A 5-Ma record from ODP Site 1143 has revealed the long-term cycles of 400-500 ka in the carbon isotope variations. The periodicity is correlatable all over the global ocean and hence indicative of low-frequency changes in the ocean carbon reservoir. As the same periodicity is also found in carbonate and eolian dust records in the tropical ocean, it may have been caused by such low-latitude processes like monsoon. According to the Quaternary records from Site 1143 and elsewhere, major ice-sheet expansion and major transition in glacial cyclicity (such as the Mid-Brunhes Event and the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution) were all preceded by reorganization in the ocean carbon reservoir expressed as an episode of carbon isotope maximum (delta (super 13) C (sub max) ), implying the role of carbon cycling in modulating the glacial periodicity. The Quaternary glacial cycles, therefore, should no more be ascribed to the physical response to insolation changes at the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes alone; rather, they have been driven by the "double forcing", a combination of processes at both high and low latitudes, and of processes in both physical (ice-sheet) and biogeochemical (carbon cycling) realms. As the Earth is now passing through a new carbon isotope maximum, it is of vital importance to understand the cyclic variations in the ocean carbon reservoir and its climate impact. The Pre-Quaternary variations in carbon and oxygen isotopes are characterized by their co-variations at the 400-ka eccentricity band, but the response of delta (super 13) C and delta (super 18) O to orbital forcing in the Quaternary became diverged with the growth of the Arctic ice-sheet. The present paper is the second summary report of ODP Leg 184 to the South China Sea.