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La
USE	lanthanum

La Brea tar pits
USE	Rancho La Brea

La Caridad Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Asturias Spain
	.....La Caridad Spain
SN	Settlement in NW central Spain.

La Coruna City Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....La Coruna Spain
	......La Coruna City Spain
SN	Refers to only the city in extreme NW Spain on the Atlantic Ocean. Before 1993, also search La Coruna Spain.

La Coruna Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Galicia Spain
	.....La Coruna Spain
NT	Cabo Ortegal
	La Coruna City Spain
	Santiago de Compostela Spain
RT	Arosa Bay
SN	Refers only to the province in extreme NW Spain. From 1981-1992, also search La Coruna Province and Spain. For the city, see La Coruna City Spain.

La Crosse County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..La Crosse County Wisconsin

La Grande Soufriere
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Lesser Antilles
	....Guadeloupe
	.....La Grande Soufriere
RT	volcanoes
	Leeward Islands
	Soufriere
SN	Volcano. Before 1981, also search Soufriere AND Guadeloupe. Indexed with Leeward Islands. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

La Habana Cuba
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Antilles
	...Greater Antilles
	....Cuba
	.....La Habana Cuba
SN	Province in W Cuba. Before 1981, also search Havana Cuba.

La Jolla California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Diego County California
	...La Jolla California
RT	San Diego California
SN	NW section of San Diego in San Diego County.

La Ligua
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See La Ligua River or La Ligua Chile for the town. Also used for a former department of Aconcagua, now Valparaiso Chile.

La Ligua Chile
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Valparaiso Chile
	...La Ligua Chile
SN	Town in central Chile. In former Aconcagua Province.

La Ligua River
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Valparaiso Chile
	...La Ligua River
SN	River in central Chile. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

La Luna Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....La Luna Formation
RT	Colombia
	Venezuela
SN	N Colombia, W Venezuela. Divided into Salada, Pujamana and Galembo members. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

La Meseta Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......La Meseta Formation
RT	Antarctica
	Seymour Island
SN	Seymour Island, Antarctica. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

La Palma
RT	Canary Islands
SN	NW island, at N28#DG25'N28#DG50' W017#DG45'W018#DG, Canary Islands. May also occur in other locations. Search in combination with Canary Islands. Indexed with Canary Islands if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

La Pampa Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..La Pampa Argentina
RT	Salado Basin
SN	Province in central Argentina.

La Paz
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Also occurs as towns in Argentina and Mexico and as department of El Salvador.

La Paz Bolivia
BT	South America
	.Bolivia
	..La Paz Bolivia
RT	Lake Titicaca
SN	Department and city in W Bolivia.

La Paz County Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..La Paz County Arizona
RT	Buckskin Mountains
	Yuma County Arizona
	Chocolate Mountains
	Date Creek basin
SN	W central Arizona. Formed from N part of Yuma County in 1983. Before 1983, also search Yuma County Arizona.

La Plata County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..La Plata County Colorado
RT	Needle Mountains
SN	SW Colorado.

La Quinta Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....La Quinta Formation
RT	Mexico
	Venezuela
SN	Venezuela and S Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

La Rioja
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See La Rioja Argentina; La Rioja Spain if applicable.

La Rioja Argentina
BT	South America
	.Argentina
	..La Rioja Argentina
NT	Paganzo Argentina
RT	Chanares Formation
	Guandacol Formation
	Pampean Mountains
	Paganzo Basin
	Salado Basin
SN	Province in NW Argentina.

La Rioja Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....La Rioja Spain
NT	Logrono City Spain
RT	Castile Spain
	Old Castile Spain
	Sierra de la Demanda
SN	Autonomous community and province of N central Spain. Formerly Logrono province. From 1981-1992, also search Logrono Province and Spain. Before 1998, also search Logrono Spain. For the city, see Logrono City Spain. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

La Ronge Belt
USE	La Ronge Domain

La Ronge Doma

La Ronge Domain
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
	...La Ronge Domain
UF	La Ronge Belt
RT	gold ores
SN	N central Saskatchewan. Gold ores. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

La Ronge Saskatchewan
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
	...La Ronge Saskatchewan
RT	Lac La Ronge
SN	Village and lake in N central Saskatchewan.

La Salle County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..La Salle County Illinois
SN	N Illinois.

La Salle County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..La Salle County Texas
SN	S Texas.

La Salle Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....La Salle Limestone
RT	Illinois
SN	Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian. In McLeansboro Group. NE Illinois.

La Salle Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..La Salle Parish Louisiana

La Ventana Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....La Ventana Sandstone
RT	New Mexico
	Mesaverde Group
SN	Of Mesaverde Group. NW New Mexico.

Laacher See
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	....Laacher See
UF	Lake of Laach
SN	Rhineland-Palatinate, W Germany. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Laba Basin
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Krasnodar Russian Federation
	...Laba Basin
SN	River basin in Krasnodar Kray of the Northern Caucasus. Also search Laba. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Labelle County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Labelle County Quebec

Labette County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Labette County Kansas
SN	SE Kansas.

Labette Shale
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Middle Pennsylvanian
	......Desmoinesian
	.......Labette Shale
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Oklahoma
	Kansas
	Marmaton Group
SN	In Marmaton Group.

laboratory studie

laboratory studies
UF	studies, laboratory
RT	engineering geology
	quality control
	environmental geology
	experimental studies
	models
	modern analogs
	simulation
	Rayleigh number
	settling
	sandbox models
	theoretical studies
	physical models
	Long Duration Exposure Facility
	scale models
SN	General term. From 1981-1997 restricted to engineering studies. Indexed with experimental studies if applicable.

Laborcita Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Laborcita Formation
RT	Lower Permian
	New Mexico
	Upper Pennsylvanian
	Magdalena Group
SN	In Magdalena Group. S New Mexico. Indexed with ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Labrador
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Newfoundland
	...Labrador
NT	Kiglapait
	Kiglapait Intrusion
	Mistastin Lake
	Nain Massif
	Nain Newfoundland
	Torngat Mountains
	Wabush
RT	Superior Province
	Belle Isle
	Churchill Province
	Hudson Strait
	Grenville Province
	Churchill Falls
	Labrador Current
	Labrador Trough
	Nain Province
	Rae Province
	Sokoman Formation
	Torngat Orogeny
	Ungava

Labrador Basin
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Labrador Basin
SN	E of Labrador and S of Greenland.

Labrador Current
RT	Davis Strait
	Labrador
	Labrador Sea
	Newfoundland Island
	North Atlantic
SN	Formed by West Greenland Current and Baffin Island Current at Davis Strait, flows SE along coast of Labrador and Newfoundland, and meets North Atlantic Current at about N42#DG W50#DG. Indexed with oceans such as North Atlantic as applicable. Added to Thes

Labrador Sea
BT	Atlantic Ocean
	.North Atlantic
	..Labrador Sea
RT	Leg 105
	ODP Site 646
	ODP Site 647
	Hudson Strait
	Labrador Current
	Leg 12
	DSDP Site 112
	DSDP Site 113
SN	Between Labrador and SW Greenland.

Labrador Trough
BT	Canada
	.Labrador Trough
RT	Quebec
	Labrador
SN	In Quebec and Labrador. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

labradorite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..feldspar group
	...plagioclase
	....labradorite
RT	igneous rocks

labradoritite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..gabbros
	...labradoritite

labuntsovite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...labuntsovite

Labyrinthodontia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Amphibia
	....Labyrinthodontia
NT	Anthracosauria
	Temnospondyli
SN	Subclass.

Lac du Bonnet
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Lac du Bonnet
RT	Lac du Bonnet Batholith
	Lac du Bonnet Manitoba
SN	Lake in SE Manitoba. As of 1993, use Lac du Bonnet Manitoba for the town. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lac du Bonnet Batholith
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Lac du Bonnet Batholith
RT	Lac du Bonnet
	Underground Research Laboratory
SN	Intrusion; site for nuclear waste disposal management in SE Manitoba. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lac du Bonnet Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Lac du Bonnet Manitoba
RT	Lac du Bonnet
SN	Town in SE Manitoba.

Lac du Bouchet
BT	ute-Loire France
	.Lac du Bouchet
UF	Bouchet Lake
	Lake Bouchet
RT	Velay
SN	Maar lake in Velay region of Central Massif, Haute Loire, S central France. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Lac La Ronge
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Saskatchewan
	...Lac La Ronge
UF	Lake La Ronge
RT	La Ronge Saskatchewan
SN	Lake in N central Saskatchewan.

Lac qui Parle County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Lac qui Parle County Minnesota

Lac-Saint-Jean-Est County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Lac-Saint-Jean-Est County Quebec

Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest County Quebec

Laccadive Islands
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Laccadive Islands
RT	Indian Ocean Islands
SN	Off SW coast of India in Lakshadweep Territory. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

laccoliths
BT	intrusions
	.laccoliths
UF	cistern rock
RT	domes
	batholiths
	dikes
	lopoliths

Lacertilia
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Reptilia
	....Diapsida
	.....Lepidosauria
	......Squamata
	.......Lacertilia
NT	Mosasauridae
SN	Suborder.

Lachlan fold belt
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..Lachlan fold belt
RT	Queensland Australia
	New South Wales Australia
	Tasmania Australia
	Victoria Australia
SN	E Australia, from E central Queensland to NE Tasmania. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lackawanna County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Lackawanna County Pennsylvania

Laclede County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Laclede County Missouri

LaCoste-Romberg gravimeters
BT	gravimeters
	.LaCoste-Romberg gravimeters
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

lacustrine
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use lacustrine features or (as of 1981) lacustrine environment.

lacustrine environment
NT	fluviolacustrine environment
	glaciolacustrine environment
RT	aquatic environment
	deep-water environment
	depositional environment
	ecology
	highstands
	hypersaline environment
	lacustrine features
	lacustrine sedimentation
	lake sediments
	lake-level changes
	lakes
	levels
	littoral cells
	lowstands
	meromictic lakes
	nearshore
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

lacustrine features
UF	features, lacustrine
RT	geomorphology
	fluviolacustrine environment
	lacustrine environment
	beaches
	inlets
	bedforms
	bogs
	fens
	marshes
	crater lakes
	glacial lakes
	kames
	lakes
	ephemeral lakes
	extinct lakes
	fan deltas
	ice dams
	glaciolacustrine environment
	limnology
	meromictic lakes
	mi
SN	Also search lacustrine.

lacustrine sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.lacustrine sedimentation
NT	fluviolacustrine sedimentation
	glaciolacustrine sedimentation
RT	fluviolacustrine environment
	lacustrine environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

lacustrine sediments
USE	lake sediments

Ladak
USE	Ladakh

Ladakh
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..Jammu and Kashmir
	...Ladakh
UF	Ladak
RT	India
	China
	Pakistan
	Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone
	Karakoram
SN	Region in Jammu and Kashmir. S Ladakh divided between India and Pakistan. Indexed with India and/or Pakistan as applicable.

Ladd Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Ladd Formation
RT	California
	Holz Shale
SN	S California. Includes Holz Shale and Baker Conglomerate Member. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Ladinian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Triassic
	....Middle Triassic
	.....Ladinian
RT	Hallstatt Limestone
SN	Europe: upper Middle Triassic. Above Anisian, below Carnian.

Ladner Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Ladner Group
RT	Washington
	British Columbia
SN	S British Columbia and N Washington. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Ladoga Series
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Ladoga Series
RT	Russian Federation
	Finland
	Baltic Shield
	Karelia Russian Federation
SN	Used for the Precambrian metamorphic unit in the Lake Ladoga region of the Russian Federation and Finland. Not to be confused with Quaternary deposits or Cambrian-Silurian sedimentary rocks of the same name in the same region. (These units will be assigne

Laetoli
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Tanzania
	...Laetoli
SN	Pliocene site of Tanzania. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Laetoli Beds
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Laetoli Beds
UF	Laetolil Beds
RT	Tanzania
SN	Pleistocene. Tanzania. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Laetolil Beds
USE	Laetoli Beds

Lafayette County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Lafayette County Arkansas
RT	Walker Creek Field
SN	SW Arkansas.

Lafayette County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Lafayette County Florida
SN	Bounded by Suwannee River in N Florida.

Lafayette County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Lafayette County Mississippi
NT	Oxford Mississippi
SN	N Mississippi.

Lafayette County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Lafayette County Missouri
SN	W central Missouri.

Lafayette County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Lafayette County Wisconsin
SN	S Wisconsin.

Lafayette Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Lafayette Parish Louisiana
SN	S central Louisiana.

Lafourche Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Lafourche Parish Louisiana
RT	Barataria Bay
SN	Extreme SE Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico.

Lagenidae
BT	Invertebrata
	.Protista
	..Foraminifera
	...Rotaliina
	....Lagenidae
RT	microfossils
SN	Indexed with microfossils if applicable.

Lageos
UF	Laser Geodynamics Satellite
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	laser ranging
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lagerstaetten
USE	Lagerstatten

Lagerstatten
UF	fossil Lagerstatten
	Lagerstaetten
RT	paleontology
	morphology
	fossils
	anatomy
	fossilization
	taphonomy
	faunal studies
	floral studies
	preservation
	soft parts
SN	Derived from the German for any type of deposit. As of 1998 restricted to deposits of exceptionally preserved biotas. Before 1998, also search soft parts and fossilization. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Laghouat
BT	Africa
	.North Africa
	..Algeria
	...Laghouat
SN	Oasis in N central Algeria. After 1993, use Laghouat Algeria for the town.

Lago Maggiore
BT	Europe
	.Lago Maggiore
RT	Piemonte Italy
	Lombardy Italy
	Ticino River
	Ticino Switzerland
SN	Lake in N Italy and S Switzerland. Indexed with countries and canton or provinces as applicable.

Lagomorpha
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Lagomorpha
NT	Leporidae

lagoonal
SN	A valid term through 1977. After 1977, use lagoons or (as of 1981) lagoonal environment or lagoonal sedimentation.

lagoonal environment
RT	aquatic environment
	deep-water environment
	depositional environment
	ecology
	hypersaline environment
	lagoonal sedimentation
	lagoons
	paleoecology
	sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

lagoonal sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.lagoonal sedimentation
RT	lagoonal environment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

lagoons
BT	shore features
	.lagoons
RT	sedimentation
	ecology
	paleoecology
	geomorphology
	lagoonal environment
	segmentation
	atolls
	reefs
	beaches
	barrier reefs
	coastal environment
	lakes
SN	As of 1981, use lagoonal environment for type of environment. Restricted to the natural feature.

Lagos Lagoon
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Nigeria
	...Lagos Lagoon
SN	Between Lagos Island just off the Gulf of Guinea and the mainland. City of Lagos at W end of lagoon. Also search Lagos.

Lagrange County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Lagrange County Indiana

Laguna Madre
RT	Baffin Bay
	Gulf of Mexico
	Kenedy County Texas
	Mexico
	Padre Island
	Tamaulipas Mexico
	Texas
SN	Inlet of the Gulf of Mexico located between Padre Island and mainland S Texas, S of Corpus Christi. Also an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Tamaulipas, E Mexico. Indexed with regions as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

lahars
BT	mass movements
	.lahars
RT	volcanism
	geomorphology
	lava flows
	mudflows

Lahn River
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Lahn River
RT	Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	Hesse Germany
SN	Flows S and SW into the Rhine River SE of Koblenz. Also search Lahn. Indexed with states as applicable.

Lahn River valley
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Lahn River valley
RT	Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
	Hesse Germany
SN	Also search Lahn. Indexed with states as applicable.

laihunite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...laihunite
UF	ferrifayalite

Laisvall Sweden
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Sweden
	....Norrbotten Sweden
	.....Laisvall Sweden
SN	Village in N Sweden.

Lak

Lake Agassiz
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lake Agassiz
RT	North Dakota
	North America
	Minnesota
	Manitoba
SN	Glacial lake which existed in Pleistocene Epoch. Covered parts of N central U.S. and S central Canada. Indexed with Manitoba and U.S. states as applicable.

Lake Albert
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Albert
UF	Lake Mobutu
RT	Congo Democratic Republic
	Uganda
	East African Rift
	Upper Zaire Congo Democratic Republic
SN	Indexed with Uganda and/or Congo Democratic Republic as applicable.

Lake Algonquin
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lake Algonquin
RT	Ontario
	Wisconsin
	North America
	Minnesota
	Michigan
	Lake Superior region
SN	Pleistocene glacial lake. Occupied sites of modern lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron, and adjacent land areas. Indexed with Ontario and U.S. states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Athabasca
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Lake Athabasca
RT	Alberta
	Saskatchewan
	Athabasca District
SN	NW Saskatchewan and NE Alberta. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Baikal
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Lake Baikal
BT	Asia
	.Lake Baikal
UF	Baikal (Lake)
RT	Irkutsk Russian Federation
	Buryat Russian Federation
	Baikal region
	Baikal rift zone
SN	Largest freshwater lake in Eurasia. Bounded on N, E, and S by the Buryatia, and on the W by Irkutsk Oblast. Also search Baikal AND lake or lakes. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lake Balaton
BT	szprem Hungary
	.Lake Balaton
UF	Balaton (Lake)
RT	Balaton region
SN	W Hungary.

Lake Balkhash
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Lake Balkhash
UF	Balkhash (Lake)
RT	Balkhash region
SN	E Kazakhstan. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lake Baringo
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Baringo
UF	Baringo Lake
RT	Great Rift Valley
	Kenya
	Kenya Rift valley
SN	W central Kenya, in Great Rift Valley. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

lake biscuits
USE	algal biscuits

Lake Biwa
BT	nshu
	.Shiga Japan
	..Lake Biwa
UF	Biwa Lake
	Omi (Lake)
SN	W central Honshu. Also search Biwa.

Lake Bonneville
RT	Great Salt Lake
	Holocene
	Idaho
	Nevada
	United States
	Upper Pleistocene
	Utah
SN	Large prehistoric body of water in present Great Salt Lake area. Indexed with states and age or ages as applicable.

Lake Bonney
RT	South Australia
	Taylor Valley
	Victoria Land
SN	Lake in SE South Australia. Also in Taylor Valley of Victoria Land, Antarctica. Indexed with location as applicable.

Lake Bouchet
USE	Lac du Bouchet

Lake Chad
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Lake Chad
RT	Cameroon
	Nigeria
	Niger
	Chad Basin
	Chad
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Champlain
BT	North America
	.Lake Champlain
RT	Quebec
	Vermont
	New York
	Champlain Sea
	Champlain Valley
SN	Between New York and Vermont extending into Quebec. Indexed with Quebec and states as applicable.

Lake Char Fault
BT	United States
	.Lake Char Fault
RT	Massachusetts
	Connecticut
	Rhode Island
SN	SE New England. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Chatuge
BT	United States
	.Lake Chatuge
RT	North Carolina
	Georgia
	Clay County North Carolina
	Towns County Georgia
SN	Indexed with counties as applicable.

Lake Chicago
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lake Chicago
RT	United States
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Wisconsin
	Michigan
	Great Lakes region
SN	Pleistocene glacial lake in the Great Lakes region. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Como (Italy)
USE	Como

Lake Constance
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Lake Constance
UF	Bodensee
	Constance Lake
RT	Switzerland
	Bavaria Germany
	Baden-Wurttemberg Germany
	Rhine River
	Rhine Basin
	Vorarlberg Austria
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Lake County California
RT	Clear Lake
SN	NW California.

Lake County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Lake County Colorado
NT	Climax Colorado
	Leadville Colorado
	Leadville mining district
	Saint Kevin Gulch
RT	Climax Mine
SN	Central Colorado.

Lake County Florida
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Lake County Florida
SN	Bounded by Saint Johns River in central Florida.

Lake County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Lake County Illinois
SN	Bounded by Lake Michigan in extreme NE Illinois.

Lake County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Lake County Indiana
SN	Extreme NW Indiana.

Lake County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Lake County Michigan
SN	W Michigan.

Lake County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Lake County Minnesota
NT	Two Harbors Minnesota
RT	Vermilion Range
SN	NE Minnesota.

Lake County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Lake County Montana
RT	Flathead Lake
SN	NW Montana.

Lake County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Lake County Ohio
SN	NE Ohio.

Lake County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Lake County Oregon
SN	S Oregon.

Lake County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Lake County South Dakota
SN	E South Dakota.

Lake County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Lake County Tennessee
RT	Reelfoot Lake
SN	Extreme NW Tennessee.

Lake District
UF	English Lake District
RT	Cumbria England
	Cumberland England
	Worcestershire England
	Westmorland England
SN	Mountain and lake region in Cumbria, NW England. Until 1975, parts were included in Lancashire, Cumberland, and Westmorland counties. Indexed with England and counties as applicable.

Lake Edward
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Edward
RT	Congo Democratic Republic
	Uganda
	East African Rift
SN	S of Lake Albert. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Erie
BT	North America
	.Great Lakes
	..Lake Erie
RT	Ontario
	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	New York
	Michigan
	Detroit River
SN	Indexed with Ontario and states as applicable.

Lake Eyre
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Lake Eyre
SN	NE South Australia.

Lake Frome
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Lake Frome
SN	E South Australia. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Geneva
BT	Europe
	.Lake Geneva
UF	Lake Leman
	Leman Lake
RT	Haute-Savoie France
	Valais Switzerland
	Geneva Switzerland
	Vaud Switzerland
	Rhone River
	Rhone Valley
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake George
RT	Essex County New York
	New York
	Washington County New York
	Warren County New York
SN	NE New York. Indexed with counties or regions as applicable.

Lake Gosiute
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Lake Gosiute
RT	Green River Formation
	Sweetwater County Wyoming
SN	Eocene lake in SW Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lake Huron
BT	North America
	.Great Lakes
	..Lake Huron
RT	Ontario
	Michigan
	Georgian Bay
	Manitoulin Island
SN	Indexed with Michigan and/or Ontario.

Lake Iroquois
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Lake Iroquois
RT	Canada
	Ontario
	United States
	New York
	Great Lakes region
	Lake Ontario
SN	Glacial lake which existed in the Lake Ontario basin and adjacent area. Indexed with Lake Ontario and/or Ontario and U.S. states as applicable.

Lake Jocassee
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Lake Jocassee
RT	Oconee County South Carolina
	Pickens County South Carolina
SN	Reservoir on Keowee River, NW South Carolina, near Seneca. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lake Kariba
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Kariba
UF	Kariba Lake
RT	Zambezi Valley
	Zimbabwe
	Zambia
SN	Formed by dam in Kariba Gorge of Zambezi River. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Kinneret
USE	Sea of Galilee

Lake Kivu
BT	Africa
	.Central Africa
	..Lake Kivu
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Kivu
RT	Congo Democratic Republic
	East African Rift
	Rwanda
	Kivu Congo Democratic Republic
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake La Ronge
USE	Lac La Ronge

Lake Ladoga
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Lake Ladoga
BT	Europe
	.Lake Ladoga
SN	E and NE of Saint Petersburg. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lake Ladoga region
BT	Europe
	.Lake Ladoga region
RT	Russian Federation
	Finland
	Baltic Shield
	Karelia Russian Federation
	Eastern Finland Province
	Karelia
SN	Region surrounding Lake Ladoga, extending into Finland. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lake Lahontan
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lake Lahontan
RT	United States
	California
	Nevada
	Oregon
SN	Extinct lake. Occupied parts of NW Nevada, NE California and SE Oregon during Pleistocene time. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Lappajarvi
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Finland
	....Western Finland Province
	.....Lake Lappajarvi
RT	impact features
SN	SW central Finland.

Lake Leman
USE	Lake Geneva

Lake Louise
RT	Alberta
	Banff National Park
SN	Village and small lake in Banff National Park in SW Alberta. As of 1993, use Lake Louise Alberta for the village. Also in other locations. Indexed with province or regions as applicable.

Lake Magadi
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Magadi
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Kenya
	...Lake Magadi
RT	East African Rift
SN	Soda lake in S central Kenya. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lake Malawi
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Lake Malawi
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Malawi
UF	Lake Nyasa
RT	East African Rift
	Malawi
	Mozambique
	Tanzania
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Maracaibo
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Lake Maracaibo
RT	Zulia Venezuela
	Maracaibo Basin
	Trujillo Venezuela
SN	Lake in NW Venezuela.

Lake Matagami
USE	Matagami

Lake Maumee
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lake Maumee
RT	Ontario
	Indiana
	Ohio
	North America
	Michigan
	Great Lakes region
SN	Pleistocene glacial lake in Ontario, Ohio, Michigan and Indiana. Indexed with states or provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Mead
RT	Arizona
	Clark County Nevada
	Lake Mead Fault
	Lost City
	Mohave County Arizona
	Nevada
	United States
SN	Within Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Lake Mead Fault
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Lake Mead Fault
RT	Lake Mead
SN	S Nevada. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Mendota
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Dane County Wisconsin
	...Lake Mendota
RT	Madison Wisconsin
SN	In Dane County, S central Wisconsin.

Lake Michigan
BT	North America
	.Great Lakes
	..Lake Michigan
RT	United States
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Wisconsin
	Michigan
	Green Bay
	Wedron Formation
SN	Indexed with states as applicable.

Lake Michigan Basin
USE	Michigan Basin

Lake Michigan Lobe
RT	Canada
	Great Lakes region
	Illinois
	Indiana
	Laurentide ice sheet
	Michigan
	United States
	Wisconsin
SN	Part of Laurentide ice sheet, Wisconsinan glaciation.

Lake Missoula
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Lake Missoula
RT	United States
	Idaho
	Montana
	Washington
	Oregon
	Channeled Scabland
SN	Pleistocene glacial lake in NW United States. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Mobutu
USE	Lake Albert

Lake Natron
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Lake Natron
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Natron
RT	East African Rift
	Kenya
	Tanzania
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Neusiedler
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Lake Neusiedler
UF	Ferto to
	Neusiedler Lake
	Neusiedlersee
RT	Austria
	Hungary
	Burgenland Austria
SN	E Austria and NW Hungary. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Nipissing
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Nipissing District Ontario
	....Lake Nipissing
RT	Callander Bay
SN	Nipissing District, SE Ontario. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Nyasa
USE	Lake Malawi

Lake Nyos
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Cameroon
	...Lake Nyos
UF	Nyos
SN	Volcanic crater lake in NW Cameroon. Site of carbon dioxide outgassing natural disasters. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Lake of Bienne
USE	Biel Lake

Lake of Laach
USE	Laacher See

Lake of the Woods
BT	North America
	.Lake of the Woods
RT	Ontario
	Minnesota
	Manitoba
	Lake of the Woods region
SN	NW Ontario, SE Manitoba and N Minnesota. Indexed with provinces and/or Minnesota and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake of the Woods County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Lake of the Woods County Minnesota

Lake of the Woods region
BT	North America
	.Lake of the Woods region
RT	Ontario
	Minnesota
	Manitoba
	Lake of the Woods
SN	N Minnesota, SW Ontario and SE Manitoba. Indexed with Minnesota and counties and/or Canadian provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake of Zurich
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Lake of Zurich
RT	Zurich Switzerland
SN	N Switzerland.

Lake Okeechobee
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Lake Okeechobee
SN	S central Florida.

Lake Onega
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Lake Onega
BT	Europe
	.Lake Onega
RT	Karelia Russian Federation
	Karelia
	Onega Russian Federation
SN	In Karelia Autonomous Republic. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lake Ontario
BT	North America
	.Great Lakes
	..Lake Ontario
RT	Ontario
	New York
	Lake Iroquois
SN	Indexed with New York and/or Ontario as applicable.

Lake Pontchartrain
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Lake Pontchartrain
SN	S Louisiana. Indexed with parishes as applicable.

Lake Powell
BT	United States
	.Lake Powell
RT	Utah
	Arizona
	Coconino County Arizona
	Garfield County Utah
	San Juan County Utah
	Glen Canyon Dam
	Kane County Utah
SN	Artificial lake in S Utah and N Arizona, in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Lake Rudolf
USE	Lake Turkana

Lake Rudolph
USE	Lake Turkana

Lake Saint Clair
RT	Detroit River
	Great Lakes region
	Macomb County Michigan
	Michigan
	Michigan Lower Peninsula
	North America
	Ontario
	Saint Clair County Michigan
	Thames River
	Wayne County Michigan
SN	SE Michigan and SW Ontario. Indexed with North America or Michigan and U.S. counties or and/or Ontario as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

lake sediments
UF	lacustrine sediments
RT	glacial geology
	sediments
	fluviolacustrine environment
	lacustrine environment
	geochemical surveys
	mineral exploration
	lakes
	glaciolacustrine environment
	glaciolacustrine sedimentation
SN	Before 1998, used chiefly for economic studies. Also search (lacustrine environment OR fluviolacustrine environment OR glaciolacustrine environment) AND sediments. Before 1981, also search sediments AND lakes. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lake Sevan
BT	Europe
	.Armenia
	..Lake Sevan
RT	Razdan River
	Sevan Armenia
SN	N Armenia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lake Superior
BT	North America
	.Great Lakes
	..Lake Superior
RT	Ontario
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Michigan
	Batchawana Bay
	Lake Superior region
	Keweenaw Peninsula
	Thunder Bay
SN	Indexed with Ontario and states as applicable.

Lake Superior Basin
USE	Lake Superior region

Lake Superior region
BT	North America
	.Lake Superior region
UF	Lake Superior Basin
RT	Ontario
	Wisconsin
	Minnesota
	Michigan
	Lake Superior
	Great Lakes region
	Lake Algonquin
	Southern Province
SN	Term reintroduced in 1985. Also search Lake Superior. Not a valid term from 1972-1984. Indexed with Lake Superior, Ontario and states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Suwa
BT	nshu
	.Nagano Japan
	..Lake Suwa
SN	W central Honshu.

Lake Tahoe
BT	United States
	.Lake Tahoe
RT	California
	Nevada
	Douglas County Nevada
	El Dorado County California
	Placer County California
	Washoe County Nevada
SN	E California and W Nevada. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Lake Tanganyika
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Tanganyika
RT	Congo Democratic Republic
	Zambia
	Burundi
	East African Rift
	Tanzania
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Taupo
BT	Australasia
	.New Zealand
	..Lake Taupo
RT	North Island
SN	Central North Island, New Zealand. Also index North Island. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Temiscamingue
USE	Lake Timiskaming

Lake Temiskaming
USE	Lake Timiskaming

Lake Tiberias
USE	Sea of Galilee

Lake Timiskaming
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Lake Timiskaming
UF	Lake Temiscamingue
	Lake Temiskaming
	Temiscamingue Lake
	Temiskaming Lake
	Timiskaming Lake
RT	Ontario
	Quebec
	Timiskaming District Ontario
	Temiscamingue County Quebec
SN	In SW Quebec and E central Ontario. Before 1985, also search Timiskaming. Indexed with provinces as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lake Titicaca
BT	South America
	.Lake Titicaca
RT	Altiplano
	La Paz Bolivia
	Puno Peru
SN	Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Torrens
BT	Australasia
	.Australia
	..South Australia
	...Lake Torrens
SN	E central South Australia.

Lake Turkana
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Lake Turkana
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Turkana
UF	Lake Rudolf
	Lake Rudolph
	Rudolf (Lake)
RT	Ethiopia
	Sudan
	East African Rift
	Kenya
	Turkana Basin
SN	New name for Lake Rudolf. Primarily in Kenya. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Uinta
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Lake Uinta
RT	United States
	Utah
	Wyoming
	Colorado
SN	Extinct lake. Occupied parts of W Colorado, SW Wyoming and E Utah during Eocene time. Indexed with states as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lake Valley Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Lower Mississippian
	......Lake Valley Formation
RT	New Mexico
SN	Includes Alamogordo, Arcente, Dona Ana, and Nunn members.

Lake Vanda
BT	Antarctica
	.Victoria Land
	..Lake Vanda
SN	Saline lake in dry-valleys region of S Victoria Land, near McMurdo Sound. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Lake Victoria
BT	Africa
	.East Africa
	..Lake Victoria
BT	Africa
	.East African Lakes
	..Lake Victoria
RT	Uganda
	Kenya
	Tanzania
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with countries as applicable.

Lake Washington
RT	King County Washington
	Minnesota
	Washington
SN	NW Washington, near Seattle; Meeker County, S central Minnesota, and elsewhere. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lake Winnipeg
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Lake Winnipeg
SN	S central Manitoba.

lake-level changes
RT	lacustrine environment
	lakes
	levels
	paleogeography
	regression
	shorelines
	stratigraphy
	transgression
SN	Also search (lacustrine environment OR lacustrine sedimentation) AND (changes of level OR levels). Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

lakes
NT	crater lakes
	ephemeral lakes
	glacial lakes
	meromictic lakes
RT	drainage
	ecology
	eutrophication
	extinct lakes
	geomorphology
	glacial features
	glaciolacustrine environment
	hydrogen sulfide
	hydrology
	hydrosphere
	lacustrine environment
	lacustrine features
	lagoons
	lake sediments
	lake-level changes
	lava lakes
	limnology
	pale
SN	Used for the geomorphologic feature. As of 1981, use lacustrine environment for type of environment. Before 1972, was sometimes used in combination with extinct (i.e. lakes, extinct). Now use extinct lakes. Also index lacustrine features as applicable.

Lakota Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Lakota Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Nebraska
	South Dakota
	Inyan Kara Group
SN	In Inyan Kara Group. Montana, W South Dakota, NE Nebraska and E Wyoming. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lakshmi Planum
BT	Venus
	.Ishtar Terra
	..Lakshmi Planum
SN	High plateau region, W Ishtar Terra. Before 1993, also search Lakshmi Plateau AND Venus. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Lamar County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Lamar County Alabama
SN	W Alabama.

Lamar County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Lamar County Georgia
SN	W central Georgia.

Lamar County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Lamar County Mississippi
SN	SE Mississippi.

Lamar County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Lamar County Texas
SN	NE Texas.

Lamb County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Lamb County Texas

Lambton County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Lambton County Ontario
SN	S Ontario.

lamellae
RT	deformation
	minerals
SN	Restricted to use with minerals. Not used in biological sense.

Lamellibranchiata
USE	Bivalvia

laminar flow
RT	critical flow
	fluid dynamics
	ground water
	hydraulics
	hydrodynamics
	hydrology
	sediment transport
	sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

laminations
BT	sedimentary structures
	.planar bedding structures
	..laminations
RT	foliation
	bedding
	cross-bedding
	stratification
	Bouma sequence
	laminite
	cross-laminations
	ripple drift-cross laminations
SN	Before 1976, also search lamination.

laminite
RT	clastic rocks
	detritus
	flysch
	laminations
	planar bedding structures
	rhythmite
	turbidite
SN	Used as either a sedimentary rock or as a sedimentary structure. Also index clastic rocks or planar bedding structures as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Lamnidae
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Pisces
	...Chondrichthyes
	....Elasmobranchii
	.....Selachii
	......Galeoidea
	.......Lamnidae
SN	Family.

Lamoille County Vermont
BT	United States
	.Vermont
	..Lamoille County Vermont

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
UF	Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
	LDEO
RT	academic institutions
	New York
SN	In Palisades, SE New York. Part of Columbia University.

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
USE	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

Lamott Sandstone
USE	Lamotte Sandstone

Lamotte Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Upper Cambrian
	.....Lamotte Sandstone
UF	Lamott Sandstone
RT	Missouri
SN	E and central Missouri. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lamoure County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Lamoure County North Dakota

Lampang Thailand
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Thailand
	...Lampang Thailand
SN	City and province in NW Thailand.

Lampasas County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Lampasas County Texas

lamproite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
	...lamproite

lamproite pipes
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Search lamproite AND (pipes OR diatremes).

lamprophyre and carbonatite family
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use lamprophyres or carbonatites as applicable.

lamprophyres
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..lamprophyres
NT	alnoite
	camptonite
	kersantite
	lamproite
	minette
	monchiquite
	spessartite
	vogesite
SN	Before 1981, search lamprophyre and carbonatite family.

Lanark County Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Lanark County Ontario
NT	Perth Ontario

Lancang-Gengma earthquake 1988
BT	earthquakes
	.Lancang-Gengma earthquake 1988
UF	Gengma-Lancang earthquake 1988
RT	China
	Yunnan China
SN	E Yunnan, China. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Lancara Form

Lancara Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lancara Formation
RT	Middle Cambrian
	Spain
	Lower Cambrian
SN	Lower and Middle Cambrian. Formerly considered Middle Cambrian. Overlies Herreira Sandstone. NW Spain. Indexed with Lower Cambrian and/or Middle Cambrian as applicable.

Lancashire England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Lancashire England
NT	Clitheroe England
RT	Morecambe Bay
	Liverpool Bay
	Manchester England
SN	County in NW England. In 1974, parts were taken to form two new counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester.

Lancaster County Nebraska
BT	United States
	.Nebraska
	..Lancaster County Nebraska
SN	SE Nebraska.

Lancaster County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Lancaster County Pennsylvania
SN	SE Pennsylvania.

Lancaster County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Lancaster County South Carolina
SN	N South Carolina.

Lancaster County Virginia
BT	United States
	.Virginia
	..Lancaster County Virginia
SN	E Virginia.

Lancaster Sound
BT	Canada
	.Northwest Territories
	..Franklin District Northwest Territories
	...Lancaster Sound
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Lancaster Sound
SN	Channel between Devon Island and N Baffin Island in E Franklin District. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lance Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Lance Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
SN	Includes Colgate Sandstone Member, Cannonball Marine Member, Ludlow Lignitic Member, Tullock Member, Hell Creek Member, Torrington Member, and Ilo Ridge Member. Montana, W North Dakota, W South Dakota, and Wyoming.

Lanchou China
USE	Lanzhou China

Lanchow China
USE	Lanzhou China

land bridges
RT	biogeography
	continental drift
	faunal provinces
	floral provinces
	migration
	paleogeography
	sea-level changes
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

land canyons
USE	canyons

land cover maps
BT	maps
	.land use maps
	..land cover maps
RT	land use
	natural resources
	environmental geology maps
SN	Also search land cover and maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

land forms
USE	landforms

land leases
RT	conservation
	reclamation

land loss
RT	degradation
	erosion
	erosion rates
	floods
	geologic hazards
	land subsidence
	land use
	polders
	reclamation
	sea-level changes
	shorelines
	soil erosion
	utilization
SN	For the environmental problem of loss of land from causes such as erosion, coastal subsidence, sea-level rise or major degradation of land quality. Also index specific type. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

land management
RT	agriculture
	basin management
	conservation
	decision-making
	environmental effects
	land use
	legislation
	natural resources
	public policy
	public lands
	regulations
	U. S. Bureau of Land Management
	wilderness areas
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

land reclamation
USE	reclamation

land subsi

land subsidenc

land subsidence
RT	abandoned mines
	collapse structures
	compactness
	dams
	engineering geology
	explosions
	foundations
	geologic hazards
	highways
	land loss
	mechanics
	mines
	oil and gas fields
	railroads
	rock mechanics
	settlement
	site exploration
	slope stability
	soil mechanics
	solu
SN	Used for geotechnical studies on land subsidence.

land use
RT	agriculture
	airports
	arid environment
	basin management
	conservation
	constructed wetlands
	deforestation
	engineering geology
	environmental geology
	geologic hazards
	geologic sites
	human ecology
	impact statements
	Indian reservations
	land cover maps
	land loss

land use maps
BT	maps
	.land use maps
NT	land cover maps
RT	environmental geology
	land use
	environmental geology maps
SN	Before 1983, also search land use AND maps. Added to Thesaurus in 1983.

Land's End
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Cornwall England
	......Land's End
UF	Lands End
SN	Cape. SW end of Cornwall.

Landenian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....upper Paleocene
	......Landenian
SN	Belgium.

Lander County Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Lander County Nevada
RT	Toquima Range
	Battle Mountain
	Copper Canyon
	Shoshone Mountains
	Toiyabe Range
SN	N central Nevada.

Landers California
BT	United States
	.California
	..San Bernardino County California
	...Landers California
SN	Mojave Desert, S California.

Landers earthquake 1992
BT	earthquakes
	.Landers earthquake 1992
RT	California
	Mojave Desert
	Big Bear earthquake 1992
	Joshua Tree earthquake 1992
	Southern California
	Little Skull Mountain earthquake 1992
SN	Epicenter near Landers, San Bernardino County, S California. Big Bear earthquake 1992 is a major aftershock. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Landes France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Landes France
NT	Capbreton France
RT	Adour Basin
SN	Department in SW France.

landfills
NT	sanitary landfills
RT	disposal barriers
	engineering geology
	environmental geology
	far-field
	near-field
	underground disposal
	waste disposal
	waste disposal sites
	waste management

landform description
RT	aerial photography
	description
	exhumation
	geomorphology
	landform evolution
	landforms
	landscapes
	morphometry
	mountains
	relief
	surficial geology
SN	Before 1975, also search surficial geology.

landform evolution
UF	landscape evolution
RT	erosion
	geomorphology
	landform description
	beaches
	relief inversion
	etching
	exhumation
	paleorelief
	karstification
	resurfacing
	soil erosion
	erosion cycle
	relief
	emergent coastlines
	landforms

landforms
UF	land forms
	relief features
RT	plains
	geomorphology
	landform description
	mountains
	landform evolution
	valleys
	inliers
	steppes
	plateaus
	hills
	landscapes
	relief exposure
	tundra

landing sites
UF	sites, landing
RT	Moon
	Mars
	Venus
	Apollo Program
	lunar bases
	Viking Program

Lands End
USE	Land's End

Landsat
RT	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	image enhancement
	imagery
	multispectral scanner
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	telemetry
	thematic mapper
SN	Before 1978, also search ERTS; ERTS-1.

landscape evolution
USE	landform evolution

landscapes
RT	geomorphology
	landform description
	landforms
	tundra

landslides
BT	mass movements
	.landslides
RT	debris cones
	erosion
	slope stability
	engineering geology
	soils
	avalanches
	creep
	geomorphology
	geologic hazards
	retaining walls
	slopes
	gravity flows
	damage
	talus slopes
	soil erosion
	slumping
	mudslides
	mudflows
	rockslides

Lane County Kansas
BT	United States
	.Kansas
	..Lane County Kansas
SN	W central Kansas.

Lane County Oregon
BT	United States
	.Oregon
	..Lane County Oregon
SN	On Pacific Ocean in W Oregon.

Lanersbach Austria
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Austria
	...Tyrol Austria
	....Lanersbach Austria
SN	Village SE of Innsbruck in central Tyrol, W Austria.

Laneuveville-devant-Nancy Boring
RT	Meurthe-et-Moselle France
SN	Boring at or near outer SE suburb of Nancy. Indexed with location.

Laney Shale Member
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....middle Eocene
	......Laney Shale Member
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
	Green River Formation
SN	Of Green River Formation. SW Wyoming.

langbeinite
BT	sulfates
	.langbeinite

Langebaanweg South Africa
BT	Africa
	.Southern Africa
	..South Africa
	...Western Cape Province South Africa
	....Langebaanweg South Africa
RT	Cape Province region
SN	Village in SW South Africa.

Langesund Fjord
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Telemark Norway
	.....Langesund Fjord
RT	Skagerrak
SN	Inlet of the Skagerrak.

Langhe
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Langhe
RT	Piemonte Italy
SN	Region NW of Genoa.

Langhian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Miocene
	.....Langhian
SN	Europe.

Langkawi Islands
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Malaysia
	...West Malaysia
	....Langkawi Islands
RT	Kedah Malaysia
SN	Group in Andaman Sea near entrance to Strait of Malacca. Administrated by Kedah state in West Malaysia. Also search Langkawi. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Langlade County Wisconsin
BT	United States
	.Wisconsin
	..Langlade County Wisconsin

Langmuir equation
RT	adsorption
	equations
	geochemistry
	soils
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Languedoc
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Languedoc
SN	Historical region of S France.

Lanier County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Lanier County Georgia

Lansing Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Missourian
	.......Lansing Group
RT	Kansas
	Plattsburg Limestone
	Stanton Formation
SN	Includes Lane Shale, Plattsburg Limestone, Vilas Shale, Stanton Limestone.

Lansing Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Lansing Michigan
RT	Clinton County Michigan
	Eaton County Michigan
	Ingham County Michigan
SN	City in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham counties, S Michigan. Indexed with counties as applicable.

lanthanide series
USE	rare earths

lanthanides
USE	rare earths

lanthanoans
USE	rare earths

lanthanum
BT	metals
	.rare earths
	..lanthanum
UF	La
RT	lithophile elements
	cerium

Lanzarote
BT	Atlantic Ocean Islands
	.Canary Islands
	..Lanzarote
SN	Easternmost of the Spanish controlled Canary Islands.

Lanzhou China
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..China
	...Gansu China
	....Lanzhou China
UF	Lanchou China
	Lanchow China
SN	Capital of Gansu on the Huang He, Loess Plateau of central China.

Lanzo Massif
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Lanzo Massif
SN	NW of Turin in Piemonte.

Laos
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Laos
RT	Indochina

Lapeer County Michigan
BT	United States
	.Michigan
	..Michigan Lower Peninsula
	...Lapeer County Michigan

lapilli
RT	ejecta
	pyroclastics
	volcaniclastics

lapis lazuli
USE	lazurite

Laplace azimuths
USE	Laplace transformations

Laplace points
USE	Laplace transformations

Laplace tidal equation
USE	Laplace transformations

Laplace transformations
UF	Laplace azimuths
	Laplace points
	Laplace tidal equation
	Laplace transforms
	transformations, Laplace
RT	geodesy

Laplace transforms
USE	Laplace transformations

Lapland
BT	Europe
	.Lapland
NT	Lapland Finland
RT	Russian Federation
	Finland
	Kola Peninsula
	Sweden
	Finnmark Norway
	Norway
	Nordland Norway
	Vasterbotten Sweden
	Norrbotten Sweden
	Murmansk Russian Federation
	Troms Norway
SN	Region mainly N of the Arctic Circle including the Kola Peninsula of the Russian Federation. Indexed with countries as applicable. For Finland, use Lapland Finland.

Lapland Finland
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Finland
	....Lapland Finland
BT	Europe
	.Lapland
	..Lapland Finland
NT	Inari Finland
	Sodankyla Finland
UF	Lappi Finland
SN	Province, N Finland. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

Laporte County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Laporte County Indiana

Lappi Finland
USE	Lapland Finland

Laprairie County Quebec
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Quebec
	...Laprairie County Quebec

Laptev Sea
BT	Arctic Ocean
	.Laptev Sea
RT	Anabar Bay
SN	Along N coast of Siberia between Taymyr Peninsula and New Siberian Islands.

Lar
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use Lar Iran for the city. Also see Lar Valley.

Lar Iran
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Iran
	...Fars Iran
	....Lar Iran
RT	Lar Valley
SN	City in Laristan region, Fars in S Iran.

Lar Valley
RT	Elburz
	Iran
	Lar Iran
SN	Valley in N Iran. Indexed with Iran or region as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Lara Venezuela
BT	South America
	.Venezuela
	..Lara Venezuela
SN	State in NW Venezuela.

Laramian Orogenic Phase
USE	Laramide Orogeny

Laramian Orogeny
USE	Laramide Orogeny

Laramic Orogeny
USE	Laramide Orogeny

Laramide Orogeny
UF	Laramian Orogenic Phase
	Laramian Orogeny
	Laramic Orogeny
	Laramide Revolution
RT	Cretaceous
	Tertiary
	Upper Cretaceous
	Paleocene
	United States
	orogeny
	tectonics
	Rocky Mountains
	Cordilleran Orogeny
SN	A time of deformation typically developed in the eastern Rocky Mountains of the United States, whose several phases extended from Upper Cretaceous until the end of the Paleocene. Before 1978, search orogeny AND Laramide; Laramian. Indexed with ages as app

Laramide Revolution
USE	Laramide Orogeny

Laramie anorthosite complex
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Laramie anorthosite complex
RT	Wyoming
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Laramie Basin
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Laramie Basin
SN	High plateau in SE between Laramie Mountains on E and Medicine Bow Mountains on the W.

Laramie County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Laramie County Wyoming
RT	Silo Field
SN	SE Wyoming.

Laramie Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Upper Cretaceous
	.....Laramie Formation
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Colorado
	Kansas
	Arizona
	South Dakota
SN	Overlies Fox Hills Formation; unconformably underlies Denver Formation. Denver Basin region of E Colorado. Also in Arizona, N Colorado, Kansas, Montana, South Dakota and Wyoming.

Laramie Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Laramie Mountains
RT	Wyoming
	Colorado
	Front Range
SN	A range of the Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.

Lardeau Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Cambrian
	....Lardeau Group
RT	Precambrian
	Canada
	British Columbia
SN	Includes Triune and Sharon Creek Formations.

Larder Lake District Ontario
BT	Canada
	.Eastern Canada
	..Ontario
	...Larder Lake District Ontario
UF	Larder Lake region
RT	gold ores
	Timiskaming District Ontario
SN	E Ontario.

Larder Lake region
USE	Larder Lake District Ontario

Larderello
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Tuscany Italy
	....Larderello
UF	Larderello Field
	Larderello-Travale geothermal field
RT	geothermal fields
SN	Geothermal field and geothermal region in central Italy.

Larderello Field
USE	Larderello

Larderello-Travale geothermal field
USE	Larderello

Large Aperture Seismic Array
USE	LASA

Largentiere France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Ardeche France
	....Largentiere France
SN	Village in SE France.

Larimer County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Larimer County Colorado
NT	Loveland Colorado
RT	Rocky Mountain National Park
SN	N Colorado.

Larix
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Gymnospermae
	...Coniferales
	....Pinaceae
	.....Larix
SN	Genus.

larnite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..nesosilicates
	...larnite

Larue County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Larue County Kentucky

larvae
RT	ontogeny
	paleontology
	reproduction
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Larvik Norway
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..Scandinavia
	...Norway
	....Vestfold Norway
	.....Larvik Norway
SN	Town at head of Larvik Fjord near entrance to Oslofjord.

Las Animas County Colorado
BT	United States
	.Colorado
	..Las Animas County Colorado
RT	Spanish Peaks
SN	SE Colorado.

Las Cruces New Mexico
BT	United States
	.New Mexico
	..Dona Ana County New Mexico
	...Las Cruces New Mexico
SN	City in Rio Grande Valley, S New Mexico.

Las Palmas, Canary Islands
USE	Canary Islands
SN	For the Spanish province, use Canary Islands.

Las Vegas Nevada
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Clark County Nevada
	...Las Vegas Nevada
SN	City in extreme S Nevada.

Las Vegas Valley
BT	United States
	.Nevada
	..Las Vegas Valley
RT	Clark County Nevada
SN	S Nevada. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

Las Villas
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Villa Clara Cuba.

LASA
UF	Large Aperture Seismic Array
RT	Montana
	arrays
	seismic networks
	seismographs
SN	Array of seismographs.

Lascar
BT	South America
	.Chile
	..Antofagasta Chile
	...Lascar
RT	volcanoes
SN	Volcano, N. Chile.

Laser Geodynamics Satellite
USE	Lageos

laser methods
NT	lidar methods
UF	laser probe
	probe, laser
RT	spectroscopy
	chemical analysis
	geophysical methods
	Doppler effect
	analysis
	remote sensing
	methods
	electromagnetic methods
	laser ranging
	lunar laser ranging
SN	For surveys, also index geophysical surveys. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

laser probe
USE	laser methods

laser radar methods
USE	lidar methods

laser ranging
RT	analysis
	geodesy
	geophysical methods
	geophysical surveys
	Lageos
	laser methods
	lunar laser ranging
	methods
	remote sensing
	satellite methods
	spectroscopy
SN	As of 1993, use in combination with satellite methods and/or space shuttle methods. Also see lunar laser ranging. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Lassen County California
BT	United States
	.California
	..Lassen County California
RT	Lassen Volcanic National Park
SN	NE California.

Lassen Peak
BT	United States
	.California
	..Shasta County California
	...Lassen Peak
UF	Mount Lassen
	Mt. Lassen
RT	volcanoes
SN	Active volcano in Lassen Volcanic National Park in NE California.

Lassen Volcanic National Park
BT	United States
	.California
	..Lassen Volcanic National Park
RT	national parks
	Lassen County California
	Shasta County California
	Mill Creek
	Plumas County California
	Tehama County California
SN	NE California. Indexed with counties as applicable.

last glacial maximum
UF	glacial maximum, last
	pleniglacial, last
RT	Upper Pleistocene
	glaciation
	environmental geology
	climate
	Quaternary
	paleoclimatology
	late-glacial environment
	glacial environment
SN	Term is often used with paleoclimate studies in which a more specific age term is not available. Indexed with also age and area when possible. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

lat

Latah County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Latah County Idaho
SN	N Idaho.

Latdorfian
USE	Lattorfian

late diagenesis
BT	diagenesis
	.late diagenesis
RT	burial diagenesis
	early diagenesis

late-glacial environment
UF	lateglacial environment
RT	glacial geology
	glaciation
	depositional environment
	Heinrich events
	deglaciation
	periglacial environment
	glacial erosion
	glacial sedimentation
	interglacial environment
	interstadial environment
	last glacial maximum
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

late-glacial period
SN	Not a a valid term for GeoRef. In NW Europe, it is usually applied to the upper Weichselian period including Older Dryas, Allerod, and Younger Dryas. In Britain, it is usually considered upper Devensian. Use specific age term.

lateglacial environment
USE	late-glacial environment

Latemar Massif
BT	Europe
	.Alps
	..Eastern Alps
	...Dolomites
	....Latemar Massif
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
	....Latemar Massif
SN	In Dolomites. This term has multiple hierarchies.

lateral faults
BT	faults
	.lateral faults
NT	left-lateral faults
	right-lateral faults
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

lateral heterogeneity
RT	mantle
	upper mantle
	velocity structure
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

lateral loading
BT	loading
	.lateral loading
RT	soil mechanics
	testing
	load tests
	engineering properties
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

lateral logging
USE	Laterolog

Laterite soils
USE	laterites

laterites
BT	soils
	.laterites
UF	Laterite soils
	lateritic soils
RT	soil group
	bauxite
	ocher
	bauxitization
	laterization
	biorhexistasy
	Latosols

lateritic soils
USE	laterites

laterization
RT	bauxitization
	laterites
	mineral deposits, genesis
	soils

Laterolog
UF	focused current logging
	guard log
	lateral logging
RT	well-logging
	electrical logging
	resistivity
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1984.

Lathi Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Lathi Formation
RT	India
	Rajasthan India

Latimer County Oklahoma
BT	United States
	.Oklahoma
	..Latimer County Oklahoma
RT	Ouachita Mountains
SN	SE Oklahoma.

Latin America
RT	America
	Central America
	South America
SN	Region comprising South America except the Guianas; Central America except Belize; Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and some of the islands in the West Indies. Used only when a more specific area term is not given. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

latite
BT	igneous rocks
	.volcanic rocks
	..trachyandesites
	...latite
RT	quartz latite

latitude
RT	altitude
	climate
	geodesy
	paleolatitude
SN	Includes latitude effects. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

latitude, paleo-
USE	paleolatitude

Latium Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Latium Italy
NT	Alban Hills
	Frosinone Italy
	Rome Italy
	Sabatini Mountains
	Tolfa Hills
	Viterbo Italy
RT	Tiber Valley
SN	Autonomous region in W central Italy.

Latosols
BT	soils
	.Latosols
RT	soil group
	laterites

Latrobe Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Paleocene
	.....Latrobe Group
RT	Australia
	Victoria Australia
	Gippsland Basin
SN	Gippsland Basin of Victoria. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Latrobe Valley
RT	Gippsland Basin
	Victoria Australia
SN	Coal mining region in S Victoria. Indexed with Victoria Australia as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

lattice
UF	Bravais lattice
	crystal lattice
	space lattice
	translation lattice
RT	crystal structure
	crystal systems
	cell dimensions
	lattice parameters
	habit
	unit cell
	twinning
	substitution

lattice constants
USE	lattice parameters

lattice par

lattice parameters
UF	lattice constants
RT	crystal structure
	crystallography
	cell dimensions
	crystal chemistry
	lattice
	crystal growth
	unit cell
SN	Before 1979, also search (lattice OR crystal structure) AND parameters.

Lattorfian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....upper Eocene
	......Lattorfian
UF	Latdorfian
RT	Krosno Beds
	Tongrian
	Sannoisian
SN	Europe.

Latur earthquake 1993
BT	earthquakes
	.Latur earthquake 1993
UF	Killari earthquake 1993
RT	India
	Maharashtra India
SN	Epicenter near Latur, Maharashtra, central India.

Latvia
BT	Europe
	.Baltic region
	..Latvia
NT	Riga Latvia
RT	Baltic Glaciation
	Baltic Plain
	Russian Platform
	Baltica
	Baltic Shield
	Dvina River
	Russian Plain
SN	Formerly the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Lau Basin
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southeast Pacific
	...Lau Basin
RT	DSDP Site 203
	Leg 135
	ODP Site 834
	ODP Site 835
	ODP Site 836
	ODP Site 837
	ODP Site 838
	ODP Site 839
SN	West of the Tonga Islands and S of the Lau group of the Fiji Islands. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Lauderdale County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Lauderdale County Alabama
SN	Extreme NW Alabama.

Lauderdale County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Lauderdale County Mississippi
SN	E Mississippi.

Lauderdale County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Lauderdale County Tennessee
SN	W Tennessee.

laughing gas
USE	nitrous oxide

laumonite
USE	laumontite

laumontite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..zeolite group
	...laumontite
UF	laumonite
	lomonite
	lomontite
RT	leonhardite

Lauraceae
BT	Plantae
	.Spermatophyta
	..Angiospermae
	...Dicotyledoneae
	....Lauraceae
SN	Family.

Laurasia
RT	continental drift
	Eurasia
	Gondwana
	Laurentia
	Northern Hemisphere
	Pangaea
	supercontinents
SN	The protocontinent of the Northern Hemisphere which is a combination of Laurentia and Eurasia. It included most of North America, Greenland, and much of Eurasia excluding India.

Laurel County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Laurel County Kentucky

Laurens County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Laurens County Georgia

Laurens County South Carolina
BT	United States
	.South Carolina
	..Laurens County South Carolina

Laurentia
RT	Atlantic region
	Baltica
	Canadian Shield
	continental drift
	Greenland
	Laurasia
	North America
	plate tectonics
	Scotland
	supercontinents
SN	Ancient continent which formed in the early Proterozoic. It preceeded Laurasia. Included much of the Canadian Shield and Greenland and NW Scotland. Indexed with countries and continents as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Laurentian Highlands
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. Use Canadian Shield or, for the mountains of S Quebec, use Laurentian Mountains as applicable.

Laurentian Plateau
USE	Canadian Shield

Laurentide ice sheet
RT	Des Moines Lobe
	Lake Michigan Lobe
	Saint Lawrence Lowlands
	Saint Lawrence Valley

Laurion Greece
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Greece
	...Sterea Ellas
	....Laurion Greece
UF	Laurium Greece
	Lavrion Greece
SN	City SE of Athens.

Laurium Greece
USE	Laurion Greece

Laurussia
RT	Baltic region
	Canadian Shield
	continental drift
	Europe
	North America
	Russian Platform
SN	Large landmass thought to have formed from merger of Baltica and Laurentia in mid-Paleozoic and to have become part of Laurasia in late Paleozoic. Indexed with countries and continents as applicable.

Lausitz
USE	Lusatia

lava
NT	aa lava
	pahoehoe
	pillow lava
RT	basalts
	effusion
	eruptions
	extrusive rocks
	flow mechanism
	igneous rocks
	inclusions
	lava channels
	lava fields
	lava flows
	lava lakes
	lava tubes
	magmas
	mud volcanoes
	paleomagnetism
	peperite
	perlite
	petrology
	phreatomagmatism
	pillow structure
	plugs
	vesicular
SN	Used for all molten extrusives and the rocks that solidify from them.

lava channels
BT	volcanic features
	.lava channels
RT	lava
	geomorphology
	channels

lava domes
USE	shield volcanoes

lava fields
BT	volcanic features
	.lava fields
UF	fields, lava
RT	lava
	geomorphology
	volcanic fields

lava flows
UF	flow (volcanic)
	nappe (volcanic)
RT	lava
	volcanology
	flow texture
	flows
	basalt flows
	flood basalts
	volcanic features
	effusion
	flow mechanism
	lahars
	lava tubes
SN	Also search specific types, such as basalt flows or rhyolite flows as applicable.

lava lakes
RT	crater lakes
	geomorphology
	lakes
	lava
	volcanic features

lava tubes
BT	volcanic features
	.lava tubes
UF	lava tunnels
	tubes, lava
RT	lava
	geomorphology
	lava flows
	speleology

lava tunnels
USE	lava tubes

Lavaca County Texas
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Lavaca County Texas
SN	SE Texas.

Laval Basin
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Laval Basin

Lavery Till
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Upper Pleistocene
	......Wisconsinan
	.......Lavery Till
RT	Pennsylvania
SN	NW Pennsylvania. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Lavinia Planitia
BT	Venus
	.Lavinia Planitia
SN	Lowland.

Lavrion Greece
USE	Laurion Greece

Law of the Sea
UF	UNCLOS
	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
RT	ocean floors
	oceanography
	mineral resources
	international cooperation
	economic geology
	legislation
	nodules
	Exclusive Economic Zone
	United States Exclusive Economic Zone
	world ocean
	mining legislation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Lawrence County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Lawrence County Alabama
SN	NW Alabama.

Lawrence County Arkansas
BT	United States
	.Arkansas
	..Lawrence County Arkansas
SN	NE Arkansas.

Lawrence County Illinois
BT	United States
	.Illinois
	..Lawrence County Illinois
SN	Bounded by Wabash River in SE Illinois.

Lawrence County Indiana
BT	Indiana
	.Lawrence County Indiana
SN	S Indiana.

Lawrence County Kentucky
BT	United States
	.Kentucky
	..Lawrence County Kentucky
SN	NE Kentucky.

Lawrence County Mississippi
BT	United States
	.Mississippi
	..Lawrence County Mississippi
SN	S central Mississippi.

Lawrence County Missouri
BT	United States
	.Missouri
	..Lawrence County Missouri
SN	SW Missouri.

Lawrence County Ohio
BT	United States
	.Ohio
	..Lawrence County Ohio
SN	S Ohio.

Lawrence County Pennsylvania
BT	United States
	.Pennsylvania
	..Lawrence County Pennsylvania
SN	W Pennsylvania.

Lawrence County South Dakota
BT	United States
	.South Dakota
	..Lawrence County South Dakota
RT	Black Hills
	Whitewood Creek
	Homestake Mine
SN	W South Dakota.

Lawrence County Tennessee
BT	United States
	.Tennessee
	..Lawrence County Tennessee
SN	S Tennesse.

Lawrence Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Pennsylvanian
	.....Upper Pennsylvanian
	......Virgilian
	.......Lawrence Formation
RT	Iowa
	Missouri
	Nebraska
	Kansas
	Douglas Group
SN	Includes two unnamed shale members separated by Amazonia Limestone Member, Ireland Limestone Member. SW Iowa, E Kansas, NW Missouri, and SE Nebraska.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
BT	United States
	.California
	..Alameda County California
	...Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RT	Livermore California
SN	Near Livermore, E of San Francisco Bay, Central California.

lawrencium
BT	metals
	.actinides
	..lawrencium
UF	Lr
SN	Chemical element.

laws
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. As of 1993, use legislation or principles as applicable.

lawsonite
BT	silicates
	.orthosilicates
	..sorosilicates
	...lawsonite
RT	aluminosilicates

Laxfordian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Mesoproterozoic
	....Laxfordian
SN	Europe.

layer, active
USE	active layer

layer, basaltic
USE	basaltic layer

layer, boundary
USE	boundary layer

layer, granitic
USE	granitic layer

layer, nepheloid
USE	nepheloid layer

layered
SN	A valid index term through 1977. After 1977, use layered intrusions, layered materials, or multiple aquifers.

layered intrusions
BT	intrusions
	.layered intrusions
RT	igneous rocks
	magma contamination
SN	Not a valid term from 1975-1977. Before 1978, also search intrusions AND layered.

layered materials
UF	layered media
	multilayered materials
RT	materials
	engineering geology
	transverse isotropy
	multiple aquifers
	delamination
	stratification
	preferential flow
	mineral interlayer
	two-layer models
SN	Before 1981, also search layered; layers. After 1992, use multiple aquifers for aquifers. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

layered media
USE	layered materials

layers
SN	A valid term through 1978. See layered materials.

lazulite
BT	phosphates
	.lazulite

lazurite
BT	sulfides
	.lazurite
BT	sulfates
	.lazurite
BT	silicates
	.framework silicates
	..sodalite group
	...lazurite
UF	lapis lazuli
RT	gems
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.