IODP SEDIS - Thesaurus -

Ca
USE	calcium

Ca/Sr
USE	Sr/Ca

CAA (Clean Air Act)
USE	Clean Air Act

Caballo Mountains
RT	New Mexico
	Sierra County New Mexico
SN	S New Mexico. Indexed with county or state or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cabaniss Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Cabaniss Formation
RT	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Kansas
	Cherokee Group
SN	In Cherokee Group, SE Kansas, W Missouri, central and NE Oklahoma.

Cabarrus County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cabarrus County North Carolina
SN	S central North Carolina.

Cabell County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Cabell County West Virginia

Cabinda Angola
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Angola
	...Cabinda Angola
UF	Kabinda Angola
SN	A district and an enclave N of the mouth of the Congo River.

Cabo Ortegal
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....La Coruna Spain
	......Cabo Ortegal
SN	Cape in N La Coruna Province, NW Spain.

Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Puerto Rico
	.....Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
SN	Town in SW Puerto Rico.

Cabrieres France
BT	rault France
	.Cabrieres France
SN	Location in the Montagne Noire in S France.

Caceres City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Extremadura Spain
	.....Caceres Spain
	......Caceres City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in W Spain. Before 1981, also search Caceres Spain.

Caceres Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Extremadura Spain
	.....Caceres Spain
NT	Caceres City Spain
RT	Sierra de Gredos
SN	Refers only to the province in W Spain on Portuguese border. From 1981-1992, also search Caceres Province and Spain. For the city, see Caceres City Spain.

Cache County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Cache County Utah
SN	N Utah.

Cache Creek
RT	British Columbia
	California
	Northwest Territories
	Oklahoma
	Wyoming
	Yukon Territory
SN	Creek in Mackenzie Delta area, Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. Also other creeks in S British Columbia, N California, NW Wyoming and SW Oklahoma. Indexed with states or Canadian provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cache Creek Group
RT	British Columbia
	Pennsylvanian
	Permian
	Permian-Triassic boundary
	San Juan Islands
	Triassic
	Washington
SN	S British Columbia and San Juan Island, NW Washington. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cache Creek Terrane
RT	Alaska
	British Columbia
	North America
	Washington
	Yukon Territory
SN	Oceanic melange which separates Quesnellia and Stikinia terranes in NW North America. Indexed with U. S. states and/or Canadian provinces as applicable.

Cache La Poudre River
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Cache La Poudre River
SN	N central Colorado.

Cache Valley
RT	Idaho
	Illinois
	Utah
SN	In several locations. Indexed with counties, states or regions as applicable.

cacoxenite
BT	phosphates
	.cacoxenite

CAD
UF	computer-aided design
	computer-aided drafting
RT	computer programs
	data processing
	design
	graphic display
SN	Acronym. Restricted to use for computer-aided design or computer-aided drafting. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

caddis flies
SN	See Trichoptera.

Caddo County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Caddo County Oklahoma
RT	Meers Fault
SN	West central Oklahoma.

Caddo Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Caddo Parish Louisiana

Cadeby Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Upper Permian
	.....Cadeby Formation
RT	England
	Great Britain
SN	E England. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cadiz City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cadiz Spain
	......Cadiz City Spain
SN	Refers only to the city in W Cadiz Province, SW Spain. Before 1981, also search Cadiz Spain.

Cadiz Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Cadiz Spain
NT	Cadiz City Spain
	Vejer de la Frontera Spain
RT	Ceuta
	Serrania de Ronda
SN	Refers only to the province. In SW Spain, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. From 1981-1992, also search Cadiz Province and Spain. For the city, see Cadiz City Spain.

cadmium
BT	metals
	.cadmium
UF	Cd
RT	chalcophile elements
	heavy metals
	cadmium ores
SN	Chemical element. As of 1982, use cadmium ores for cadmium as a commodity.

cadmium blende
USE	greenockite

cadmium ocher
USE	greenockite

cadmium ores
BT	metal ores
	.cadmium ores
RT	cadmium
SN	Before 1982, also search cadmium AND (deposit OR deposits OR ore OR ores OR economic) in the basic index. Commodity. See List C.

Cadomian Orogeny
RT	Armorican Massif
	Cambrian
	France
	orogeny
	Precambrian
	tectonics
SN	Before 1978, search Cadomian AND orogeny. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Cadomin Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Cadomin Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
SN	SW Alberta and E British Columbia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cady Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Cady Mountains
RT	Mojave Desert
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Caen France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Calvados France
	....Caen France
SN	City in Normandy, N Calvados, NE France.

Caernarvonshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Caernarvonshire Wales
NT	Lleyn Peninsula
	Snowdonia
RT	Tremadoc Bay
SN	Former county in NW Wales. As of April 1974, part of Gwynedd. Before 1993, also search Carnarvon or Caernarvon or Caernarvonshire.

caesium
USE	cesium

Cahill Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Cahill Formation
RT	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

CAI
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Acronym for many concepts including conodont alteration index; color alteration index; computer-aided instruction; computer-assisted instruction; calcium-aluminum inclusions. Use appropriate phrase as applicable.

Cainozoic
USE	Cenozoic

Cairngorm Mountains
BT	ampian Highlands
	.Cairngorm Mountains
RT	Grampian region Scotland
	Highland region Scotland
SN	Range of the Grampian Hills in highlands of NE central Scotland.

Cairo Egypt
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Egypt
	...Cairo Egypt
SN	City on the Nile River, coextensive with the governorate in NE Egypt.

Caithness Scotland
BT	ghland region Scotland
	.Caithness Scotland
SN	Former county in NE Scotland.

Cajon Pass
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Cajon Pass
RT	Mojave Desert
	Los Angeles Basin
SN	Railroad and highway pass. S California. Extends from E San Gabriel Mountains to NW San Bernardino Mountains, connecting the Mojave Desert with Los Angeles Basin. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calabria Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
NT	Catanzaro Italy
	Cosenza Italy
	Reggio di Calabria Italy
	Sila Massif
RT	Calabrian Arc
SN	An autonomous region in S Italy. The toe of the Italian boot.

Calabrian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lower Pleistocene
	......Calabrian
RT	Villafranchian
SN	Europe. Above Astian, below middle Pleistocene.

Calabrian Arc
BT	Mediterranean region
	.Calabrian Arc
UF	Calabrian-Peloritan Arc
RT	Italy
	North Africa
	Calabria Italy
	Peloritani Mountains
	Sicily Italy
SN	Central Mediterranean, may include Maghrebides thrust belt. Indexed with countries and Mediterranean Sea basins as applicable.

Calabrian-Peloritan Arc
USE	Calabrian Arc

Calamites
BT	Plantae
	.Pteridophyta
	..Sphenopsida
	...Equisetales
	....Calamites
SN	Genus.

Calatayud-Teruel Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Calatayud-Teruel Basin
RT	Saragossa Spain
	Teruel Spain
SN	NE Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Calaveras County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Calaveras County California
SN	Central California.

Calaveras Fault
BT	United States
	.California
	..Calaveras Fault
SN	Central California.

Calaveras Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...upper Paleozoic
	....Calaveras Formation
RT	Permian
	California
SN	N California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calaverite
BT	tellurides
	.calaverite
RT	gold ores

calc-alkalic
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use calc-alkalic composition with igneous rocks.

calc-alkalic composition
RT	alkalic composition
	I-type granites
	igneous rocks
	composition

calc-schist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..calc-schist

calc-silicate composition
RT	metamorphic rocks
	composition
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calc-sinter
USE	travertine

calc-tufa
USE	tufa

calcarenite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...calcarenite
RT	biocalcarenite

calcareous
SN	Valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use calcareous composition.

calcareous algae
BT	Plantae
	.algae
	..calcareous algae
RT	microfossils
	stromatolites
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

calcareous clay
USE	marl

calcareous composition
RT	bioherms
	ooze
	sedimentary rocks
	sediments
	composition
SN	Before 1978, also search calcareous AND specific sediment type or sedimentary rock.

calcareous nannofossils
USE	nannofossils

calcareous ooze
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use calcareous composition and ooze.

calcareous sinter
USE	travertine

Calcareous soils
BT	soils
	.Calcareous soils
RT	soil group
SN	Before 1978, also search calcareous and soils.

calcareous tufa
USE	tufa

Calcasieu Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Calcasieu Parish Louisiana
RT	Calcasieu River
SN	On the Texas border in SW Louisiana.

Calcasieu River
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Calcasieu River
RT	Calcasieu Parish Louisiana
	Cameron Parish Louisiana
	Rapides Parish Louisiana
SN	SW Louisiana. Indexed with parishes as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

calcic composition
RT	igneous rocks
	composition
SN	Before 1978, also search igneous rocks AND calcic.

calcicrete
USE	calcrete

calcification
RT	diagenesis
	fossilization
	fossils
	processes
	soils
SN	Term refers to fossils or soils.

calcilutite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...calcilutite
RT	algal mounds

calciphyre
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.marbles
	..calciphyre

Calcisphaerulidae
BT	problematic fossils
	.Calcisphaerulidae
UF	Calcispherulidae
SN	Family.

Calcispherulidae
USE	Calcisphaerulidae

Calcispongea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Porifera
	..Calcispongea
NT	Sphinctozoa

calcite
BT	carbonates
	.calcite
RT	alabaster
	aragonite
	limestone
	dolomite
	calcium carbonate
	carbonate rocks
	calcite deposits
	calcitization
	chalk
	Iceland spar
	light minerals
	magnesian calcite
	travertine
	tufa
SN	As of 1981, use calcite deposits for calcite as a commodity.

calcite deposits
RT	calcite
	marble deposits
SN	Commodity. See List C.

calcitization
BT	carbonatization
	.calcitization
RT	processes
	calcite
	diagenesis
	dedolomitization
	dolomitization

calcium
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..calcium
NT	calcium ion
	Sr/Ca
UF	Ca
RT	lithophile elements

calcium carbonate
RT	aragonite
	calcite
	carbonates
	geochemistry
	lime
	limestone

calcium chloride
RT	chlorides
	geochemistry
	halides
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calcium ion
BT	metals
	.alkaline earth metals
	..calcium
	...calcium ion
RT	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calcium sulfate
RT	anhydrite
	geochemistry
	gypsum
	sulfates
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

calcium-aluminum inclusions
BT	inclusions
	.calcium-aluminum inclusions
RT	meteorites
SN	Found in meteorites. Sometimes abbreviated as CAI. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

calcrete
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..calcrete
UF	calcicrete
RT	soils
	conglomerate
	caliche
	duricrust
	weathering crust

CALCRUST
UF	California Consortium for Crustal Studies
RT	geophysical methods
	reflection methods
	California
	seismic methods
	continental crust
SN	Acronym. Seismic reflection program. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

calculation
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, see mathematical methods or mathematical models.

calculators
SN	Use hand calculators if applicable.

Calcutta India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...West Bengal India
	....Calcutta India
SN	City on the Hooghly River near Bay of Bengal in S West Bengal, E India.

calderas
BT	volcanic features
	.calderas
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanoes
	volcanology
	craters
	cauldrons
	crater lakes
	resurgence

caldron subsidence
SN	Used in subfiles G and N. The variant form cauldron subsidence was also used. See cauldrons; calderas; subsidence.

Caldwell County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Caldwell County Kentucky
SN	W Kentucky.

Caldwell County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Caldwell County Missouri
SN	NW Missouri.

Caldwell County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Caldwell County North Carolina
RT	Grandfather Mountain
SN	W central North Carolina.

Caldwell County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Caldwell County Texas
SN	S central Texas.

Caldwell Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Caldwell Parish Louisiana
NT	Columbia Louisiana
SN	NE central Louisiana.

Caledonia County Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Caledonia County Vermont
SN	NE Vermont.

Caledonian
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use Caledonian Orogeny.

Caledonian Orogeny
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Caledonian Orogeny
RT	orogeny
	Scotland
	Ireland
	Scandinavia
	Caledonides
	Scandian Orogeny
SN	Name commonly used for the early Paleozoic deformation in Europe which created an orogenic belt extending from Ireland and Scotland northwestward through Scandinavia.

Caledonides
RT	Caledonian Orogeny
	Dunnage Zone
	Europe
	Great Britain
	Greenland
	Ireland
	Koli Nappe
	Scandinavia
SN	Orogenic belt extending from Ireland and Scotland northwestward through Scandinavia, formed by the Caledonian Orogeny. Indexed with country or countries as applicable.

Calera Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Calera Limestone
RT	California
	Oregon
	Franciscan Complex
SN	In Franciscan Formation?. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calgary Alberta
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Alberta
	...Calgary Alberta
SN	City in SW Alberta.

Calhoun County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Calhoun County Alabama
SN	E Alabama.

Calhoun County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Calhoun County Arkansas
SN	S Arkansas.

Calhoun County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Calhoun County Florida
SN	NW Florida.

Calhoun County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Calhoun County Georgia
SN	SW Georgia.

Calhoun County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Calhoun County Illinois
SN	W Illinois.

Calhoun County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Calhoun County Iowa
RT	Manson impact structure
SN	Central Iowa.

Calhoun County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Calhoun County Michigan
SN	S Michigan.

Calhoun County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Calhoun County Mississippi
SN	N central Mississippi.

Calhoun County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Calhoun County South Carolina
SN	Central South Carolina.

Calhoun County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Calhoun County Texas
RT	Matagorda Bay
SN	S Texas.

Calhoun County West Virginia
BT	United States
	.West Virginia
	..Calhoun County West Virginia
SN	W central West Virginia.

calibration
RT	accuracy
	instruments
SN	Used as a general term.

caliche
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..caliche
RT	soils
	weathering
	calcrete
	duricrust
	weathering crust

Calico Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Calico Mountains
RT	Mojave Desert
	San Bernardino County California
SN	Small range in Mojave Desert. Indexed with counties and mountains as applicable.

Caliente Range
BT	United States
	.California
	..Caliente Range
RT	San Luis Obispo County California
SN	Indexed with counties and mountain ranges as applicable.

California
BT	United States
	.California
NT	Alameda County California
	Alpine County California
	Amador County California
	American River
	Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
	Banning Fault
	Borrego Mountain
	Butte County California
	Calaveras County California
	Calaveras Fault
	Calico Mountains
	Caliente Range
	Central California
	Channel Islands
	Colorado Desert
	Colusa County California
	Contra Costa County California
	Coyote Creek Fault
	Cuyama Basin
	Death Valley
	Death Valley Fault
	Del Norte County California
	El Dorado County California
	Elsinore Fault
	Feather River
	Fresno County California
	Gabilan Range
	Garlock Fault
	Glenn County California
	Golden Trout Wilderness
	Hayward Fault
	Hilton Creek Fault
	Hosgri Fault
	Humboldt County California
	Imperial County California
	Inyo County California
	Kern County California
	Kesterson Reservoir
	Kettleman Hills
	Kings County California
	Kingston Range
	Lake County California
	Lassen County California
	Lassen Volcanic National Park
	Los Angeles Basin
	Los Angeles County California
	Madera County California
	Mammoth Mountain
	Marin County California
	Mariposa County California
	Melones Fault
	Mendocino County California
	Merced County California
	Midway-Sunset Field
	Modoc County California
	Modoc Plateau
	Mojave Desert
	Mono County California
	Monterey Bay
	Monterey County California
	Napa County California
	Nevada County California
	Newport-Inglewood Fault
	Nopah Range
	Northern California
	Orange County California
	Pajaro Valley
	Placer County California
	Plumas County California
	Rattlesnake Creek Terrane
	Redwood National Park
	Riverside County California
	Sacramento County California
	Salinian Block
	Salton Sea
	Salton Trough
	San Benito County California
	San Bernardino County California
	San Diego County California
	San Emigdio Mountains
	San Fernando Valley
	San Francisco Bay
	San Francisco Bay region
	San Francisco County California
	San Gabriel Fault
	San Gabriel Mountains
	San Gregorio Fault
	San Jacinto Mountains
	San Joaquin County California
	San Joaquin Valley
	San Luis Obispo County California
	San Mateo County California
	Santa Ana Mountains
	Santa Barbara Channel
	Santa Barbara County California
	Santa Clara County California
	Santa Cruz County California
	Santa Maria Basin
	Santa Monica Mountains
	Santa Rosa Mountains
	Santa Ynez Mountains
	Shasta County California
	Sierra County California
	Sierra Nevada Batholith
	Siskiyou County California
	Solano County California
	Sonoma County California
	Southern California
	Southern California Batholith
	Stanislaus County California
	Sur fault zone
	Sutter County California
	Sylmar Fault
	Tehachapi Mountains
	Tehama County California
	Temblor Range
	The Geysers
	Transverse Ranges
	Trinity Complex
	Trinity County California
	Tulare County California
	Tuolumne County California
	Ventura Basin
	Ventura County California
	Whittier Fault
	Yolla Bolly Terrane
	Yolo County California
	Yosemite National Park
	Yuba County California
RT	Agua Blanca Fault
	Alisitos Formation
	Amargosa Desert
	Antelope Va

California bearing ratio
RT	bearing capacity
	penetration tests
	soil mechanics
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

California City Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Santander Colombia
	...California City Colombia

California Consortium for Crustal Studies
USE	CALCRUST

California Continental Borderland
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, use California in conjunction with continental borderland.

California Current
RT	California
	East Pacific
	Mexico
	North Pacific
	Northeast Pacific
	Pacific Coast
	Pacific Ocean
	United States
SN	Branch of the Aleutian Current in NE Pacific. Flows S along coast of W North America from N48#DG to N23#DG, where it joins the North Equatorial Current. Indexed with ocean areas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

californium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..californium
UF	Cf

Caliman (Mountains)
USE	Calimani Mountains

Calimani Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Calimani Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Eastern Carpathians
	...Calimani Mountains
UF	Caliman (Mountains)
	Calimanului Mountains
SN	Range in the Eastern Carpathians in E Transylvania. Also search Calimani. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Calimanului Mountains
USE	Calimani Mountains

caliper logging
BT	well-logging
	.caliper logging
SN	Before 1978, also search well-logging AND caliper.

Calistoga California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Napa County California
	...Calistoga California
RT	Old Faithful Geyser
SN	City NE of San Francisco Bay in W central California.

Callahan County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Callahan County Texas

Callander Bay
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Callander Bay
RT	Lake Nipissing
SN	W edge of Lake Nipissing near city of North Bay E of Georgian Bay.

Callaway County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Callaway County Missouri

Callianassa
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Malacostraca
	.....Callianassa
SN	Genus.

Callipteris
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Pteridospermae
	....Callipteris
RT	Filicopsida
	Pteridophyta
SN	Genus which paleobotanically determines Permian.

Callisto Satellite
RT	Galilean satellites
	icy satellites
	Jupiter
	satellites
	Voyager Program
SN	One of the satellites of Jupiter. Before 1985, also search Callisto AND Jupiter. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Callovian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Middle Jurassic
	.....Callovian
RT	Dogger
SN	Europe. Above Bathonian, below Oxfordian.

Calloway County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Calloway County Kentucky

Caloosahatchee Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Caloosahatchee Formation
UF	Caloosahatchee Marl
RT	Pliocene
	Pleistocene
	Florida
SN	Florida. May be in the Fort Thompson Group. Indexed with Pleistocene and/or Pliocene as applicable.

Caloosahatchee Marl
USE	Caloosahatchee Formation

calorimetry
RT	chemical analysis
	thermochemical properties
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Caloris Basin
BT	Mercury Planet
	.Caloris Basin
SN	Impact feature on Mercury Planet. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calpionella
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Calpionella
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Calpionellidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Calpionellidae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Calpionellites
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Tintinnidae
	...Calpionellites
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Caltanissetta Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Sicily Italy
	....Caltanissetta Italy
SN	Province and city in central Sicily.

Calumet County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Calumet County Wisconsin

Calvados France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Calvados France
NT	Caen France
	May-sur-Orne France
RT	Normandy
	Seine Estuary

Calvert Bluff Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....lower Eocene
	......Calvert Bluff Formation
RT	Texas
	Wilcox Group
SN	In Wilcox Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Calvert County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Calvert County Maryland
SN	S Maryland.

Calvert Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....middle Miocene
	......Calvert Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	Delaware
	Chesapeake Group
SN	In Chesapeake Group. Delaware, E Maryland, and Virginia.

Calymmian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Calymmian

Calyptogena
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Venerida
	....Calyptogena
SN	Genus.

Camaguey Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....Camaguey Cuba
SN	Province including the city in E central Cuba.

Camarines Norte Philippine Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Philippine Islands
	...Luzon
	....Camarines Norte Philippine Islands
SN	Province in SE Luzon.

Camaroidea
BT	Graptolithina
	.Camaroidea
RT	Invertebrata
	Hemichordata
SN	Indexed with Hemichordata or Invertebrata as applicable.

Camas County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Camas County Idaho
RT	Sawtooth Range
SN	S central Idaho.

Cambay Basin
RT	Gujarat India
	Gulf of Cambay
SN	Gulf of Cambay area. Indexed with Gujarat India and/or Gulf of Cambay as applicable.

Cambay India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Gujarat India
	....Cambay India
SN	City at N end of Gulf of Cambay in central Gujarat, W India.

Cambisols
BT	soils
	.Cambisols

Cambodia
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Cambodia
NT	Battambang Cambodia
UF	Kampuchea
	Khmer Republic
RT	Indochina
SN	Also known as Khmer Republic or Kampuchea. Official name was changed back to State of Cambodia in 1990.

Cambria County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Cambria County Pennsylvania
RT	Conemaugh River
SN	Central Pennsylvania.

Cambrian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
NT	Furongian
	Series 1
	Series 2
	Series 3
	Acadian
	Bonanza King Formation
	Brigham Group
	Carrara Formation
	Conasauga Group
	Glen Mountains Complex
	Kanmantoo Group
	Lancara Formation
	Lardeau Group
	Lower Cambrian
	Middle Cambrian
	Mount Read Volcanics
	Nama System
	Pioche Shale
	Semri Series
	Tapeats Sandstone
	Tintic Quartzite
	Tons Member
	Upper Cambrian
RT	Bowers Supergroup
	Filicopsida
	Cadomian Orogeny
	Assyntic Orogeny
	Baikalian Phase
	Dalradian
	Bhander Group
	Collier Shale
	Cow Head Group
	Delamerian Orogeny
	Elberton Granite
	Eocambrian
	Hazens Notch Formation
	Henderson Gneiss
	Hoosac Formation
	Jacobsville Sandst
SN	Above Precambrian, below Ordovician.

Cambridge
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1989, for the city in Massachusetts, use Cambridge Massachusetts. After 1992, also see Cambridge England.

Cambridge Arch
BT	United States
	.Cambridge Arch
RT	Nebraska
	Kansas
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Cambridge Argillite
RT	Boston Bay Group
	Lower Cambrian
	Massachusetts
	Neoproterozoic
SN	E Massachusetts. Overlies Roxbury Conglomerate, but the latter is thrust over the Cambridge Argillite in the northern Hingham area. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cambridge England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cambridge England
RT	Gloucestershire England
	Cambridgeshire England
SN	Cities in Cambridgeshire and Gloucestershire, England. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Cambridge Massachusetts
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Middlesex County Massachusetts
	...Cambridge Massachusetts
SN	City in NE Massachusetts.

Cambridge University
UF	University of Cambridge
RT	England
	academic institutions
SN	Located in the city of Cambridge NNE of London.

Cambridgeshire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cambridgeshire England
RT	Cambridge England
SN	County in E England.

Camden County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Camden County Georgia
SN	SE Georgia.

Camden County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Camden County Missouri
NT	Decaturville Missouri
SN	Central Missouri.

Camden County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Camden County New Jersey
RT	Pine Barrens
SN	SW New Jersey.

Camden County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Camden County North Carolina
SN	NE North Carolina.

Camelidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Tylopoda
	.........Camelidae
SN	Family.

Cameron County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Cameron County Pennsylvania

Cameron County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cameron County Texas

Cameron Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Cameron Parish Louisiana
RT	Calcasieu River
	Eugene Island
	Sabine Lake
SN	Extreme SW Louisiana, bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

Cameroon
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Cameroon
NT	Lake Nyos
	Mount Cameroon
UF	Cameroun
RT	Adamawa
	Benue Valley
	Chad Basin
	Lake Chad
	Logone River
SN	Includes former French trust territory and British trust territory of Southern Cameroons. Before 1972, Cameroun was also used.

Cameroon Mountain
USE	Mount Cameroon

Cameroun
USE	Cameroon

Camp Century
BT	Arctic region
	.Greenland
	..Camp Century
SN	On the Greenland ice sheet NE of Thule Air Base in NW Greenland.

Camp County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Camp County Texas

Campania Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
NT	Bay of Naples
	Caserta Italy
	Cilento
	Monte Somma
	Naples Italy
	Phlegraean Fields
	Pozzuoli Italy
	Roccamonfina
	Salerno Italy
	Sorrento Peninsula
	Vesuvius
RT	Irpinia earthquake 1980
	Lucania
SN	An autonomous region in S Italy.

Campania-Basilicata earthquake 1980
USE	Irpinia earthquake 1980

Campania-Lucania earthquake 1980
USE	Irpinia earthquake 1980

Campanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Campanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Senonian
	......Campanian
NT	upper Campanian
RT	Rosario Formation
SN	Europe. Above Santonian, below Maestrichtian.

Campbell County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Campbell County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Campbell County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Campbell County South Dakota
SN	On North Dakota line in N South Dakota.

Campbell County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Campbell County Tennessee
SN	NE Tennessee.

Campbell County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Campbell County Virginia
SN	SW central Virginia. Also search Lynchburg Virginia if applicable.

Campbell County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Campbell County Wyoming
RT	Hartzog Draw Field
SN	NE Wyoming.

Campbell Island
RT	Pacific Ocean
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Island in S Pacific Ocean, S of New Zealand. Also occurs in other locations. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Campeche Bank
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Campeche Bank
RT	Campeche Scarp
	Yucatan Shelf
SN	N of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Campeche Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Campeche Mexico
RT	Gulf Coastal Plain
	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	State on W part of Yucatan Peninsula.

Campeche Scarp
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Gulf of Mexico
	...Campeche Scarp
RT	Campeche Bank
	DSDP Site 85
	DSDP Site 86
	DSDP Site 88
	DSDP Site 89
	DSDP Site 93
	DSDP Site 94
	Leg 10
	Sigsbee Deep
SN	W Gulf of Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Campi Flegrei
USE	Phlegraean Fields

Campine
BT	Europe
	.Campine
RT	Netherlands
	Belgium
SN	Heathland area. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Campo del Cielo Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..ataxite
	...Campo del Cielo Meteorite
RT	Argentina
	Chaco
	Chaco Argentina
SN	Point of impact N of village of Campo del Cielo in S Argentina. Before 1981, also search Campo del Cielo AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Campobasso Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Molise Italy
	....Campobasso Italy
SN	Province and town in S central Italy.

Campos Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Campos Basin
SN	SW Atlantic, off Brazil. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

camptonite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
	...camptonite

Camptostromatoidea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Echinodermata
	..Echinozoa
	...Camptostromatoidea

Canada
NT	Carswell Structure
	Cassiar Mountains
	Clearwater Lake
	Cold Lake
	Eastern Canada
	Elk Point Basin
	Elzevir Terrane
	Grenville Front
	Hudson Bay
	Hudson Bay Lowlands
	Labrador Trough
	Liard River
	Mackenzie Mountains
	North Saskatchewan River
	Northumberland Strait
	Northwest Territories
	Reindeer Lake
	Restigouche Estuary
	Richardson Mountains
	Selwyn Mountains
	Stikinia Terrane
	Ungava
	Western Canada
	Whitehorse Trough
RT	Abee Meteorite
	Acadian
	Appalachians
	Arctic region
	Avalonia
	Borden Aquifer
	Burgess Shale
	Christopher Formation
	Clearwater River
	Cloridorme Formation
	Coldbrook Group
	Columbia Icefield
	Columbian Orogeny
	Cumberland Basin
	Cypress Hills Formation
	Davidsville Gr

Canada Basin
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Canada Basin
UF	Canadian Basin
RT	Amerasia Basin
SN	N of Alaska and WNW of Canada's Queen Elizabeth Islands.

Canadian

Canadian Basin
USE	Canada Basin

Canadian Cordillera
BT	North America
	.North American Cordillera
	..Canadian Cordillera
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Canadian Cordillera
RT	Alberta
	Coast Mountains
	British Columbia
	Nahanni earthquake 1985
	Rocky Mountains
	Western Interior Seaway
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Canadian County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Canadian County Oklahoma

Canadian Expedition to Study the Alpha Ridge
USE	CESAR

Canadian Forces Base Borden
USE	Borden Ontario

Canadian River
BT	United States
	.Canadian River
UF	South Canadian River
RT	New Mexico
	Oklahoma
	Colorado
	Texas
	Ute Creek
SN	SW Central U.S. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Canadian Rocky Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Canadian Rocky Mountains
BT	North America
	.Rocky Mountains
	..Canadian Rocky Mountains
NT	Esplanade Range
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
	Athabasca Glacier
	Columbia Icefield
	Selkirk Mountains
	Cariboo Mountains
	Cassiar Mountains
	Gog Group
	Mount Erebus
	Northern Rocky Mountains
	Selwyn Basin
	Stikinia Terrane
	Whitehorse Trough
SN	Before 1981, search Canada AND Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Canadian Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Lower Ordovician
	.....Canadian Series
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Croixian (Cambrian), below Champlainian. Before 1981, also search Canadian AND Ordovician.

Canadian Shield
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
NT	Bear Province
	Churchill Province
	Flin Flon Belt
	Grenville Province
	Nain Province
	Slave Province
	Southern Province
	Superior Province
	Taltson magmatic zone
UF	Laurentian Plateau
	Precambrian Shield
RT	Alberta
	Ontario
	New York
	Adirondack Mountains
	Minnesota
	Manitoba
	Michigan
	Northwest Territories
	Eye-Dashwa Lakes Pluton
	Laurentia
	Laurussia
	Elzevir Terrane
	Grenvillian Orogeny
	Hemlo Deposit
	Hudsonian Orogeny
	Huronian
	Kenoran Orogeny
	North American Craton
SN	Also search Canadian AND Shield. Indexed with states, Canadian provinces and provinces of the Canadian Shield as applicable.

Canal Zone (Panama)
USE	Panama Canal Zone

canals
RT	channels
	streams
	waterways

Cananea Mexico
BT	Mexico
	.Sonora Mexico
	..Cananea Mexico
SN	City in N Sonora.

Canaries
USE	Canary Islands

Canary Islands
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Canary Islands
NT	Fuerteventura
	Gomera
	Grand Canary
	Hierro
	Lanzarote
	Tenerife
UF	Canaries
	Las Palmas, Canary Islands
	Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province, Canary Islands
RT	Spain
	DSDP Site 397
	La Palma
	Leg 157
	ODP Site 953
	ODP Site 954
	ODP Site 955
	ODP Site 956
SN	Spanish controlled island group off NW Africa.

Canavese Zone
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Canavese Zone
RT	Piemonte Italy
SN	Mountain region N of Turin.

Canberra Australia
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..New South Wales Australia
	...Australian Capital Territory
	....Canberra Australia
SN	City between Sydney and Melbourne.

cancrinite
BT	carbonates
	.cancrinite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..cancrinite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Candler County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Candler County Georgia

Candona
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cypridocopina
	.......Cyprididae
	........Candona
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

canfieldite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfogermanates
	..canfieldite
BT	sulfosalts
	.sulfostannates
	..canfieldite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Canidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Fissipeda
	........Canidae
NT	Canis
SN	Family.

Canis
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
	.......Fissipeda
	........Canidae
	.........Canis
SN	Genus.

Cannanore India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Kerala India
	....Cannanore India
SN	District, Kerala, SW India.

Cannikin Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..Southwestern Alaska
	...Aleutian Islands
	....Amchitka Island
	.....Cannikin Alaska
SN	Name of site of nuclear explosion on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands.

Canning Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Canning Basin
SN	Arid region in northern Western Australia, about 790 miles NNE of Perth. Also search Desert Basin AND Australia.

Cannon County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Cannon County Tennessee
NT	Woodbury Tennessee
SN	Central Tennessee.

Canon City Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Fremont County Colorado
	...Canon City Colorado
SN	City in central Colorado.

canonical analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.canonical analysis
RT	analysis

Cantabria Knoll
USE	Cantabria Seamount

Cantabria Seamount
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Bay of Biscay
	...Cantabria Seamount
UF	Cantabria Knoll
RT	DSDP Site 119
SN	W Bay of Biscay. Also search Cantabria.

Cantabria Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabria Spain
NT	Santander Spain
UF	Cantabrian region
RT	Cantabrian Basin
	Cantabrian Mountains
	Old Castile Spain
	Santander Massif
SN	In N Spain on the Bay of Biscay. Part of Old Castile. Both an autonomous community and its coextensive province formerly called Santander Province. Also search Santander Spain; OR Santander Province AND Spain. Before 1981 also search Santander Spain.

Cantabrian Basin
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabrian Basin
RT	Basque Provinces Spain
	Asturias Spain
	Cantabria Spain
SN	Region in the Cantabrian Mountains area in N and NW Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Cantabrian Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Cantabrian Mountains
RT	Galicia Spain
	Asturias Spain
	Castilla y Leon Spain
	Cantabria Spain
	Santander Massif
SN	Range extending westward from the Pyrenees along the Bay of Biscay to the Galician Mountains.

Cantabrian region
USE	Cantabria Spain

Cantal France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cantal France
NT	Cantal Massif
	Massiac France
RT	Central Massif
SN	Department in S central France.

Cantal Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Cantal France
	....Cantal Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Central Massif
	....Cantal Massif
SN	Part of Central Massif covering central France. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Canterbury New Zealand
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Canterbury New Zealand
NT	Christchurch New Zealand
RT	South Island
SN	District in E central New Zealand. Also index South Island.

Canton River
USE	Zhujiang River

Canyon County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Canyon County Idaho

Canyon Diablo Crater
USE	Meteor Crater

Canyon Diablo Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..octahedrite
	...Canyon Diablo Meteorite
UF	Canyon Diablo Meteorites
RT	Arizona
	Coconino County Arizona
	Meteor Crater
SN	Refers to fragments associated with Meteor Crater in Coconino County, Arizona. Has numerous synonyms. Before 1981, also search Canon Diablo; Canyon Diablo; Arizona; Barringer; Elden; Helt Township in combination with meteorites. Due to numbering of these

Canyon Diablo Meteorites
USE	Canyon Diablo Meteorite

Canyon Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Canyon Group
RT	United States
	Texas
SN	Includes Graford Formation, Winchell Limestone, Brad Formation, and Caddo Creek Formation. Central and N central Texas.

Canyon#Astoria Formation#Bald Mountain#Basin and Range Province#Battle Mountain

Canyonlands National Park
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Canyonlands National Park
RT	national parks
	Garfield County Utah
	San Juan County Utah
	Wayne County Utah
SN	SE Utah. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

canyons
UF	land canyons
RT	geomorphology
	fluvial features
	submarine canyons
	valleys
	gorges
	solution features
SN	As of 1976, usage restricted to land canyons. Before 1976, also refers to submarine canyons.

Cap Blanc
RT	France
	Majorca
	Mauritania
	Tunisia
	Western Sahara
SN	Occurs in numerous locations including the coasts of Mauritania and Western Sahara, Tunisia, Majorca, and France. Search in combination with country or island. Indexed with countries as applicable.

cap rocks
RT	anhydrite
	diapirs
	geothermal energy
	gypsum
	reservoir rocks
	rocks
	petroleum
	salt domes
	salt tectonics
	sealing
SN	Used for salt tectonics: an impervious layer or body of rock over a salt dome.

capacity
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Before 1981, included use as a general term. See volume, bearing capacity, cation exchange capacity, field capacity, heat capacity, or production capacity.

Capbreton France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Landes France
	....Capbreton France
SN	Town in SW France.

Cape Ann
RT	Essex County Massachusetts
	Gulf of Maine
SN	NE Massachusetts. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with Essex County Massachusetts or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.South Atlantic
	..Cape Basin
UF	Walvis Basin
RT	Leg 40
	DSDP Site 360
	DSDP Site 524
	ODP Site 1082
	ODP Site 1083
	ODP Site 1084
	ODP Site 1085
	ODP Site 1086
	ODP Site 1087
SN	SE Atlantic Ocean. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape Bojador
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Morocco
	...Cape Bojador
RT	DSDP Site 397
	Leg 47
SN	Headland extending into Atlantic Ocean on S coast of Morocco. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape Breton County Nova Scotia
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton County Nova Scotia
NT	Sydney Nova Scotia

Cape Breton Highlands
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton Island
	.....Cape Breton Highlands
SN	N Cape Breton Island, NE Nova Scotia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Breton Island
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...Nova Scotia
	....Cape Breton Island
NT	Cape Breton Highlands
RT	Avalon Zone
	Loch Lomond
	Morien Group
	Sydney coal field
SN	NE Nova Scotia.

Cape Canaveral
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Brevard County Florida
	...Cape Canaveral
UF	Cape Kennedy
SN	Cape on the Atlantic Ocean in E Florida. Site of John F. Kennedy Space Center. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cape Cod
BT	United States
	.Massachusetts
	..Barnstable County Massachusetts
	...Cape Cod
NT	Monomoy Island
SN	SE Massachusetts. Coextensive with Barnstable County.

Cape Dyer
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Baffin Island
	...Cape Dyer
SN	Cape on Davis Strait on E Baffin Island. Before 1993, also referred to the village. As of 1993, Cape Dyer Northwest Territories is used for the village. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cape Elizabeth Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cape Elizabeth Formation
RT	Maine
	Casco Bay Group
SN	In Casco Bay Group. SW Maine. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Fear Arch
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Cape Fear Arch
SN	Extends NW from Cape Fear.

Cape fold belt
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Cape fold belt
RT	Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	Western Cape Province South Africa
SN	S South Africa. Composed of E trending southern branch and NW trending western branch which meet in a SW trending axis. Indexed with provinces.

Cape Girardeau County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cape Girardeau County Missouri

Cape Hatteras
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Dare County North Carolina
	...Cape Hatteras
SN	Promontory on Hatteras Island between Pamlico Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.

Cape Kennedy
USE	Cape Canaveral

Cape Lookout
RT	Carteret County North Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	Headland at S end off Carteret County. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Cape May County New Jersey
BT	United States
	.New Jersey
	..Cape May County New Jersey
SN	S extremity of New Jersey, occupying the Cape May Peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay.

Cape Mendocino
BT	mboldt County California
	.Cape Mendocino
UF	Mendocino (Cape)
RT	Eel River basin
SN	On W coast of Humboldt County, extreme W California.

Cape Mendocino earthquakes 1992
BT	earthquakes
	.Cape Mendocino earthquakes 1992
RT	California
	Northern California
SN	Epicenter near Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, NW California. Also search Cape Mendocino earthquake 1992. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Cape Province region
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Cape Province region
UF	Cape Province South Africa
RT	Broken Hill Mine
	Ecca Group
	False Bay
	Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	Cape Town South Africa
	Karroo Basin
	Kimberley South Africa
	Knysna South Africa
	Langebaanweg South Africa
	Molteno South Africa
	Namaqualand
	Namaqualand metamorphic complex
	North-West P
SN	Former province in S South Africa. In 1994, split into part of North-West Province, Northern Cape Province, Eastern Cape Province, and Western Cape Province. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Cape Province South Africa
USE	Cape Province region

Cape Sable
RT	Monroe County Florida
	Nova Scotia
SN	S point of Cape Sable Island in extreme S Nova Scotia. Also in SW Florida on Florida Bay. May also occur in other locations. Indexed with county or region as applicable.

Cape Smith fold belt
BT	North America
	.Canadian Shield
	..Churchill Province
	...Cape Smith fold belt
RT	Quebec
SN	Structural subprovince in N Quebec. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cape Town South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Eastern Cape Province South Africa
	....Cape Town South Africa
UF	Capetown South Africa
RT	Cape Province region
	Table Mountain
SN	City in extreme SW South Africa.

Cape Valse
USE	False Cape

Cape Verde Atlantic
SN	Used from 1981-1994 for Eastern Atlantic bounded on the north by the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge, on the west by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and on the south by the Romanche fracture zone. See Equatorial Atlantic, North Atlantic, or South Atlantic.

Cape Verde Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Cape Verde Basin
RT	DSDP Site 12
	DSDP Site 137
	DSDP Site 138
	DSDP Site 139
	DSDP Site 140
	DSDP Site 367
	Leg 41
	ODP Site 657
SN	E Atlantic Ocean between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and West Africa in NE Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape Verde Islands
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Cape Verde Islands
BT	Africa
	.Cape Verde Islands
SN	Former Portuguese overseas province W of Dakar, Senegal. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cape Verde Rise
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Cape Verde Rise
RT	Leg 41
	DSDP Site 368
	ODP Site 659
SN	Between Cape Verde Islands and West Africa in NE Atlantic. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cape York Meteorite
BT	meteorites
	.iron meteorites
	..Cape York Meteorite
RT	Greenland
SN	Impact on Cape York, NW Greenland. Before 1985, also search Cape York AND meteorites. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cape York Peninsula
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Queensland Australia
	...Cape York Peninsula
RT	Moreton Australia
	Weipa Australia
SN	Between Gulf of Carpentaria and Coral Sea in extreme N Queensland.

capes
BT	shore features
	.capes
RT	geomorphology
	marine environment
	barrier islands
	shorelines
	beaches
	longshore bars
	bars
	littoral erosion
	coastal environment
	intertidal environment
	spits
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Capetown South Africa
USE	Cape Town South Africa

capillarity
RT	capillary pressure
	capillary water
	imbibition
	soils
	suction
	surface tension

capillary pressure
RT	capillarity
	capillary water
	pressure
	suction

capillary water
RT	capillarity
	capillary pressure
	ground water
	saturated zone
	soils
	unsaturated zone
	water table
SN	Before 1981, also search capillarity. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Capistrano Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Capistrano Formation
RT	California
	lower Pliocene
	upper Miocene
SN	Upper Miocene and lower Pliocene. Subdivided to include Osa Member. Unconformably underlies Niguel Formation. Southern California between Santa Ana and Oceanside. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Capitan Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Capitan Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Massive reef limestone which grades basinward into upper Delaware Mountain Sandstone and lagoonward into Carlsbad Limestone. SE New Mexico and W Texas.

Capitanian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Guadalupian
	.....Capitanian

Capnic Romania
USE	Cavnic Romania

Captorhinidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
	......Captorhinomorpha
	.......Captorhinidae

Captorhinomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Anapsida
	.....Cotylosauria
	......Captorhinomorpha
NT	Captorhinidae
SN	Suborder.

capture
USE	stream capture

Carabobo Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Carabobo Venezuela
NT	Puerto Cabello Venezuela
SN	State on Caribbean Sea in N Venezuela. Also a village.

Caracas Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Caracas Group
RT	Venezuela
	Caracas Venezuela
	Federal District Venezuela
SN	Middle and upper Mesozoic. Includes Las Brisas Formation, Antimano Formation, Tacagua Formation. In Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela.

Caracas Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Federal District Venezuela
	...Caracas Venezuela
RT	Caracas Group
SN	City in N Venezuela.

Caradoc
USE	Caradocian

Caradocian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Caradocian
UF	Caradoc
RT	Bala
SN	Europe. Above Llandeilian, below Ashgillian.

carapaces
SN	After 1992, for carapace of an ostracod, use morphology and Ostracoda. See exoskeletons, chitin.

Carapita Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Carapita Formation
RT	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Venezuela
	Caribbean Sea
	Freites Formation
	Oficina
	Oficina Formation
	Trinidad
SN	Oligocene-Miocene. E Venezuela and adjacent Caribbean Sea. Parts of the formation are laterally transitional with the nonmarine Oficina Formation/lower Freites Formation. Indexed with Oligocene and/or Miocene as applicable.

Caravaca Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Murcia Spain
	.....Caravaca Spain
SN	City in SE Spain.

carbargilite
USE	coal

carbides
BT	alloys
	.carbides
NT	cohenite
	moissanite
RT	carborundum
SN	Before 1993, also search carborundum for silicon carbide if applicable.

carbohydrates
BT	organic compounds
	.carbohydrates
NT	polysaccharides
	sugars

carbon
NT	C-12
	C-13
	C-13/C-12
	C-14
	C-14/C-12
	organic carbon
RT	carbonaceous composition
	carbonado
	chaoite
	charcoal
	chemical elements
	diamond
	diamonds
	fullerenes
	geochemical cycle
	graphite
	graphitization
	hydrocarbons
	isotopes
	lonsdaleite
	moissanite
	organic compounds
	stable isotopes
	total organic carbon

Carbon County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Carbon County Montana
SN	S Montana.

Carbon County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Carbon County Pennsylvania
SN	E Pennsylvania.

Carbon County Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Carbon County Utah
RT	Book Cliffs
	Sunnyside Mine
SN	Central Utah.

Carbon County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Carbon County Wyoming
NT	Seminoe Mountains
	Shirley Basin
RT	Great Divide Basin
	Lost Soldier Field
	Sullivan Mine
SN	S Wyoming.

carbon cycle
BT	geochemical cycle
	.carbon cycle
RT	cycles
	organic carbon
SN	Also search geochemical cycle and carbon. Before 1982, also search cycles and carbon. Indexed with carbon.

carbon dioxide
UF	CO2
RT	geochemistry
	phase equilibria
	carbon monoxide
	decarbonation
	fluid inclusions
	greenhouse effect

carbon monoxide
UF	CO (carbon monoxide)
RT	carbon dioxide

carbon tetrachloride
BT	organic compounds
	.halogenated hydrocarbons
	..chlorinated hydrocarbons
	...carbon tetrachloride
UF	perchloromethane
	tetrachloromethane
RT	pollutants
	toxic materials
	solvents
SN	CCl

carbon-12
USE	C-12

carbon-13
USE	C-13

carbon-14
USE	C-14

carbonaceous
SN	A valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use carbonaceous chondrites for meteorites, and use carbonaceous composition as a general term referring to carbon and coal.

carbonaceous chondrites
BT	meteorites
	.stony meteorites
	..chondrites
	...carbonaceous chondrites
NT	CM chondrites
	CR chondrites
	CV chondrites
	Kainsaz Meteorite
	Orgueil Meteorite
RT	Kaidun Meteorite
	ordinary chondrites
SN	Before 1978, also search chondrites AND carbonaceous.

carbonaceous composition
UF	carbonaceous rocks
RT	organic compounds
	composition
	coal
	black shale
	carbon
SN	Before 1978, also search carbonaceous.

carbonaceous rocks
USE	carbonaceous composition

carbonaceous shale
USE	black shale

carbonado
BT	native elements
	.carbonado
RT	diamonds
	industrial minerals
	carbon

carbonate
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. See carbonates; carbonate ion; carbonate rocks; carbonate sediments.

carbonate apatite
BT	phosphates
	.carbonate apatite
UF	carbonate-apatites
	tavistockite
RT	apatite
	dahllite

carbonate banks
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..carbonate banks
RT	bioherms
	algal banks
	banks
	reefs
	mud banks
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

carbonate compensation
USE	carbonate compensation depth

carbonate compensation depth
UF	carbonate compensation
	depth of compensation
RT	oceanography
	solution
	ocean circulation
	sea water
	lysoclines

carbonate composition
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Now use carbonaceous composition if applicable.

carbonate ion
RT	bicarbonate ion
	carbonates
	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

carbonate platforms
RT	carbonate rocks
	carbonate sediments
	platform reefs
	platforms
	sedimentation
	shelf environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

carbonate ramps
RT	carbonate rocks
	carbonate sediments
	coastal environment
	ramps
	shallow-water environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

carbonate rocks
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
NT	beachrock
	boundstone
	calcrete
	caliche
	chalk
	dolostone
	grainstone
	limestone
	packstone
	rudstone
	travertine
	wackestone
RT	rocks
	calcite
	intraclasts
	oolite
	carbonates
	dolomite
	marl
	bone beds
	tufa
	carbonate platforms
	carbonate sediments
	carbonate ramps
	carbonatites
	Fischer plots
	floatstone
	micritization

carbonate sediments
BT	sediments
	.carbonate sediments
RT	sand
	limestone
	oolite
	gravel
	carbonates
	dolomite
	carbonate rocks
	travertine
	tufa
	carbonate platforms
	carbonate ramps
	coquina
	dolostone

carbonate-apatites
USE	carbonate apatite

carbonates
NT	alstonite
	alumohydrocalcite
	ankerite
	aragonite
	artinite
	azurite
	bastnaesite
	calcite
	cancrinite
	cerussite
	dahllite
	dawsonite
	dolomite
	gaylussite
	huntite
	hydromagnesite
	hydrotalcite
	Iceland spar
	ikaite
	kutnahorite
	leadhillite
	magnesian calcite
	magnesite
	malachite
	meionite
	monohydrocalcite
	nahcolite
	nesquehonite
	norsethite
	phosgenite
	protodolomite
	pyroaurite
	rhodochrosite
	sakhaite
	shortite
	siderite
	sjogrenite
	smithsonite
	spurrite
	strontianite
	synchisite
	thaumasite
	thermonatrite
	trona
	vaterite
	weloganite
	witherite
RT	bicarbonate ion
	calcium carbonate
	carbonate ion
	carbonate rocks
	carbonate sediments
	carbonatization
	decarbonation
	minerals
	sodium carbonate
SN	Before 1981, thomsonite was included as a narrower term.

carbonatites
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..carbonatites
NT	sovite
RT	carbonate rocks

carbonatiza

carbonatization
NT	calcitization
	dolomitization
RT	alteration
	carbonates
	coalification
	diagenesis
	hydrothermal alteration
	metasomatism
	processes
SN	Introduction of, or replacement by, carbonates. Not to be used for carbonation; instead use coalification.

Carbondale Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Carbondale Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Illinois
	Herrin Coal Member
	Kewanee Group
	Springfield Coal Member
SN	In Kewanee Group. Illinois and W Kentucky.

Carbondale Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Jackson County Illinois
	...Carbondale Illinois
SN	City in S Illinois.

Carbonicola
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Carbonicola
SN	Genus.

Carboniferous
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
NT	Mississippian
	Pennsylvanian
	Albert Formation
	Amsden Formation
	Asturian Orogeny
	Avonian
	Bartlesville Sand
	Benxi Formation
	Big Snowy Group
	Burbank Sand
	Chilliwack Group
	Culm
	Diamond Peak Formation
	Dinantian
	Ely Limestone
	Essen Beds
	Huanglong Formation
	Jackfork Group
	Johns Valley Formation
	Manning Canyon Shale
	Middle Carboniferous
	Mispec Group
	Schoonover Sequence
	Silesian
	Springer Formation
	Stellarton Group
	Tesnus Formation
	Upper Carboniferous
	Wahoo Limestone
RT	Dwyka Formation
	Karroo Supergroup
	Alice Springs Orogeny
	Beacon Supergroup
	Guandacol Formation
	Hercynian Orogeny
	Baralaba Coal Measures
	Itarare Subgroup
	Deer Lake Group
	Geirud Formation
	Ishbel Group
	Krol Formation
	Lisburne Group
	lower Gondwana System
	Otago
SN	Above Devonian, below Permian.

carbonification
USE	coalification

carbonitization
USE	coalification

carbonization
USE	coalification

carborundum
RT	abrasives
	carbides
	ceramic materials
	industrial minerals
	moissanite
	refractory materials
	synthetic materials
SN	Trade name for a synthetic silicon carbide. After 1993, see carbides or moissanite for the mineral. For use as a commodity, index abrasives and industrial minerals or refractory materials as applicable. See List C.

carboxylic acids
BT	organic compounds
	.organic acids
	..carboxylic acids
NT	acetic acid
	oxalic acid
RT	geochemistry
	acids
SN	Organic acids containing one or more carboxyl groups. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

carcinogens
RT	biochemistry
	chloroform
	chlorophenols
	dioxins
	medical geology
	pollutants
	toxic materials
SN	Includes known and suspected carcinogens. Also index specific class of materials.

Cardiff Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Glamorgan Wales
	......Cardiff Wales
SN	City on the Bristol Channel in South Glamorgan County, SE Wales.

Cardigan Bay
RT	Cardiganshire Wales
	Dyfed Wales
	Irish Sea
	Merionethshire Wales
	Prince Edward Island
	Wales
SN	Large inlet of Saint George's Channel off N Wales. Also in Kings County Prince Edward Island. Indexed with Kings County Prince Edward Island or Wales as applicable.

Cardiganshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Cardiganshire Wales
NT	Aberystwyth Wales
RT	Cardigan Bay
SN	Former county on Cardigan Bay. Also search Cardigan.

Cardiidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cardiidae
NT	Cardium

Carditida
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Carditida

Cardium
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cardiidae
	....Cardium
NT	Cardium edule
SN	Genus.

Cardium edule
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
	...Cardiidae
	....Cardium
	.....Cardium edule

Cardium Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Cardium Formation
RT	Alberta
	British Columbia
SN	Also search Cardium Sandstone NOT Texas. For Miocene formation of offshore Texas, search Cardium Sandstone AND Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cargo Muchacho Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Imperial County California
	...Cargo Muchacho Mountains
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cariaco Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
	...Cariaco Basin
UF	Cariaco Trench
RT	ODP Site 1002
SN	W of Cariaco Bay and between Isla la Tortuga and Venezuelan coast.

Cariaco Trench
USE	Cariaco Basin

Caribbean Mountain Range
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Caribbean Mountain Range
RT	Andes
	Puerto Rico
	Antilles
SN	Islands comprising the Antilles stretching from Florida to the coast of Venezuela constituting the remainder of several submerged Andean spurs meeting in Puerto Rico.

Caribbean Plate
RT	Caribbean region
	plate tectonics
	plates
SN	The Caribbean Sea including the Caribbean islands and across Central America to the Cocos plate just to the W. Indexed with geographic area and/or age as applicable.

Caribbean region
NT	West Indies
RT	Aves Island
	Caribbean Plate
	Caribbean Sea
	Central America
	Chicxulub Crater
	Chortis Block
	Colombia
	Colombian Basin
	Los Testigos
	Venezuela
	Yucatan Peninsula
SN	Also search Caribbean. Indexed with Antilles, Caribbean Sea, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela as applicable.

Caribbean Sea
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
NT	Aves Ridge
	Beata Ridge
	Cariaco Basin
	Cayman Trough
	Mid-Cayman Rise
	Nicaragua Rise
	Venezuelan Basin
	Yucatan Basin
RT	Aves Island
	Caribbean region
	DSDP Site 541
	Barracuda Ridge
	Carapita Formation
	Chicxulub Crater
	Colombian Basin
	DSDP Site 146
	DSDP Site 147
	DSDP Site 148
	DSDP Site 149
	DSDP Site 150
	DSDP Site 151
	DSDP Site 152
	DSDP Site 153
	DSDP Site 154
	DSDP Site 502
	DSDP
SN	Bounded by the West Indies on the N and E, South America on the S, and Central America on the W. Also search Caribbean. Before 1981, Grand Cayman Island was included as a narrower term. Before 1995, Los Testigos, and Aves Island were included as narrower

Cariboo Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..British Columbia
	...Cariboo Mountains
RT	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Rocky Mountains
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains in E central British Columbia.

Caribou County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Caribou County Idaho
SN	SE Idaho.

Carinthia Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Carinthia Austria
NT	Bleiberg Austria
	Krappfeld
	Sau Alps
	Villach Austria
	Wolfsberg Austria
RT	Carnic Alps
	Gailtal Alps
	Karawanken
	Koralpe Range
	South Austrian Alps

Carixian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lower Jurassic
	.....Carixian
SN	Europe.

Carleton County New Brunswick
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Maritime Provinces
	...New Brunswick
	....Carleton County New Brunswick
NT	Woodstock New Brunswick

Carlile Sh

Carlile Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Carlile Shale
RT	New Mexico
	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	South Dakota
	Colorado Group
	Benton Formation
	Codell Sandstone Member
SN	In Colorado Group. E Colorado, Kansas, SE Montana, Nebraska, NE New Mexico, South Dakota, E Wyoming.

Carlin Mine
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Carlin Mine
RT	mines
	gold ores
SN	Gold ores. NE Nevada. Also search Carlin Nevada.

Carlin Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Elko County Nevada
	...Carlin Nevada
SN	Town in NE Nevada.

Carlin Trend
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Carlin Trend
RT	gold ores
	carlin-type deposits
SN	Gold belt. Elko and Eureka counties, NE Nevada.

carlin-type deposits
UF	noseeum deposits
RT	mineral deposits, genesis
	gold ores
	Carlin Trend
	disseminated deposits
	epithermal processes

Carlisle County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Carlisle County Kentucky

Carlsbad
SN	As of 1989, use Carlsbad New Mexico for the city in New Mexico. For the town in W Czech Republic, use Karlovy Vary Czech Republic.

Carlsbad Caverns
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Eddy County New Mexico
	...Carlsbad Caverns
RT	Lechuguilla Cave
SN	In SW Eddy County just N of Texas border.

Carlsbad New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Eddy County New Mexico
	...Carlsbad New Mexico
SN	City in SE New Mexico.

Carlsberg Ridge
BT	Indian Ocean
	.Carlsberg Ridge
UF	Arabian Ridge
	Arabian-Indian Midoceanic Ridge
	Arabian-Indian Ridge
RT	mid-ocean ridges
SN	Between Somali Republic and the Seychelles to the W, and the Laccadive and Maldive islands to the E.

Carlton County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Carlton County Minnesota

Carlton Rhyolite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Middle Cambrian
	.....Carlton Rhyolite
RT	Oklahoma
SN	SW Oklahoma. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carmarthenshire Wales
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....Wales
	.....Dyfed Wales
	......Carmarthenshire Wales
SN	Former county in S Wales on Bristol Channel. As of April of 1974, considered part of Dyfed. Before 1993, also search Carmarthen.

Carmel Bay
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Carmel Bay
SN	NW Monterey County, W California.

Carmel California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Monterey County California
	...Carmel California
UF	Carmel-by-the-Sea
SN	City in W California.

Carmel Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Carmel Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Utah
	Colorado
	Arizona
	San Rafael Group
SN	Middle and Upper Jurassic. In San Rafael Group. Utah, NE Arizona, W Colorado and NW New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Carmel-by-the-Sea
USE	Carmel California

Carmona Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Andalusia Spain
	.....Seville Spain
	......Carmona Spain
SN	City in SW Spain.

carnallite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..carnallite

Carnarvon Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Western Australia
	...Carnarvon Basin
SN	S of Lake McLeod in Carnarvon region in W Western Australia.

Carnegie Ridge
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.East Pacific
	..Carnegie Ridge
RT	DSDP Site 156
	Equatorial Pacific
	Leg 16
SN	Just S of the equator between Ecuador and Galapagos Islands.

carnelian
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..silica minerals
	...carnelian
RT	chalcedony
	gems

Carnian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Upper Triassic
	.....Carnian
RT	Hallstatt Limestone
	Stuhini Group
SN	Europe. Above Ladinian, below Norian.

Carnic Alps
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Eastern Alps
	...Carnic Alps
RT	Veneto Italy
	Carinthia Austria
	Karawanken
	Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy
SN	Range of Eastern Alps. Indexed with countries as applicable.

carniv

Carnivora
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Carnivora
NT	Fissipeda
	Pinnipedia
SN	Order.

carnivorous taxa
RT	Carnosauria
	dinosaurs
	ecology
	herbivorous taxa
	feeding
	paleoecology
	Plantae
	predation
	trophic analysis
SN	As of 1998, use Carnivora for the mammalian order.

Carnmenellis Granite
RT	England
	Scotland
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carnosauria
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Archosauria
	......Saurischia
	.......Theropoda
	........Carnosauria
NT	Allosaurus
	Tyrannosauridae
RT	carnivorous taxa
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

carnotite
BT	vanadates
	.carnotite
RT	uranium ores
	vanadium ores

Carolina Bays
BT	United States
	.Carolina Bays
RT	South Carolina
	Virginia
	geomorphology
	Florida
	North Carolina
	Maryland
	Georgia
	Atlantic Coastal Plain
	impact features
	Delaware
	New Jersey
SN	Depressions on the E coast of the U.S. from Florida to New Jersey that are of controversial origin. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Carolina slate belt
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Carolina slate belt
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
	Avalon Zone
	Charlotte Belt
	Carolina Terrane
	Kings Mountain Belt
	Kiokee Belt
	Raleigh Belt
SN	W North Carolina and NW South Carolina. Indexed with states as applicable.

Carolina Terrane
BT	United States
	.Carolina Terrane
RT	South Carolina
	Virginia
	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Carolina slate belt
	Southern Appalachians
SN	Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian composite volcanic arc exotic to North America which occurs in the Southern Appalachians of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Caroline County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Caroline County Maryland

Caroline County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Caroline County Virginia

Caroline Islands
BT	Oceania
	.Micronesia
	..Caroline Islands
NT	Palau
UF	Carolines
RT	Pacific Ocean
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
SN	Central and W island group of U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Used in subfiles B and E.

Carolines
USE	Caroline Islands

carotenoids
BT	organic compounds
	.pigments
	..carotenoids

Carpathian Foredeep
BT	Europe
	.Carpathian Foredeep
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Slovakia
	Carpathians
SN	Elongated depressions bordering Carpathians. Also search Carpathian AND foredeep. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Carpathian Foreland
BT	Europe
	.Carpathian Foreland
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Slovakia
	Carpathians
	Subcarpathians
SN	Stable area marginal to Carpathians. Also search Carpathian AND foreland. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Carpathian Mountains
USE	Carpathians

Carpathians
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
NT	Beshchady Mountains
	Beskid Mountains
	Bistrita Mountains
	Bukk Mountains
	Eastern Carpathians
	Matra Mountains
	Polish Carpathians
	Slovakian Carpathians
	Subcarpathians
	Tatra Mountains
	Ukrainian Carpathians
	Vrancea
	Western Carpathians
UF	Carpathian Mountains
RT	Romania
	Poland
	Ukraine
	Hungary
	Slovakia
	Czech Republic
	Transylvanian Alps
	Carpathian Foredeep
	Carpathian Foreland
	Paring Mountains
	Pieniny Klippen Belt
	Rodna Mountains
	Tokaj-Eperjes Mountains
SN	Mountain system of E and central Europe enclosing the Alfold. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Carpentaria Basin
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Carpentaria Basin
RT	Queensland Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
SN	Region around Gulf of Carpentaria. Indexed with Australian states as applicable.

Carpentarian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Carpentarian
SN	SE Australia.

carpholite
BT	silicates
	.chain silicates
	..carpholite
RT	aluminosilicates
	ferrocarpholite

Carrara Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Carrara Formation
RT	California
	Nevada
SN	Lower to Middle Cambrian. California and S Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carrara Marble
RT	marble deposits
	ornamental materials
SN	From marble deposits at Carrara, NW Italy. Material used throughout the world for monuments and sculptures. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Carriacou
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Carriacou
RT	Grenada
	Windward Islands
SN	Largest island of the Grenadines in the Windward Islands. Indexed with Windward Islands.

Carrizo Mountain Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Carrizo Mountain Formation
RT	Texas
SN	W Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Carrizo Plain
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Luis Obispo County California
	...Carrizo Plain
RT	San Andreas Fault
SN	Between Caliente and Temblor ranges, SW California.

Carrizo Sand
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Carrizo Sand
RT	Louisiana
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Claiborne Group
SN	In Claiborne Group. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Carroll County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Carroll County Arkansas
SN	NW Arkansas.

Carroll County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Carroll County Georgia
SN	W Georgia.

Carroll County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Carroll County Illinois
SN	NW Illinois.

Carroll County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Carroll County Indiana
SN	NW central Indiana.

Carroll County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Carroll County Iowa
SN	W central Iowa.

Carroll County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Carroll County Kentucky
SN	N Kentucky.

Carroll County Maryland
BT	United States
	.Maryland
	..Carroll County Maryland
SN	N Maryland.

Carroll County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Carroll County Mississippi
SN	Central Mississippi.

Carroll County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Carroll County Missouri
SN	NW central Missouri.

Carroll County New Hampshire
BT	w Hampshire
	.Carroll County New Hampshire
RT	Hubbard Brook experimental forest
	Mirror Lake
	Saco River
SN	On Maine line in E New Hampshire.

Carroll County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Carroll County Ohio
SN	E Ohio.

Carroll County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Carroll County Tennessee
SN	NW Tennessee.

Carroll County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Carroll County Virginia
SN	SW Virginia. Also search Galax Virginia if applicable.

carrollite
BT	sulfides
	.carrollite
UF	sychnodymite
RT	cobalt ores
	linnaeite

Carry-le-Rouet
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Bouches-du-Rhone France
	....Carry-le-Rouet
SN	A section in S Bouches-du-Rhone.

Carson City County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Carson City County Nevada

Carson County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Carson County Texas

Carson River
BT	United States
	.Carson River
RT	Alpine County California
	Churchill County Nevada
	Douglas County Nevada
	Lyon County Nevada
SN	Flows from Sierra Nevada to the Carson Sink in W central Nevada. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.

carst
USE	karst

Carswell Structure
BT	Canada
	.Carswell Structure
RT	Saskatchewan
	impact features
	Northwest Territories
	Keewatin District Northwest Territories
SN	Lake Athabasca area of NW Saskatchewan, and the Baker Lake area in Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories. Indexed with province and/or territory as applicable.

Cartagena Colombia
BT	South America
	.Colombia
	..Bolivar Colombia
	...Cartagena Colombia
SN	City on the Caribbean Sea.

Carter County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Carter County Kentucky
SN	NE Kentucky.

Carter County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Carter County Missouri
SN	S Missouri.

Carter County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Carter County Montana
RT	Bell Creek Field
SN	SE Montana.

Carter County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Carter County Oklahoma
RT	Arbuckle Mountains
SN	S Oklahoma.

Carter County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Carter County Tennessee
SN	NE Tennessee.

Carteret County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Carteret County North Carolina
NT	Beaufort North Carolina
RT	Cape Lookout
SN	E North Carolina, on the Atlantic Ocean.

Carterinacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Carterinacea
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cartersville Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bartow County Georgia
	...Cartersville Georgia
SN	City in NW Georgia.

cartographic scales
UF	map scales
	scales, cartographic
RT	cartography
	maps
	scale factor
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

cartography
NT	digital cartography
UF	chartology
RT	registration
	aerial photography
	geomorphology
	maps
	photogeology
	photogrammetry
	altimetry
	geodesy
	topography
	ARC/INFO
	mapping
	cartographic scales
	coordinates
	global maps
	legends
	leveling
	stereographic projection
	topographic correction
	triangulation
	trilate
SN	As of 1993, restricted to the art and science of mapmaking. For methods, instruments, programs. Before 1972, also search geological exploration; before 1976 also search geologic mapping; before 1978 also search mapping. As of 1993, see mapping for the pro

Carver County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Carver County Minnesota

carvings, rock
USE	petroglyphs

Carya
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Carya
SN	Genus.

Caryophyllidae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Caryophyllidae

Casa Diablo
UF	Casa Diablo hot springs
RT	Long Valley Caldera
	Mono County California
SN	Hot springs in Long Valley Caldera, E California. May occur in other locations. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Casa Diablo hot springs
USE	Casa Diablo

Casablanca Morocco
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Morocco
	...Casablanca Morocco
SN	City bordering the Atlantic Ocean in W Morocco.

Casapalca Peru
BT	South America
	.Peru
	..Lima Peru
	...Casapalca Peru
SN	Town NE of city of Lima.

Cascade County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Cascade County Montana
RT	Big Belt Mountains
	Little Belt Mountains
SN	W central Montana.

Cascade Mountains
USE	Cascade Range

Cascade Range
BT	United States
	.Cascade Range
NT	Mount Hood
	Mount Rainier
	Mount Saint Helens
	Mount Shasta
	Newberry Volcano
UF	Cascade Mountains
	Cascades (Range)
RT	Washington
	California
	Coast Mountains
	North American Cordillera
	Oregon
	Brothers fault zone
	Glacier Peak
	Golden Horn Batholith
	Mount Adams
	Mount Baker
	Mount Jefferson
	Shuksan Thrust
	Sierra Nevada
	Straight Creek Fault
SN	Northern continuation of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The Coast Mountains continue the range in British Columbia. Indexed with states as applicable.

cascades
BT	fluvial features
	.cascades
RT	geomorphology
	hydrology
	streams
	rapids
	waterfalls

Cascades (Range)
USE	Cascade Range

Cascadia Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Cascadia Basin
RT	Cascadia subduction zone
	Leg 168
	ODP Site 1023
	ODP Site 1024
	ODP Site 1025
	ODP Site 1026
	ODP Site 1027
	ODP Site 1028
	ODP Site 1029
	ODP Site 1030
	ODP Site 1031
	ODP Site 1032
	ODP Site 888
SN	Off the coast of Washington. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cascadia Channel
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.North Pacific
	..Northeast Pacific
	...Cascadia Channel
SN	Off coast of Oregon SW of Cascadia Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cascadia subduction zone
RT	British Columbia
	California
	Cascadia Basin
	Gorda Plate
	Juan de Fuca Plate
	Leg 146
	North American Plate
	Northeast Pacific
	ODP Site 891
	Oregon
	plate tectonics
	Washington
SN	Juan de Fuca Plate is being subducted beneath North American Plate. Extends from Vancouver Island to the N California coast. Before 1993, also search Cascadia and subduction. Indexed with Northeast Pacific and/or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus

Casco Bay Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Casco Bay Group
RT	Maine
	Cape Elizabeth Formation
SN	Lower and middle Paleozoic. SW Maine. Includes Cape Elizabeth Formation, Spring Point Greenstone, Diamond Island Slate, Scarboro Phyllite, Spurwink Limestone, Jewell Phyllite and Mackworth Slate. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

case histories
USE	case studies

case studies
UF	case histories
	studies, case
RT	pollution
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics

Caserta Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Campania Italy
	....Caserta Italy
SN	Province and city NE of Naples.

Casey County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Casey County Kentucky

Caseyville Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Lower Pennsylvanian
	......Caseyville Formation
RT	Kentucky
	Illinois
SN	In McCormick Group. SE Illinois and W Kentucky.

cash transactions
RT	economics
SN	Usually out-of-scope for GeoRef. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cashel Ireland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Ireland
	...Tipperary Ireland
	....Cashel Ireland
SN	Town at the base of the Rock of Cashel in S central Tipperary, S central Ireland.

Casper Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Casper Formation
RT	Permian
	Pennsylvanian
	Wyoming
SN	Pennsylvanian and Permian. Includes all beds from top of Madison Group to base of Permian (Opeche Shale) red shales. In SE Wyoming. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Casper Mountain
RT	Natrona County Wyoming
SN	Central Wyoming. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Casper Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Natrona County Wyoming
	...Casper Wyoming
SN	City in central Wyoming.

Caspian Basin
UF	Caspian region
	Peri-Caspian Depression
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Azerbaijan
	Turkmenia
	Iran
	Caspian Depression
	Eurasia
	Caspian Sea
SN	Region including the Caspian Sea and surrounding areas. Also search Caspian. Indexed with Asia and/or Europe and/or Caspian Sea; and former Soviet republics and/or Iran as applicable.

Caspian Depression
BT	Asia
	.Central Asia
	..Caspian Depression
UF	Caspian Lowland
	Caspian Syneclise
RT	Russian Federation
	Kazakhstan
	Astrakhan Arch
	Caspian Basin
	Karachaganak Field
	Tengiz Field
SN	That part of the Caspian Basin lying N of the Caspian Sea; it is a large lowland area which was submerged by the Caspian Sea at one time. Also search Caspian. Indexed with former Soviet republics as applicable.

Caspian Lowland
USE	Caspian Depression

Caspian region
USE	Caspian Basin

Caspian Sea
RT	Caspian Basin
	Iran
	Kara-Bogaz Gulf
	Neftyanyye Kamni
	Peschanyy
	Russian Federation
SN	Largest inland sea in the world. Also search Caspian. Indexed with Iran and/or the former Soviet republics as applicable.

Caspian Syneclise
USE	Caspian Depression

Cass County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Cass County Illinois
SN	W central Illinois.

Cass County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Cass County Indiana
SN	N central Indiana.

Cass County Iowa
BT	United States
	.Iowa
	..Cass County Iowa
SN	SW Iowa.

Cass County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Cass County Michigan
SN	SW Michigan.

Cass County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Cass County Minnesota
SN	N central Minnesota.

Cass County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Cass County Missouri
SN	W Missouri.

Cass County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Cass County Nebraska
SN	SE Nebraska.

Cass County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Cass County North Dakota
SN	E North Dakota.

Cass County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Cass County Texas
SN	NE Texas.

Cassia County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Cassia County Idaho
RT	Albion Range
SN	On Utah and Nevada borders in S central Idaho.

Cassiar
USE	Cassiar Mountains

Cassiar Mountains
BT	Canada
	.Cassiar Mountains
UF	Cassiar
RT	British Columbia
	Canadian Rocky Mountains
	Yukon Territory
SN	N British Columbia and S Yukon Territory. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Cassidulina
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Cassidulinacea
	.....Cassidulina
RT	microfossils
SN	Genus. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Cassidulinacea
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Cassidulinacea
NT	Anomalinidae
	Cassidulina
	Globocassidulina subglobosa
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

cassiterite
BT	oxides
	.cassiterite
RT	heavy minerals
	tin ores

Castaic Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....upper Miocene
	......Castaic Formation
RT	California
SN	S California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Castellane France
BT	pes-de-Haute Provence France
	.Castellane France
SN	Village in SE France.

Castellon de la Plana City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Castellon Spain
	......Castellon de la Plana City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in E Spain.

Castellon de la Plana Province
USE	Castellon Spain

Castellon de la Plana Spain
USE	Castellon Spain
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Castellon Spain for the province or see Castellon de la Plana City Spain.

Castellon Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Valencia region
	.....Castellon Spain
NT	Castellon de la Plana City Spain
UF	Castellon de la Plana Province
	Castellon de la Plana Spain
RT	Maestrazgo Spain
SN	Refers only to the province in E Spain. For the city, see Castellon de la Plana City Spain.

Castile Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Permian
	....Castile Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Texas
SN	Formation, as now defined, includes beds in lower part of Ochoa Series that are confined in extent to Delaware Basin and overlap sloping surface of Capitan Formation along its margins. SE New Mexico, and W Texas.

Castile Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castile Spain
NT	New Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
RT	Castilla-La Mancha Spain
	Ciudad Real Spain
	Avila Spain
	Burgos Spain
	Guadalajara Spain
	La Rioja Spain
	Palencia Spain
	Segovia Spain
	Soria Spain
	Toledo Spain
	Valladolid Spain
SN	Region and ancient kingdom of central and N central part of country.

Castilla la Nueva
USE	New Castile Spain

Castilla la Vieja
USE	Old Castile Spain

Castilla y Leon Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla y Leon Spain
NT	Avila Spain
	Burgos Spain
	Leon Spain
	Palencia Spain
	Salamanca Spain
	Segovia Spain
	Soria Spain
	Valladolid Spain
	Zamora Spain
RT	Cantabrian Mountains
	Old Castile Spain
SN	Autonomous community which includes parts of former Old Castile and Leon regions, NW Spain.

Castilla-La Mancha Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Castilla-La Mancha Spain
NT	Albacete Spain
	Ciudad Real Spain
	Cuenca Spain
	Guadalajara Spain
	Toledo Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	New Castile Spain
SN	Autonomous community which includes much of New Castile, central Spain. Before 1998, search the individual provinces and New Castile Spain.

Castillon Massif
BT	Europe
	.Pyrenees
	..Castillon Massif
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Ariege France
	....Castillon Massif
RT	French Pyrenees
SN	In Ariege Pyrenees in S France. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Castle Hayne Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Castle Hayne Limestone
RT	South Carolina
	North Carolina
SN	Middle and upper Eocene. Underlies Yorktown Formation near Pollicksville, North Carolina. Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina.

Castle Hayne North Carolina
BT	w Hanover County North Carolina
	.Castle Hayne North Carolina
SN	City in extreme SE North Carolina.

Castlegate Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Castlegate Sandstone
RT	Utah
	Colorado
	Mesaverde Group
	Price River Formation
SN	May be in Mesaverde Group. E central Utah and W central Colorado. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Castleton Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Rutland County Vermont
	...Castleton Vermont
SN	City in S central Vermont.

Castoridae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Castoridae
SN	Family.

Castro County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Castro County Texas

casts
RT	bedding plane irregularities
	chemical fossils
	flute casts
	fossilization
	fossils
	groove casts
	ichnofossils
	lebensspuren
	load casts
	paleontology
	scour casts
	sedimentary structures
	soft sediment deformation
	turbidity current structures
SN	Includes use as the sedimentary structure as well as the paleontologic feature. Indexed with type of sedimentary structures if applicable. Use more specific type if available (See list K). Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

casts, flute
USE	flute casts

casts, groove
USE	groove casts

casts, load
USE	load casts

Caswell County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Caswell County North Carolina

cataclasis
RT	brittle deformation
	deformation
	metamorphism
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

cataclasites
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.cataclasites

catagenesis
UF	katagenesis
RT	sedimentary rocks

Catahoula Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Tertiary
	....Catahoula Formation
RT	Oligocene
	Miocene
	Louisiana
	Mississippi
	Texas
	Alabama
SN	Louisiana, Mississippi, S Alabama and E Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Catahoula Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Catahoula Parish Louisiana

Catalina Schist
RT	California
	Mesozoic
	Paleozoic
SN	S California. Mesozoic or older. Indexed with age as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

catalogs
RT	Arabic
	associations
	atlas
	bibliography
	book reviews
	collections
	education
	English
	exhibits
	French
	geology
	German
	glossaries
	inventory
	lexicons
	libraries
	maps
	mineralogy
	monographs
	museums
	oceanography
	paleobotany
	paleontology
	petrology
	publications
	Russia
SN	Indexed with language if not English.

Catalonia Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonia Spain
NT	Barcelona Spain
	Gerona Spain
	Lerida Spain
	Llobregat River basin
	Tarragona Spain
RT	Ter River basin
	Catalonian Coastal Ranges
SN	Historical region and autonomous community in NE Spain. Indexed with provinces as applicable.

Catalonian Coastal Ranges
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Catalonian Coastal Ranges
RT	Catalonia Spain
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

catalysis
RT	chemical analysis
	geochemistry

Catamarca Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..Catamarca Argentina
RT	Pampean Mountains
SN	Province including its capital, NW Argentina.

Catanda Angola
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Angola
	...Catanda Angola
SN	Village in E Angola.

Catanzaro Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Calabria Italy
	....Catanzaro Italy
SN	Province and city in central Calabria.

cataphoresis
USE	electrophoresis

catastrophes
RT	damage
	destruction
	geologic hazards
	mass extinctions

catastrophic
SN	A valid term through 1977.

catastrophic advance
USE	glacier surges

catastrophic waves
BT	ocean waves
	.catastrophic waves
RT	waves
	tsunamis
SN	Before 1978, also search catastrophic AND ocean waves.

catastrophism
RT	biologic evolution
	creationism
	uniformitarianism

Catawba County North Carolina
BT	United States
	.North Carolina
	..Catawba County North Carolina

catazonal metamorphism
BT	metamorphism
	.catazonal metamorphism
UF	katazonal metamorphism
RT	high-grade metamorphism
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

catchment hydrodynamics
RT	drainage basins
	ground water
	hydrodynamics
	hydrology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

catchments
USE	drainage basins

catenas
RT	craters
	soils
	toposequences
SN	Soil association of a given area developed from common parent material.

Cathaysia
RT	Asia
	China
	continental drift
	Gondwana
	Indochina
	Malaysia
	paleogeography
SN	Paleozoic-?Triassic landmass which included SE China, Indochina, and SE Asian islands. Indexed with countries and continents as applicable.

cathodoluminescence
RT	luminescence

cation exchange
SN	A valid term through 1978. After 1978, use ion exchange or cation exchange capacity.

cation exchange capacity
RT	clay mineralogy
	geochemistry
	ion exchange
	ions
SN	Also search cation exchange.

cation-ratio dating
RT	exposure age
	geochronology
	relative age
	rock varnish
SN	Use of K+Ca/Ti ratio for rock varnish dating. Before 1995, also search cations and (ratios or isotope ratios) and geochronology. Also index exposure age if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

cations
RT	anions
	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Term reintroduced in 1981. Previously valid through May 1978. Also search ions. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Catoche Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Catoche Formation
RT	Newfoundland Island
SN	W Newfoundland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Catoctin Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Catoctin Formation
RT	Virginia
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	Divided into Warrenton Agglomerate Member at base and basalt flows now altered to metabasalt or greenstone schist. W Maryland, N Virginia, and NE West Virginia.

Catoosa County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Catoosa County Georgia

Catron County New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Catron County New Mexico
NT	Mogollon Mountains
RT	San Francisco Mountains
SN	On Arizona border in W New Mexico.

Catskill Delta
BT	United States
	.Catskill Delta
RT	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	West Virginia
SN	Devonian age complex. Indexed with states as applicable.

Catskill Format

Catskill Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Catskill Formation
RT	Devonian
	Virginia
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Maryland
	Lower Mississippian
SN	Middle Devonian to Lower Mississippian. In Susquehanna Group. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Catskill Mountains
BT	North America
	.Appalachians
	..Catskill Mountains
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Catskill Mountains
RT	Appalachian Plateau
SN	Group of the Appalachians in SE New York. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Cattaraugus County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Cattaraugus County New York
NT	West Valley New York
SN	SW New York.

cattierite
BT	sulfides
	.cattierite

Caucasian Foreland
USE	Caucasus Foreland

Caucasus
BT	Europe
	.Caucasus
NT	Greater Caucasus
	Lesser Caucasus
	Northern Caucasus
UF	Caucasus Mountains
RT	Russian Federation
	Georgian Republic
	Armenia
	Azerbaijan
	Transcaucasia
	Elbrus
	Filizchay
	Ossetia
SN	Mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas. Indexed with Greater Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus, Northern Caucasus, and former Soviet republics as applicable.

Caucasus Foreland
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Caucasus Foreland
BT	Europe
	.Caucasus Foreland
UF	Caucasian Foreland
RT	Kuban
	Northern Caucasus
SN	The Northern Caucasus (Ciscaucasia area) which includes the northern slopes and foothills of the Caucasus plus the Kuban steppes to the north. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Caucasus Mountains
USE	Caucasus

Caudata
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Amphibia
	....Lissamphibia
	.....Caudata
NT	Urodela
SN	Superorder.

cauldrons
BT	volcanic features
	.cauldrons
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	volcanology
	calderas
	crater lakes
	resurgence

causes
RT	geology

Causses
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Causses
UF	South Massif
RT	Central Massif
SN	An arid Jurassic limestone plateau of S Central Massif in S and SW France.

caustobiolith
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.caustobiolith
UF	caustobioliths
RT	organic compounds

caustobioliths
USE	caustobiolith

Cauvery Basin
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Cauvery Basin
UF	Kaveri Basin
RT	Tamil Nadu India
	Karnataka India
SN	River basin in S Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, S India. Indexed with states as applicable.

Caux
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Seine-Maritime France
	....Caux
SN	Chalky tableland in N France.

Cavalier County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Cavalier County North Dakota

cave ecology
USE	cave environment

cave environment
BT	terrestrial environment
	.cave environment
UF	cave ecology
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	paleoecology
	depositional environment
	subaerial environment
	solution features
	caves
	speleology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

cave maps
BT	maps
	.cave maps
RT	caves
	caverns
SN	Before 1981, also search caves AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cavellinidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Arthropoda
	..Mandibulata
	...Crustacea
	....Ostracoda
	.....Podocopida
	......Cavellinidae
RT	microfossils
	Healdiidae
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

caverns
RT	cave maps
	caves
	geomorphology
	shore features
	solution features
	stalactites
	stalagmites
	underground cavities
	underground streams
	volcanic features
SN	Indexed with solution features as applicable.

caves
RT	cave environment
	cave maps
	caverns
	exsurgence
	geomorphology
	karst
	resurgence
	shore features
	solution
	solution cavities
	solution features
	speleology
	speleothems
	stalactites
	stalagmites
	underground cavities
	underground streams
	volcanic features

Caviomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Rodentia
	.......Caviomorpha

cavities
SN	Used as a general term through 1978. After 1978, see specific terms, e.g. underground space or solution cavities.

cavities, solution
USE	solution cavities

Cavnic Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Maramures Romania
	.....Cavnic Romania
UF	Capnic Romania
SN	Village in Maramures County in N Transylvania.

Cayman Islands
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Cayman Islands
NT	Grand Cayman Island
RT	Bluff Formation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Cayman Trench
USE	Cayman Trough

Cayman Trough
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Caribbean Sea
	...Cayman Trough
UF	Cayman Trench
SN	South of the Cayman Islands and Cuba.

Caytoniales
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Caytoniales
NT	Pachypteris

Cayuga County New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Cayuga County New York
RT	Cayuga Lake
SN	Central New York.

Cayuga Lake
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Finger Lakes
	...Cayuga Lake
RT	Cayuga County New York
	Seneca County New York
	Tompkins County New York
SN	One of the Finger Lakes in Cayuga, Seneca and Tompkins counties, W central New York. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Cayugan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Silurian
	....Upper Silurian
	.....Cayugan
NT	Tonoloway Limestone
	Williamsport Sandstone
RT	Keyser Limestone
SN	Provincial series, North America. Above Niagaran, below Ulsterian (Devonian).