University of Manchester, United Kingdom

Consolidation of clays tends to result in changes in particle orientation and pore size distribution as well as progressive reduction of porosity and permeability with increasing effective stress. Clay particles are expected to rotate normal to an axial load, thus decreasing flow path tortuosity parallel to the particle alignment direction and increasing tortuosity normal to the particle alignment. This results in the development of anisotropic permeability, such that the horizontal permeability of a consolidated sediment is greater than the vertical permeability at any given porosity. Within any uniform layer, levels of permeability anisotropy are modest. Typically, permeability anisotropy produced by consolidation of natural clays is in the range 1.1-3 and does not reach the high levels predicted by simple models of clay particle reorientation. The discrepancy arises from particle clustering and irregularities in particle packing. Although somewhat higher levels of anisotropy may exist as a consequence of lamination within individual beds, values >10 that are known to exist on the formation scale are produced by strong contrasts between the permeabilities of inter-layered beds. As argillaceous sediments have permeability ranges of many orders of magnitude, apparently subtle lithological layering in a shale unit may lead to a highly anisotropic flow behaviour.