpholite
	chloritoid
	clinozoisite
	cookeite
	cordierite
	corrensite
	cymrite
	epidote
	euclase
	eucryptite
	glaucophane
	hydrobiotite
	hydrosodalite
	kaliophilite
	kalsilite
	lawsonite
	leifite
	milarite
	mordenite
	offre

aluminum
BT	metals
	.aluminum
NT	Al-26
	Al-27
	Al-27/Al-26
UF	Al
RT	critical load
	alumina
	aluminum ores
	bauxite
	lithophile elements
SN	Chemical element. Use aluminum ores for aluminum as a commodity.

aluminum ores
BT	metal ores
	.aluminum ores
RT	aluminum
	aluminum oxides
	bauxite
	boehmite
	gibbsite

aluminum oxide
USE	alumina

aluminum oxides
BT	oxides
	.aluminum oxides
RT	alumina
	corundum
	aluminum ores
	bauxite
	boehmite
	gibbsite
	bayerite
	diaspore
	nordstrandite
SN	As of 1998, used for the grouper only where specific minerals are numerous or unavailable. Also see alumina.

alumite
USE	alunite

alumohydrocalcite
BT	carbonates
	.alumohydrocalcite

alumstone
USE	alunite

alunite
BT	sulfates
	.alunite
UF	alum rock
	alumite
	alumstone
RT	alunitization
	jarosite
	potash
	Red Mountain

alunitization
BT	metasomatism
	.alunitization
RT	processes
	alteration
	alunite
	natroalunite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Alveolina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Miliolina
	....Miliolacea
	.....Alveolinellidae
	......Alveolina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Alveolinellidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Miliolina
	....Miliolacea
	.....Alveolinellidae
NT	Alveolina
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Alvin
BT	submersibles
	.Alvin
UF	ALVIN submersible
RT	oceanography
	FAMOUS
	marine geology
	research vessels
SN	Deep submergence research vessel (DSRV).

ALVIN submersible
USE	Alvin

Alwar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Alwar India
UF	Alwur India
SN	City in NE Rajasthan.

Alwur India
USE	Alwar India