Ti  search
USEtitanium
Tian Shan  search
USETien Shan
Tian-Shan  search
USETien Shan
Tianjin China  search
BTbei China
 .Tianjin China
SNMunicipality located within Hebei, N China.
Tiber Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Tiber Valley
RTLatium Italy
 Tuscany Italy
 Umbria Italy
SNRiver valley. Also search Tiber. Indexed with autonomous regions as applicable.
Tiberias-Dead Sea Rift valley  search
USEJordan Valley
Tibesti Libya  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Libya
 ...Tibesti Libya
SNHabitation in S central Libya.
Tibesti Massif  search
BTAfrica
 .Tibesti Massif
UFTibesti Mountains
RTNiger
 Chad
 Libya
SNHighest mountain group of the Sahara in NE Niger, NW Chad and SE Libya. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Tibesti Mountains  search
USETibesti Massif
Tibet  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. See Xizang China.
Tibet China  search
USEXizang China
Tibetan Plateau  search
USEQinghai-Xizang Plateau
Ticino River  search
BTEurope
 .Ticino River
RTItaly
 Piemonte Italy
 Lombardy Italy
 Lago Maggiore
 Ticino Switzerland
SNFlows from S Switzerland to the Po River in NW Italy. Indexed with country as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Ticino Switzerland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Switzerland
 ...Ticino Switzerland
NTSan Giorgio Mountain
UFTessin Switzerland
RTLepontine Alps
 Lago Maggiore
 Ticino River
SNCanton in Lepontine Alps in S Switzerland.
Ticonderoga New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Essex County New York
 ...Ticonderoga New York
SNVillage on N outlet of Lake George in NE New York.
tidal channels  search
BTshore features
 .tidal channels
RTgeomorphology
 tidal flats
 channels
 tidal inlets
tidal currents  search
RTlongshore currents
 marine transport
 nearshore environment
 ocean currents
 oceanography
 tides
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
tidal energy  search
RTenergy
 energy sources
 new energy sources
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
tidal environment  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use intertidal environment, intertidal sedimentation, estuarine environment, estuarine sedimentation, tidal channels, tidal energy, tidal flats, tidal inlets, or tides as applicable.
tidal flats  search
RTbrackish-water environment
 coastal environment
 intertidal environment
 marine environment
 mud flats
 shore features
 supratidal environment
 tidal channels
 geomorphology
 sedimentation
 tidal marshes
 tides
SNAlso index shore features or intertidal environment as applicable.
tidal glaciers  search
USEtidewater glaciers
tidal inlets  search
BTshore features
 .tidal inlets
UFtidal outlets
RTgeomorphology
 shorelines
 inlets
 tidal channels
tidal marshes  search
BTmires
 .marshes
 ..tidal marshes
RTsedimentation
 ecology
 paleoecology
 geomorphology
 shore features
 lacustrine features
 wetlands
 salinity
 salt marshes
 tidal flats
 paludal environment
SNIndexed with lacustrine features or shore features as applicable.
tidal outlets  search
USEtidal inlets
tidal surges  search
RTsurges
 tides
SNBefore 1993, also search surges AND tides. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
tidal wave  search
USEtsunamis
tides  search
RTEarth tides
 littoral erosion
 low water
 ocean circulation
 shorelines
 surges
 tidal currents
 tidal flats
 tidal surges
tidewater glaciers  search
BTglaciers
 .tidewater glaciers
UFtidal glaciers
RTglacial geology
 hydrology
 fjords
 icebergs
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
Tieh-Chen Shan  search
USETiehchenshan
Tiehchenshan  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Taiwan
 ...Tiehchenshan
UFTieh-Chen Shan
SNHill region in NW Taiwan.
Tien Shan  search
BTAsia
 .Tien Shan
NTAlai Range
 Chatkal Range
 Chu-Ili Mountains
 Dzhungarian Alatau
 Karatau Range
 Talas Range
 Zeravshan Range
 Zeravshan-Hissar
UFTian Shan
 Tian-Shan
 Tien Shan Range
 Tien-Shan
 Tien-Shan Range
RTKyrgyzstan
 Xinjiang China
 Central Asia
 Kurama Range
 Tarbagatay Range
SNMountain region in Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, NW China. From 1981-1992, restricted to portion in Kyrgyzstan. Indexed with Kyrgyzstan and/or Xinjiang China as applicable.
Tien Shan Range  search
USETien Shan
Tien-Shan  search
USETien Shan
Tien-Shan Range  search
USETien Shan
Tientsin  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See Tianjin China.
Tierra Amarilla New Mexico  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..Rio Arriba County New Mexico
 ...Tierra Amarilla New Mexico
SNVillage in N New Mexico.
Tierra del Fuego  search
BTSouth America
 .Tierra del Fuego
NTTierra del Fuego Island
RTEast Pacific Ocean Islands
 Argentina
 Chile
 Atlantic Ocean Islands
 Magallanes Chile
SNArchipelago comprising all islands S of Strait of Magellan to Drake Passage. As of 1995, use Tierra del Fuego Island for the island. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Tierra del Fuego Island  search
BTSouth America
 .Tierra del Fuego
 ..Tierra del Fuego Island
RTArgentina
 Magallanes Chile
SNAlso search Tierra del Fuego. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Tieschitz Meteorite  search
BTmeteorites
 .stony meteorites
 ..chondrites
 ...Tieschitz Meteorite
RTCzech Republic
 Moravia
SNImpact at Prerov, Moravia, Czech Republic. Olivine-bronzite chondrite. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Tiffanian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Paleocene
 .....upper Paleocene
 ......Tiffanian
SNNorth America. Upper Paleocene, above Torrejonian and below Clarkforkian. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Tiflis Georgian Republic  search
USETbilisi Georgian Republic
Tift County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Tift County Georgia
tight sands  search
RTenergy sources
 gas sands
 natural gas
 oil and gas fields
 oil sands
 organic compounds
 permeability
 petroleum
 reservoir properties
 reservoir rocks
 rocks
 source rocks
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
Tigr  search
Tigre Ethiopia  search
BTAfrica
 .East Africa
 ..Ethiopia
 ...Tigre Ethiopia
SNProvince in N Ethiopia.
Tigris River  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Tigris River
RTTurkey
 Iraq
SNSource in E Turkey. Joins Euphrates River at Basra, Iraq. Indexed with countries as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Tijeras Canyon  search
BTUnited States
 .New Mexico
 ..Bernalillo County New Mexico
 ...Tijeras Canyon
RTBasin and Range Province
SNCentral New Mexico. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Tilia  search
BTPlantae
 .Spermatophyta
 ..Angiospermae
 ...Dicotyledoneae
 ....Tilia
SNGenus.
till  search
BTsediments
 .clastic sediments
 ..till
NTlodgement till
RTglacial geology
 terrigenous materials
 boulder clay
 boulder trains
 glacial features
 drift
 diamicton
 glacial transport
 moraines
 drumlins
 tillite
 tilloid
SNBefore 1971, also search glacial deposits.
tillage  search
RTsoil management
 soils
 yields
Tillamook County Oregon  search
BTUnited States
 .Oregon
 ..Tillamook County Oregon
SNNW Oregon. Also search Tillamook AND Oregon.
tillite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .clastic rocks
 ..tillite
RTterrigenous materials
 till
 glacial features
Tillman County Oklahoma  search
BTUnited States
 .Oklahoma
 ..Tillman County Oklahoma
Tillodontia  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Tillodontia
SNOrder.
tilloid  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .clastic rocks
 ..tilloid
RTterrigenous materials
 till
tilt  search
UFtilting
RTseismology
 geodesy
 volcanology
 volcanic earthquakes
 obliquity of the ecliptic
 tiltmeters
SNAs of 1981, for the tilt of a planet on its axis, use obliquity of the ecliptic.
tilting  search
USEtilt
tiltmeters  search
RTearthquakes
 instruments
 tilt
 seismology
 volcanology
Timagami Mine  search
USETemagami Mine
Timan Ridge  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Timan Ridge
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Timan Ridge
BTRussian Platform
 .Timan Ridge
BTEurope
 .Timan Ridge
SNAn eroded range of ancient sedimentary rocks in N European Russian Federation dividing the eastern Pechora Basin from the plains to the W. Also search Timan. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Timan-Pechora region  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Timan-Pechora region
BTEurope
 .Timan-Pechora region
RTNenets Russian Federation
 Komi Russian Federation
 Pechora Basin
SNIncludes the Timan Ridge area; and the Pechora Basin in Komi Autonomous Republic and Nenets National Okrug. In N and NE European Russian Federation. Before 1978, also search Timan-Pechora. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Timbered Hills Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Upper Cambrian
 .....Timbered Hills Group
RTOklahoma
 Reagan Sandstone
SNS Oklahoma. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
time domain analysis  search
RTanalysis
 frequency domain analysis
 Hilbert transformations
 stacking
 geophysical methods
 time domain reflectometry
SNAlso search time domain. Added to Thesaurus in 1981.
time domain reflectometry  search
BTgeophysical methods
 .electrical methods
 ..time domain reflectometry
RTgeophysical surveys
 ground methods
 time domain analysis
SNUse TDR data for data and time domain reflectometers for the instrument. For surveys, also index geophysical surveys. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
time factor  search
RTchronosequences
 factors
 P-T-t paths
 pedogenesis
 residence time
 soils
 temporal distribution
time scales  search
UFscales, time
RTgeochronology
 scale factor
time series analysis  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .time series analysis
RTanalysis
 mathematical geology
 extrapolation
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1983.
time variations  search
RTseismic methods
 seismology
 variations
SNAs of 1982, restricted to seismology or seismic methods.
Timiskaming County Quebec  search
USETemiscamingue County Quebec
Timiskaming District Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Timiskaming District Ontario
NTCobalt Ontario
 Kirkland Lake Ontario
 New Liskeard Ontario
UFDistrict of Temiscamingue
 District of Temiskaming
 District of Timiskaming
 Temiscamingue District Ontario
 Temiskaming District Ontario
RTTemiscamingue County Quebec
 Lake Timiskaming
 Larder Lake District Ontario
SNE central Ontario, on Quebec border. Also search Timiskaming.
Timiskaming Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Archean
 ...Timiskaming Group
RTAbitibi Belt
 Superior Province
 Ontario
 Quebec
SNAbitibi Belt of Superior Province. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Timiskaming Lake  search
USELake Timiskaming
Timmins Ontario  search
BTCanada
 .Eastern Canada
 ..Ontario
 ...Cochrane District Ontario
 ....Timmins Ontario
RTKidd Creek Mine
SNMining town 135 miles N of Sudbury between Lake Huron and James Bay.
Timna  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Israel
 ...Timna
RTNegev
SNRegion in S Israel including ancient copper mining site. Also search Har Timna, Mount Timna, or Timna Valley as applicable.
Timok Basin  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Yugoslavia
 ...Serbia
 ....Timok Basin
UFTimok River basin
RTcoal fields
SNRiver and coal basin near the Bulgarian and Romanian borders in E Serbia. Also search Timok; Timok River.
Timok River basin  search
USETimok Basin
Timor  search
BTMalay Archipelago
 .Timor
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Lesser Sunda Islands
 ...Timor
UFPortuguese Timor
RTPortugal
 Indonesia
 Banda Arc
 Sunda Arc
SNIsland in the Lesser Sundas separated from Australia by the Timor Sea. W half of island belongs to Indonesia. The E half was given up by Portugal in 1975 and subsequently occupied by Indonesia. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with country as a
Timor Sea  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Timor Sea
NTBonaparte Gulf basin
 Sahul Shelf
 Timor Trough
RTSouthwest Pacific
 West Pacific
 Joseph Bonaparte Gulf
 Browse Basin
SNBetween the island of Timor and NW Australia. From 1981-1994, West Pacific was also a broader term.
Timor Trench  search
USETimor Trough
Timor Trough  search
BTIndian Ocean
 .Timor Sea
 ..Timor Trough
UFTimor Trench
RTBanda Arc
 DSDP Site 262
SNUndersea feature off the S coast of Timor.
TIMS  search
SNAs of 1998, not a valid term for GeoRef. Used for various concepts. See thermal ionization mass spectroscopy or Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner if applicable.
tin  search
BTmetals
 .tin
UFSn
RTtin ores
 niggliite
SNChemical element. Use tin ores for tin as a commodity.
tin ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .tin ores
RTplacers
 Dachang Deposit
 cassiterite
 tin
tin pyrites  search
USEstannite
Tinaquillo Venezuela  search
BTSouth America
 .Venezuela
 ..Cojedes Venezuela
 ...Tinaquillo Venezuela
SNTown in N Cojedes, NW Venezuela.
Tindouf Algeria  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Tindouf Algeria
SNVillage and oasis in extreme W Algeria.
Tindouf Basin  search
BTAfrica
 .North Africa
 ..Algeria
 ...Tindouf Basin
UFSebkha de Tindouf
SNSalt flats in extreme W Algeria. Before 1978, also Also search Tindouf Algeria.
tinguaite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .volcanic rocks
 ..phonolites
 ...tinguaite
Tintic District  search
USETintic mining district
Tintic mining district  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Tintic mining district
UFTintic District
RTmetal ores
 Juab County Utah
SNArea around East Tintic Creek in Juab County in W central Utah. Also search Tintic AND Utah. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Tintic Quartzite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Cambrian
 ....Tintic Quartzite
RTUtah
SNLower and Middle Cambrian. Underlies Ophir Formation and unconformably overlies crystalline complex. Central and N Utah.
Tintina Fault  search
BTNorth America
 .Tintina Fault
UFTintina fault zone
 Tintina Trench
RTAlaska
 Yukon Territory
 Yukon-Tanana Terrane
SNIndexed with Alaska and/or Yukon Territory as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Tintina fault zone  search
USETintina Fault
Tintina Trench  search
USETintina Fault
Tintinnidae  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Protista
 ..Tintinnidae
NTCalpionella
 Calpionellidae
 Calpionellites
 Stomiosphaera
RTmicrofossils
SNFamily. Including Calpionellidae. Indexed with microfossils if applicable.
Tioga Bentonite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Middle Devonian
 .....Tioga Bentonite
RTVirginia
 Ohio
 Pennsylvania
 New York
 West Virginia
 Onondaga Limestone
SNTioga Bentonite Bed is in Seneca Member of Onondaga Limestone. It is subsurface in Pennsylvania.
Tioga County New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Tioga County New York
SNS New York.
Tioga County Pennsylvania  search
BTUnited States
 .Pennsylvania
 ..Tioga County Pennsylvania
SNN Pennsylvania.
Tippah County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Tippah County Mississippi
Tippecanoe County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Tippecanoe County Indiana
SNW central Indiana.
Tippecanoe Sequence  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Tippecanoe Sequence
RTSilurian
 Middle Ordovician
 Upper Ordovician
 Lower Devonian
 United States
 Illinois Basin
 Midwest
SNMiddle Ordovician through Lower Devonian. Illinois Basin, central United States. Indexed with age or ages as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Tipperary Ireland  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..Ireland
 ...Tipperary Ireland
NTCashel Ireland
SNCounty in S Ireland.
Tipton County Indiana  search
BTIndiana
 .Tipton County Indiana
Tipton County Tennessee  search
BTUnited States
 .Tennessee
 ..Tipton County Tennessee
Tiraspol Moldova  search
BTEurope
 .Moldova
 ..Tiraspol Moldova
RTMoldavia
SNCity on the Dniester River in SE Moldova. This term has multiple hierarchies.
tirodite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..amphibole group
 ...clinoamphibole
 ....tirodite
Tirol Austria  search
USETyrol Austria
Tiruchirapalli India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Tamil Nadu India
 ....Tiruchirapalli India
UFTrichinopoly India
SNCity 200 miles SSW of Madras in Tamil Nadu.
Tirupati India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Andhra Pradesh India
 ....Tirupati India
SNCity in S Andhra Pradesh, central India.
Tisa River  search
USETisza River
Tishomingo County Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Tishomingo County Mississippi
NTTishomingo Mississippi
SNCounty in extreme NE Mississippi.
Tishomingo Mississippi  search
BTUnited States
 .Mississippi
 ..Tishomingo County Mississippi
 ...Tishomingo Mississippi
SNVillage in NE Mississippi.
Tismana Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Walachia
 ....Tismana Romania
SNVillage in S foothills of Transylvanian Alps in NW.
Tisza River  search
BTEurope
 .Tisza River
UFTheiss River
 Tisa River
RTSerbia
 Romania
 Ukraine
 Hungary
 Vojvodina Yugoslavia
SNRises in Carpathians in W Ukraine and flows W, SW and then S, into the Danube River N of Belgrade. Also search Tisza. Indexed with countries as applicable.
Titan Satellite  search
RTicy satellites
 satellites
 Saturn
 Voyager Program
SNOne of the satellites of Saturn. Before 1989, also search Titan AND Saturn. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
titanaugite  search
BTsilicates
 .chain silicates
 ..pyroxene group
 ...clinopyroxene
 ....titanaugite
RTaugite
Titania Satellite  search
RTicy satellites
 satellites
 Uranus
 Voyager Program
SNOne of the satellites of Uranus. Before 1989, also search Titania AND Uranus. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
titanite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...titanite
UFsphene
RTheavy minerals
titanium  search
BTmetals
 .titanium
UFTi
RThigh-field-strength elements
 titanium ores
SNChemical element. Use titanium ores for titanium as a commodity.
titanium ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .titanium ores
RTtitanium oxides
 ilmenite
 titanium
 leucoxene
 titanomagnetite
titanium oxides  search
BToxides
 .titanium oxides
RTanatase
 brookite
 rutile
 armalcolite
 geikielite
 ilmenite
 titanium ores
 oxyhydroxides
 titanomaghemite
 titanomagnetite
 perovskite
 pyrophanite
 ulvospinel
titanoclinohumite  search
BTsilicates
 .orthosilicates
 ..nesosilicates
 ...humite group
 ....titanoclinohumite
RTclinohumite
titanomaghemite  search
BToxides
 .titanomaghemite
RTtitanium oxides
 maghemite
titanomagnetite  search
BToxides
 .titanomagnetite
RTiron ores
 titanium oxides
 magnetite
 magnetic minerals
 titanium ores
Tithonian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Upper Jurassic
 .....Tithonian
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Upper Jurassic
 .....Portlandian
 ......Tithonian
NTVaca Muerta Formation
RTToro Formation
SNEurope.
titration  search
UFvolumetric analysis
RTchemical analysis
 wet methods
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Titus County Texas  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Titus County Texas