Search SEDIS

Thesaurus

Bi
USE	bismuth

Bialowieza
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bialowieza
RT	national parks
SN	National park in E Poland.

Bialystok Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bialystok Poland
NT	Belsk Poland
SN	Province in extreme NE Poland. Also a city.

Biarritz France
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..France
	...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
	....Biarritz France
SN	Town on the Bay of Biscay near Spanish border.

Biarritzian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Paleogene
	....Eocene
	.....Biarritzian
SN	Europe. Middle to upper Eocene.

biaxial tests
RT	compression
	confining pressure
	deformation
	rock mechanics
	soil mechanics
	testing
	triaxial tests
	uniaxial tests
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bibb County Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Bibb County Alabama

Bibb County Georgia
BT	United States
	.Georgia
	..Bibb County Georgia
NT	Macon Georgia
SN	Central Georgia.

bibliographic review
USE	bibliography

bibliographies
USE	bibliography

bibliography
UF	bibliographic review
	bibliographies
RT	associations
	oceanography
	petrology
	paleontology
	structural geology
	stratigraphy
	catalogs
	glossaries
	lexicons
	areal geology
	geology
	publications
	mineralogy
	biography
	GeoRef
	Geoscan
	libraries
	monographs
	paleobotany
	research
	review
	sedimentary petrology
	sur
SN	Covers major bibliographies on topics, areas or persons.

bicarbonate ion
RT	carbonate ion
	carbonates
	geochemistry
	ions
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

Bicaz Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bicaz Valley
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Bicaz Valley
RT	Bacau Romania
SN	River valley in Bacau County. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bida Nigeria
BT	Africa
	.West Africa
	..Nigeria
	...Bida Nigeria
SN	Region in W central Nigeria.

Bidahochi Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Neogene
	....Pliocene
	.....Bidahochi Formation
RT	New Mexico
	Arizona
SN	Divided into six members for mapping purposes. Fifth member informally referred to as White Cone Member. In NE Arizona.

bideauxite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..bideauxite
BT	halides
	.fluorides
	..bideauxite
SN	This term has multiple hierarchies.

Biel Lake
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Bern Switzerland
	....Biel Lake
UF	Bienne Lake
	Lake of Bienne
SN	In NW Bern.

Biella Italy
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Italy
	...Piemonte Italy
	....Vercelli Italy
	.....Biella Italy
SN	Town in Vercelli Province in NW Italy.

Bielsk Podlaski Poland
USE	Belsk Poland

Bielsk Poland
USE	Belsk Poland

Bielsko Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bielsko Poland
NT	Andrychow Poland
	Bielsko-Biala Poland
	Cieszyn Poland
	Wadowice Poland
RT	Beskid Mountains
	Katowice Poland
SN	As of 1989, used only for the province in S Poland. Before 1989, also used for the city of Bielsko-Biala.

Bielsko-Biala Poland
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Poland
	...Bielsko Poland
	....Bielsko-Biala Poland
RT	Katowice Poland
SN	Name of city which was combined with Biala in 1950 to form Bielsko-Biala in what was formerly part of Katowice Province. Before 1989, also search Bielsko Poland.

Bienne Lake
USE	Biel Lake

Bienville Parish Louisiana
BT	United States
	.Louisiana
	..Bienville Parish Louisiana

BIFs
USE	banded iron formations

Big Bear earthquake 1992
BT	earthquakes
	.Big Bear earthquake 1992
RT	California
	Mojave Desert
	Joshua Tree earthquake 1992
	Landers earthquake 1992
	Southern California
SN	Epicenter near Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County California, S California. Aftershock to Landers earthquake 1992. Also search Mojave Desert earthquake 1992. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Big Belt Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Big Belt Mountains
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Big Belt Mountains
RT	Broadwater County Montana
	Cascade County Montana
	Meagher County Montana
SN	Range of Rocky Mountains in W central Montana. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties as applicable.

Big Bend National Park
BT	United States
	.Texas
	..Brewster County Texas
	...Big Bend National Park
RT	national parks
	Rattlesnake Mountain
SN	In Brewster County on the Mexican border in SW Texas. Also search Big Bend and Texas.

Big Blue River
BT	United States
	.Big Blue River
RT	Butler County Nebraska
	Hamilton County Nebraska
	Marshall County Kansas
	Polk County Nebraska
	Saline County Nebraska
	Seward County Nebraska
	York County Nebraska
SN	NE Kansas and SE Nebraska. Feeds into the Kansas River system. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.

Big Fork Chert
USE	Bigfork Chert

Big Horn Basin
USE	Bighorn Basin

Big Horn County Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Big Horn County Montana
RT	Bighorn River
SN	S Montana.

Big Horn County Wyoming
BT	United States
	.Wyoming
	..Big Horn County Wyoming
RT	Bighorn River
SN	N Wyoming.

Big Horn Dolomite
USE	Bighorn Dolomite

Big Horn Mountains
USE	Bighorn Mountains

Big Injun Sandstone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Mississippian
	.....Big Injun Sandstone
RT	Ohio
	Pennsylvania
	West Virginia
	Greenbrier Limestone
	Pocono Formation
SN	Driller's term. Found in the top of the Pocono Group and partly in the overlying Greenbrier Group, it has been a very important shallow petroleum producing zone in West Virginia. Beds have been correlated with Burgoon Sandstone Member (Pocono Formation) o

Big Maria Mountains
BT	United States
	.California
	..Riverside County California
	...Big Maria Mountains
RT	Little Maria Mountains
SN	SE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Big Pine Key
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Florida Keys
	...Big Pine Key
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Monroe County Florida
	...Big Pine Key
RT	Coupon Bight
SN	One of the principal islands in the Florida Keys. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Big Snowy Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Carboniferous
	....Big Snowy Group
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Heath Formation
SN	Central Montana. Includes Heath Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Big Snowy Mountains
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Big Snowy Mountains
RT	Fergus County Montana
	Golden Valley County Montana
SN	N central Montana. Indexed with counties and mountain ranges as applicable.

Big Stone County Minnesota
BT	United States
	.Minnesota
	..Big Stone County Minnesota

Bigby-Cannon Limestone
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Bigby-Cannon Limestone
RT	Tennessee
SN	Contemporary facies comprising this unit are Bigby Limestone and Cannon Limestone. Overlies Hermitage Formation and underlies Catheys Formation. Central Tennessee.

Bigfork Che

Bigfork Chert
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Middle Ordovician
	.....Bigfork Chert
UF	Big Fork Chert
RT	Oklahoma
	Texas
	Arkansas
	Ouachita Belt
SN	SW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma, and Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bighorn Basin
BT	United States
	.Bighorn Basin
UF	Big Horn Basin
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Madison Aquifer
SN	River basin. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.

Bighorn Dolomite
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Ordovician
	....Upper Ordovician
	.....Bighorn Dolomite
UF	Big Horn Dolomite
RT	Idaho
	Wyoming
	Montana
	North Dakota
	South Dakota
	Red River Formation
	Williston Basin
SN	Central N United States. Extends into Saskatchewan. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

Bighorn Mountains
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Bighorn Mountains
UF	Big Horn Mountains
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
SN	Range of Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bighorn River
BT	United States
	.Bighorn River
RT	Wyoming
	Montana
	Big Horn County Montana
	Big Horn County Wyoming
	Fremont County Wyoming
	Hot Springs County Wyoming
	Washakie County Wyoming
	Yellowstone County Montana
SN	S Montana and N Wyoming. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Bihar India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
NT	Amarjola
	Bihar mica belt
	Bokaro coal field
	Dhanbad India
	Gaya India
	Hazaribagh India
	Jharia coal field
	Jharia India
	Karanpura coal field
	Karanpura India
	Karharbari India
	Monghyr India
	Mosaboni Mines
	Palamau India
	Rajgir India
	Rajmahal Hills
	Rajmahal India
	Ranchi India
	Singhbhum India
UF	Behar India
RT	Ajay River
	Damuda Series
	Chainpur Meteorite
	Damodar Valley
	Karharbari Stage
	Kosi Basin
	Panchet Series
	Ramgarh coal field
	Semri Series
	Shergotty Meteorite
	Singhbhum Granite
	Singhbhum shear zone
	Son Valley
SN	State in E India.

Bihar mica belt
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bihar India
	....Bihar mica belt
RT	Gaya India
	Hazaribagh India
SN	Extends WSW-ENE from Gurpa in Gaya district to near Simultala in Bhagalpur district, Bihar. Also passes through districts of Nawadah, Ghiridih, and Munger. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

Bihar Mountains
USE	Bihor Mountains

Bihor Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bihor Mountains
NT	Vladeasa Mountain
UF	Bihar Mountains
SN	In W central Transylvania.

Bihor Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bihor Romania
NT	Rosia Romania
RT	Beius Basin
SN	County in W Transylvania.

Biikzhal
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Kazakhstan
	..Biikzhal
SN	Drill hole in Emba River region of Caspian Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bijapur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Karnataka India
	....Bijapur India
SN	Town in NW Karnataka, S India.

Bijawar System
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Bijawar System
RT	India
	Madhya Pradesh India
SN	Includes Majhauli Group, Bhitri Group, Lora Group, and Chanderdip Group.

Bikaner India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Rajasthan India
	....Bikaner India
SN	A city in NW Rajasthan, NW India.

Bilaspur India
BT	Asia
	.Indian Peninsula
	..India
	...Bilaspur India
RT	Madhya Pradesh India
	Himachal Pradesh India
SN	City and district in S Himachal Pradesh. Also a city and district in E central Madhya Pradesh. Indexed with states as applicable.

Bilbao Spain
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Iberian Peninsula
	...Spain
	....Basque Provinces Spain
	.....Vizcaya Spain
	......Bilbao Spain
SN	City on the Bay of Biscay in the Basque country, N Spain.

Billings County North Dakota
BT	United States
	.North Dakota
	..Billings County North Dakota
SN	W North Dakota.

Billings Montana
BT	United States
	.Montana
	..Yellowstone County Montana
	...Billings Montana
SN	City in S central Montana.

Billiton
BT	Asia
	.Far East
	..Indonesia
	...Billiton
UF	Belitung
SN	Island between Sumatra and SW Borneo.

Bimini
BT	Caribbean region
	.West Indies
	..Bahamas
	...Bimini
UF	Bimini Islands
RT	Northwest Providence Channel
SN	Two small islands off S Florida coast.

Bimini Islands
USE	Bimini

Bingham County Idaho
BT	United States
	.Idaho
	..Bingham County Idaho
RT	INEEL
SN	SE Idaho.

Bingham Utah
BT	United States
	.Utah
	..Salt Lake County Utah
	...Bingham Utah
SN	Mining town in N central Utah.

Binghamton New York
BT	United States
	.New York
	..Broome County New York
	...Binghamton New York
SN	City on the Pennsylvania border in S New York.

Binn Valley
USE	Binnental

Binnatal
USE	Binnental

Binnen Tal
USE	Binnental

Binnental
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Switzerland
	...Valais Switzerland
	....Binnental
UF	Binn Valley
	Binnatal
	Binnen Tal
SN	Valley in E Valais.

Binue Valley
USE	Benue Valley

bioaccumulation
RT	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	environmental geology
	metabolism
	pollutants
	pollution
	residence time
	toxicity
SN	Increase in concentration of chemical species in tissues when intake rate is greater than excretion and metabolism rates. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

bioassays
RT	analysis
	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	environmental geology
	immunoassays
SN	Procedures using living organisms to measure the effect of a substance, factor, or condition by comparing before and after data. Not for use for mineral exploration; for those papers see geobotanical methods or biogeochemical methods as applicable.

bioavailability
RT	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	environmental geology
	metabolism
	nutrition
	properties
SN	Extent or rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or is made available at a site of physiological activity. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.

biocalcarenite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...biocalcarenite
RT	calcarenite

biocenoses
UF	biocenosis
	biocoenoses
	life assemblage
RT	biotopes
	paleontology
	communities
	ichnofacies
	thanatocenoses

biocenosis
USE	biocenoses

biochemical sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.biochemical sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

biochemistry
UF	biogeochemistry
	paleobiochemistry
RT	geochemistry
	organic compounds
	acetic acid
	fossils
	metabolism
	nitrification
	bioassays
	biology
	bioaccumulation
	biodegradation
	immunoassays
	bioavailability
	biomineralization
	carcinogens
	diet
	Gaia hypothesis
	molecular biology
	paleobiology
	steroids

biochronology
RT	biologic evolution
	biostratigraphy
	chronology
	correlation
	extinction
	first occurrence
	geochronology
	mass extinctions
	paleontology
	relative age
SN	Geochronology studies using biological events or or paleontologic methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biocirculation
SN	As of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ocean circulation.

bioclastic sedimentation
BT	sedimentation
	.bioclastic sedimentation
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

biocoenoses
USE	biocenoses

biodegradation
UF	biodeterioration
	biological degradation
RT	bioreclamation
	biochemistry
	biogenic structures
	biomarkers
	metabolism
	bioassays
	biosphere
	biology
	biota
	bioaccumulation
	bioavailability
	biogenic processes
	biomass
	bioremediation
	biorhexistasy
	bioturbation
	dechlorination
	degradation
	metabolites
	methanol
	Ps
SN	Also see bioreclamation or bioremediation if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

biodeterioration
USE	biodegradation

biodiversity
UF	biological diversity
RT	DNA
	biologic evolution
	ecology
	paleoecology
	paleontology
	species diversity
	paleobotany
	ecosystems
	endangered species
SN	A broad term which applies to the number, variety and variability of living things. Variation is commonly discussed at submolecular, species, and ecosystem levels. Also search species diversity or [biologic evolution or ecology or paleoecology; AND divers

bioerosion
BT	erosion
	.bioerosion
BT	biogenic processes
	.bioerosion
RT	abrasion
	processes
	biogenic structures
	ichnofossils
	burrows
	reefs
	sedimentary structures
	bioturbation
	borings
	corrosion
	erosion rates
	etching
	predation
SN	Also search biogenic processes and erosion. This term has multiple hierarchies.

biofacies
UF	biologic facies
RT	sedimentation
	facies
	biotopes
	ecology
	biostratigraphy
	sediments
	assemblages
	ichnofacies
	biota
	ichnofabric

biogenic
SN	A valid term through 1977. See biogenic structures; biogenic processes.

biogenic effects
USE	biogenic processes

biogenic origin
USE	biogenic processes

biogenic processes
NT	bioerosion
UF	biogenic effects
	biogenic origin
RT	ecology
	biogenic structures
	metabolism
	nitrification
	biota
	biodegradation
	biorhexistasy
	bioturbation
	metabolites
	effects
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biogenic structures
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
NT	algal structures
	banks
	bioherms
	bioturbation
	carbonate banks
	girvanella
	lebensspuren
	oncolites
	stromatactis
	stromatolites
	thrombolites
RT	bioerosion
	coal
	ichnofossils
	burrows
	peat
	reefs
	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	borings
	coprolites
	fecal pellets
	hardground
	rhizoliths
	termite mounds
	tracks
	trails

biogeochemical cycles
SN	Not a valid term for GeoRef. See biochemistry and geochemical cycle.

biogeochemical methods
BT	geochemical methods
	.biogeochemical methods
UF	biogeochemical prospecting
RT	geochemistry
	methods
	mineral exploration
	geobotanical methods
SN	Before 1972, also search biogeochemistry; biogeochemical.

biogeochemical prospecting
USE	biogeochemical methods

biogeochemistry
USE	biochemistry

biogeographic maps
BT	maps
	.biogeographic maps
RT	paleontology
	biogeography
SN	Before 1985, also search maps AND biogeography. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

biogeography
UF	chorology
	paleobiogeography
	phytogeography
	zoogeography
RT	adaptive radiation
	biologic evolution
	ecology
	paleoecology
	fossils
	paleogeography
	continental drift
	faunal provinces
	floral provinces
	paleobotany
	biogeographic maps
	Boreal
	colonization
	cosmopolitan taxa
	endemic taxa
	geography
	land bridges
	migration
	paleoi
SN	Used for descriptions of the geographic distribution of both fossil and modern organisms. Indexed with with fossil names and age where available.

biography
RT	bibliography
	Darwin, Charles
	Gilbert, Grove Karl
	Hutton, James
	Lyell, Charles
	Schimper, Wilhelm-Philippe
	Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich
	Wegener, Alfred
SN	Indexed with also name of individual (last, first)

bioherms
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..bioherms
NT	mud mounds
UF	organic mound
RT	Coelenterata
	algae
	carbonate banks
	atolls
	reefs
	bafflestone
	biostromes
	calcareous composition
SN	As of 1984, use instead of reefs under sedimentary structures.

biologic evolution
UF	biological evolution
RT	DNA
	adaptation
	adaptive radiation
	behavior
	biogeography
	homology
	Gaia hypothesis
	biochronology
	extinction
	first occurrence
	biodiversity
	endangered species
	catastrophism
	cladistics
	creationism
	Darwinism
	diachronism
	eukaryotes
	extinct taxa
	gradualism
	life o
SN	Before 1983, also search evolution AND appropriate paleontology category codes (See list A); evolution AND appropriate fossil name(s); evolution AND paleontology; evolution AND paleobotany. Added to Thesaurus in 1983.

biologic facies
USE	biofacies

biological degradation
USE	biodegradation

biological diversity
USE	biodiversity

biological evolution
USE	biologic evolution

biological markers
USE	biomarkers

biological processes
SN	As of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use biology.

biological zones
USE	biozones

biology
RT	bacteria
	biochemistry
	biodegradation
	biosphere
	biotypes
	ecology
	epibiotism
	exobiology
	geomicrobiology
	molecular biology
	paleobiology

biomarkers
UF	biological markers
	molecular fossils
RT	organic compounds
	aromatic hydrocarbons
	alkanes
	alkenones
	biostratigraphy
	asphalt
	biodegradation
	first occurrence
	chemical fossils
	diasteranes
	diterpanes
	gammacerane
	geochemical indicators
	hopanes
	hopanoids
	moretanes
	n-alkanes
	oleananes
	porphyrins
	saturat
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

biomass
RT	biodegradation
	ecology
	new energy sources
	productivity
	trophic analysis

biomechanics
RT	bipedalism
	functional morphology
	locomotion
	morphology
	muscles
	wings
SN	Also index locomotion if applicable.

biometry
RT	cladistics
	fossils
	mathematical geology
	paleontology
	statistical analysis

biomicrite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...biomicrite
RT	micrite

biomineralization
RT	biochemistry
	bones
	fossilization
	mineralization
	processes
	shells
	taphonomy
SN	Interaction between organism and environment to produce minerals often as body parts. Applies to many plants and animals. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biopelite
USE	black shale

bioreclamation
BT	reclamation
	.bioreclamation
RT	abandoned mines
	pollution
	waste disposal
	biodegradation
	bioremediation
	decontamination
	polluted water
	remediation
	soil treatment
	strip mining
	water treatment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1995.

bioremediation
BT	remediation
	.bioremediation
RT	bioreclamation
	reclamation
	pollution
	waste disposal
	biodegradation
	dechlorination
	polluted water
	soil treatment
	strip mining
	water treatment
	Pseudomonas
	waste management
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1993.

biorhexistasy
RT	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	laterites
	soils
	weathering
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1981.

biosparite
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.carbonate rocks
	..limestone
	...biosparite

biosphere
RT	atmosphere
	biodegradation
	biology
	Earth
	Gaia hypothesis
	hydrosphere
	IGBP
	lithosphere
	tectonosphere

biostratigraphy
RT	aminostratigraphy
	biochronology
	biofacies
	biomarkers
	biotopes
	biozones
	diachronism
	dinosaurs
	feathers
	first occurrence
	fossils
	historical geology
	ichnofacies
	ichthyoliths
	index fossils
	K-T boundary
	megaspores
	miospores
	nannofossils
	paleoecology
	paleontolo

biostromes
RT	bioherms
	Coelenterata
	reefs

biota
UF	organisms
RT	soils
	ecology
	microorganisms
	biofacies
	bacteria
	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	factors
	faunal studies
	floral studies
	living taxa

biotite
BT	silicates
	.sheet silicates
	..mica group
	...biotite
RT	heavy minerals

biotite gneiss
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.gneisses
	..biotite gneiss

biotite granite
BT	igneous rocks
	.plutonic rocks
	..granites
	...biotite granite

biotite schist
BT	metamorphic rocks
	.schists
	..biotite schist

biotopes
RT	adaptation
	assemblages
	biocenoses
	biofacies
	biostratigraphy
	communities
	ecology
	faunal provinces
	floral provinces
	habitat
	paleoecology
	paleoenvironment
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1982.

bioturbation
BT	sedimentary structures
	.biogenic structures
	..bioturbation
RT	sedimentation
	bioerosion
	burrows
	ichnofacies
	biodegradation
	biogenic processes
	borings
	ichnofabric
	Bouma sequence

biotypes
RT	biology
	ecology
	paleoecology

biozones
UF	biological zones
RT	stratigraphic units
	stratigraphy
	biostratigraphy
	first occurrence
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

bipedalism
RT	biomechanics
	functional morphology
	locomotion
	paleontology
SN	Added to Thesaurus in 1985.

Birch Creek Alaska
BT	United States
	.Alaska
	..East-Central Alaska
	...Birch Creek Alaska
SN	Village in E Alaska.

Bird Island (Venezuela)
USE	Aves Island

Bird River Manitoba
BT	Canada
	.Western Canada
	..Manitoba
	...Bird River Manitoba
SN	Village in SE Manitoba.

Bird Spring Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Bird Spring Formation
RT	Pennsylvanian
	Lower Permian
	Utah
	California
	Nevada
	Upper Mississippian
SN	Upper Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian. In Spring Mountain area, Nevada. Underlies Spring Mountain Formation and overlies Illipah Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable.

Birdbear Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Paleozoic
	...Devonian
	....Upper Devonian
	.....Birdbear Formation
RT	Saskatchewan
	Montana
	North Dakota
	Williston Basin
	Jefferson Group
	Nisku Formation
SN	In Jefferson Group. Overlies Duperow Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

birefraction
USE	birefringence

birefringence
UF	birefraction
	double refraction
RT	optical properties
	polarization
	refractive index

Birimian
USE	Birrimian

Birkhead Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Jurassic
	....Birkhead Formation
RT	Queensland Australia
	Australia
	Eromanga Basin
SN	Eromanga Basin, Queensland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Birmingham
SN	No longer a valid term for GeoRef. After 1992, see Birmingham England; after 1988, see Birmingham Alabama.

Birmingham Alabama
BT	United States
	.Alabama
	..Jefferson County Alabama
	...Birmingham Alabama
SN	City in central Alabama.

Birmingham England
BT	Europe
	.Western Europe
	..United Kingdom
	...Great Britain
	....England
	.....Birmingham England
RT	Warwickshire England
SN	City in West Midlands, W central England.

Birmingham University
RT	academic institutions
	England
SN	In Birmingham in W central England.

birnessite
BT	oxides
	.birnessite

BIRPS
UF	British Institutes Reflection Profiling Syndicate
RT	reflection methods
	elastic waves
	seismic methods
	deep seismic sounding
SN	Acronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Birrimian
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Paleoproterozoic
	....Birrimian
UF	Birimian
SN	W Africa. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Biryusa River
BT	Commonwealth of Independent States
	.Russian Federation
	..Irkutsk Russian Federation
	...Biryusa River
SN	River SW of Tayshet in W Irkutsk Oblast. Also search Biryusa. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bisbee Arizona
BT	United States
	.Arizona
	..Cochise County Arizona
	...Bisbee Arizona
SN	City in SE Arizona.

Bisbee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Lower Cretaceous
	.....Bisbee Group
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Mesozoic
	...Cretaceous
	....Comanchean
	.....Bisbee Group
RT	New Mexico
	Arizona
	Mural Limestone
SN	SE Arizona, SW New Mexico. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Biscay Bay
USE	Bay of Biscay

Biscayne Aquifer
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Biscayne Aquifer
RT	Broward County Florida
	Dade County Florida
	Palm Beach County Florida
SN	SE Florida. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.

Biscayne Bay
BT	United States
	.Florida
	..Dade County Florida
	...Biscayne Bay
SN	S of Miami on E coast of Dade County.

bischofite
BT	halides
	.chlorides
	..bischofite

Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
BT	Asia
	.Kyrgyzstan
	..Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
UF	Pishpek Kyrgyzstan
SN	City in N Kyrgyzstan. Before 1993, also search Frunze. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bishop Tuff
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Phanerozoic
	..Cenozoic
	...Quarternary
	....Pleistocene
	.....Bishop Tuff
RT	California
SN	E central California. Bishop Tuff was erupted a short time after Sherwin glacial stage.

Bismarck Archipelago
BT	Australasia
	.Papua New Guinea
	..Bismarck Archipelago
NT	Rabaul Caldera
UF	Bismarck Islands
RT	Rat Island
	West Pacific Ocean Islands
	Melanesia
	New Britain
	New Ireland
SN	Volcanic group of islands N and NE of E New Guinea.

Bismarck Islands
USE	Bismarck Archipelago

Bismarck Sea
BT	Pacific Ocean
	.South Pacific
	..Southwest Pacific
	...Bismarck Sea
SN	Part of W Pacific Ocean NE of New Guinea and NW of New Britain. This term has multiple hierarchies.

bismuth
BT	metals
	.bismuth
UF	Bi
RT	native elements
	bismuth ores
	heavy metals
SN	Chemical element. Use bismuth ores for bismuth as a commodity.

bismuth ores
BT	metal ores
	.bismuth ores
RT	native elements
	bismuth
	bismuthinite
SN	Commodity. See List C.

bismuthides
NT	froodite
	michenerite
RT	minerals

bismuthinite
BT	sulfides
	.bismuthinite
UF	bismuthite
RT	bismuth ores

bismuthite
USE	bismuthinite

Bison
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bison
NT	Bison latifrons
	Bison occidentalis
SN	Genus.

Bison latifrons
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bison
	..........Bison latifrons
SN	Species.

Bison occidentalis
BT	Chordata
	.Vertebrata
	..Tetrapoda
	...Mammalia
	....Theria
	.....Eutheria
	......Artiodactyla
	.......Ruminantia
	........Bovidae
	.........Bison
	..........Bison occidentalis
SN	Species.

Bistrita Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bistrita Mountains
BT	Europe
	.Carpathians
	..Bistrita Mountains
UF	Bistritei Mountains
SN	Range of the Carpathians in NE Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bistrita Romania
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Transylvania
	....Bistrita Romania
SN	City in Bistrita-Nasaud County in central Transylvania.

Bistrita Valley
BT	Europe
	.Moldavia
	..Bistrita Valley
BT	Europe
	.Southern Europe
	..Romania
	...Bistrita Valley
SN	River valley in W central Moldavia. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bistritei Mountains
USE	Bistrita Mountains

Bitkov Ukraine
BT	Europe
	.Ukraine
	..Bitkov Ukraine
UF	Bitkow Ukraine
	Bytkov Ukraine
SN	In W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.

Bitkow Ukraine
USE	Bitkov Ukraine

Bitlis Turkey
BT	Asia
	.Middle East
	..Turkey
	...Bitlis Turkey
SN	Town and province in SE Turkey.

Bitt

bitter spar
USE	dolomite

Bitter Springs Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Proterozoic
	...Bitter Springs Formation
RT	Australia
	Northern Territory Australia
SN	Underlies Middle Cambrian sediments and overlies Heavitree Quartzite. SW and S central Northern Territory.

Bitterfeld Germany
BT	Europe
	.Central Europe
	..Germany
	...Saxony-Anhalt Germany
	....Bitterfeld Germany
SN	City in S Saxony-Anhalt, S central Germany. Before 1993, Bitterfeld was also used with Halle Bezirk.

Bitterroot Range
BT	United States
	.U. S. Rocky Mountains
	..Bitterroot Range
NT	Beaverhead Mountains
RT	Idaho
	Montana
	Idaho Batholith
	Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
SN	Range of the Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties or states as applicable.

bitumenite
USE	torbanite

bitumens
NT	anthraxolite
	asphalt
	gilsonite
	grahamite
RT	kerogen
	oil seeps
	organic compounds
	petroleum
SN	Before 1968, also search bituminous rocks and sands. See List C for use as a commodity term.

bituminous coal
BT	sedimentary rocks
	.coal
	..bituminous coal
UF	soft coal
RT	lithotypes
SN	Before 1978, also search coal AND bituminous.

bituminous rocks and sands
SN	Not a valid GeoRef index term after 1968. See oil sands; oil shale; bitumens.

bituminous sands
USE	oil sands

bituminous shale
USE	black shale

Bivalvia
BT	Invertebrata
	.Mollusca
	..Bivalvia
NT	Actinodontida
	Arcina
	Astartida
	Carbonicola
	Cardiidae
	Carditida
	Ctenodontida
	Cyrtodontida
	Didacna
	Edmondia
	Glycymeris
	Gryphaea
	Hiatella arctica
	Hippuritacea
	Limnocardium
	Lucinidae
	Mactra
	Mercenaria
	Myophoria
	Mytilus
	Nuculanidae
	Nuculidae
	Ostreacea
	Pholadomyida
	Praecardiida
	Pteriina
	Rudistae
	Septibranchia
	Solemyida
	Tridacna
	Trigoniidae
	Unionidae
	Venerida
UF	Lamellibranchiata
	Pelecypoda
SN	Class.

bivariate analysis
BT	statistical analysis
	.bivariate analysis
RT	analysis
	multivariate analysis
	univariate analysis

Biwa Lake
USE	Lake Biwa

Biwabik Iron Formation
BT	Chronostratigraphic Units
	.Precambrian
	..Biwabik Iron Formation
RT	Minnesota
	Animikie Group
	Mesabi Range
SN	In Animikie Group. Saint Louis County, NE Minnesota. Part of Mesabi Range.

bixbyite
BT	oxides
	.bixbyite
UF	partridgeite

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