Bi  search
USEbismuth
Bialowieza  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Bialowieza
RTnational parks
SNNational park in E Poland.
Bialystok Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Bialystok Poland
NTBelsk Poland
SNProvince in extreme NE Poland. Also a city.
Biarritz France  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..France
 ...Pyrenees-Atlantiques France
 ....Biarritz France
SNTown on the Bay of Biscay near Spanish border.
Biarritzian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Paleogene
 ....Eocene
 .....Biarritzian
SNEurope. Middle to upper Eocene.
biaxial tests  search
RTcompression
 confining pressure
 deformation
 rock mechanics
 soil mechanics
 testing
 triaxial tests
 uniaxial tests
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
Bibb County Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Bibb County Alabama
Bibb County Georgia  search
BTUnited States
 .Georgia
 ..Bibb County Georgia
NTMacon Georgia
SNCentral Georgia.
bibliographic review  search
USEbibliography
bibliographies  search
USEbibliography
bibliography  search
UFbibliographic review
 bibliographies
RTassociations
 oceanography
 petrology
 paleontology
 structural geology
 stratigraphy
 catalogs
 glossaries
 lexicons
 areal geology
 geology
 publications
 mineralogy
 biography
 GeoRef
 Geoscan
 libraries
 monographs
 paleobotany
 research
 review
 sedimentary petrology
 sur
SNCovers major bibliographies on topics, areas or persons.
bicarbonate ion  search
RTcarbonate ion
 carbonates
 geochemistry
 ions
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
Bicaz Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Bicaz Valley
BTEurope
 .Moldavia
 ..Bicaz Valley
RTBacau Romania
SNRiver valley in Bacau County. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bida Nigeria  search
BTAfrica
 .West Africa
 ..Nigeria
 ...Bida Nigeria
SNRegion in W central Nigeria.
Bidahochi Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Neogene
 ....Pliocene
 .....Bidahochi Formation
RTNew Mexico
 Arizona
SNDivided into six members for mapping purposes. Fifth member informally referred to as White Cone Member. In NE Arizona.
bideauxite  search
BThalides
 .chlorides
 ..bideauxite
BThalides
 .fluorides
 ..bideauxite
SNThis term has multiple hierarchies.
Biel Lake  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Switzerland
 ...Bern Switzerland
 ....Biel Lake
UFBienne Lake
 Lake of Bienne
SNIn NW Bern.
Biella Italy  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Italy
 ...Piemonte Italy
 ....Vercelli Italy
 .....Biella Italy
SNTown in Vercelli Province in NW Italy.
Bielsk Podlaski Poland  search
USEBelsk Poland
Bielsk Poland  search
USEBelsk Poland
Bielsko Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Bielsko Poland
NTAndrychow Poland
 Bielsko-Biala Poland
 Cieszyn Poland
 Wadowice Poland
RTBeskid Mountains
 Katowice Poland
SNAs of 1989, used only for the province in S Poland. Before 1989, also used for the city of Bielsko-Biala.
Bielsko-Biala Poland  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Poland
 ...Bielsko Poland
 ....Bielsko-Biala Poland
RTKatowice Poland
SNName of city which was combined with Biala in 1950 to form Bielsko-Biala in what was formerly part of Katowice Province. Before 1989, also search Bielsko Poland.
Bienne Lake  search
USEBiel Lake
Bienville Parish Louisiana  search
BTUnited States
 .Louisiana
 ..Bienville Parish Louisiana
BIFs  search
USEbanded iron formations
Big Bear earthquake 1992  search
BTearthquakes
 .Big Bear earthquake 1992
RTCalifornia
 Mojave Desert
 Joshua Tree earthquake 1992
 Landers earthquake 1992
 Southern California
SNEpicenter near Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County California, S California. Aftershock to Landers earthquake 1992. Also search Mojave Desert earthquake 1992. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Big Belt Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .U. S. Rocky Mountains
 ..Big Belt Mountains
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Big Belt Mountains
RTBroadwater County Montana
 Cascade County Montana
 Meagher County Montana
SNRange of Rocky Mountains in W central Montana. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties as applicable.
Big Bend National Park  search
BTUnited States
 .Texas
 ..Brewster County Texas
 ...Big Bend National Park
RTnational parks
 Rattlesnake Mountain
SNIn Brewster County on the Mexican border in SW Texas. Also search Big Bend and Texas.
Big Blue River  search
BTUnited States
 .Big Blue River
RTButler County Nebraska
 Hamilton County Nebraska
 Marshall County Kansas
 Polk County Nebraska
 Saline County Nebraska
 Seward County Nebraska
 York County Nebraska
SNNE Kansas and SE Nebraska. Feeds into the Kansas River system. Indexed with U. S. counties as applicable.
Big Fork Chert  search
USEBigfork Chert
Big Horn Basin  search
USEBighorn Basin
Big Horn County Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Big Horn County Montana
RTBighorn River
SNS Montana.
Big Horn County Wyoming  search
BTUnited States
 .Wyoming
 ..Big Horn County Wyoming
RTBighorn River
SNN Wyoming.
Big Horn Dolomite  search
USEBighorn Dolomite
Big Horn Mountains  search
USEBighorn Mountains
Big Injun Sandstone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Mississippian
 .....Big Injun Sandstone
RTOhio
 Pennsylvania
 West Virginia
 Greenbrier Limestone
 Pocono Formation
SNDriller's term. Found in the top of the Pocono Group and partly in the overlying Greenbrier Group, it has been a very important shallow petroleum producing zone in West Virginia. Beds have been correlated with Burgoon Sandstone Member (Pocono Formation) o
Big Maria Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .California
 ..Riverside County California
 ...Big Maria Mountains
RTLittle Maria Mountains
SNSE California. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
Big Pine Key  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Florida Keys
 ...Big Pine Key
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Monroe County Florida
 ...Big Pine Key
RTCoupon Bight
SNOne of the principal islands in the Florida Keys. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Big Snowy Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Carboniferous
 ....Big Snowy Group
RTIdaho
 Montana
 Heath Formation
SNCentral Montana. Includes Heath Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Big Snowy Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Big Snowy Mountains
RTFergus County Montana
 Golden Valley County Montana
SNN central Montana. Indexed with counties and mountain ranges as applicable.
Big Stone County Minnesota  search
BTUnited States
 .Minnesota
 ..Big Stone County Minnesota
Bigby-Cannon Limestone  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Middle Ordovician
 .....Bigby-Cannon Limestone
RTTennessee
SNContemporary facies comprising this unit are Bigby Limestone and Cannon Limestone. Overlies Hermitage Formation and underlies Catheys Formation. Central Tennessee.
Bigfork Che  search
Bigfork Chert  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Middle Ordovician
 .....Bigfork Chert
UFBig Fork Chert
RTOklahoma
 Texas
 Arkansas
 Ouachita Belt
SNSW Arkansas, SE Oklahoma, and Texas. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Bighorn Basin  search
BTUnited States
 .Bighorn Basin
UFBig Horn Basin
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Madison Aquifer
SNRiver basin. Indexed with states and counties as applicable.
Bighorn Dolomite  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Ordovician
 ....Upper Ordovician
 .....Bighorn Dolomite
UFBig Horn Dolomite
RTIdaho
 Wyoming
 Montana
 North Dakota
 South Dakota
 Red River Formation
 Williston Basin
SNCentral N United States. Extends into Saskatchewan. Added to Thesaurus in 1995.
Bighorn Mountains  search
BTUnited States
 .U. S. Rocky Mountains
 ..Bighorn Mountains
UFBig Horn Mountains
RTWyoming
 Montana
SNRange of Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with states as applicable.
Bighorn River  search
BTUnited States
 .Bighorn River
RTWyoming
 Montana
 Big Horn County Montana
 Big Horn County Wyoming
 Fremont County Wyoming
 Hot Springs County Wyoming
 Washakie County Wyoming
 Yellowstone County Montana
SNS Montana and N Wyoming. Indexed with states and counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Bihar India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Bihar India
NTAmarjola
 Bihar mica belt
 Bokaro coal field
 Dhanbad India
 Gaya India
 Hazaribagh India
 Jharia coal field
 Jharia India
 Karanpura coal field
 Karanpura India
 Karharbari India
 Monghyr India
 Mosaboni Mines
 Palamau India
 Rajgir India
 Rajmahal Hills
 Rajmahal India
 Ranchi India
 Singhbhum India
UFBehar India
RTAjay River
 Damuda Series
 Chainpur Meteorite
 Damodar Valley
 Karharbari Stage
 Kosi Basin
 Panchet Series
 Ramgarh coal field
 Semri Series
 Shergotty Meteorite
 Singhbhum Granite
 Singhbhum shear zone
 Son Valley
SNState in E India.
Bihar mica belt  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Bihar India
 ....Bihar mica belt
RTGaya India
 Hazaribagh India
SNExtends WSW-ENE from Gurpa in Gaya district to near Simultala in Bhagalpur district, Bihar. Also passes through districts of Nawadah, Ghiridih, and Munger. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
Bihar Mountains  search
USEBihor Mountains
Bihor Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Bihor Mountains
NTVladeasa Mountain
UFBihar Mountains
SNIn W central Transylvania.
Bihor Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Bihor Romania
NTRosia Romania
RTBeius Basin
SNCounty in W Transylvania.
Biikzhal  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Kazakhstan
 ..Biikzhal
SNDrill hole in Emba River region of Caspian Basin. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bijapur India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Karnataka India
 ....Bijapur India
SNTown in NW Karnataka, S India.
Bijawar System  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Bijawar System
RTIndia
 Madhya Pradesh India
SNIncludes Majhauli Group, Bhitri Group, Lora Group, and Chanderdip Group.
Bikaner India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Rajasthan India
 ....Bikaner India
SNA city in NW Rajasthan, NW India.
Bilaspur India  search
BTAsia
 .Indian Peninsula
 ..India
 ...Bilaspur India
RTMadhya Pradesh India
 Himachal Pradesh India
SNCity and district in S Himachal Pradesh. Also a city and district in E central Madhya Pradesh. Indexed with states as applicable.
Bilbao Spain  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Iberian Peninsula
 ...Spain
 ....Basque Provinces Spain
 .....Vizcaya Spain
 ......Bilbao Spain
SNCity on the Bay of Biscay in the Basque country, N Spain.
Billings County North Dakota  search
BTUnited States
 .North Dakota
 ..Billings County North Dakota
SNW North Dakota.
Billings Montana  search
BTUnited States
 .Montana
 ..Yellowstone County Montana
 ...Billings Montana
SNCity in S central Montana.
Billiton  search
BTAsia
 .Far East
 ..Indonesia
 ...Billiton
UFBelitung
SNIsland between Sumatra and SW Borneo.
Bimini  search
BTCaribbean region
 .West Indies
 ..Bahamas
 ...Bimini
UFBimini Islands
RTNorthwest Providence Channel
SNTwo small islands off S Florida coast.
Bimini Islands  search
USEBimini
Bingham County Idaho  search
BTUnited States
 .Idaho
 ..Bingham County Idaho
RTINEEL
SNSE Idaho.
Bingham Utah  search
BTUnited States
 .Utah
 ..Salt Lake County Utah
 ...Bingham Utah
SNMining town in N central Utah.
Binghamton New York  search
BTUnited States
 .New York
 ..Broome County New York
 ...Binghamton New York
SNCity on the Pennsylvania border in S New York.
Binn Valley  search
USEBinnental
Binnatal  search
USEBinnental
Binnen Tal  search
USEBinnental
Binnental  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Switzerland
 ...Valais Switzerland
 ....Binnental
UFBinn Valley
 Binnatal
 Binnen Tal
SNValley in E Valais.
Binue Valley  search
USEBenue Valley
bioaccumulation  search
RTbiochemistry
 biodegradation
 environmental geology
 metabolism
 pollutants
 pollution
 residence time
 toxicity
SNIncrease in concentration of chemical species in tissues when intake rate is greater than excretion and metabolism rates. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.
bioassays  search
RTanalysis
 biochemistry
 biodegradation
 environmental geology
 immunoassays
SNProcedures using living organisms to measure the effect of a substance, factor, or condition by comparing before and after data. Not for use for mineral exploration; for those papers see geobotanical methods or biogeochemical methods as applicable.
bioavailability  search
RTbiochemistry
 biodegradation
 environmental geology
 metabolism
 nutrition
 properties
SNExtent or rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or is made available at a site of physiological activity. Added to Thesaurus in 1998.
biocalcarenite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .carbonate rocks
 ..limestone
 ...biocalcarenite
RTcalcarenite
biocenoses  search
UFbiocenosis
 biocoenoses
 life assemblage
RTbiotopes
 paleontology
 communities
 ichnofacies
 thanatocenoses
biocenosis  search
USEbiocenoses
biochemical sedimentation  search
BTsedimentation
 .biochemical sedimentation
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
biochemistry  search
UFbiogeochemistry
 paleobiochemistry
RTgeochemistry
 organic compounds
 acetic acid
 fossils
 metabolism
 nitrification
 bioassays
 biology
 bioaccumulation
 biodegradation
 immunoassays
 bioavailability
 biomineralization
 carcinogens
 diet
 Gaia hypothesis
 molecular biology
 paleobiology
 steroids
biochronology  search
RTbiologic evolution
 biostratigraphy
 chronology
 correlation
 extinction
 first occurrence
 geochronology
 mass extinctions
 paleontology
 relative age
SNGeochronology studies using biological events or or paleontologic methods. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
biocirculation  search
SNAs of 1993, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Usually out-of-scope. Used with ocean circulation.
bioclastic sedimentation  search
BTsedimentation
 .bioclastic sedimentation
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
biocoenoses  search
USEbiocenoses
biodegradation  search
UFbiodeterioration
 biological degradation
RTbioreclamation
 biochemistry
 biogenic structures
 biomarkers
 metabolism
 bioassays
 biosphere
 biology
 biota
 bioaccumulation
 bioavailability
 biogenic processes
 biomass
 bioremediation
 biorhexistasy
 bioturbation
 dechlorination
 degradation
 metabolites
 methanol
 Ps
SNAlso see bioreclamation or bioremediation if applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1982.
biodeterioration  search
USEbiodegradation
biodiversity  search
UFbiological diversity
RTDNA
 biologic evolution
 ecology
 paleoecology
 paleontology
 species diversity
 paleobotany
 ecosystems
 endangered species
SNA broad term which applies to the number, variety and variability of living things. Variation is commonly discussed at submolecular, species, and ecosystem levels. Also search species diversity or [biologic evolution or ecology or paleoecology; AND divers
bioerosion  search
BTerosion
 .bioerosion
BTbiogenic processes
 .bioerosion
RTabrasion
 processes
 biogenic structures
 ichnofossils
 burrows
 reefs
 sedimentary structures
 bioturbation
 borings
 corrosion
 erosion rates
 etching
 predation
SNAlso search biogenic processes and erosion. This term has multiple hierarchies.
biofacies  search
UFbiologic facies
RTsedimentation
 facies
 biotopes
 ecology
 biostratigraphy
 sediments
 assemblages
 ichnofacies
 biota
 ichnofabric
biogenic  search
SNA valid term through 1977. See biogenic structures; biogenic processes.
biogenic effects  search
USEbiogenic processes
biogenic origin  search
USEbiogenic processes
biogenic processes  search
NTbioerosion
UFbiogenic effects
 biogenic origin
RTecology
 biogenic structures
 metabolism
 nitrification
 biota
 biodegradation
 biorhexistasy
 bioturbation
 metabolites
 effects
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
biogenic structures  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
NTalgal structures
 banks
 bioherms
 bioturbation
 carbonate banks
 girvanella
 lebensspuren
 oncolites
 stromatactis
 stromatolites
 thrombolites
RTbioerosion
 coal
 ichnofossils
 burrows
 peat
 reefs
 biodegradation
 biogenic processes
 borings
 coprolites
 fecal pellets
 hardground
 rhizoliths
 termite mounds
 tracks
 trails
biogeochemical cycles  search
SNNot a valid term for GeoRef. See biochemistry and geochemical cycle.
biogeochemical methods  search
BTgeochemical methods
 .biogeochemical methods
UFbiogeochemical prospecting
RTgeochemistry
 methods
 mineral exploration
 geobotanical methods
SNBefore 1972, also search biogeochemistry; biogeochemical.
biogeochemical prospecting  search
USEbiogeochemical methods
biogeochemistry  search
USEbiochemistry
biogeographic maps  search
BTmaps
 .biogeographic maps
RTpaleontology
 biogeography
SNBefore 1985, also search maps AND biogeography. Added to Thesaurus in 1985.
biogeography  search
UFchorology
 paleobiogeography
 phytogeography
 zoogeography
RTadaptive radiation
 biologic evolution
 ecology
 paleoecology
 fossils
 paleogeography
 continental drift
 faunal provinces
 floral provinces
 paleobotany
 biogeographic maps
 Boreal
 colonization
 cosmopolitan taxa
 endemic taxa
 geography
 land bridges
 migration
 paleoi
SNUsed for descriptions of the geographic distribution of both fossil and modern organisms. Indexed with with fossil names and age where available.
biography  search
RTbibliography
 Darwin, Charles
 Gilbert, Grove Karl
 Hutton, James
 Lyell, Charles
 Schimper, Wilhelm-Philippe
 Vernadskiy, Vladimir Ivanovich
 Wegener, Alfred
SNIndexed with also name of individual (last, first)
bioherms  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..bioherms
NTmud mounds
UForganic mound
RTCoelenterata
 algae
 carbonate banks
 atolls
 reefs
 bafflestone
 biostromes
 calcareous composition
SNAs of 1984, use instead of reefs under sedimentary structures.
biologic evolution  search
UFbiological evolution
RTDNA
 adaptation
 adaptive radiation
 behavior
 biogeography
 homology
 Gaia hypothesis
 biochronology
 extinction
 first occurrence
 biodiversity
 endangered species
 catastrophism
 cladistics
 creationism
 Darwinism
 diachronism
 eukaryotes
 extinct taxa
 gradualism
 life o
SNBefore 1983, also search evolution AND appropriate paleontology category codes (See list A); evolution AND appropriate fossil name(s); evolution AND paleontology; evolution AND paleobotany. Added to Thesaurus in 1983.
biologic facies  search
USEbiofacies
biological degradation  search
USEbiodegradation
biological diversity  search
USEbiodiversity
biological evolution  search
USEbiologic evolution
biological markers  search
USEbiomarkers
biological processes  search
SNAs of 1981, no longer a valid term for GeoRef. Use biology.
biological zones  search
USEbiozones
biology  search
RTbacteria
 biochemistry
 biodegradation
 biosphere
 biotypes
 ecology
 epibiotism
 exobiology
 geomicrobiology
 molecular biology
 paleobiology
biomarkers  search
UFbiological markers
 molecular fossils
RTorganic compounds
 aromatic hydrocarbons
 alkanes
 alkenones
 biostratigraphy
 asphalt
 biodegradation
 first occurrence
 chemical fossils
 diasteranes
 diterpanes
 gammacerane
 geochemical indicators
 hopanes
 hopanoids
 moretanes
 n-alkanes
 oleananes
 porphyrins
 saturat
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
biomass  search
RTbiodegradation
 ecology
 new energy sources
 productivity
 trophic analysis
biomechanics  search
RTbipedalism
 functional morphology
 locomotion
 morphology
 muscles
 wings
SNAlso index locomotion if applicable.
biometry  search
RTcladistics
 fossils
 mathematical geology
 paleontology
 statistical analysis
biomicrite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .carbonate rocks
 ..limestone
 ...biomicrite
RTmicrite
biomineralization  search
RTbiochemistry
 bones
 fossilization
 mineralization
 processes
 shells
 taphonomy
SNInteraction between organism and environment to produce minerals often as body parts. Applies to many plants and animals. Added to Thesaurus in 1993.
biopelite  search
USEblack shale
bioreclamation  search
BTreclamation
 .bioreclamation
RTabandoned mines
 pollution
 waste disposal
 biodegradation
 bioremediation
 decontamination
 polluted water
 remediation
 soil treatment
 strip mining
 water treatment
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1995.
bioremediation  search
BTremediation
 .bioremediation
RTbioreclamation
 reclamation
 pollution
 waste disposal
 biodegradation
 dechlorination
 polluted water
 soil treatment
 strip mining
 water treatment
 Pseudomonas
 waste management
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1993.
biorhexistasy  search
RTbiodegradation
 biogenic processes
 laterites
 soils
 weathering
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1981.
biosparite  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .carbonate rocks
 ..limestone
 ...biosparite
biosphere  search
RTatmosphere
 biodegradation
 biology
 Earth
 Gaia hypothesis
 hydrosphere
 IGBP
 lithosphere
 tectonosphere
biostratigraphy  search
RTaminostratigraphy
 biochronology
 biofacies
 biomarkers
 biotopes
 biozones
 diachronism
 dinosaurs
 feathers
 first occurrence
 fossils
 historical geology
 ichnofacies
 ichthyoliths
 index fossils
 K-T boundary
 megaspores
 miospores
 nannofossils
 paleoecology
 paleontolo
biostromes  search
RTbioherms
 Coelenterata
 reefs
biota  search
UForganisms
RTsoils
 ecology
 microorganisms
 biofacies
 bacteria
 biodegradation
 biogenic processes
 factors
 faunal studies
 floral studies
 living taxa
biotite  search
BTsilicates
 .sheet silicates
 ..mica group
 ...biotite
RTheavy minerals
biotite gneiss  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .gneisses
 ..biotite gneiss
biotite granite  search
BTigneous rocks
 .plutonic rocks
 ..granites
 ...biotite granite
biotite schist  search
BTmetamorphic rocks
 .schists
 ..biotite schist
biotopes  search
RTadaptation
 assemblages
 biocenoses
 biofacies
 biostratigraphy
 communities
 ecology
 faunal provinces
 floral provinces
 habitat
 paleoecology
 paleoenvironment
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1982.
bioturbation  search
BTsedimentary structures
 .biogenic structures
 ..bioturbation
RTsedimentation
 bioerosion
 burrows
 ichnofacies
 biodegradation
 biogenic processes
 borings
 ichnofabric
 Bouma sequence
biotypes  search
RTbiology
 ecology
 paleoecology
biozones  search
UFbiological zones
RTstratigraphic units
 stratigraphy
 biostratigraphy
 first occurrence
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1989.
bipedalism  search
RTbiomechanics
 functional morphology
 locomotion
 paleontology
SNAdded to Thesaurus in 1985.
Birch Creek Alaska  search
BTUnited States
 .Alaska
 ..East-Central Alaska
 ...Birch Creek Alaska
SNVillage in E Alaska.
Bird Island (Venezuela)  search
USEAves Island
Bird River Manitoba  search
BTCanada
 .Western Canada
 ..Manitoba
 ...Bird River Manitoba
SNVillage in SE Manitoba.
Bird Spring Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Bird Spring Formation
RTPennsylvanian
 Lower Permian
 Utah
 California
 Nevada
 Upper Mississippian
SNUpper Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian. In Spring Mountain area, Nevada. Underlies Spring Mountain Formation and overlies Illipah Formation. Indexed with ages as applicable.
Birdbear Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Paleozoic
 ...Devonian
 ....Upper Devonian
 .....Birdbear Formation
RTSaskatchewan
 Montana
 North Dakota
 Williston Basin
 Jefferson Group
 Nisku Formation
SNIn Jefferson Group. Overlies Duperow Formation. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
birefraction  search
USEbirefringence
birefringence  search
UFbirefraction
 double refraction
RToptical properties
 polarization
 refractive index
Birimian  search
USEBirrimian
Birkhead Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Jurassic
 ....Birkhead Formation
RTQueensland Australia
 Australia
 Eromanga Basin
SNEromanga Basin, Queensland. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Birmingham  search
SNNo longer a valid term for GeoRef. After 1992, see Birmingham England; after 1988, see Birmingham Alabama.
Birmingham Alabama  search
BTUnited States
 .Alabama
 ..Jefferson County Alabama
 ...Birmingham Alabama
SNCity in central Alabama.
Birmingham England  search
BTEurope
 .Western Europe
 ..United Kingdom
 ...Great Britain
 ....England
 .....Birmingham England
RTWarwickshire England
SNCity in West Midlands, W central England.
Birmingham University  search
RTacademic institutions
 England
SNIn Birmingham in W central England.
birnessite  search
BToxides
 .birnessite
BIRPS  search
UFBritish Institutes Reflection Profiling Syndicate
RTreflection methods
 elastic waves
 seismic methods
 deep seismic sounding
SNAcronym. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Birrimian  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Paleoproterozoic
 ....Birrimian
UFBirimian
SNW Africa. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Biryusa River  search
BTCommonwealth of Independent States
 .Russian Federation
 ..Irkutsk Russian Federation
 ...Biryusa River
SNRiver SW of Tayshet in W Irkutsk Oblast. Also search Biryusa. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bisbee Arizona  search
BTUnited States
 .Arizona
 ..Cochise County Arizona
 ...Bisbee Arizona
SNCity in SE Arizona.
Bisbee Group  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Lower Cretaceous
 .....Bisbee Group
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Mesozoic
 ...Cretaceous
 ....Comanchean
 .....Bisbee Group
RTNew Mexico
 Arizona
 Mural Limestone
SNSE Arizona, SW New Mexico. This term has multiple hierarchies. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Biscay Bay  search
USEBay of Biscay
Biscayne Aquifer  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Biscayne Aquifer
RTBroward County Florida
 Dade County Florida
 Palm Beach County Florida
SNSE Florida. Indexed with counties as applicable. Added to Thesaurus in 1989.
Biscayne Bay  search
BTUnited States
 .Florida
 ..Dade County Florida
 ...Biscayne Bay
SNS of Miami on E coast of Dade County.
bischofite  search
BThalides
 .chlorides
 ..bischofite
Bishkek Kyrgyzstan  search
BTAsia
 .Kyrgyzstan
 ..Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
UFPishpek Kyrgyzstan
SNCity in N Kyrgyzstan. Before 1993, also search Frunze. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bishop Tuff  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Phanerozoic
 ..Cenozoic
 ...Quarternary
 ....Pleistocene
 .....Bishop Tuff
RTCalifornia
SNE central California. Bishop Tuff was erupted a short time after Sherwin glacial stage.
Bismarck Archipelago  search
BTAustralasia
 .Papua New Guinea
 ..Bismarck Archipelago
NTRabaul Caldera
UFBismarck Islands
RTRat Island
 West Pacific Ocean Islands
 Melanesia
 New Britain
 New Ireland
SNVolcanic group of islands N and NE of E New Guinea.
Bismarck Islands  search
USEBismarck Archipelago
Bismarck Sea  search
BTPacific Ocean
 .South Pacific
 ..Southwest Pacific
 ...Bismarck Sea
SNPart of W Pacific Ocean NE of New Guinea and NW of New Britain. This term has multiple hierarchies.
bismuth  search
BTmetals
 .bismuth
UFBi
RTnative elements
 bismuth ores
 heavy metals
SNChemical element. Use bismuth ores for bismuth as a commodity.
bismuth ores  search
BTmetal ores
 .bismuth ores
RTnative elements
 bismuth
 bismuthinite
SNCommodity. See List C.
bismuthides  search
NTfroodite
 michenerite
RTminerals
bismuthinite  search
BTsulfides
 .bismuthinite
UFbismuthite
RTbismuth ores
bismuthite  search
USEbismuthinite
Bison  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Artiodactyla
 .......Ruminantia
 ........Bovidae
 .........Bison
NTBison latifrons
 Bison occidentalis
SNGenus.
Bison latifrons  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Artiodactyla
 .......Ruminantia
 ........Bovidae
 .........Bison
 ..........Bison latifrons
SNSpecies.
Bison occidentalis  search
BTChordata
 .Vertebrata
 ..Tetrapoda
 ...Mammalia
 ....Theria
 .....Eutheria
 ......Artiodactyla
 .......Ruminantia
 ........Bovidae
 .........Bison
 ..........Bison occidentalis
SNSpecies.
Bistrita Mountains  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Bistrita Mountains
BTEurope
 .Carpathians
 ..Bistrita Mountains
UFBistritei Mountains
SNRange of the Carpathians in NE Romania. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bistrita Romania  search
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Transylvania
 ....Bistrita Romania
SNCity in Bistrita-Nasaud County in central Transylvania.
Bistrita Valley  search
BTEurope
 .Moldavia
 ..Bistrita Valley
BTEurope
 .Southern Europe
 ..Romania
 ...Bistrita Valley
SNRiver valley in W central Moldavia. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bistritei Mountains  search
USEBistrita Mountains
Bitkov Ukraine  search
BTEurope
 .Ukraine
 ..Bitkov Ukraine
UFBitkow Ukraine
 Bytkov Ukraine
SNIn W Ukraine. This term has multiple hierarchies.
Bitkow Ukraine  search
USEBitkov Ukraine
Bitlis Turkey  search
BTAsia
 .Middle East
 ..Turkey
 ...Bitlis Turkey
SNTown and province in SE Turkey.
Bitt  search
bitter spar  search
USEdolomite
Bitter Springs Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Proterozoic
 ...Bitter Springs Formation
RTAustralia
 Northern Territory Australia
SNUnderlies Middle Cambrian sediments and overlies Heavitree Quartzite. SW and S central Northern Territory.
Bitterfeld Germany  search
BTEurope
 .Central Europe
 ..Germany
 ...Saxony-Anhalt Germany
 ....Bitterfeld Germany
SNCity in S Saxony-Anhalt, S central Germany. Before 1993, Bitterfeld was also used with Halle Bezirk.
Bitterroot Range  search
BTUnited States
 .U. S. Rocky Mountains
 ..Bitterroot Range
NTBeaverhead Mountains
RTIdaho
 Montana
 Idaho Batholith
 Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
SNRange of the Rocky Mountains. This term has multiple hierarchies. Indexed with counties or states as applicable.
bitumenite  search
USEtorbanite
bitumens  search
NTanthraxolite
 asphalt
 gilsonite
 grahamite
RTkerogen
 oil seeps
 organic compounds
 petroleum
SNBefore 1968, also search bituminous rocks and sands. See List C for use as a commodity term.
bituminous coal  search
BTsedimentary rocks
 .coal
 ..bituminous coal
UFsoft coal
RTlithotypes
SNBefore 1978, also search coal AND bituminous.
bituminous rocks and sands  search
SNNot a valid GeoRef index term after 1968. See oil sands; oil shale; bitumens.
bituminous sands  search
USEoil sands
bituminous shale  search
USEblack shale
Bivalvia  search
BTInvertebrata
 .Mollusca
 ..Bivalvia
NTActinodontida
 Arcina
 Astartida
 Carbonicola
 Cardiidae
 Carditida
 Ctenodontida
 Cyrtodontida
 Didacna
 Edmondia
 Glycymeris
 Gryphaea
 Hiatella arctica
 Hippuritacea
 Limnocardium
 Lucinidae
 Mactra
 Mercenaria
 Myophoria
 Mytilus
 Nuculanidae
 Nuculidae
 Ostreacea
 Pholadomyida
 Praecardiida
 Pteriina
 Rudistae
 Septibranchia
 Solemyida
 Tridacna
 Trigoniidae
 Unionidae
 Venerida
UFLamellibranchiata
 Pelecypoda
SNClass.
bivariate analysis  search
BTstatistical analysis
 .bivariate analysis
RTanalysis
 multivariate analysis
 univariate analysis
Biwa Lake  search
USELake Biwa
Biwabik Iron Formation  search
BTChronostratigraphic Units
 .Precambrian
 ..Biwabik Iron Formation
RTMinnesota
 Animikie Group
 Mesabi Range
SNIn Animikie Group. Saint Louis County, NE Minnesota. Part of Mesabi Range.
bixbyite  search
BToxides
 .bixbyite
UFpartridgeite