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Thesaurus

Ch

Ch'ang-hsing China
USE	Changxing China

Ch'ing Hai China
USE	Qinghai China

Ch'ing-hai China
USE	Qinghai China

Ch'ung-ch'ing China
USE	Chongqing China

chabazite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...chabazite

Chablais
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Chablais
RT	Haute-Savoie France
	Savoy Alps
SN	Limestone massif of Savoy Alps and region in SE part of country.

Chaco
BT	South America
	.Chaco
UF	Gran Chaco
RT	Argentina
	Campo del Cielo Meteorite
	Paraguay
SN	Region. As of 1993, use Chaco Argentina for the province in N Argentina and Chaco Paraguay for the province in NW Paraguay. Indexed with countries and provinces as applicable.

Chaco Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Chaco Argentina
RT	Campo del Cielo Meteorite
SN	Province, N Argentina.

Chaco Paraguay
BT	South America
	.Paraguay
	..Chaco Paraguay
SN	Region in Paraguay.

Chad
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Chad
NT	Kanem Chad
UF	Chad Republic
RT	Sahara
	Sahel
	Chad Basin
	Lake Chad
	Logone River
	Tibesti Massif

Chad Basin
BT	Africa
	.Chad Basin
RT	Cameroon
	Nigeria
	Niger
	Lake Chad
	Chad
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Chad Republic
USE	Chad

Chadak Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Chadak Uzbekistan
SN	Village in E Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chadobets Uplift
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chadobets Uplift
BT	Asia
	.Chadobets Uplift
RT	Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
SN	SE Krasnoyarsk Kray in S Siberia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chadron Arch
BT	United States
	.Chadron Arch
RT	Nebraska
	South Dakota
SN	NW Nebraska and SW South Dakota. Indexed with states as applicable.

Chadron Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Chadron Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	South Dakota
	White River Group
	upper Eocene
	lower Oligocene
	Chadronian
SN	Upper Eocene to lower Oligocene. In White River Group. NE Colorado, W Nebraska, W South Dakota, and E Wyoming. Age was previously considered lower Oligocene. Indexed with upper Eocene and/or lower Oligocene as applicable.

Chadronian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Chadronian
RT	Chadron Formation
SN	North America. Upper Eocene. Age previously considered lower Oligocene.

Chaetetidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Coelenterata
	..Anthozoa
	...Zoantharia
	....Tabulata
	.....Chaetetidae
SN	Family.

Chaetognatha
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Chaetognatha

Chaetopoda
BT	Invertebrata
	.Vermes
	..Annelida
	...Chaetopoda
RT	Polychaetia

Chaffee County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Chaffee County Colorado
NT	Mount Antero
	Salida Colorado
SN	Central Colorado.

Chaidamu Basin
USE	Qaidam Basin

Chain Deep
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Red Sea
	..Chain Deep

Chain Lakes Massif
BT	United States
	.Maine
	..Chain Lakes Massif
RT	Appalachians
SN	W Maine. Indexed with state and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chain silicates
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
NT	aenigmatite
	amphibole group
	babingtonite
	bustamite
	carpholite
	deerite
	ferrocarpholite
	ferrosilite
	howieite
	jade
	neptunite
	pectolite
	plancheite
	pyroxene group
	pyroxferroite
	pyroxmangite
	rhodonite
	rhonite
	scawtite
	shattuckite
	tobermorite
	wollastonite
	xonotlite
UF	inosilicates
RT	asbestos

Chaine des Puys
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Puy-de-Dome France
	....Chaine des Puys
SN	Division of Auvergne Mountains in S central part of country. Before 1981, also search Monts Dome. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chainman Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Chainman Shale
RT	Utah
	California
	Nevada
	Great Basin
SN	Great Basin region of E California, Nevada and W Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chainpur Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...LL chondrites
	....Chainpur Meteorite
RT	India
	Bihar India
SN	Impact in W Bihar. Before 1981, also search Chainpur AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chalcanthite
BT	sulfates
	.chalcanthite

chalcedony
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...chalcedony
RT	agate
	gems
	quartz
	carnelian
	chert
	chrysoprase
	jasper
	jasperoid
	onyx

Chalcidice
USE	Chalkidiki

chalcocite
BT	sulfides
	.chalcocite
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals
	copper
	copper sulfides
	digenite

chalcogens
USE	chalcophile elements

Chalcolithic
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Chalcolithic
UF	Copper Age
RT	Holocene
	archaeology
	Quaternary
SN	Archeological classification. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chalcophile elements
UF	chalcogens
RT	lithophile elements
	silver
	arsenic
	iron
	copper
	chemical elements
	cadmium
	lead
	polonium
	selenium
	siderophile elements
	sulfur
	tellurium
	zinc
SN	Chemical elements which tend to concentrate in sulfide minerals and ores. Also, elements concentrated in sulfide phases of meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chalcopyrite
BT	sulfides
	.chalcopyrite
UF	copper pyrites
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals
	copper

chalcostibite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfantimonites
	..chalcostibite

Chaleur Bay
RT	Gulf of Saint Lawrence
	New Brunswick
	Quebec
	Restigouche Estuary
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Saint Lawrence between New Brunswick and the Gaspe Peninsula. Indexed with provinces or regions as applicable.

Chalfant Valley earthquake 1986
BT	earthquakes
	.Chalfant Valley earthquake 1986
RT	California
	Inyo County California
SN	Chalfant Valley, Inyo County, E California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chalk
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..chalk
RT	calcite
	limestone
	chalk deposits
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Upper Cretaceous for the age.

chalk deposits
RT	chalk
	limestone deposits

Chalk River
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Chalk River
SN	Tributary of Ottawa River, SE Ontario. For the town, see Chalk River Ontario. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chalk River Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Renfrew County Ontario
	....Chalk River Ontario
SN	Town near Ottawa River in Renfrew County.

Chalkidiki
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Greek Macedonia
	....Chalkidiki
UF	Chalcidice
	Khalkidhiki
RT	Salonika Greece
SN	Peninsula, S central Greek Macedonia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Challenger Knoll
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Challenger Knoll

Challenger Plateau
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Tasman Sea
	....Challenger Plateau
RT	DSDP Site 593
	Leg 90
SN	Tasman Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Challis Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Custer County Idaho
	...Challis Idaho
SN	City in central Idaho.

Challis Volcanics
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Challis Volcanics
RT	Eocene
	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Idaho
SN	S central Idaho. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chalmersite
USE	cubanite

chalybite
USE	siderite

Chama Basin
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Chama Basin
SN	River basin in N New Mexico.

Chamba India
BT	machal Pradesh India
	.Chamba India
SN	Town and district in NW Himachal Pradesh, N India.

Chambers County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Chambers County Alabama
SN	E Alabama.

Chambers County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Chambers County Texas
SN	SE Texas.

chambers, magma
USE	magma chambers

Chambly County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Chambly County Quebec

chamosite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...chamosite
RT	berthierine

Champaign County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Champaign County Illinois
NT	Urbana Illinois
SN	E Illinois.

Champaign County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Champaign County Ohio
NT	Urbana Ohio
SN	W central Ohio.

Champlain County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Champlain County Quebec

Champlain Sea
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Champlain Sea
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	North America
	Lake Champlain
	Saint Lawrence Lowlands
SN	Large, postglacial water body which existed in Pleistocene time in the Saint Lawrence Lowlands. Indexed with states and Canadian provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Champlain Valley
BT	North America
	.Champlain Valley
RT	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	Lake Champlain
	Great Appalachian Valley
SN	Lake Champlain area between Adirondack Mountains and Green Mountains and extending into S Quebec. Indexed with Quebec and states as applicable.

Champlainian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Champlainian
RT	Trentonian
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Canadian Series.

Chanares Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Cordoba Argentina
	...Chanares Argentina
SN	Village in central Argentina.

Chanares Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Chanares Formation
RT	Argentina
	La Rioja Argentina

Chandigarh India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Punjab India
	....Chandigarh India
SN	City in E Punjab State, N India.

Chandler wobble
RT	Earth
	motions

Chang Jiang River
USE	Yangtze River

Changai Mountains
USE	Hangay Mountains

Changcheng System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Changcheng System
RT	China
	Changzhougou Formation
	Chuanlinggou Formation
SN	Includes Changzhougou and Chuanlinggou formations. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

changes
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See alteration for pressure-temperature changes, climate change, conversion, fluctuations, global change, lake-level changes, paleoecology, sea-level changes, transformations, transient phenomena, and variations.

changes of level
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Used in subfiles B, E, G, N, and T. Now see sea-level changes or lake-level changes. Also see transgression or regression.

Changhsingian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lopingian
	.....Changhsingian

Changjiang Estuary
USE	Yangtze River

Changjiang River
USE	Yangtze River

Changwat Nakhon Phanom Thailand
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Changwat Nakhon Phanom Thailand
SN	Province in NE Thailand. Nakhon Phanom is also a city.

Changxing China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Zhejiang China
	....Changxing China
UF	Ch'ang-hsing China
SN	N Zhejiang near Jiangsu border, E China. Before 1993, also search Ch'ang-hsing.

Changzhougou Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Changzhougou Formation
RT	China
	Changcheng System
SN	Proterozoic? In Changcheng System. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

channel geometry
RT	channels
	fluvial features
	geometry
	geomorphology
	hydrology
	rivers
	rivers and streams
	streams
SN	For channel cross-section only.

Channel Islands
BT	United States
	.California
	..Channel Islands
NT	San Clemente Island
UF	Santa Barbara Islands
RT	English Channel Islands
	Los Angeles County California
	San Miguel Island
	San Nicolas Island
	Santa Barbara Basin
	Santa Barbara Channel
	Santa Barbara County California
	Santa Catalina Island
	Santa Cruz Island
	Ventura County California
SN	Restricted to the Santa Barbara Islands off SW California coast between Santa Barbara and San Diego. Before 1981, term referred to the Channel Islands in the English Channel as well, and was indexed under California or England as applicable. Beginning in

channel order
USE	stream order

Channeled Scabland
UF	Scabland (Columbia Plateau)
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Washington
	Oregon
	Columbia Plateau
	Columbia River basin
	Lake Missoula
	Pasco Basin
SN	Columbia Plateau, of SE Washington and neighboring Montana, Idaho and Oregon. From repeated drainage of glacial lakes, particularly Lake Missoula. Also search channeled scablands or scablands in combination with location. The feature occurs in other locat

channelization
RT	channels
	fluvial features
	streams
	waterways
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

channels
RT	braided streams
	buried channels
	canals
	channel geometry
	channelization
	culverts
	fluvial features
	furrows
	geomorphology
	gorges
	grooves
	gullies
	knickpoints
	lava channels
	levees
	planar bedding structures
	rills
	riprap
	rivers
	sedimentary structures
	sedimentati
SN	For the geomorphic feature, index fluvial features if applicable.

Chao Phraya River
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Chao Phraya River
RT	Gulf of Siam
SN	W Thailand. Formed by the combination of the Ping and Wang, and Nam and Yom rivers near Nakhon Sawan. Flows approximately 140 miles, past many cities (including Bangkok) to the Gulf of Siam. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chaoite
BT	native elements
	.chaoite
RT	meteorites
	carbon
	diamond
	graphite
	lonsdaleite

chaos
UF	chaotic behavior
RT	mathematical geology
	mathematical methods
	mathematical models
	fractals
	prediction
	probability
	stochastic processes
SN	Determinate behavior of systems in which the final state depends so sensitively on its initial state that the behavior is effectively unpredictable and appears to be random. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

chaotic behavior
USE	chaos

Chappel Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Chappel Limestone
RT	Texas
SN	Central Texas. Includes King Creek Marl, Ives Conglomerate, Epsey Creek Limestone and Whites Crossing Coquina. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Char
RT	Kazakhstan
SN	Rock belt in the Lake Zaisan and Kalba Range areas of NE Kazakhstan. Indexed with regions as applicable.

Characeae
BT	microfossils
	.Charophyta
	..Characeae
SN	Family. This term has multiple hierarchies.

character

characteristic remanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..characteristic remanent magnetization
RT	demagnetization
	natural remanent magnetization
	primary magnetization
SN	Abbreviated ChRM. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

characterization
RT	soils
	water regimes

Charadriiformes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Aves
	....Neornithes
	.....Charadriiformes
SN	Order.

charcoal
RT	absolute age
	carbon
	coal

Chardzhou Turkmenia
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Chardzhou Turkmenia
NT	Gaurdak Turkmenia
	Kugitang-Tau
SN	Oblast and city in E Turkmenia. Also search Chardzhov. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chardzhov
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Chardzhou Turkmenia.

Charente
SN	Previously used for the department in W France. As of 1993, use Charente France or Charente-Maritime France for the department. As of 1995, use Charente River for the river. Also see Charentes.

Charente France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charente France
NT	Angouleme France
	Saint-Severin France
RT	Charentes
	Saint-Severin Meteorite
SN	Department in W France.

Charente-Inferieure France
USE	Charente-Maritime France

Charente-Maritime France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charente-Maritime France
UF	Charente-Inferieure France
RT	Charentes
SN	Department in W France.

Charentes
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Charentes
RT	Charente France
	Charente-Maritime France
SN	Region in W and W central France.

Chariton County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Chariton County Missouri

Charl

Charles City County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Charles City County Virginia

Charles County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Charles County Maryland
SN	S Maryland.

Charles Darwin
USE	Darwin, Charles

Charles Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Charles Formation
RT	Saskatchewan
	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Madison Group
SN	In Madison Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Charles Lyell
USE	Lyell, Charles

Charles Mix County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Charles Mix County South Dakota

Charleston County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Charleston County South Carolina
NT	Ashley River Fault
	Charleston South Carolina
SN	Along the Atlantic Ocean in SE South Carolina.

Charleston earthquake 1886
BT	earthquakes
	.Charleston earthquake 1886
RT	South Carolina
	Charleston South Carolina
SN	Epicenter near Charleston, South Carolina. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Charleston South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Charleston County South Carolina
	...Charleston South Carolina
RT	Charleston earthquake 1886
SN	City in SE South Carolina.

Charleston West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Kanawha County West Virginia
	...Charleston West Virginia
SN	City in W central West Virginia.

Charlevoix
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Charlevoix
UF	Charlevoix structure
RT	Michigan
	impact features
	cryptoexplosion features
SN	As of 1989, used only for the cryptoexplosion or impact feature in Quebec. Use Charlevoix Michigan for city on Lake Michigan.

Charlevoix County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Charlevoix County Michigan
NT	Charlevoix Michigan
SN	NW Michigan.

Charlevoix County, Quebec
SN	Use Charlevoix-Est County Quebec or Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec as applicable.

Charlevoix East County Quebec
USE	Charlevoix-Est County Quebec

Charlevoix Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Charlevoix County Michigan
	....Charlevoix Michigan
SN	City on Lake Michigan in NW Michigan.

Charlevoix structure
USE	Charlevoix

Charlevoix West County Quebec
USE	Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec

Charlevoix-Est County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Charlevoix-Est County Quebec
UF	Charlevoix East County Quebec
	East Charlevoix County Quebec
RT	Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec
SN	E central Quebec. Before 1993, also search Charlevoix Est, East Charlevoix County, East Charlevoix, or Charlevoix East in conjunction with Quebec.

Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Charlevoix-Ouest County Quebec
UF	Charlevoix West County Quebec
	West Charlevoix County Quebec
RT	Charlevoix-Est County Quebec
SN	E central Quebec. Before 1993, also search Charlevoix-Ouest County, Charlevoix Ouest, West Charlevoix County, West Charlevoix, or Charlevoix West in combination with Quebec.

Charlie Gibbs fracture zone
USE	Gibbs fracture zone

Charlotte Belt
BT	United States
	.Charlotte Belt
RT	South Carolina
	Appalachians
	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Carolina slate belt
	Piedmont
	Southern Appalachians
SN	Metamorphic belt, extending from central North Carolina across NW South Carolina to N Georgia. Indexed with counties or states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Charlotte County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Charlotte County Florida
SN	On Gulf of Mexico in S Florida.

Charlotte County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Charlotte County New Brunswick
SN	In extreme S New Brunswick.

Charlotte County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Charlotte County Virginia
SN	S Virginia.

Charlotte North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Mecklenburg County North Carolina
	...Charlotte North Carolina
SN	City in S North Carolina.

Charlton County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Charlton County Georgia

charnockite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...charnockite
RT	farsundite

charoite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..charoite

Charon Satellite
RT	Pluto
	satellites
SN	Satellite of Pluto. Before 1989, also search Charon AND Pluto. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Charophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
	...Charophyta
BT	microfossils
	.Charophyta
NT	Characeae
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Charters Towers Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Charters Towers Australia
SN	City just E of the Great Dividing Range in NE central Queensland.

chartology
USE	cartography

Chase County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Chase County Kansas
SN	E central Kansas.

Chase County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Chase County Nebraska
SN	S Nebraska.

Chase Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Chase Group
RT	Oklahoma
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Fort Riley Limestone
	Wreford Limestone
SN	Includes Odell Formation, Nolans Formation, Wreford Limestone, Matfield Shale, Doyle Shale, Winfield Limestone, Herrington Limestone, Fort Riley Limestone and Barneston Limestone. E Kansas, N central Oklahoma, and SE Nebraska.

chassignite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....chassignite
NT	Chassigny Meteorite
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chassigny Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...Martian meteorites
	....SNC Meteorites
	.....chassignite
	......Chassigny Meteorite
RT	France
	Haute-Marne France
SN	Impact at Chassigny in Haute-Marne, France. Before 1985, also search Chassigny AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chat

Chateauguay County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Chateauguay County Quebec

Chateaulin Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Finistere France
	....Chateaulin Basin
SN	In extreme W Brittany.

Chatham County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Chatham County Georgia
SN	E Georgia.

Chatham County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Chatham County North Carolina
SN	Central North Carolina.

Chatham Rise
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Chatham Rise
RT	DSDP Site 594
SN	500 miles E of New Zealand.

Chatkal Range
BT	Asia
	.Kyrgyzstan
	..Chatkal Range
BT	Asia
	.Tien Shan
	..Chatkal Range
SN	Branch of NW Tien Shan. Before 1978, also search Chatkal. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chatsworth Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Chatsworth Formation
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chattahoochee County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Chattahoochee County Georgia

Chattahoochee River
BT	United States
	.Chattahoochee River
RT	Alabama
	Florida
	Georgia
SN	In Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chattanooga Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Chattanooga Shale
RT	Devonian
	Upper Devonian
	Mississippian
	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Illinois
	Mississippi
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
	Arkansas
SN	Upper Devonian and Mississippian. Consists of lower Dowelltown Member and upper Gassaway Member. In some areas, includes Hardin Sandstone Member below the Dowelltown. N Alabama, Arkansas, NW Georgia, Illinois, E and W Kentucky, NE Mississippi, Missouri, O

Chattian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....Chattian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....upper Oligocene
	......Chattian
SN	Europe. Above Rupelian, below Aquitanian (Miocene).

Chattooga County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Chattooga County Georgia

Chaturi Georgian Republic
USE	Chiatura Georgian Republic

Chautauqua County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Chautauqua County Kansas
SN	SE Kansas.

Chautauqua County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chautauqua County New York
SN	Extreme W New York.

Chaves County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Chaves County New Mexico
RT	Guadalupe Mountains
SN	SE New Mexico.

Chaves Island
BT	East Pacific Ocean Islands
	.Galapagos Islands
	..Chaves Island
UF	Indefatigable Island
RT	Santa Cruz Island
SN	One of the Galapagos Islands. Not to be confused with Santa Cruz Island which is one of the Channel Islands. Also search Santa Cruz Island AND Galapagos. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Chaya Massif
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chaya Massif
BT	Asia
	.Chaya Massif
RT	Baikal region
SN	A gabbro-peridotite massif in northern Baikal region. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chazy Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Chazy Group
RT	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
SN	E New York, W Vermont and S Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chazyan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Chazyan
SN	North America. Below Mohawkian, above Lower Ordovician.

Cheatham County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Cheatham County Tennessee

Cheboygan County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Cheboygan County Michigan

Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation
BT	Europe
	.Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation
NT	Grozny Russian Federation
UF	Checheno-Ingush Russian Federation
RT	Northern Caucasus
	Malgobek Russian Federation
SN	Former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on N slopes of Caucasus. Before 1993, Chechen-Ingush Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Checheno-Ingush Russian Federation
USE	Chechen-Ingush Russian Federation

Chedabucto Bay
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Chedabucto Bay
SN	Inlet of Atlantic Ocean in NE just S of Cape Breton Island.

Cheilostomata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Bryozoa
	..Cheilostomata

Cheju Island
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Korea
	...South Korea
	....Cheju Island
SN	In East China Sea S of mainland.

Chekalin Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Tula Russian Federation
	...Chekalin Russian Federation
UF	Likhvin Russian Federation
SN	Town in W Tula Oblast in SW European Russian Federation. Before 1993, Chekalin Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chekiang China
USE	Zhejiang China

Chelan County Washington
BT	United States
	.Washington
	..Chelan County Washington
SN	Central Washington.

chelation
RT	bonding
	geochemistry
	ligands
	metals
	organic compounds
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cheleken Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Cheleken Peninsula
SN	In Krasnovodsk Oblast on Caspian Sea. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cheleken Turkmenia
BT	Asia
	.Turkmenia
	..Ashkhabad Turkmenia
	...Cheleken Turkmenia
SN	Town on the Caspian Sea in Ashkhabad Oblast, SW Turkmenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chelicerata
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Chelicerata
NT	Arachnida
	Merostomata
SN	Subphylum.

Chelmsford Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Chelmsford Formation
RT	Ontario
SN	Located in the Sudbury Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chelmsford Granite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Chelmsford Granite
RT	Massachusetts
	New Hampshire
	Maine
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chelonia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Chelonia
NT	Emydidae
	Pelomedusidae
	Testudinidae
UF	Testudines
RT	Testudinata
SN	Order and genus. Testudines is a synonym for the order. Indexed with Testudinata if applicable.

Chelyabinsk Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chelyabinsk Russian Federation
NT	Bakal Russian Federation
	Kochkar Russian Federation
	Magnitogorsk Russian Federation
	Rudnichny Russian Federation
	Ufaley Russian Federation
RT	Ural region
	Yuryuzan Russian Federation
	Ilmen Mountains
SN	City and oblast in Southern Urals. Before 1993, Chelyabinsk Russian Republic was also used. Indexed with Asia if applicable.

chemical
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use more specific term, e.g. chemical composition, or chemical properties, or chemical analysis, or chemical weathering.

chemical analysis
RT	accelerator mass spectroscopy
	activation analysis
	alpha-ray spectroscopy
	analysis
	atomic absorption
	atomic force microscopy
	Auger spectroscopy
	automated analysis
	calorimetry
	catalysis
	centrifuge methods
	chemical composition
	chromatography
	citrate-bicarbon
SN	Used only for methodology. For data resulting from chemical analysis of a material, use chemical composition AND name of material. Also search chemical analyses; analysis AND chemical. Indexed with specific type of analysis where applicable.

chemical buffers
USE	buffers

chemical composition
RT	analysis
	chemical analysis
	gas chromatography
	geochemical surveys
	geochemistry
	hydrochemistry
	ion chromatography
	isochores
	manganese composition
	soils
	composition
SN	Used to discuss data and results of methods. Also search chemical AND composition.

chemical demagnetization
BT	demagnetization
	.chemical demagnetization
RT	geophysics
	magnetization
	paleomagnetism
	remanent magnetization
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chemical dispersion
RT	citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method
	dispersivity
	fresh water
	geochemistry
	ground water
	hydrochemistry
	magma transport
	salt water
	salt-water intrusion
	sea water
	transport
SN	From 1981-1992, also search dispersion. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical elements
RT	boron
	carbon
	chalcophile elements
	cosmochemistry
	cosmogenic elements
	geochemical anomalies
	geochemistry
	halogens
	hydrogen
	isotopes
	lithophile elements
	major elements
	major-element analyses
	metals
	migration of elements
	minor elements
	minor-element analyses
SN	Before 1993, also search elements. See list D. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical erosion
USE	corrosion

chemical evolution
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see biologic evolution or life origin or biochemistry if applicable. Also see chemical properties, atmosphere or paleoatmosphere, which can be combined with evolution.

chemical explosions
BT	explosions
	.chemical explosions

chemical fossils
RT	biomarkers
	casts
	fossilization
	fossils
	ichnofossils
	paleontology
	problematic fossils

chemical fractionation
RT	crystal fractionation
	fractional crystallization
	geochemistry
	isotope fractionation
	partitioning
SN	For fractionation of isotopes, use isotope fractionation. For fractionation of magmas, use fractional crystallization. Before 1985, also search fractionation. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

chemical industry
RT	economic geology
	industry
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chemical logging
USE	geochemical logging

chemical magnetization
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

chemical methods
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See geochemical methods; chemical analysis.

chemical prop

chemical properties
RT	coal
	geochemistry
	igneous rocks
	metamorphic rocks
	physicochemical properties
	properties
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	surfactants
	thermochemical properties
	valency

chemical ratios
RT	geochemistry
	HIMU
	partition coefficients
	Sr/Ca
SN	Before 1993, also search ratios and geochemistry. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical reactions
RT	coupling
	decarbonation
	endothermic reactions
	geochemistry
	methylation
	reaction rims
	reactivity
	sinks
	stoichiometry
SN	Before 1993, also search reactions. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

chemical remanence
USE	chemical remanent magnetization

chemical remanent magnetization
BT	magnetization
	.remanent magnetization
	..chemical remanent magnetization
UF	chemical magnetization
	chemical remanence
	CRM
	crystallization magnetization
	crystallization remanent magnetization
RT	paleomagnetism

chemical sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.chemical sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chemical waste
RT	agrochemicals
	environmental geology
	hazardous waste
	industrial waste
	liquid waste
	pollutants
	pollution
	radioactive waste
	solid waste
	sulfuric acid
	tailings
	toxic materials
	waste disposal
	waste disposal sites
SN	Generated by chemical, petrochemical, plastics, pharmaceutical, biochemical, or microbiological manufacturing processes. See pollutants for some specific kinds. Indexed with specific type if known. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

chemical weathering
BT	weathering
	.chemical weathering
RT	rock varnish
	embayments
	corrosion
	karstification
	pits
	weathering rinds

chemically precipitated rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
NT	chert
	duricrust
	evaporites
	ferricrete
	flint
	iron formations
	ironstone
	jaspilite
	phosphate rocks
	silcrete
	siliceous sinter
	taconite
	tufa
	weathering crust
UF	chemically precipitated sediments
RT	sedimentation
	rocks
	gypsum
	allochems
	anhydrite
	dolomite
	precipitation
	iron-rich composition
	itabirite
	travertine
	halite
	novaculite
SN	As of 1981, terms that were classified under chemically precipitated sediments are included here or under carbonate rocks. Those added here are duricrust, ferricrete, silcrete, siliceous sinter and weathering crust.

chemically precipitated sediments
USE	chemically precipitated rocks

chemicals
SN	Not recommended for GeoRef. Use a more specific term. See chemical waste, pollutants, reagents, agrochemicals. Also see organic compounds, inorganic materials.

Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems
USE	CREAMS

chemistry
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See geochemistry.

Chemnitz Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony Germany
	....Chemnitz Germany
UF	Karl-Marx-Stadt
SN	City in Saxony, E Germany. From 1981-1992, Karl-Marx-Stadt referred to the city in SE East Germany. Before 1981, it also included the East German district.

chemostratigraphy
RT	geochemistry
	stratigraphy
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chemosynthesis
RT	geochemistry
	paleobotany
	processes
	respiration
SN	Also search chemoautotrophism and chemoautotrophy if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chemung County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chemung County New York
RT	Chemung River
SN	S New York.

Chemung Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Chemung Formation
RT	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chemung River
BT	United States
	.Chemung River
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Bradford County Pennsylvania
	Chemung County New York
SN	S New York and N Pennsylvania. Formed at the junction of the Cohocton and Tioga rivers near Painted Post, New York. Flows about 45 miles SE to the Susquehanna River near Athens, Pennsylvania. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989

Chenango County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chenango County New York

Chenango River
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Chenango River
SN	In S central New York.

chenier plains
BT	plains
	.chenier plains
BT	shore features
	.chenier plains
RT	shorelines
	eolian features
	beaches
	cheniers
	mud flats
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

cheniers
BT	shore features
	.cheniers
RT	geomorphology
	shorelines
	beach ridges
	marine terraces
	chenier plains
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cher France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cher France
NT	Bourges France
	Sancerre-Couy Borehole
SN	Department in central France.

Cheremkhovo Basin
USE	Irkutsk Basin

Cheremkovo coal basin
USE	Irkutsk Basin

Cherkasi Ukraine
USE	Cherkassy Ukraine

Cherkassy Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Cherkassy Ukraine
NT	Korsun-Shevchenkovski Ukraine
UF	Cherkasi Ukraine
SN	City and oblast in central Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chernigov Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Chernigov Ukraine
SN	Oblast in N Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chernobyl nuclear accident
RT	fallout
	radioactivity
	radioactive tracers
	radioactive isotopes
SN	Use for the 1986 accident which released radioactive materials into the atmosphere. After 1992, search in combination with Chernobyl Ukraine for local studies. Before 1993, also search Chernobyl AND (radioactivity or fallout) if applicable. For local stud

Chernobyl Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Kiev Ukraine
	...Chernobyl Ukraine
UF	Tschernobyl Ukraine
RT	nuclear facilities
SN	Site of nuclear reactor accident in Kiev oblast, Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chernozems
BT	soils
	.Chernozems
UF	Black earth
	Chernozyom
	Tchornozem
	Tschernosem
	Tschernosiom
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils
	Chestnut soils

Chernozyom
USE	Chernozems

Cherokee County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Cherokee County Alabama
SN	NE Alabama.

Cherokee County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Cherokee County Georgia
SN	NW Georgia.

Cherokee County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Cherokee County Iowa
SN	NW Iowa.

Cherokee County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Cherokee County Kansas
SN	Extreme SE Kansas.

Cherokee County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cherokee County North Carolina
SN	Extreme W North Carolina.

Cherokee County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Cherokee County Oklahoma
SN	E Oklahoma.

Cherokee County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Cherokee County South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Cherokee County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cherokee County Texas
SN	E Texas.

Cherokee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Cherokee Group
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Bevier Coal
	Cabaniss Formation
	Excello Shale
SN	Divided into Riverton, Warner, Rowe, Dry Wood, Bluejacket, Seville, Weir, Tebo, Scammon, Mineral, Robinson, Branch, Fleming, Croweburg, Verdigris, Bevier, Lagonda, Mulky, and Excello formations. SW Iowa, E Kansas, W Missouri, and SE Nebraska.

Cherry Canyon Forma

Cherry Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Cherry Canyon Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Lower Permian
	.....Cherry Canyon Formation
RT	Ontario
	New Mexico
	Texas
	Delaware Mountain Group
SN	In Delaware Mountain Group. W Texas and S New Mexico. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cherry County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cherry County Nebraska

chert
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.chemically precipitated rocks
	..chert
NT	jasperoid
UF	hornstein
	hornstone
RT	tripoli
	chalcedony
	jasper
	flint
	metachert

chertification
BT	diagenesis
	.chertification
RT	silicification

Ches

Chesapeake

Chesapeake Bay
BT	United States
	.Chesapeake Bay
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	North Atlantic
SN	Inlet of Atlantic Ocean in E United States. Indexed with states as applicable.

Chesapeake Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...upper Cenozoic
	....Chesapeake Group
RT	Oligocene
	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Miocene
	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Delaware
	Calvert Formation
	Choptank Formation
	Chowan River Formation
	Eastover Formation
	Saint Marys Formation
	Yorktown Formation
SN	Virginia, North Carolina, Delaware and E Maryland. At one time considered, middle and upper Miocene, it ranges from Oligocene to Pleistocene. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cheshire County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Cheshire County New Hampshire

Cheshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cheshire England
RT	Mersey River
	Mersey Valley
SN	County in NW England.

Cheshire Formation
RT	Archean
	Belingwe greenstone belt
	Connecticut
	Lower Cambrian
	Massachusetts
	New York
	Quebec
	Vermont
	Zimbabwe
SN	W Connecticut, W Massachusetts, SE New York, SW Vermont and S Quebec. Also in the Archean Ngezi Group, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chesil Beach England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Dorset England
	......Chesil Beach England
SN	On the English Channel in Dorset.

Chester County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Chester County Pennsylvania
SN	SE Pennsylvania.

Chester County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Chester County South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Chester County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Chester County Tennessee
SN	SW Tennessee.

Chester Series
USE	Chesterian

Chesterfield County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Chesterfield County South Carolina
NT	Pageland South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Chesterfield County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Chesterfield County Virginia
SN	E central Virginia. Also search Colonial Heights Virginia if applicable.

Chesterian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Upper Mississippian
	......Chesterian
NT	Aux Vases Sandstone
	Beech Creek Limestone Member
	Cypress Sandstone
	Golconda Formation
	Imo Formation
	Renault Formation
UF	Chester Series
RT	Kentucky
	Missouri
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Alabama
	Tennessee
	Morrowan
	Meramecian
	Springer Formation
SN	Provincial series, North America. Formations included in standard section: Aux Vases Sandstone, Renault Limestone, Bethel Sandstone, Point Creek Formation. N Alabama, Illinois, S Indiana, Kentucky, E Missouri, and Tennessee.

Chestnut soils
BT	soils
	.Chestnut soils
RT	soil group
	Zonal soils
	Chernozems

Cheviot Hills
RT	Australia
	England
	Queensland Australia
	Scotland
SN	Range of hills along the English-Scottish border. Also occurs in N Queensland. Indexed with England and/or Scotland OR location as applicable.

chevkinite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...chevkinite

chevron folds
BT	folds
	.chevron folds
RT	kink folds
SN	Before 1978, also search folds AND chevron.

chevron marks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.bedding plane irregularities
	..chevron marks
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cheyenne Belt
BT	United States
	.Cheyenne Belt
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
SN	Shear zone along S margin of Archean Wyoming Province and adjacent accreted Proterozoic rocks. Indexed with Colorado and/or Wyoming as applicable.

Cheyenne County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Cheyenne County Colorado
SN	E Colorado.

Cheyenne County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Cheyenne County Kansas
SN	Extreme NW Kansas.

Cheyenne County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cheyenne County Nebraska
SN	W Nebraska.

Cheyenne Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Cheyenne Sandstone
RT	Oklahoma
	Colorado
	Kansas
SN	Underlies Kiowa Formation; overlies Morrison Formation. SW Kansas, SE Colorado, and W Oklahoma.

Chhindwara India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Madhya Pradesh India
	....Chhindwara India
SN	District and town in S central Madhya Pradesh, central India.

Chiang Mai Thailand
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Chiang Mai Thailand
SN	City and province in NW Thailand.

Chiapas Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Chiapas Mexico
NT	El Chichon
RT	Sierra de Juarez
SN	State in SE Mexico.

Chiatura Georgian Republic
BT	Europe
	.Georgian Republic
	..Chiatura Georgian Republic
UF	Chaturi Georgian Republic
	Chiaturi Georgian Republic
SN	City in central Georgian Republic.

Chiaturi Georgian Republic
USE	Chiatura Georgian Republic

Chiayi-Hsinying area
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Chiayi-Hsinying area

Chiba earthquake 1987
USE	Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987

Chiba Japan
BT	nshu
	.Chiba Japan
NT	Choshi Japan
RT	Yamanashi Japan
	Chiba Peninsula
	Kanto Plain
	Tokyo Bay
SN	City and prefecture SE of Tokyo in central Honshu.

Chiba Peninsula
BT	nshu
	.Chiba Peninsula
UF	Boso Peninsula
RT	Chiba Japan
	Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
	Kazusa Group
SN	Between Tokyo Bay and Sagami Sea.

Chiba-ken Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
USE	Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987

Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
BT	earthquakes
	.Chibaken-Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
UF	Chiba earthquake 1987
	Chiba-ken Toho-Oki earthquake 1987
RT	Honshu
	Japan
	West Pacific
	Chiba Peninsula
	Oki Islands
SN	Epicenter off the east coast of Chiba, Japan. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Chibougamau Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Abitibi County Quebec
	....Chibougamau Quebec
RT	Henderson Mine
SN	Village SE of Lake Mistassini in central Quebec.

Chicago Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Cook County Illinois
	...Chicago Illinois
SN	City on Lake Michigan in NE Illinois.

Chichagof Island
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southeastern Alaska
	...Alexander Archipelago
	....Chichagof Island
SN	SE Alaska. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chichibu Belt
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Japan
	...Chichibu Belt
RT	Honshu
	Kyushu
	Kurosegawa Zone
	Shikoku
SN	Extends from W Kyushu through central Shikoku to Chiba Peninsula of E Honshu. Middle segment of Butsuzo Tectonic Line. Kochi Prefecture, central Shikoku. Also index Honshu and/or Shikoku and/or Kyushu as applicable.

Chichibu Japan
BT	nshu
	.Saitama Japan
	..Chichibu Japan
SN	City NW of Tokyo in central Honshu.

Chichibu Mine
BT	nshu
	.Saitama Japan
	..Chichibu Mine
RT	mines
	metal ores
SN	Saitama Prefecture, central Honshu.

Chickamauga Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Chickamauga Group
RT	Virginia
	Alabama
	Georgia
	Tennessee
SN	Includes limestone strata of Middle and Upper Ordovician age. N Alabama, NW Georgia, E Tennessee, and SW Virginia.

Chickasaw County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Chickasaw County Iowa

Chickasaw County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Chickasaw County Mississippi

Chickasawhay Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Oligocene
	.....upper Oligocene
	......Chickasawhay Formation
RT	Mississippi
SN	In Limestone Creek Group. In SE Mississippi.

Chickmagalur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Chickmagalur India
SN	Village in SW Karnataka, S India.

Chicot Aquifer
BT	United States
	.Chicot Aquifer
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
SN	SW Louisiana and SE Texas. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chicot County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Chicot County Arkansas

Chicoutimi County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Chicoutimi County Quebec

Chicxulub Crater
RT	Caribbean region
	Caribbean Sea
	Gulf of Mexico
	impact features
	Mexico
	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	Possible impact structure thought to be centered offshore N Yucatan Peninsula, Bay of Campeche, S Gulf of Mexico. Indexed with Yucatan Peninsula and Mexican states and/or Gulf of Mexico and/or Caribbean Sea as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chieti Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Abruzzi Italy
	....Chieti Italy
SN	Province and town in E Abruzzi.

Chihsia Formation
USE	Qixia Formation

Chihuahua Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Chihuahua Mexico
NT	Sierra Pena Blanca
RT	Rio Grande
	Allende Meteorite
	Sierra de Juarez
	Chihuahua tectonic belt
	Guerrero Terrane
	Pedregosa Basin
	Rio Grande Rift
	Rio Grande Valley
	San Antonio Mine
	Sierra Madre Occidental
SN	State in northern Mexico. Also a city.

Chihuahua tectonic belt
BT	North America
	.Chihuahua tectonic belt
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
	Chihuahua Mexico
	Rio Grande Rift
	Coahuila Mexico
SN	Indexed with Mexican and U. S. states as applicable.

Childress County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Childress County Texas

Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
NT	Antofagasta Chile
	Arauco Chile
	Atacama Chile
	Atacama Desert
	Copiapo River
	Coquimbo Chile
	Magallanes Chile
	Santiago Chile
	Tarapaca Chile
	Valparaiso Chile
RT	Andes
	Puna
	Chile Margin Triple Junction
	Antofagasta earthquake 1995
	Colorado River
	Patagonia
	Patagonian Andes
	Patagonian Batholith
	Precordillera
	Central Valley
	Chile earthquake 1960
	Chile earthquake 1985
	Cordillera de la Costa
	San Pedro
	Tierra del Fuego
	V

Chile earthquake 1960
BT	earthquakes
	.Chile earthquake 1960
RT	Chile
	Peru-Chile Trench
	shallow-focus earthquakes
SN	Central Andes. To search before 1993, see earthquakes. Before 1993, also search Chilean earthquake 1960. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Chile earthquake 1985
BT	earthquakes
	.Chile earthquake 1985
UF	central Chile earthquake 1985
	Chilean earthquake 1985
RT	Chile
	Santiago Chile
	Valparaiso Chile
SN	Central Chile. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chile earthquake 1995
USE	Antofagasta earthquake 1995

Chile Margin Triple Junction
RT	Antarctic Plate
	Chile
	Leg 141
	Nazca Plate
	ODP Site 859
	ODP Site 860
	ODP Site 861
	ODP Site 862
	ODP Site 863
	South American Plate
	triple junctions
SN	Antarctic, Nazca, and South American plates. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chile Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southeast Pacific
	...Chile Ridge
UF	Chile Rise
RT	mid-ocean ridges
SN	Runs SE-NW off Chilean coast between 80#DG W-105#DG W. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chile Rise
USE	Chile Ridge

Chile Trench
USE	Peru-Chile Trench

Chilean earthquake 1985
USE	Chile earthquake 1985

Chilhowee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lower Cambrian
	.....Chilhowee Group
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Tennessee
	Antietam Formation
	Rome Formation
	Shady Dolomite
SN	Includes Loudoun Formation, Weverton Sandstone, Harpers Shale, Antietam Formation, Unicoi Formation, Hampton Shale, Erwin Quartzite, Vann Quartzite, Sandsuck Shale, Cochran Quartzite, Nebo Quartzite, Murry Shale, Hesse Quartzite, Shady Dolomite, Rome Form

Chilliwack Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Chilliwack Group
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	S British Columbia and N Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chilly Buttes
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Custer County Idaho
	...Chilly Buttes
SN	Near Borah Peak in central Idaho. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chilton County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Chilton County Alabama
SN	Central Alabama.

chimneys
RT	fumaroles
	geomorphology
	hydrothermal vents
	mining geology
	ore bodies
	pipes
	shore features
	vents
SN	Use for the landform. As of 1993, use vents for volcanic chimneys and hydrothermal vents for hydrothermal chimneys. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
NT	Anhui China
	Chongqing China
	Da Hinggan Ling
	Dabie Mountains
	Dongpu Depression
	Fujian China
	Gansu China
	Guangdong China
	Guangxi China
	Guizhou China
	Hainan China
	Han River basin
	Hebei China
	Heilongjiang China
	Henan China
	Hong Kong
	Huang He
	Hubei China
	Hunan China
	Inner Mongolia China
	Jiangsu China
	Jiangxi China
	Jilin China
	Kunlun Mountains
	Liaohe Basin
	Liaoning China
	Loess Plateau
	Nanling
	Ningxia China
	North China Platform
	Ordos Basin
	Qilian Mountains
	Qinghai China
	Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
	Qinling Mountains
	Sanjiang
	Shaanxi China
	Shandong China
	Shanghai China
	Shanxi China
	Sichuan Basin
	Sichuan China
	Songliao Basin
	South China Block
	Taihang Mountains
	Tancheng-Lujiang Fault
	Tangshan China
	Tarim Platform
	Xianshuihe fault zone
	Xichang China
	Xinjiang China
	Xisha Islands
	Xizang China
	Yangtze Platform
	Yangtze River
	Yangtze River valley
	Yangtze Three Gorges
	Yishu Fault
	Yunnan China
	Zhejiang China
RT	Altai Mountains
	Anshan Group
	Central Asia
	Brahmaputra River
	Benxi Formation
	Cathaysia
	Changcheng System
	Changzhougou Formation
	Chuanlinggou Formation
	Dengying Formation
	Doushantuo Formation
	Haicheng earthquake 1975
	Haiyuan earthquake 1920
	Huanghua Depress
SN	Peoples Republic of China. Before 1993, Manchuria, Eastern China, Northern China, Northwestern China, South-Central China, and Southwestern China were narrower terms.

China Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northwest Pacific
	...China Sea
RT	East China Sea
	South China Sea
	Taiwan Strait
SN	Bordering on China and divided by Taiwan into East China Sea to N and South China Sea extending to Malaysia in the S. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with seas as applicable.

Chinghai China
USE	Qinghai China

Chingis-Tau
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan
	...Chingis-Tau
UF	Chingiz Range
SN	Mountain range in Semipalatinsk Oblast in E Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chingiz Range
USE	Chingis-Tau

Chinji Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Chinji Formation
RT	Tortonian
	Punjab Pakistan
	Siwalik System
	Punjab India
SN	Lower Siwalik System. Salt Range of Punjab Pakistan and neighboring India. Previously considered Pliocene.

Chinkuashih Mine
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Chinkuashih Mine
UF	Kinwashih Mine
RT	mines
	copper ores
	gold ores
SN	N Taiwan.

Chinkuashih Taiwan
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Taiwan
	...Chinkuashih Taiwan
UF	Kinnashih Taiwan
SN	Village in N Taiwan.

Chinle Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Chinle Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Nevada
	Arizona
	Dockum Group
	Petrified Forest Member
	Shinarump Member
SN	In Dockum Group. N Arizona, SW Colorado, SE Nevada, N New Mexico, S Utah.

Chios
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Aegean Islands
	..Greek Aegean Islands
	...Chios
UF	Khios
SN	Island department in Aegean Sea off W coast of Turkey. As of 1993, use Chios Greece for the town. Before 1993 also search Chios AND Greece for the town. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chipola Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....lower Miocene
	......Chipola Formation
RT	Alabama
	Florida
SN	In Alum Bluff Group. SE Alabama and NW Florida.

Chippewa County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Upper Peninsula
	...Chippewa County Michigan
NT	Sault Sainte Marie Michigan
SN	Extreme E Michigan Upper Peninsula, NE Michigan.

Chippewa County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Chippewa County Minnesota

Chippewa County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Chippewa County Wisconsin

Chirchik River
BT	Asia
	.Chirchik River
RT	Kazakhstan
	Uzbekistan
SN	Flows into the Syr Darya at Chinaz. Also search Chirchik. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Chirchik Uzbekistan
BT	Asia
	.Uzbekistan
	..Tashkent Uzbekistan
	...Chirchik Uzbekistan
SN	City in Tashkent Oblast in E Uzbekistan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chironomidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Insecta
	....Pterygota
	.....Neoptera
	......Endopterygota
	.......Diptera
	........Chironomidae
SN	Family.

Chiroptera
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Chiroptera
SN	Order.

Chisago County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Chisago County Minnesota

Chita Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chita Russian Federation
BT	Asia
	.Chita Russian Federation
NT	Balei Russian Federation
	Darasun Russian Federation
	Itaka Russian Federation
	Khapcheranga Russian Federation
	Klichka Russian Federation
	Shilka Valley
	Unda Russian Federation
RT	Baikal-Amur Railroad region
	Udokan Series
	Transbaikalia
	Zeya River
	Olekma-Vitim Highlands
	Kodar Range
	Olekma River
SN	City and oblast E of Lake Baikal on the Mongolian and NE Chinese borders. Before 1993, Chita Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chitaldroog India
USE	Chitradurga India

Chitaldrug India
USE	Chitradurga India

Chitaldrug schist belt
USE	Chitradurga schist belt

chitin
RT	cuticles
	exoskeletons
	Invertebrata
	organic compounds
	polysaccharides
	tests
SN	Organic compound which is a common constituent of various invertebrate exoskeletons and tests. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chitinozoa
BT	palynomorphs
	.Chitinozoa
BT	microfossils
	.Chitinozoa
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chitistone Pass
BT	North America
	.Chitistone Pass
RT	Alaska
	Yukon Territory
	Saint Elias Mountains
SN	In the Saint Elias Mountains. Indexed with Alaska and/or Yukon Territory as applicable.

Chitradurga India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Chitradurga India
NT	Ingaldhal
UF	Chitaldroog India
	Chitaldrug India
SN	District and town in N Karnataka, SW India.

Chitradurga schist belt
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Chitradurga schist belt
UF	Chitaldrug schist belt
RT	Dharwar Craton
	Dharwars
SN	Karnataka. Crystalline rocks in this area are considered to be Dharwars.

Chitral
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, see Chitral Pakistan for the city. As of 1995, use Chitral River if applicable. In Afghanistan, the river is called Konar Dara-ye.

Chitral Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...North-West Frontier Pakistan
	....Chitral Pakistan
SN	City, NW Pakistan.

Chittenden County Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Chittenden County Vermont
SN	On Lake Champlain in NW Vermont.

Chiuzbaia
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Maramures Romania
	.....Chiuzbaia
SN	Region in Maramures County in N Transylvania.

Chkalov Russian Federation
USE	Orenburg Russian Federation

chkalovite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..chkalovite

chladnite
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..achondrites
	...chladnite
NT	Norton County Meteorite
UF	aubrite
	enstatite achondrites
SN	Used for enstatite achondrites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chlorapatite
BT	phosphates
	.chlorapatite
RT	apatite

chloride ion
BT	halogens
	.chlorine
	..chloride ion
RT	ions
	chlorides
SN	Before 1978, search chloride.

chlorides
BT	halides
	.chlorides
NT	atacamite
	bideauxite
	bischofite
	boracite
	carnallite
	eudialyte
	halite
	kainite
	mimetite
	paratacamite
	phosgenite
	pyromorphite
	rinneite
	sylvite
	vanadinite
RT	calcium chloride
	chloride ion
	potassium chloride
	sodium chloride

chlorinated hydrocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
NT	carbon tetrachloride
	chlorobenzene
	chloroform
	DDT
	dibromochloropropane
	hexachlorobenzene
	PCBs
	tetrachloroethylene
	trichloroethane
	trichloroethylene
RT	pollutants
	hydrocarbons
	solvents
	dechlorination
	dioxins
	chlorofluorocarbons
	dense nonaqueous phase liquids
	volatile organic compounds
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

chlorinated phenols
USE	chlorophenols

chlorine
BT	halogens
	.chlorine
NT	chloride ion
	Cl-36
	Cl-37/Cl-35
UF	Cl
RT	dechlorination
	salt

chlorite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
	...chlorite
RT	chloritization

chlorite group
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chlorite group
NT	chamosite
	chlorite
	clinochlore
	cookeite
	kammererite
	sudoite

chlorite schist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..chlorite schist

chloritization
BT	metasomatism
	.chloritization
RT	processes
	chlorite

chloritoid
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...chloritoid
RT	aluminosilicates

chlorobenzene
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...chlorobenzene
RT	agrochemicals
	hexachlorobenzene
	pesticides
	pollutants
	aromatic hydrocarbons
	solvents
	benzene
SN	Solvent.

chlorofluorocarbons
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorofluorocarbons
UF	CFCs
RT	pollutants
	tracers
	greenhouse effect
	chlorinated hydrocarbons
	ozone

chloroform
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...chloroform
UF	trichloromethane
RT	insecticides
	pesticides
	pollutants
	toxic materials
	solvents
	carcinogens
	tracers
	volatiles
SN	CHCl

chloropal
USE	nontronite

chlorophaeite
BT	silicates
	.chlorophaeite

chlorophenols
BT	organic compounds
	.chlorophenols
NT	pentachlorophenol
UF	chlorinated phenols
RT	agrochemicals
	pesticides
	pollutants
	toxic materials
	phenols
	solvents
	carcinogens
SN	Used in production of pesticides, and as solvents.

chlorophenothane
USE	DDT

Chlorophyceae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
	...Chlorophyceae
NT	Codiaceae
	Dasycladaceae
	Receptaculitaceae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

chlorophyll
BT	organic compounds
	.pigments
	..chlorophyll

Chlorophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chlorophyta
NT	Botryococcus
	Charophyta
	Chlorophyceae
	Desmidiales
	Tasmanites
UF	green algae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Choc Nappe
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Choc Nappe
RT	Slovakia
	Slovakian Carpathians
	Veporides
	Western Carpathians
SN	W Carpathians, Slovakia. Indexed with country as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chocolate Mountains
RT	Arizona
	California
	Imperial County California
	La Paz County Arizona
	Yuma County Arizona
SN	Mountain range in SE La Paz County, Arizona. Also a mountain range in N central Imperial County, California. Indexed with counties or regions and mountains as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Choctaw County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Choctaw County Alabama
SN	SW Alabama.

Choctaw County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Choctaw County Mississippi
SN	Central Mississippi.

Choctaw County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Choctaw County Oklahoma
SN	SE Oklahoma.

Choctawhatchee Bay
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Choctawhatchee Bay
RT	Walton County Florida
SN	Inlet of Gulf of Mexico in the Florida Panhandle in NW Florida. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Chokai
BT	nshu
	.Chokai
UF	Chokai-san
RT	Akita Japan
	volcanoes
	Yamagata Japan
SN	Mountain and volcano between Yamagata and Akita Prefecture. N Honshu, Japan. Indexed with prefecture as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chokai-san
USE	Chokai

Cholame California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
	...Cholame California
SN	Town on the Pacific in S California.

Chomolungma
USE	Mount Everest

Chondrichthyes
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Chondrichthyes
NT	Elasmobranchii
	Eubradyodonti
	Euselachii
	Holocephali
SN	Class.

chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
NT	Ashmore Meteorite
	carbonaceous chondrites
	Dhajala Meteorite
	enstatite chondrites
	Fayetteville Meteorite
	H chondrites
	Haviland Meteorite
	HL chondrites
	Jilin Meteorite
	Kaidun Meteorite
	L chondrites
	LL chondrites
	ordinary chondrites
	Saint-Severin Meteorite
	Sharps Meteorite
	Tieschitz Meteorite
	Weston Meteorite
	Ybbsitz Meteorite
RT	Acapulco Meteorite
	acapulcoite
	achondrites
	Elephant Moraine Meteorites
	iron meteorites
	stony irons
	Chondrites ichnofossils
	chondrules

Chondrites ichnofossils
BT	ichnofossils
	.Chondrites ichnofossils
RT	chondrites
SN	Used to distinguish the ichnofossil from the meteorite.

Chondrostei
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Osteichthyes
	....Actinopterygii
	.....Chondrostei
NT	Palaeonisciformes
SN	Infraclass.

chondrules
RT	chondrites
	meteorites

Chongqing China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Chongqing China
UF	Ch'ung-ch'ing China
	Chungking China
RT	Wufeng Formation
	Yangtze Platform
	Sichuan China
	Yangtze River
	Yangtze Three Gorges
SN	Major city. Included within a newly independent municipality (1997) formed from eastern Sichuan, S central China. Before 1998, also search Sichuan China.

Chopawamsic Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...lower Paleozoic
	....Chopawamsic Formation
RT	Virginia
SN	E central Virginia. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Choptank Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....middle Miocene
	......Choptank Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. E Maryland and Virginia.

Choptank River
BT	United States
	.Choptank River
RT	Maryland
	Delaware
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Chor Pakistan
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Pakistan
	...Sind Pakistan
	....Chor Pakistan
SN	Village in SE Pakistan.

Chordata
NT	Protochordata
	Vertebrata
RT	Hemichordata

chorology
USE	biogeography

Chortis Block
BT	Central America
	.Chortis Block
RT	Costa Rica
	Caribbean region
	Guatemala
	Nicaragua
	El Salvador
	Honduras
SN	Extends from SE Guatemala to N Costa Rica, bounded by the Motagua fault zone on the NW and on the SW by the Middle America Trench boundary with the Cocos Plate. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Chorzow Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Katowice Poland
	....Chorzow Poland
SN	City in N Katowice, S Poland.

Choshi Japan
BT	nshu
	.Chiba Japan
	..Choshi Japan
UF	Chosi Japan
SN	City in E Chiba Prefecture, SE Honshu, Japan.

Chosi Japan
USE	Choshi Japan

Choukoutien
USE	Zhoukoudian

Chouteau County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Chouteau County Montana
SN	N central Montana.

Chouteau Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Chouteau Limestone
RT	Missouri
	Illinois
	Kansas
	Kinderhookian
SN	Kinderhookian or Lower Mississippian. Central and E Missouri, SW Illinois, and Kansas. Underlies Burlington Limestone in Missouri, Sedalia Formation in Illinois; overlies Hannibal Formation in Missouri and Illinois. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added

Chowan County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Chowan County North Carolina

Chowan River Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....upper Pliocene
	......Chowan River Formation
RT	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Choybalsan Mongolia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Mongolia
	...Choybalsan Mongolia
UF	Kerulen Mongolia
SN	Town on Kerulen River in E Mongolia.

Christchurch New Zealand
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Canterbury New Zealand
	...Christchurch New Zealand
RT	South Island
SN	City on Pacific Ocean in E Canterbury. Also index South Island.

Christian County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Christian County Illinois
SN	Central Illinois.

Christian County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Christian County Kentucky
SN	SW Kentucky.

Christian County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Christian County Missouri
SN	SW Missouri.

Christiansund
USE	Kristiansund Norway

Christmas Island
RT	Indian Ocean Islands
	Kiribati
	Line Islands
SN	An external territory of Australia, about 225 miles S of W end of Java in the Indian Ocean. Also one of the Line Islands in the central Pacific Ocean, S of Hawaii. Search with appropriate broader terms: Indian Ocean Islands OR Line Islands and Kiribati. I

Christmas Mountains
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Christmas Mountains
RT	Brewster County Texas
SN	In Big Bend region in SW Texas.

Christopher Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Christopher Formation
RT	Canada
	Northwest Territories
	Ellef Ringnes Island
SN	Ellef Ringnes Island in Franklin District.

ChRM
SN	See characteristic remanent magnetization.

chromates
NT	crocoite
	hemihedrite
RT	minerals

chromatograms
RT	chromatography
	fragmentograms
	gas chromatograms
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

chromatography
UF	paper chromatography
RT	adsorption
	spectroscopy
	chemical analysis
	analysis
	ion chromatography
	gas chromatography
	chromatograms
	liquid chromatography

chrome diopside
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..pyroxene group
	...clinopyroxene
	....chrome diopside
UF	chrome-diopside
RT	diopside

chrome spinel
BT	oxides
	.chrome spinel
UF	picotite
RT	spinel

chrome-diopside
USE	chrome diopside

chromite
BT	oxides
	.chromite
RT	chromite ores
	chromitite
	chromium
SN	As of 1981, use chromite ores for chromite as a commodity.

chromite ores
BT	metal ores
	.chromite ores
UF	chromium ores
RT	alpine-type deposits
	chromite
	chromium
	podiform deposits
SN	Commodity. See List C.

chromitite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..ultramafics
	...chromitite
RT	chromite

chromium
BT	metals
	.chromium
NT	Cr-51
	Cr-53/Cr-52
UF	Cr
RT	chromite ores
	chromite
SN	Chemical element. Use chromite ores for the commodity; before 1981, chromite was used for that purpose. Use chromite for the mineral.

chromium ores
USE	chromite ores

chronology
RT	biochronology
	geochronology
SN	Used as a general term.

chronosequences
RT	pedogenesis
	soils
	time factor

Chronostratigraphic Units
NT	Phanerozoic
	Precambrian

chronostratigraphy
RT	stratigraphy
SN	Indexed with age terms as applicable.

Chryse
USE	Chryse Planitia

Chryse Basin
USE	Chryse Planitia

Chryse Planitia
BT	Mars
	.Chryse Planitia
UF	Chryse
	Chryse Basin
	Chryse region
SN	Low plain on Mars. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Chryse region
USE	Chryse Planitia

chrysoberyl
BT	oxides
	.chrysoberyl
RT	alexandrite

chrysocolla
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..chrysocolla
RT	copper ores
	copper minerals

Chrysophyta
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..Chrysophyta
UF	golden-brown algae
RT	microfossils
SN	Including golden-brown algae. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

chrysoprase
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...chrysoprase
RT	chalcedony

chrysotile
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..serpentine group
	...chrysotile
UF	chrysotile asbestos
RT	asbestos
	asbestos deposits

chrysotile asbestos
USE	chrysotile

Chu Kazakhstan
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu Kazakhstan
SN	Town in Dzhambul Oblast in S Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chu River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu River
RT	Chu-Sarysu Depression
SN	River in Dzhambul Oblast in S Kazakhstan. Before 1995, also search Chu. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Chu-Ili Mountains
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu-Ili Mountains
BT	Asia
	.Tien Shan
	..Chu-Ili Mountains
SN	Branch of the Tien Shan in Dzhambul Oblast in S Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chu-Sarysu Basin
USE	Chu-Sarysu Depression

Chu-Sarysu Depression
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Chu-Sarysu Depression
UF	Chu-Sarysu Basin
RT	Chu River
	Sarysu River
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chuanlinggou Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Chuanlinggou Formation
RT	China
	Changcheng System
SN	Proterozoic? In Changcheng System. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chuar Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Chuar Group
RT	Arizona
	Jupiter Member
SN	Grand Canyon Series. Grand Canyon region in N Arizona.

Chubu Japan
BT	nshu
	.Chubu Japan
RT	Aichi Japan
	Tokai Japan
	Japanese Alps
	Nagano Japan
	Shizuoka Japan
	Yamanashi Japan
	Gifu Japan
	Hokuriku
	Niigata Japan
	Fukui Japan
	Ishikawa Japan
	Toyama Japan
SN	Region W-central Honshu. Includes Aichi, Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Nagano, Niigata, Shizuoka, Toyama and Yamanashi prefectures and Hokuriku, Tokai, and Tosan districts. Indexed with prefecture or prefectures as applicable.

Chubut Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Chubut Argentina
RT	Patagonia
SN	Province in S Argentina.

Chuckanut Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Chuckanut Formation
RT	Washington
	San Juan Islands
SN	Overlies schists and igneous rocks. San Juan Islands in NW Washington.

Chudleigh England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Devonshire England
	......Chudleigh England
SN	Town in Devonshire, SW England.

Chugach Mountains
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southern Alaska
	...Chugach Mountains
RT	Coast Ranges
	Columbia Glacier
	Martin River Glacier
SN	Along S coast Alaska.

Chugach Terrane
RT	Alaska
	British Columbia
	Coast Belt
SN	Coastal Belt of N British Columbia and Alaska between the Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes and the Prince William Terrane. Indexed with Alaska and/or British Columbia as applicable.

Chugoku
BT	nshu
	.Chugoku
RT	Hiroshima Japan
	Okayama Japan
	Shimane Japan
	Tottori Japan
	Yamaguchi Japan
SN	Region of mountains in SW Honshu which contains Hiroshima, Okayama, Shimane, Tottori and Yamaguchi prefectures. Indexed with prefectures as applicable.

Chugwater Formation
RT	Colorado
	Crow Mountain Sandstone
	Montana
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	Red Peak Formation
	Triassic
	Wyoming
SN	Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chukchi Peninsula
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chukchi Peninsula
BT	Asia
	.Chukchi Peninsula
UF	Chukot Peninsula
	Chukotka (Peninsula)
	Chukotsk Peninsula
	Chukotski Peninsula
	Chukotskiy Peninsula
RT	Anadyr Basin
	Magadan Russian Federation
	Okhotsk-Chukchi
	Wrangel Island
SN	NE extremity of Siberia in Chukchi National Okrug of Magadan Oblast. Before 1978, also search Chukchi. As of 1981, term includes Wrangel Island. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chukchi Range
USE	Anadyr Range

Chukchi Sea
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Chukchi Sea
RT	Bering Strait
	Beringia
SN	N of Bering Strait. Between Alaska and Siberia. Before 1978, also search Chukchi.

Chukot Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotka (Peninsula)
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotsk Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotski Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chukotskiy Peninsula
USE	Chukchi Peninsula

Chuma River
USE	Uda River

Chumstick Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Chumstick Formation
RT	Washington
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Chungking China
USE	Chongqing China

Chuquicamata Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Antofagasta Chile
	...Chuquicamata Chile
SN	Mining settlement in N Chile.

Church Stretton England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Shropshire England
	......Church Stretton England
SN	Urban district in S central Shropshire in W England.

Churchill County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Churchill County Nevada
RT	Carson River
	Dixie Valley
	Fairview Peak
SN	W central Nevada.

Churchill Falls
UF	Grand Falls (Labrador)
RT	Labrador
SN	On Churchill River in SW and S Labrador. As of 1993, use Churchill Falls Newfoundland for the town. The town of Grand Falls Newfoundland is on Newfoundland Island. May occur in other locations. Indexed with Labrador or region as applicable.

Churchill Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Churchill Manitoba
RT	Fort Churchill
SN	Town on Hudson Bay in NE Manitoba.

Churchill Province
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Churchill Province
NT	Cape Smith fold belt
	Rae Province
RT	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
	Ontario
	Quebec
	Manitoba
	Northwest Territories
	Athabasca Formation
	Labrador
	Reindeer Zone
	Wyoming Province
SN	Structural province of the Canadian Shield. Indexed with Labrador and provinces as applicable.

Chuya Alps
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Chuya Alps
BT	Asia
	.Chuya Alps
BT	Asia
	.Altai Mountains
	..Chuya Alps
RT	Altai Russian Federation
SN	Range in Altai Mountains near the Mongolian and Xinjiang China borders. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chuya Basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Altai Russian Federation
	...Chuya Basin
SN	River basin in Altai Kray near the Mongolian and Xinjiang China borders. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chuya Russian Federation
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Irkutsk Russian Federation
	...Chuya Russian Federation
SN	Village in NE Irkutsk Oblast near the SW Yakutia border. Before 1993, Chuya Russian Republic was also used. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Chvaletice Czech Republic
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Czech Republic
	...Bohemia
	....Chvaletice Czech Republic
RT	mines
SN	Mine site in E Bohemia. Before 1995, Chvaletice Czechoslovakia was also used.

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